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</div> </div><div class="loc article-pre-content"><div id="article-meta_1-0" class="comp article-meta mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="toc_1-0" class="comp toc mntl-toc mntl-block" data-offset="60"><div id="mntl-toc__inner_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__inner mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__heading mntl-block"><span id="mntl-toc__heading-text_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__heading-text mntl-text-block">Table of Contents</span> <div id="mntl-toc-toggle_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc-toggle mntl-block"><button id="mntl-toc-toggle__btn_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc-toggle__btn mntl-text-block js-mntl-toc-toggle" data-collapsed-text="Expand" data-expanded-text="Collapse">Expand</button></div></div> <ul id="mntl-toc__list_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list"><li id="mntl-toc__list-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-the-7-forms-of-racism" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_1-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">The 7 Forms of Racism</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_2-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-representational-racism" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_2-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Representational Racism</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_3-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_3-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-ideological-racism" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_3-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Ideological Racism</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_4-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_4-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-discursive-racism" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_4-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Discursive Racism</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_5-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_5-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-interactional-racism" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_5-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Interactional Racism</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_6-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_6-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-institutional-racism" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_6-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Institutional Racism</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_7-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_7-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-structural-racism" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_7-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Structural Racism</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_8-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_8-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-systemic-racism" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_8-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Systemic Racism</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_9-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_9-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-racism-in-sum" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_9-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Racism in Sum</span></a></div></li></ul></div></div> <div id="reference-bylines_1-0" class="comp reference-bylines mntl-bylines right-rail__offset"><div id="mntl-bylines__group_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__group mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--author"><div id="mntl-bylines__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item mntl-attribution__item--has-date"> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">By</span> <div data-tooltip="Dr. Nicki Lisa Cole is a sociologist. She has taught and researched at institutions including the University of California-Santa Barbara, Pomona College, and University of York." tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/nicki-lisa-cole-3026033" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top mntl-author-tooltip__top--no-image"> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/nicki-lisa-cole-3026033" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.</a> </div> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__social-nav_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__social-nav reference-social-nav mntl-social-nav" data-tracking-container="true"> <ul class="social-nav__list"> <li class="social-nav__item social-nav__item--x"> <a href="https://twitter.com/nickilisacole" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" class="social-nav__link social-nav__link--x" aria-label="Visit Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.'s X" > <svg class="icon icon-x social-nav__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-x" href="#icon-x"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="social-nav__item social-nav__item--linkedin"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/nicki-lisa-cole-9b6a1a100/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" class="social-nav__link social-nav__link--linkedin" aria-label="Visit Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.'s LinkedIn" > <svg class="icon icon-linkedin social-nav__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-linkedin" href="#icon-linkedin"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Sociology Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">Ph.D., Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">M.A., Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_3-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">B.A., Sociology, Pomona College</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> Dr. Nicki Lisa Cole is a sociologist. She has taught and researched at institutions including the University of California-Santa Barbara, Pomona College, and University of York. </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on July 14, 2019</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Racism refers to a variety of practices, beliefs, social relations, and phenomena that work to reproduce a racial hierarchy and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/social-structure-defined-3026594" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">social structure</a> that yield superiority, power, and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/white-privilege-definition-3026087" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">privilege</a> for some, and discrimination and oppression for others. It can take several forms, including representational, ideological, discursive, interactional, institutional, structural, and systemic. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Racism exists when ideas and assumptions about racial categories are used to justify and reproduce a racial hierarchy and racially structured society that unjustly limits access to resources, rights, and privileges <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/race-definition-3026508" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">on the basis of race</a>. Racism also occurs when this kind of unjust social structure is produced by the failure to account for race and its historical and contemporary roles in society. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Contrary to a dictionary definition, racism, as defined based on social science research and theory, is about much more than race-based <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/racism-vs-prejudice-3026086" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">prejudice</a>—it exists when an imbalance in power and social status is generated by how we understand and act upon race. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-the-7-forms-of-racism"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> The 7 Forms of Racism </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Racism takes seven main forms, according to social science. Rarely does any one exist on its own. Instead, racism typically operates as a combination of at least two forms working together, simultaneously. Independently and together, these seven forms of racism work to reproduce racist ideas, racist interactions and behavior, racist practices and policies, and an overall racist social structure. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-representational-racism"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Representational Racism </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Depictions of racial stereotypes are common in <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/popular-culture-definition-3026453" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">popular culture</a> and media, like the historical tendency to cast people of color as criminals and as victims of crime rather than in other roles, or as background characters rather than as leads in film and television. Also common are racial caricatures that are racist in their representations, like “<a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/avoid-these-five-racial-terms-2834959" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">mascots</a>” for the Cleveland Indians, Atlanta Braves, and the Washington Redskins. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The power of representational racism—or racism expressed in how racial groups are represented within popular culture—is that it encapsulates a whole range of racist ideas that imply inferiority, and often stupidity and untrustworthiness, in images that circulate society and permeate <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/culture-definition-4135409" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">our culture</a>. While those not directly harmed by representational racism might not take it seriously, the presence of such images and our interaction with them on a near-constant basis helps to keep alive the racist ideas attached to them. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-ideological-racism"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Ideological Racism </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/ideology-definition-3026356" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ideology</a> is a word that sociologists use to refer to the world views, beliefs, and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/cultural-hegemony-3026121" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2" rel="noopener noreferrer">common sense ways of thinking</a> that are normal in a society or culture. So, ideological racism is a kind of racism that colors and manifests in those things. It refers to world views, beliefs, and common sense ideas that are rooted in racial stereotypes and biases. A troubling example is the fact that many people in American society, regardless of their race, believe that white and light skinned people are <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-colorism-2834952" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3" rel="noopener noreferrer">more intelligent</a> than dark-skinned people and superior in a variety of other ways. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Historically, this particular form of ideological racism supported and justified the building of European colonial empires and U.S. imperialism through the unjust acquisition of land, people, and resources around the world. Today, some common ideological forms of racism include the belief that Black women are sexually promiscuous, that Latina women are “fiery” or “hot-tempered,” and that Black men and boys are criminally oriented. This form of racism has a negative impact on people of color as a whole because it works to deny them access to and/or success within <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/racial-and-gender-bias-among-professors-3026672" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="noopener noreferrer">education</a> and the professional world, and subjects them to <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/school-to-prison-pipeline-4136170" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2" rel="noopener noreferrer">heightened police surveillance</a>, harassment, <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/sociology-issues-4133509" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3" rel="noopener noreferrer">and violence</a>, among other negative outcomes. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-discursive-racism"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Discursive Racism </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Racism is often expressed linguistically, in the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/discourse-definition-3026070" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">"discourse" we use</a> to talk about the world and people in it. This kind of racism is expressed as racial slurs and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/hate-speech-cases-721215" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">hate speech</a>, but also as code words that have racialized meanings embedded in them, like “ghetto,” “thug,” or “gangsta.” Just as representational racism communicates racist ideas through images, discursive racism communicates them through the actual words we use to describe people and places. Using <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/terms-many-dont-know-are-racist-2834522" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">words</a> that rely on stereotypical racial differences to communicate explicit or implicit hierarchies perpetuates the racist inequalities that exist in society. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-interactional-racism"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Interactional Racism </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Racism often takes an interactional form, which means it is expressed in how we interact with each other. For example, a White or Asian woman walking on a sidewalk may cross the street to avoid passing closely by a Black or Latino man because she is implicitly biased to see these men as potential threats. When a person of color is verbally or physically assaulted because of their race, this is interactional racism. When a neighbor calls the police to report a break-in because they do not recognize their Black neighbor, or when someone automatically assumes that a person of color is a low-level employee or an assistant, though they might be a manager, executive, or owner of a business, this is interactional racism. <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/sociology-issues-4133509" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="noopener noreferrer">Hate crimes</a> are the most extreme manifestation of this form of racism. Interactional racism causes stress, anxiety, and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/sociology-research-and-statistics-4133507" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2" rel="noopener noreferrer">emotional and physical harm</a> to people of color on a daily basis. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-institutional-racism"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Institutional Racism </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Racism takes institutional form in the ways that policies and laws are crafted and put into practice through society's institutions, such as the decades-long set of policing and legal policies known as “The War on Drugs,” which has disproportionately targeted neighborhoods and communities that are composed predominantly of people of color. Other examples include New York City’s Stop-N-Frisk policy that overwhelmingly targets Black and Latino males, the practice among real estate agents and mortgage lenders of not allowing people of color to own property in certain neighborhoods and that force them to accept less desirable mortgage rates, and educational tracking policies that funnel children of color into remedial classes and trades programs. Institutional racism preserves and fuels the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/acial-wealth-gap-3026683" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="noopener noreferrer">racial gaps in wealth</a>, education, and social status, and serves to <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/white-supremacy-definition-3026742" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2" rel="noopener noreferrer">perpetuate white supremacy</a> and privilege. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-structural-racism"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Structural Racism </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Structural racism refers to the ongoing, historical, and long-term reproduction of the racialized structure of our society through a combination of all of the above forms. Structural racism manifests in <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/understanding-segregation-3026080" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">widespread racial segregation</a> and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/visualizing-social-stratification-in-the-us-3026378" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">stratification</a> on the basis of education, income, and wealth, the recurrent displacement of people of color from neighborhoods that go through processes of gentrification, and the overwhelming burden of environmental pollution borne by people of color given its proximity to their communities. Structural racism results in large-scale, society-wide inequalities on the basis of race. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-systemic-racism"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Systemic Racism </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Many sociologists describe racism in the U.S. as "<a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/systemic-racism-3026565" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">systemic</a>" because the country was founded on racist beliefs that created racist policies and practices, and because that legacy lives today in the racism that courses throughout the entirety of our social system. This means that racism was built into the very foundation of our society, and because of this, it has influenced the development of social institutions, laws, policies, beliefs, media representations, and behaviors and interactions, among many other things. By this definition, the system itself is racist, so <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/things-you-can-do-to-help-end-racism-3026187" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">effectively addressing racism</a> requires a system-wide approach that leaves nothing unexamined. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-racism-in-sum"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_35-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Racism in Sum </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_36-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Sociologists observe a variety of styles or types of racism within these seven different forms. Some may be overtly racist, like the use of racial slurs or hate speech, or policies that intentionally discriminate against people on the basis of race. Others may be covert, kept to oneself, hidden from public view, or obscured by color-blind policies that <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/manifest-function-definition-4144979" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">purport to be race-neutral</a>, though they have racist impacts. While something may not appear obviously racist at first glance, it may, in fact, prove to be racist when one examines the implications of it through a sociological lens. If it relies on stereotypical notions of race and reproduces a racially structured society, then it is racist. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_37-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_38-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Due to the sensitive nature of race as a topic of conversation in American society, some have come to think that simply noticing race, or identifying or describing someone using race, is racist. Sociologists do not agree with this. In fact, many sociologists, race scholars, and anti-racist activists emphasize the importance of recognizing and accounting for race and racism as necessary in the pursuit of social, economic, and political justice. </p></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block"><div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. "Defining Racism Beyond its Dictionary Meaning." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/racism-definition-3026511.</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="apa">Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. (2021, July 31). Defining Racism Beyond its Dictionary Meaning. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/racism-definition-3026511</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="chicago">Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. "Defining Racism Beyond its Dictionary Meaning." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/racism-definition-3026511 (accessed November 25, 2024).</span> </div> <div class="citation-widget__copy-container"> <button class="citation-widget__copy-button js-copy-button"> <div class="citation-widget__copy-wrapper"> <svg class="icon icon-checkmark citation-widget__icon-checkmark" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-checkmark" href="#icon-checkmark"></use> </svg> <span class="citation-widget__copy-label js-copy-label">copy citation</span> </div> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-right-rail"><div id="mm-ads-right-rail_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-right-rail mntl-block"><div id="sc-billboard-group_1-0" class="comp sc-billboard-group mntl-block js-scads-inline-content"><div id="mntl-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_1-0" class="comp 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id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_6-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard4-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard4-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_7-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFixed-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_8-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard5-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard5-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_9-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFixed-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_10-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard6-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard6-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_11-0" 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