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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Command-line_(text)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command-line_(text)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Command-line (text)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command-line_(text)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Graphical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Off-screen_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Off-screen_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Off-screen models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Off-screen_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessibility_APIs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility_APIs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Accessibility APIs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessibility_APIs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-voicing_programs_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-voicing_programs_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Self-voicing programs and applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-voicing_programs_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloud-based" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloud-based"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Cloud-based</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloud-based-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web-based" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web-based"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Web-based</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-based-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Customization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Customization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Customization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Customization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbosity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbosity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Verbosity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbosity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Screen reader</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lector_de_pantalla" title="Lector de pantalla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lector de pantalla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenreader" title="Screenreader – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Screenreader" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BF%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Αναγνώστης οθόνης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναγνώστης οθόνης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lector_de_pantalla" title="Lector de pantalla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lector de pantalla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekranlegilo" title="Ekranlegilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekranlegilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="صفحه‌خوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صفحه‌خوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecteur_d%27%C3%A9cran" title="Lecteur d'écran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lecteur d'écran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%B0_%EB%A6%AC%EB%8D%94" title="스크린 리더 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스크린 리더" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skj%C3%A1lesari" title="Skjálesari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skjálesari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Screen reader" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9A" title="קורא מסך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קורא מסך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembaca_skrin" title="Pembaca skrin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembaca skrin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schermlezer" title="Schermlezer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schermlezer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="スクリーンリーダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スクリーンリーダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjermleser" title="Skjermleser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skjermleser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czytnik_ekranowy" title="Czytnik ekranowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czytnik ekranowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitor_de_tela" title="Leitor de tela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leitor de tela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Программы чтения с экрана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Программы чтения с экрана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Читач екрана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Читач екрана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruudunlukuohjelma" title="Ruudunlukuohjelma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruudunlukuohjelma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekran_okuyucu" title="Ekran okuyucu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekran okuyucu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Читач екрана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Читач екрана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80%E5%99%A8" title="螢幕閱讀器 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="螢幕閱讀器" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80%E5%99%A8" title="螢幕閱讀器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="螢幕閱讀器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1328864#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Assistive technology that converts text or images to speech or Braille</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Screen_reader" title="Special:EditPage/Screen reader">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Screen+reader%22">"Screen reader"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Screen+reader%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Screen+reader%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Screen+reader%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Screen+reader%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Screen+reader%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/220px--Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="136" data-mwtitle="Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAccessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>An example of someone using a screen reader showing documents that are inaccessible, readable and accessible</figcaption></figure> <p> A <b>screen reader</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technology</a> (<abbr>AT</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that renders text and image content as speech or braille output. Screen readers are essential to people who are <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blind</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-afb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are useful to people who are <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">visually impaired</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-afb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Illiteracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiteracy">illiterate</a>, or have a <a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">learning disability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Screen1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Screen1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Screen readers are <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">software applications</a> that attempt to convey what people with normal eyesight see on a <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">display</a> to their users via non-visual means, like <a href="/wiki/Text-to-speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Text-to-speech">text-to-speech</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sound icons,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <a href="/wiki/Refreshable_Braille_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Refreshable Braille display">braille device</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-afb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do this by applying a wide variety of techniques that include, for example, interacting with dedicated <a href="#Accessibility_APIs">accessibility APIs</a>, using various <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> features (like <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a> and querying <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> properties), and employing <a href="/wiki/Hooking" title="Hooking">hooking</a> techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-SR_Overview_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR_Overview-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating systems">operating systems</a> have included the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Narrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Narrator">Microsoft Narrator</a> screen reader since <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a>, though separate products such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Scientific" title="Freedom Scientific">Freedom Scientific</a>'s commercially available <a href="/wiki/JAWS_(screen_reader)" title="JAWS (screen reader)">JAWS</a> screen reader and <a href="/wiki/ZoomText" title="ZoomText">ZoomText</a> screen magnifier and the <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open source">free and open source</a> screen reader <a href="/wiki/NonVisual_Desktop_Access" title="NonVisual Desktop Access">NVDA</a> by NV Access are more popular for that operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a> include <a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a> as a built-in screen reader, while <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> provides the <a href="/wiki/Google_TalkBack" class="mw-redirect" title="Google TalkBack">Talkback screen reader</a> and its <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a> can use ChromeVox.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Android-based devices from Amazon provide the VoiceView screen reader. There are also free and open source screen readers for <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems, such as Speakup and <a href="/wiki/Orca_(assistive_technology)" title="Orca (assistive technology)">Orca</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1978, Al Overby of IBM Raleigh developed a prototype of a talking terminal, known as SAID (for Synthetic Audio Interface Driver), for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_3270" title="IBM 3270">IBM 3270 terminal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SAID read the ASCII values of the display in a stream and spoke them through a large vocal track synthesizer the size of a suitcase, and it cost around $10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Jesse Wright, a blind research mathematician, and <a href="/wiki/James_W._Thatcher" title="James W. Thatcher">Jim Thatcher</a>, formerly his graduate student from the University of Michigan, working as mathematicians for IBM, adapted this as an internal IBM tool for use by blind people. After the early <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer (PC)</a> was released in 1981, Thatcher and Wright developed a software equivalent to SAID, called PC-SAID, or <i>Personal Computer Synthetic Audio Interface Driver</i>. This was renamed and released in 1984 as IBM Screen Reader, which became the <a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">proprietary eponym</a> for that general class of assistive technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command-line_(text)"><span id="Command-line_.28text.29"></span>Command-line (text)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Command-line (text)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, which employed <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interfaces</a> (<abbr>CLI</abbr>s), the screen display consisted of <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">characters</a> <a href="/wiki/Memory-mapped_I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory-mapped I/O">mapping</a> directly to a <a href="/wiki/Screen_buffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen buffer">screen buffer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(computers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursor (computers)">cursor</a> position. Input was by keyboard. All this information could therefore be obtained from the system either by <a href="/wiki/Hooking" title="Hooking">hooking</a> the flow of information around the system and reading the screen buffer or by using a standard hardware output socket<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and communicating the results to the user. </p><p>In the 1980s, the Research Centre for the Education of the Visually Handicapped (<abbr>RCEVH</abbr>) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> developed a Screen Reader for the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Micro" title="BBC Micro">BBC Micro</a> and NEC Portable.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphical">Graphical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Graphical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Off-screen_models">Off-screen models</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Off-screen models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> (<abbr>GUI</abbr>s), the situation became more complicated. A <abbr>GUI</abbr> has characters and graphics drawn on the screen at particular positions, and therefore there is no purely textual representation of the graphical contents of the display. Screen readers were therefore forced to employ new low-level techniques, gathering messages from the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and using these to build up an "off-screen model", a representation of the display in which the required text content is stored.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the operating system might send messages to draw a command button and its caption. These messages are intercepted and used to construct the off-screen model. The user can switch between controls (such as buttons) available on the screen and the captions and control contents will be read aloud and/or shown on a <a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">refreshable braille display</a>. </p><p>Screen readers can also communicate information on menus, controls, and other visual constructs to permit blind users to interact with these constructs. However, maintaining an off-screen model is a significant technical challenge; hooking the low-level messages and maintaining an accurate model are both difficult tasks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accessibility_APIs">Accessibility APIs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Accessibility APIs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Operating system and application designers have attempted to address these problems by providing ways for screen readers to access the display contents without having to maintain an off-screen model. These involve the provision of alternative and accessible representations of what is being displayed on the screen accessed through an <abbr><a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a></abbr>. Existing <abbr>API</abbr>s include: </p> <ul><li>Android Accessibility Framework<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Apple Accessibility <abbr>API</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-SPI" class="mw-redirect" title="AT-SPI">AT-SPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAccessible2" title="IAccessible2">IAccessible2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Active_Accessibility" title="Microsoft Active Accessibility">Microsoft Active Accessibility</a> (<abbr>MSAA</abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_UI_Automation" title="Microsoft UI Automation">Microsoft UI Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Access_Bridge" title="Java Access Bridge">Java Access Bridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Screen readers can query the operating system or application for what is currently being displayed and receive updates when the display changes. For example, a screen reader can be told that the current focus is on a button and the button caption to be communicated to the user. This approach is considerably easier for the developers of screen readers, but fails when applications do not comply with the accessibility <abbr>API</abbr>: for example, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a> does not comply with the <abbr>MSAA</abbr> <abbr>API</abbr>, so screen readers must still maintain an off-screen model for Word or find another way to access its contents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One approach is to use available operating system messages and application object models to supplement accessibility <abbr>API</abbr>s. </p><p>Screen readers can be assumed to be able to access all display content that is not intrinsically inaccessible. Web browsers, word processors, icons and windows and email programs are just some of the applications used successfully by screen reader users. However, according to some users,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> using a screen reader is considerably more difficult than using a GUI, and many applications have specific problems resulting from the nature of the application (e.g. animations) or failure to comply with accessibility standards for the platform (e.g. Microsoft Word and Active Accessibility).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-voicing_programs_and_applications">Self-voicing programs and applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Self-voicing programs and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some programs and applications have voicing technology built in alongside their primary functionality. These programs are termed <a href="/wiki/Self-voicing" title="Self-voicing">self-voicing</a> and can be a form of <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technology</a> if they are designed to remove the need to use a screen reader.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloud-based">Cloud-based</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cloud-based"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some telephone services allow users to interact with the internet remotely. For example, TeleTender can read web pages over the phone and does not require special programs or devices on the user side.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">Virtual assistants</a> can sometimes read out written documents (textual web content, <abbr><a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></abbr> documents, e-mails etc.) The best-known examples are Apple's <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_Assistant" title="Google Assistant">Google Assistant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Alexa" title="Amazon Alexa">Amazon Alexa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web-based">Web-based</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Web-based"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A relatively new development in the field is web-based applications like Spoken-Web that act as web portals, managing content like news updates, weather, science and business articles for visually-impaired or blind computer users.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other examples are ReadSpeaker or <a href="/wiki/BrowseAloud" title="BrowseAloud">BrowseAloud</a> that add <a href="/wiki/Text-to-speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Text-to-speech">text-to-speech</a> functionality to web content.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The primary audience for such applications is those who have difficulty reading because of learning disabilities or language barriers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although functionality remains limited compared to equivalent desktop applications, the major benefit is to increase the accessibility of said websites when viewed on public machines where users do not have permission to install custom software, giving people greater "freedom to roam".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This functionality depends on the quality of the software but also on a logical structure of the text. Use of headings, punctuation, presence of alternate attributes for images, etc. is crucial for a good vocalization. Also a web site may have a nice look because of the use of appropriate two dimensional positioning with CSS but its standard linearization, for example, by suppressing any CSS and Javascript in the browser may not be comprehensible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customization">Customization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Customization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most screen readers allow the user to select whether most <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> is announced or silently ignored. Some screen readers can be tailored to a particular application through <a href="/wiki/Script_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Script (computing)"><b>scripting</b></a>. One advantage of scripting is that it allows customizations to be shared among users, increasing accessibility for all. <abbr><a href="/wiki/Job_Access_With_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Job Access With Speech">JAWS</a></abbr> enjoys an active script-sharing community, for example.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbosity">Verbosity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Verbosity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbosity is a feature of screen reading software that supports vision-impaired computer users. Speech verbosity controls enable users to choose how much speech feedback they wish to hear. Specifically, verbosity settings allow users to construct a mental model of web pages displayed on their computer screen. Based on verbosity settings, a screen-reading program informs users of certain formatting changes, such as when a frame or table begins and ends, where graphics have been inserted into the text, or when a list appears in the document. The verbosity settings can also control the level of descriptiveness of elements, such as lists, tables, and regions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/JAWS_(screen_reader)" title="JAWS (screen reader)">JAWS</a> provides low, medium, and high web verbosity preset levels. The high web verbosity level provides more detail about the contents of a webpage.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some screen readers can read text in more than one <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, provided that the language of the material is encoded in its <a href="/wiki/Metadata_Encoding_and_Transmission_Standard" title="Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard">metadata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Screen reading programs like <a href="/wiki/JAWS_(screen_reader)" title="JAWS (screen reader)">JAWS</a>, <a href="/wiki/NonVisual_Desktop_Access" title="NonVisual Desktop Access">NVDA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a> also include language verbosity, which automatically detects verbosity settings related to speech output language. For example, if a user navigated to a website based in the United Kingdom, the text would be read with <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">an English accent</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screen_readers" title="List of screen readers">List of screen readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_magnifier" title="Screen magnifier">Screen magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_processing" title="Speech processing">Speech processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinux" title="Vinux">Vinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/screen_reader" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/screen reader">screen reader</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/enable/at/types.aspx">"Types of Assistive Technology Products"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vadsa.org/ace/reader.htm">the original</a> on November 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Screen+Readers+and+how+they+work+with+E-Learning&rft.pub=Virginia.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vadsa.org%2Face%2Freader.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/hear-text-read-aloud-narrator#1TC=windows-8">"Hear text read aloud with Narrator"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accessibility+Basics%3A+How+Does+Your+Page+Look+To+A+Screen+Reader%3F&rft.pub=CSS-Tricks&rft.date=2007-10-29&rft.aulast=Coyier&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcss-tricks.com%2Faccessiblility-basics-turn-your-css-off%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SR_Overview-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SR_Overview_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomensa.com/blog/2005/what-screen-reader">"What is a Screen Reader"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomensa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nomensa (page does not exist)">Nomensa</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Screen+Reader&rft.pub=Nomensa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomensa.com%2Fblog%2F2005%2Fwhat-screen-reader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webaim.org/projects/screenreadersurvey9/">"Screen Reader User Survey #9"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WebAIM" title="WebAIM">WebAIM</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Screen+Reader+User+Survey+%239&rft.pub=WebAIM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebaim.org%2Fprojects%2Fscreenreadersurvey9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chromevox.com/">"ChromeVox"</a>. Google<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ChromeVox&rft.pub=Google&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chromevox.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2004" class="citation web cs1">Cooke, Annemarie (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afb.org/aw/5/2/14760">"A History of Accessibility at IBM"</a>. <i>The American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Foundation+for+the+Blind+%28AFB%29&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Accessibility+at+IBM&rft.date=2004-03&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afb.org%2Faw%2F5%2F2%2F14760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigcas.org/2018/02/08/making-a-difference-award-2009-jim-thatcher-interview/">"Making A Difference Award (2009) — Jim Thatcher (interview)"</a>. <i>SIGCAS, the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group for Computers and Society</i>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIGCAS%2C+the+Association+for+Computing+Machinery+Special+Interest+Group+for+Computers+and+Society&rft.atitle=Making+A+Difference+Award+%282009%29+%E2%80%94+Jim+Thatcher+%28interview%29&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigcas.org%2F2018%2F02%2F08%2Fmaking-a-difference-award-2009-jim-thatcher-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060625225004/http://www.edstoffel.com/david/talkingterminals.html">"Talking Terminals. BYTE, September 1982"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edstoffel.com/david/talkingterminals.html">the original</a> on June 25, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talking+Terminals.+BYTE%2C+September+1982&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edstoffel.com%2Fdavid%2Ftalkingterminals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Blenkhorn, "The <abbr>RCEVH</abbr> project on micro-computer systems and computer assisted learning", British Journal of Visual Impairment, 4/3, 101-103 (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visugate.biz/bjvi/1986/autumn1986.html#RCEVH">Free HTML version at Visugate</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnib.org.uk/information-everyday-living-using-technology-beginners-guides/beginners-guide-assistive-technology">"Access to personal computers using speech synthesis. RNIB New Beacon No.76, May 1992"</a>. March 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Access+to+personal+computers+using+speech+synthesis.+RNIB+New+Beacon+No.76%2C+May+1992&rft.date=2014-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnib.org.uk%2Finformation-everyday-living-using-technology-beginners-guides%2Fbeginners-guide-assistive-technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://service.boulder.ibm.com/sns/sr-os2/sr2doc/guitalk.txt">Making the <abbr>GUI</abbr> Talk</a>" (by Richard Schwerdtfeger, <i>BYTE</i> December 1991, p. 118-128), the first screen reader to build an off-screen model was outSPOKEN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/training/accessibility/index.html">Implementing Accessibility on Android</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/Accessibility/Reference/AccessibilityLowlevel/index.html">Apple Accessibility <abbr>API</abbr></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://java.sun.com/products/accessbridge/">"Oracle Technology Network for Java Developers – Oracle Technology Network – Oracle"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oracle+Technology+Network+for+Java+Developers+%E2%80%93+Oracle+Technology+Network+%E2%80%93+Oracle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjava.sun.com%2Fproducts%2Faccessbridge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZongLeeLundgardJang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zong, Jonathan; Lee, Crystal; Lundgard, Alan; Jang, JiWoong; Hajas, Daniel; Satyanarayan, Arvind (2022). "Rich Screen Reader Experiences for Accessible Data Visualization". <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. <b>41</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.04917">2205.04917</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcgf.14519">10.1111/cgf.14519</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-7055">0167-7055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248665696">248665696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Graphics+Forum&rft.atitle=Rich+Screen+Reader+Experiences+for+Accessible+Data+Visualization&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2205.04917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248665696%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0167-7055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcgf.14519&rft.aulast=Zong&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Lee%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Lundgard%2C+Alan&rft.au=Jang%2C+JiWoong&rft.au=Hajas%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Satyanarayan%2C+Arvind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomscientific.com/SurfsUp/Web_Verbosity.htm">"JAWS Web Verbosity"</a>. <i>www.freedomscientific.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.freedomscientific.com&rft.atitle=JAWS+Web+Verbosity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomscientific.com%2FSurfsUp%2FWeb_Verbosity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Heilmann2008" class="citation web cs1">Chris Heilmann (March 13, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/yahoo-search-results-now-natural-language-support-7318.html">"Yahoo! search results now with natural language support"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Developer_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Developer Network">Yahoo! Developer Network</a> Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125024422/http://developer.yahoo.net/blog/archives/2008/03/yahoo_search_re.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+Developer+Network+Blog&rft.atitle=Yahoo%21+search+results+now+with+natural+language+support&rft.date=2008-03-13&rft.au=Chris+Heilmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.yahoo.com%2Fblogs%2Fydn%2Fyahoo-search-results-now-natural-language-support-7318.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&oldid=1276479709">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Screen_reader&oldid=1276479709</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assistive_technology" title="Category:Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Screen_readers" title="Category:Screen readers">Screen readers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2017">Articles needing additional references from July 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2017" title="Category:Use mdy dates from July 2017">Use mdy dates from July 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_January_2015" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2015">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2015</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 February 2025, at 02:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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