CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Digital object identifier - Citizendium</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"38d70bc2a07064c5e0b21b68","wgCSPNonce":false,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Digital_object_identifier","wgTitle":"Digital object identifier","wgCurRevisionId":969667,"wgRevisionId":969667,"wgArticleId":68288,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Library and Information Science tag","Computers tag","Suggestion Bot Tag","CZ Live","Library and Information Science Workgroup","Computers Workgroup","Articles written in British English","All Content","Library and Information Science Content","Computers Content","Pages using ISBN magic links" ],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Digital_object_identifier","wgRelevantArticleId":68288,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgPageFormsTargetName":null,"wgPageFormsAutocompleteValues":[],"wgPageFormsAutocompleteOnAllChars":false,"wgPageFormsFieldProperties":[],"wgPageFormsCargoFields":[],"wgPageFormsDependentFields":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarValues":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarParams":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarHTML":null,"wgPageFormsGridValues":[],"wgPageFormsGridParams":[],"wgPageFormsContLangYes":null,"wgPageFormsContLangNo":null,"wgPageFormsContLangMonths":[],"wgPageFormsHeightForMinimizingInstances":800,"wgPageFormsShowOnSelect":[],"wgPageFormsScriptPath":"/wiki/extensions/PageForms","edgValues":null,"wgPageFormsEDSettings":null,"wgAmericanDates":false,"wgVector2022PreviewPages":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags": 4};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.vector.legacy.js","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.popups"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=skins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.39.5"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1000"/> <link rel="icon" href="/images/favicon1.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/wiki/opensearch_desc.php" title="Citizendium"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Citizendium Atom feed" href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-W7ML9SNPXT"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-W7ML9SNPXT'); </script> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Digital_object_identifier rootpage-Digital_object_identifier skin-vector action-view skin-vector-legacy vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-language-alert-in-sidebar-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-edit-disabled vector-feature-table-of-contents-disabled vector-feature-visual-enhancement-next-disabled"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital object identifier</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Citizendium</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div style="float:right;"><div style="position:relative; top: -20px;"> <div style="cursor: pointer" onClick="return addthis_open(this, '', 'https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Digital object identifier', 'Digital object identifier')" onmouseout="addthis_close()"><img src="//s9.addthis.com/button1-share.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="" /></div>   <script type="text/javascript"> addthis_pub = 'citizendium'; addthis_logo = ''; addthis_logo_color = ''; addthis_logo_background = ''; addthis_brand = 'Citizendium'; addthis_options = ''; addthis_offset_top = ''; addthis_offset_left = ''; </script><script type="text/javascript" src="//s7.addthis.com/js/152/addthis_widget.js"></script>  </div></div><div align="left" style="background-color: #cccccc; margin:0.5em;position:relative;"> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="background:#f3f3f3"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2" width="2px" valign="top" align="left" style="background:#C4D2DF; border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Statusbar2.png" class="image" title="This article is developing and not approved."><img alt="This article is developing and not approved." src="/wiki/images/4/4f/Statusbar2.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="59" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="59" /></a><br /> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#C4D2DF" style="border-bottom:1px solid #C4D2DF; white-space: nowrap; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size:0.9em;"><font size="2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Main Article</a></font><br /> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size:0.9em;"><font size="2"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Digital_object_identifier" title="Talk:Digital object identifier">Discussion</a></font> <br /> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier/Related_Articles" title="Digital object identifier/Related Articles">Related Articles </a> <a href="/wiki/CZ:Related_Articles" title="CZ:Related Articles"><span style="font-size:0.9em;"><sup>[?]</sup></span></a> <br /> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size:0.9em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?action=edit&preload=Template%3ASubpages_name&title=Digital_object_identifier/Bibliography"><font color="#810541">Bibliography </font></a> <a href="/wiki/CZ:Bibliography" title="CZ:Bibliography"><span style="font-size:0.9em;"><sup>[?]</sup></span></a> <br /> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier/External_Links" title="Digital object identifier/External Links">External Links </a> <a href="/wiki/CZ:External_Links" title="CZ:External Links"><span style="font-size:0.9em;"><sup>[?]</sup></span></a> <br /> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size:0.9em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?action=edit&preload=Template%3ACitable_Version_start&title=Digital_object_identifier/Citable_Version"><font color="#810541">Citable Version </font></a> <a href="/wiki/CZ:Citable_Version" title="CZ:Citable Version"><span style="font-size:0.9em;"><sup>[?]</sup></span></a> <br /> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size:0.9em;"><div style="position:relative; width:14px; height:14px; overflow:hidden;"><div style="position:absolute; font-size:14px; overflow:hidden; line-height:14px; letter-spacing:14px;"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Subpages" title="CZ:Subpages"><span title="CZ:Subpages" style="text-decoration:none;">   </span></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:Subpages.png" class="image" title="CZ:Subpages"><img alt="CZ:Subpages" src="/wiki/images/thumb/1/1f/Subpages.png/14px-Subpages.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" srcset="/wiki/images/1/1f/Subpages.png 1.5x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></a></div><div style="position:relative; width:14px; height:14px; overflow:hidden;"><div style="position:absolute; font-size:14px; overflow:hidden; line-height:14px; letter-spacing:14px;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digital_object_identifier/Metadata" title="Template:Digital object identifier/Metadata"><span title="Template:Digital object identifier/Metadata" style="text-decoration:none;">   </span></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:Metadata.png" class="image" title="Template:Digital object identifier/Metadata"><img alt="Template:Digital object identifier/Metadata" src="/wiki/images/thumb/4/4f/Metadata.png/14px-Metadata.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" srcset="/wiki/images/4/4f/Metadata.png 1.5x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></a></div> </td> <td width="100%" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa">  </td></tr> <tr> <td height="40px" colspan="20" style="background:#C4D2DF; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa"> <table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="plainlinks plainlinksneverexpand" style="position:relative; width:17px; height:17px; overflow:hidden; text-decoration:none;"><div style="position:absolute; font-size:17px; overflow:hidden; line-height:17px; letter-spacing:17px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&printable=yes"><span title="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&printable=yes" style="text-decoration:none;">   </span></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:Print_button.png" class="image" title="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&printable=yes"><img alt="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&printable=yes" src="/wiki/images/thumb/0/07/Print_button.png/17px-Print_button.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" srcset="/wiki/images/thumb/0/07/Print_button.png/26px-Print_button.png 1.5x, /wiki/images/thumb/0/07/Print_button.png/34px-Print_button.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table><font size="2"><i>This editable Main Article is <b>under development</b> and subject to a <a href="/wiki/CZ:Disclaimer" title="CZ:Disclaimer"><b>disclaimer</b></a><b>. </b></i><b></b></font><div style="float:right; margin: .1em .5em;"><b>[<span class="plainlinks plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&section=0"><font size="2">edit intro</font></a></span>]</b></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>A <b>digital object identifier</b>, or <b>DOI</b>, is a unique label for a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> readable object (<a href="/wiki/Text" title="Text">text</a> document, electronic <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Image (page does not exist)">image</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, etc.) on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. Use of a DOI link, as opposed to the direct URL where an object currently resides, is the preferred way to linking to scholarly journal articles on the web, because web URL's can change over time but the DOI will always be kept updated to point to the current location of the article. </p><p>A DOI link is actually a URL calling a web service provided by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.org/">https://www.doi.org/</a>. The characters tacked onto the end of the URL are a unique identifier for that specific digital object. When the user clicks on a DOI link, the web service is invoked and it does a lookup in the DOI central database and then redirects the user to the current web URL of the object being requested. The DOI name stays with the object even when the digital object is transferred to another owner and/or another website. </p><p>An object can be identified at any level of composition. For instance, a DOI name can identify a <a href="/wiki/Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal">journal</a>, an individual issue of a journal, an individual article in a journal, or a single figure in an article. Metadata can be added to or updated over time to further describe the object identified. </p><p>The structure of the DOI name is 10.xxxx/yyyy, where part of the prefix (10.) indicates that a DOI name is following. The remaining part of the prefix, the digital string xxxx, identifies the publisher that assigned the DOI name and put the object on the web. The suffix yyyy is arbitrary, both of length and content, and can be chosen freely by the publisher. In particular, yyyy may contain identifiers, such as the <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> of an existing book. </p><p>A digital object can be retrieved from the web by the <a href="/wiki/URL" class="mw-redirect" title="URL">URL</a>:  /dx.doi.org/10.xxxx/yyyy. The website /dx.doi.org/ resolves the DOI name 10.xxxx/yyyy, that is, it finds the location of the object and determines what is to be done with it. For instance, if the object is video it will play it, if it is a web page it will redirect the browser, etc. </p><p>A publisher (<i>registrant</i>, identified by the string xxxx) must be registered by a DOI registration agency (RA). An RA is appointed by the International DOI Foundation (IDF), which was created in 1998 as a non-profit organization. An RA is responsible for: </p> <ul><li>issuing DOI numbers to the publishers;</li> <li>maintaining the database that stores DOI names;</li> <li>ensuring that the database remains interconnected with the databases maintained by other RAs.</li></ul> <p>The number of objects with a DOI name is growing quickly, 40 million objects were registered at the end of June 2009. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span></h3> <ul><li>The DOI<sup>®</sup> Handbook can be retrieved from <span class="newtab"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1000/182">http://dx.doi.org/10.1000/182</a><span>.</span></span></li> <li>An article (arbitrarily picked for this example) from Science Magazine is retrieved by <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.318.5856.1571">http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.318.5856.1571</a>.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="CZ_template">CZ template</span></h3> <p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book">Citizendium cite book template</a> has an entry doi. For example, </p> <pre>{{cite book | last = Mumford | first = David | authorlink = David Mumford | title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]] | series = Lecture notes in mathematics 1358 | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X }} </pre> <p>The in-line expansion of this template: </p><p><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Mumford-1999"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=David_Mumford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Mumford (page does not exist)">Mumford, David</a> (1999). <i>The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b62130">10.1007/b62130</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/354063293X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 354063293X</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Book+of+Varieties+and+Schemes&rft.title=The+Red+Book+of+Varieties+and+Schemes&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=David&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=%5B%5BSpringer-Verlag%5D%5D&rft.isbn=354063293X&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fb62130"> </span> </p><p>gives a clickable link to the digital object with DOI name: 10.1007/b62130. </p>  </div> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&oldid=969667">https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&oldid=969667</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CZ_Live" title="Category:CZ Live">CZ Live</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Library_and_Information_Science_Workgroup" title="Category:Library and Information Science Workgroup">Library and Information Science Workgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computers_Workgroup" title="Category:Computers Workgroup">Computers Workgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_written_in_British_English" title="Category:Articles written in British English">Articles written in British English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Content" title="Category:All Content">All Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Library_and_Information_Science_Content" title="Category:Library and Information Science Content">Library and Information Science Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computers_Content" title="Category:Computers Content">Computers Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Category:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Library_and_Information_Science_tag" title="Category:Library and Information Science tag">Library and Information Science tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computers_tag" title="Category:Computers tag">Computers tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suggestion_Bot_Tag" title="Category:Suggestion Bot Tag">Suggestion Bot Tag</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Digital+object+identifier" title="To edit pages, [[Special:RequestAccount|get a contributor account]]. [o]" accesskey="o"><span>Log in</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav id="p-namespaces" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Namespaces</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Digital_object_identifier" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-variants-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" /> <label id="p-variants-label" aria-label="Change language variant" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <nav id="p-views" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-views-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Views</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li><li id="ca-mzwi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=mzwi"><span>ZWI Export</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" role="navigation" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-cactions-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-cactions" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" /> <label id="p-cactions-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">More</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <div> <h3 > <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/wiki/index.php" id="searchform" class="vector-search-box-form"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="vector-search-box-inner" data-search-loc="header-navigation"> <input class="vector-search-box-input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Citizendium" aria-label="Search Citizendium" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Citizendium [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton" type="submit" name="fulltext" title="Search the pages for this text" value="Search"> <input id="searchButton" class="searchButton" type="submit" name="go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" value="Go To Page"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Citizendium" title="Visit the main page"></a> </div> <nav id="p-Read" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Read vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Read-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Read-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Read</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Citizendium" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Welcome to Citizendium</span></a></li><li id="n-Citable-Articles" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:Citable_versions_of_articles"><span>Citable Articles</span></a></li><li id="n-All-Articles" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:CZ_Live"><span>All Articles</span></a></li><li id="n-Random-Article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/CZ_Live"><span>Random Article</span></a></li><li id="n-All-Recent-Changes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges"><span>All Recent Changes</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-About_Us" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-About_Us vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-About_Us-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-About_Us-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">About Us</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:About"><span>Introduction</span></a></li><li id="n-FAQ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:FAQ"><span>FAQ</span></a></li><li id="n-Policies" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Policies"><span>Policies</span></a></li><li id="n-Governance" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Governance"><span>Governance</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-Contact_Us" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contact_Us vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Contact_Us-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Contact_Us-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Contact Us</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Enquiries" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Enquiry_Form"><span>Enquiries</span></a></li><li id="n-Apply-to-Join" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Index/Join"><span>Apply to Join</span></a></li><li id="n-Personnel" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Personnel"><span>Personnel</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-How_To" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-How_To vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-How_To-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-How_To-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">How To</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Forum:Home"><span>Forum</span></a></li><li id="n-Start-Article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Start_Article"><span>Start Article</span></a></li><li id="n-Article-Mechanics" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Article_mechanics"><span>Article Mechanics</span></a></li><li id="n-How-to-Edit" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:How_to_edit_an_article"><span>How to Edit</span></a></li><li id="n-Help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Home"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-More-Help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Index"><span>More Help</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-Finance" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Finance vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Finance-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Finance-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Finance</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Financial-Report" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Financial_report"><span>Financial Report</span></a></li><li id="n-Donate" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Donate"><span>Donate</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-tb-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Digital_object_identifier" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Digital_object_identifier" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&oldid=969667" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Digital_object_identifier&id=969667&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified 12:00, 7 August 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><I>CZ is free</i>. All written content is available under the <a href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_CC-by-sa_3.0">Creative Commons-Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license</a> or any later. Written content that originated in part from Wikipedia is also available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike</a>. <br /> <br /> <a href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/Help:Index">Help</a> • <a href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:Financial_report">Financial Report</a> • Follow Citizendium on <a href="https://twitter.com/TheCitizendium">Twitter</a> • <a href="https://www.facebook.com/citizendium">Facebook</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/CZ:About">About Citizendium</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/CZ:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"><img src="/wiki/resources/assets/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa.png" alt="Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="/wiki/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/wiki/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /wiki/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> </ul> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":155});});</script> </body>  </html>