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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99thi_%C5%9E%C9%99qaqi" title="Fəthi Şəqaqi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fəthi Şəqaqi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathi_Schakaki" title="Fathi Schakaki – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fathi Schakaki" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C" title="فتحی شقاقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فتحی شقاقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathi_Shaqaqi" title="Fathi Shaqaqi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fathi Shaqaqi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathi_Shaqaqi" title="Fathi Shaqaqi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fathi Shaqaqi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99" title="פתחי שקאקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פתחי שקאקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BF" title="ഫാത്തി ഷഖാഖി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫാത്തി ഷഖാഖി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%89" title="فتحى الشقاقى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فتحى الشقاقى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Шкаки, Фатхи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шкаки, Фатхи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathi_Shaqaqi" title="Fathi Shaqaqi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fathi Shaqaqi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathi_Shakaki" title="Fathi Shakaki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fathi Shakaki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Palestinian political and militant leader (1981 to 1995)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Fathi Shaqaqi<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فتحي الشقاقي</span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaqaqi_of_pij.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/31/Shaqaqi_of_pij.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="221" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Secretary-General of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1981–1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Shalah" title="Ramadan Shalah">Ramadan Shalah</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Fathi Ibrahim Abdul Aziz Shaqaqi</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1951-01-04</span>)</span>4 January 1951<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a>, <a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine Protectorate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 October 1995<span style="display:none">(1995-10-26)</span> (aged 44)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sliema" title="Sliema">Sliema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gunshot_wound" title="Gunshot wound">Gunshot wound</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data">Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Birzeit_University" title="Birzeit University">Birzeit University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Mathematics" title="Bachelor of Mathematics">B.Math.</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Mansoura_University" title="Mansoura University">Mansoura University</a> (<a href="/wiki/M.D." class="mw-redirect" title="M.D.">M.D.</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">Math teacher</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Pediatrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatrician">Pediatrician</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fathi Ibrahim Abdulaziz Shaqaqi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فتحي إبراهيم عبد العزيز الشقاقي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fatẖī Ibrāhīm ‘Abd ul-‘Aziz ash-Shaqāqī</i></span>; 4 January 1951 – 26 October 1995) was a Palestinian physician, leader and the founder and Secretary-General of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">Palestinian Islamic Jihad</a> (PIJ), a Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitary organization">paramilitary organization</a>. </p><p>Shaqaqi was born in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> to a refugee family and received his early education at a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> school. He studied physics and mathematics at <a href="/wiki/Bir_Zeit_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bir Zeit University">Bir Zeit University</a> and later medicine at <a href="/wiki/Mansoura_University" title="Mansoura University">Mansoura University</a> in Egypt. Shaqaqi became a follower of <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>. Influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, he wrote a book praising <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>'s approach to an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>. </p><p>In 1981, Shaqaqi co-founded Islamic Jihad with the goal of establishing a sovereign Islamic state across <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>. The organization rejected political processes, focusing on achieving its goals through military means. As the PIJ leader, Shaqaqi masterminded several <a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">suicide bombings</a> in Israel. He was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a> agents in Malta in 1995, leading to a weakening of the PIJ until its resurgence after the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fathi_Shaqaqi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shaqaqi was born to a refugee family of eight children in the slums of a refugee camp in <a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obituary_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obituary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family was originally from <a href="/wiki/Zarnuqa" title="Zarnuqa">Zarnuqa</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ramlah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramlah">Ramlah</a>, where they had lived for nearly five generations and his grandfather had served as the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> of the local mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuter_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shaqaqi family fled Zarnuqa during the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> in fear of Israeli massacres, and were not allowed to return.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuter_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother died when he was fifteen. Fathi Shaqaqi's brother Khalil, after teaching in several universities in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, moved after the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Peace_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Oslo Peace Accords">Oslo Peace Accords</a> to the West Bank and is founding director of the <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Center_for_Policy_and_Survey_Research" title="Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research">Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research</a>, established in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuter_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of his early education was at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> school. He attended <a href="/wiki/Bir_Zeit_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bir Zeit University">Bir Zeit University</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, where he studied physics and mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-JVLib_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVLib-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970–1974, he taught mathematics at a school for orphans in <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>. In 1974 he moved to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to study medicine at <a href="/wiki/Mansoura_University" title="Mansoura University">Mansoura University</a>, specializing in <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a>. Upon receiving his medical degree in 1981, he worked in a general practice at <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Victoria_Hospital" title="Augusta Victoria Hospital">Augusta Victoria Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. He later opened a medical clinic in Gaza.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_Islamic_Jihad">Leader of Islamic Jihad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fathi_Shaqaqi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Leader of Islamic Jihad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his studies at <a href="/wiki/Birzeit_University" title="Birzeit University">Birzeit University</a> Shaqaqi became an admirer of <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmed_Yassin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Ahmed Yassin">Sheikh Ahmed Yassin</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While studying medicine in Egypt he was an acquaintance of Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Al-Gama%27a_al-Islamiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya">al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a>, and Salah Sariya, a Salafi Palestinian executed in 1976 on the charge of having plotted the assassination of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also became a follower of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a><sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obituary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also read <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> literature, including allegedly the entire works of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, but kept untouched by socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obituary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teachings of Qutb, who was executed by President of Egypt <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> in 1966 for supposedly plotting an Islamist revolution, convinced Shkaki that the "corrupt and secular governments" of the Arab world had to be replaced by Islamic societies politically, socially and culturally.<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obituary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaqaqi came to believe that the <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a> opposition to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> occupation was worthless and that only an Islamist organisations could achieve any political and military successes against Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obituary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the later 1970s Shaqaqi broke with both the Muslim Brotherhood and secular Palestinian nationalist groups, dismayed that the former spoke too little about Palestine and the latter too little on Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a university student in Egypt, Shiqaqi was inspired by the triumph of the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, which saw the last Pahlavi Shah Mohammed Reza deposed in a popular uprising that culminated in the establishment of an Islamic Republic with long-exiled Ayatollah Khomeini as its spiritual figurehead. He wrote a short book praising Khomeini's approach to Islamic governance titled <i>Khomeini, The Islamic Solution and the Alternative</i>, published in Cairo four days after the victory of the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuter_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Shaqaqi's view the Khomeini victory "demonstrated that even against an enemy as powerful as the Shah, a jihad of determined militants could overcome all obstacles."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book sold 10,000 copies in just two days, before it was promptly banned by the Egyptian government and Shiqaqi briefly arrested. The Palestinian Islamic Jihad, of which Shiqaqi was a founding member, remains ideologically and militarily aligned with Iran, its largest supplier of weapons and aid.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, along with <a href="/wiki/Abd_Al_Aziz_Awda" title="Abd Al Aziz Awda">Abd Al Aziz Awda</a> and five other Palestinian Islamist and Salafi leaders, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marlowe_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marlowe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of the organization was the establishment of a sovereign, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> state within the geographic borders of pre-1948 <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>. Completely rejecting the political process, the organization professes that its goals can only be achieved through Islamic Jihad military means.<sup id="cite_ref-CFR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While an adherent of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>, Shaqaqi would later state to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Robert Fisk</a> that "We are not talking about theology, we are talking about politics and military things," adding that "Islam would be the idea we would start with, Palestine the goal to liberate and <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> would be the way, the method." He described the organization as a "crossing-point between <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Fisk_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that his intentions were not to establish an Islamic state, but merely to "liberate all of Palestine."<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obituary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisk was surprised that Shaqaqi neither greeted him with "<a href="/wiki/As-salamu_alaykum" title="As-salamu alaykum">As-salamu alaykum</a>" nor quoted the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisk_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking about his motives during the Fisk interview, Shaqaqi stated: "We are only defending our right to live in our homeland ... We lived in peace with Jews for centuries... I have no problem with Jews ... But I will fight occupation."<sup id="cite_ref-Fisk_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with Charles Richards of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> in 1992, Shaqaqi stated that his aim was a Palestine from the river to the sea "where all religions can live together in one state under Islamic Quranic law."<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While nominally a Sunni organization, the PIJ has made every effort to play down the basic differences between <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> and Sunni, instead emphasizing the common elements of the entire <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Islamic nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shay_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christians</a> as "our partners in history and destiny," Shaqaqi's organization also had Christian members.<sup id="cite_ref-Inquiry_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inquiry-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PIJ recruited former leaders of other Palestinian organisations such as the PLO.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many were recruited from the predecessor of the PIJ, originally known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestine_Liberation_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palestine Liberation Force (page does not exist)">Palestine Liberation Force</a>, which was founded in 1964 by Zaid al-Husseini but suppressed by Israel in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-AtkinsPIJ_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtkinsPIJ-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaqiqi created a small secretive organization engaged in assassinations, mass shootings, bombings and suicide bombings against the Israeli military. Shaqaqi prohibited targeting innocent civilians, which however did not include <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlers">Israeli settlers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudolf_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudolf-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his killing all Israelis were deemed legitimate targets.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudolf_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudolf-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An elitist group, its appeal is mainly among the educated youth.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaqaqi was arrested in Gaza by Israel in 1983 for publishing the magazine "Islamic Vanguard", but released the following year. He was rearrested in 1986 and sentenced to four years in prison at <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafah (page does not exist)">Nafah</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> desert. In 1988 he was deported to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a>, allegedly at the orders of <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisk_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rudolf_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudolf-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaqaqi learned <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> while imprisoned in Israel, and kept a Hebrew dictionary on the bookshelf at his office in the Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Camp" title="Yarmouk Camp">Yarmouk Camp</a> on the outskirts of Damascus, which was decorated with a model of Al-Aqsa mosque, a lithograph of Hani Abed and framed photographs of suicide bombers<sup id="cite_ref-Fisk_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Able to speak "flawless <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaqaqi stated to Fisk that "Before I am a politician and the leader of Islamic Jihad, I am a human being and a poet..."<sup id="cite_ref-Fisk_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was well read in the literature of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western writers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obituary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fisk_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quoting <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> in length during his interview with Fisk.<sup id="cite_ref-UglyEnd_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UglyEnd-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after his expulsion to Lebanon in 1988, Shaqaqi met <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, who pledged financial and military support for his organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisk_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Lebanon the PIJ built up a very close relationship with the Shia Islamist group <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> led by Hassan Nasrallah, and received military training from the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Iranian Revolutionary Guards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CFR_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, he settled in Damascus under the protection of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President of Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the leader of the PIJ, Shaqaqi masterminded several <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">suicide bombings</a> in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-hjournal_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hjournal-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a key player in setting up the National Alliance in January 1994, a coalition of eight PLO groups, Islamic Jihad and Hamas rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Oslo process">Oslo process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JVLib_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVLib-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PIJ is considered by Israel to be one of the most extreme and violent organisation in its operational methods and commitment to the destruction of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-ReichGoldberg_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReichGoldberg-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1995 it was according to Fisk "perhaps the fiercest of all Israel's modern-day enemies."<sup id="cite_ref-Fisk_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fathi_Shaqaqi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Fathi_Shaqaqi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assassination of Fathi Shaqaqi (page does not exist)">Assassination of Fathi Shaqaqi</a></div> <p>Shaqaqi was shot five times on 26 October 1995 in front of the Diplomat Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Sliema" title="Sliema">Sliema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> by a hit team said to be composed of two <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a> agents.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bergman_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergman-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assassination happened a few days after Shaqaqi conducted an interview with journalist <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hamidi" title="Ibrahim Hamidi">Ibrahim Hamidi</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hayat" title="Al-Hayat">Al-Hayat</a></i> Newspaper. Shaqaqi had been travelling under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">false name</a> Dr. Ibrahim Ali Shawesh.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was on his way back from <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> after visiting <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> who promised to help finance Shaqaqi's factions.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His assassination produced disarray in Islamic Jihad since no competent successor could replace Shaqaqi.<sup id="cite_ref-srdavis_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srdavis-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic Jihad sources in Gaza confirmed that Shiqaqi had been traveling from Libya to his home in Damascus and made a stopover in Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accounts vary in details. In the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">Telegraph</a></i> version by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Thomas_(author)" title="Gordon Thomas (author)">Gordon Thomas</a>, two men, Gil and Ran, arrived in Malta on a late-afternoon flight, after receiving new passports provided by fellow agents in Rome and Athens (<i>sayan</i>), and checked into the Diplomat Hotel where Shaqaqi was residing. Another local <i>sayan</i> who owned a car rental agency provided Ran with a <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a> motorcycle, which he told hotel staff he planned to use for touring the island. At the same time, a <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">freighter</a> from <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> radioed the Maltese harbour authorities that it had developed engine trouble and would need to anchor off the island for repairs. A team of Mossad communications technicians on board sent the agents instructions through an encrypted radio system in Gil's suitcase. The two <a href="/wiki/Kidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidon">kidon</a> operatives then drove up on the motorcycle and pulled up while Shaqaqi was walking along the waterfront and one of them, Gil, shot him six times in the head, a 'kidon signature'.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ronen_Bergman" title="Ronen Bergman">Ronen Bergman</a> writes that Shaqaqi was out shopping, and was shot twice in the forehead and twice in the back of the head, with a semi-automatic pistol fitted with a silencer and a device to catch the spent cartridges, and that the motorbike had been stolen the day before.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergman_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergman-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fathi_Shaqaqi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shaqaqi left behind a wife and three children, two boys and a girl.<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obituary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded as Secretary-General of the PIJ by fellow co-founder <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Shallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan Shallah">Ramadan Shallah</a>. His funeral in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> on 1 November 1995 was attended by some 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-JVLib_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVLib-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assassination of Shaqaqi, who was regarded as a highly charismatic and capable leader, and the subsequent crackdown on the PIJ by Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> led to a significant weakening of the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Shay_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> the group has enjoyed a revival in its military and political strength with increased Syrian and Iranian support, and in some Gaza precincts, Shaqaqi's picture is more prominent than that of the Hamas prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fathi_Shaqaqi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian political violence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fathi_Shaqaqi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320200709/https://www.paljourneys.org/en/biography/14247/fathi-shiqaqi">"Palestinian Journeys: Fathi Shiqaqi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paljourneys.org/en/biography/14247/fathi-shiqaqi">the original</a> on 20 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Journeys%3A+Fathi+Shiqaqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paljourneys.org%2Fen%2Fbiography%2F14247%2Ffathi-shiqaqi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2004" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Stephen E. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atki"><i>Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atki/page/301">301</a>–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3133-2485-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-3133-2485-9"><bdi>0-3133-2485-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Worldwide+Extremists+and+Extremist+Groups&rft.pages=301-303&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-3133-2485-9&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmo0000atki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obituary-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obituary_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obituary_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obituary_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obituary_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obituary_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obituary_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obituary_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obituary_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Fisk1995" class="citation web cs1">Robert Fisk (31 October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-dr-fathi-shkaki-1580289.html">"Obituary: Dr Fathi Shkaki"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Dr+Fathi+Shkaki&rft.date=1995-10-31&rft.au=Robert+Fisk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-dr-fathi-shkaki-1580289.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuter-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuter_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuter_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuter_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuter_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuter2004" class="citation book cs1">Reuter, Christopher (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mylifeisweaponmo00reut"><i>My Life is a Weapon: A Modern History of Suicide Bombing</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mylifeisweaponmo00reut/page/94">94</a>–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6911-1759-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-6911-1759-4"><bdi>0-6911-1759-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+is+a+Weapon%3A+A+Modern+History+of+Suicide+Bombing&rft.pages=94-97&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-6911-1759-4&rft.aulast=Reuter&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmylifeisweaponmo00reut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVLib-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JVLib_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVLib_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVLib_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/shiqaqi.html">"Fathi Shiqaqi"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Fathi+Shiqaqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fbiography%2Fshiqaqi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisk-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisk_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisk_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisk_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisk_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisk_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisk_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisk_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisk_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisk_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisk_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk1995" class="citation web cs1">Fisk, Robert (30 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/the-doctor-who-finds-death-a-laughing-matter-1570442.html">"The doctor who finds death a laughing matter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+doctor+who+finds+death+a+laughing+matter&rft.date=1995-01-30&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fthe-doctor-who-finds-death-a-laughing-matter-1570442.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2006" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QZtDTrIY_MC"><i>Unholy Alliance: Radical Islam And the American Left</i></a>. Regnery Publishing. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-026-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-026-3"><bdi>0-89526-026-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unholy+Alliance%3A+Radical+Islam+And+the+American+Left&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-89526-026-3&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QZtDTrIY_MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1992" class="citation web cs1">Richards, Charles (15 December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/intifadas-gentle-man-of-war-the-leader-of-palestines-islamic-jihad-tells-charles-richards-in-damascus-why-he-thinks-violent-acts-against-the-israelis-are-justified-1563649.html">"Intifada's gentle man of war: The leader of Palestine's Islamic Jihad tells Charles Richards in Damascus why he thinks violent acts against the Israelis are morally and religiously justified"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Intifada%27s+gentle+man+of+war%3A+The+leader+of+Palestine%27s+Islamic+Jihad+tells+Charles+Richards+in+Damascus+why+he+thinks+violent+acts+against+the+Israelis+are+morally+and+religiously+justified&rft.date=1992-12-15&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fintifadas-gentle-man-of-war-the-leader-of-palestines-islamic-jihad-tells-charles-richards-in-damascus-why-he-thinks-violent-acts-against-the-israelis-are-justified-1563649.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marlowe-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marlowe_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlowe1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Marlowe, Lara (6 February 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982455,00.html">"Interview With a Fanatic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Interview+With+a+Fanatic&rft.date=1995-02-06&rft.aulast=Marlowe&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C982455%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFR-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CFR_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFR_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2008" class="citation web cs1">Fletcher, Holly (10 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511152402/http://www.cfr.org/israel/palestinian-islamic-jihad/p15984">"Palestinian Islamic Jihad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/israel/palestinian-islamic-jihad/p15984">the original</a> on 11 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Islamic+Jihad&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2008-04-10&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fisrael%2Fpalestinian-islamic-jihad%2Fp15984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shay-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shay_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shay_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShay2004" class="citation book cs1">Shay, Shaul (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8k4rEPvq_8C"><i>The Axis of Evil: Iran, Hizballah, And The Palestinian Terror</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. pp. 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4128-1779-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4128-1779-X"><bdi>1-4128-1779-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Axis+of+Evil%3A+Iran%2C+Hizballah%2C+And+The+Palestinian+Terror&rft.pages=76-77&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4128-1779-X&rft.aulast=Shay&rft.aufirst=Shaul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db8k4rEPvq_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inquiry-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inquiry_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Interview with the General Secretary of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine: Dr. Fathi Shikaki". <i>Inquiry</i>. Islamic Committee for Palestine. January 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquiry&rft.atitle=Interview+with+the+General+Secretary+of+the+Islamic+Jihad+Movement+in+Palestine%3A+Dr.+Fathi+Shikaki&rft.date=1993-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1658443.stm">"Who Are the Islamic Jihad?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 9 June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Who+Are+the+Islamic+Jihad%3F&rft.date=2003-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F1658443.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AtkinsPIJ-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AtkinsPIJ_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2004" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Stephen E. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atki"><i>Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atki/page/239">239</a>–240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32485-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32485-9"><bdi>0-313-32485-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Worldwide+Extremists+and+Extremist+Groups&rft.pages=239-240&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-313-32485-9&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmo0000atki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudolf-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rudolf_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudolf_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudolf_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolfVan_Engeland2013" class="citation book cs1">Rudolf, Rachel M.; Van Engeland, Anisseh (28 March 2013). "The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine: a Wild Card in Palestinian Politics?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoxPx2eUQPIC"><i>From Terrorism to Politics</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 97–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9870-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9870-4"><bdi>978-1-4094-9870-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+Jihad+Movement+in+Palestine%3A+a+Wild+Card+in+Palestinian+Politics%3F&rft.btitle=From+Terrorism+to+Politics&rft.pages=97-117&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-9870-4&rft.aulast=Rudolf&rft.aufirst=Rachel+M.&rft.au=Van+Engeland%2C+Anisseh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBoxPx2eUQPIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudoren2014" class="citation web cs1">Rudoren, Jodi (3 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/04/world/middleeast/islamic-jihad-gains-new-traction-in-gaza.html?_r=0">"Islamic Jihad Gains New Traction in Gaza"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Islamic+Jihad+Gains+New+Traction+in+Gaza&rft.date=2014-05-03&rft.aulast=Rudoren&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F05%2F04%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fislamic-jihad-gains-new-traction-in-gaza.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UglyEnd-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UglyEnd_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk1995" class="citation web cs1">Fisk, Robert (30 October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/ugly-end-for-man-who-laughed-at-death-1580134.html">"Ugly end for man who laughed at death"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Ugly+end+for+man+who+laughed+at+death&rft.date=1995-10-30&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fugly-end-for-man-who-laughed-at-death-1580134.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hjournal-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hjournal_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JbceAAAAIBAJ&pg=5403,3041425&hl=en">"Palestinians swear revenge for assassination"</a>. <i>Herald Journal</i>. Gaza City. 28 October 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+Journal&rft.atitle=Palestinians+swear+revenge+for+assassination&rft.date=1995-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DJbceAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5403%2C3041425%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReichGoldberg-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReichGoldberg_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichGoldberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Bernard; Goldberg, David H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf-xAAAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Israel</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 373–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32485-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32485-7"><bdi>978-0-313-32485-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrainianstudies.uottawa.ca/pdf/david%202003.pdf">"Israel's Policy of Targeted Killing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ethics & International Affairs</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 111–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1747-7093.2003.tb00422.x">10.1111/j.1747-7093.2003.tb00422.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17694067">17694067</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Jerusalem: Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/personalities/alpha_s.htm#s26">the original</a> on 4 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bio+of+Fathi+Shiqaqi&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Palestinian+Academic+Society+for+the+Study+of+International+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.passia.org%2Fpalestine_facts%2Fpersonalities%2Falpha_s.htm%23s26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFathi+Shaqaqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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