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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recent developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Third Way</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="طرف خارجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طرف خارجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercer_v%C3%ADa" title="Tercer vía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tercer vía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_yol_(m%C9%99rk%C9%99z%C3%A7ilik)" title="Üçüncü yol (mərkəzçilik) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Üçüncü yol (mərkəzçilik)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82" title="Трети път – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трети път" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_via_(pol%C3%ADtica)" title="Tercera via (política) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tercera via (política)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99et%C3%AD_cesta_(politika)" title="Třetí cesta (politika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Třetí cesta (politika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_tredje_vej" title="Den tredje vej – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den tredje vej" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dritter_Weg" title="Dritter Weg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dritter Weg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmas_tee" title="Kolmas tee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kolmas tee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%94%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τρίτος Δρόμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρίτος Δρόμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_v%C3%ADa" title="Tercera vía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tercera vía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="راه سوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راه سوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_voie_(politique)" title="Troisième voie (politique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Troisième voie (politique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_v%C3%ADa" title="Terceira vía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terceira vía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C3%EC%9D%98_%EA%B8%B8" title="제3의 길 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제3의 길" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_put" title="Treći put – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Treći put" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_Ketiga" title="Jalan Ketiga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jalan Ketiga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terza_via" title="Terza via – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terza via" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הדרך השלישית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הדרך השלישית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94_%E1%83%92%E1%83%96%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90)" title="მესამე გზა (პოლიტიკა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მესამე გზა (პოლიტიკა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%8Diasis_kelias" title="Trečiasis kelias – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trečiasis kelias" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_tre" title="Via tre – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Via tre" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmadikutass%C3%A1g" title="Harmadikutasság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harmadikutasság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derde_weg_(sociaaldemocratie)" title="Derde weg (sociaaldemocratie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Derde weg (sociaaldemocratie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E3%81%AE%E9%81%93" title="第三の道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第三の道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%90%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="درېیمه لار – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="درېیمه لار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzecia_droga" title="Trzecia droga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzecia droga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_via" title="Terceira via – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terceira via" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_treia_cale" title="A treia cale – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="A treia cale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C_(%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)" title="Третий путь (центризм) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Третий путь (центризм)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_way" title="Third way – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Third way" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretia_cesta" title="Tretia cesta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tretia cesta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82" title="Трећи пут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трећи пут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_put" title="Treći put – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Treći put" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmas_tie" title="Kolmas tie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolmas tie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredje_v%C3%A4gens_politik" title="Tredje vägens politik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tredje vägens politik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_yol" title="Üçüncü yol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üçüncü yol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85_(%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)" title="Третій шлях (центризм) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Третій шлях (центризм)" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #C5C12B; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img 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theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobdenism" title="Cobdenism">Cobdenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Arizona School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Feminist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; border-bottom:1px solid #C5C12B; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_democracy" title="Category:Social democracy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.65em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/50px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/75px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/100px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">Tripartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Jumblatt" title="Kamal Jumblatt">Jumblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Junmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_K%C3%A9thly" title="Anna Kéthly">Kéthly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Liebknecht (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Myrdal (Alva)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal (Gunnar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radbruch" title="Gustav Radbruch">Radbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Scholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Stauning" title="Thorvald Stauning">Stauning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_European_Socialists" title="Young European Socialists">Young European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_of_Social_Democracy_in_Asia" title="Network of Social Democracy in Asia">Network of Social Democracy in Asia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Labour Party (UK)">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democracy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Types of socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #B60202; border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denationalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Denationalization">Denationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interdependence" title="Economic interdependence">Economic interdependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">Marketization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">School vouchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">Shock therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">Single market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_Adjustment_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Adjustment Programme">Structural Adjustment Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranationalism">Supranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_cuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax cuts">Tax cuts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">Trickle-down</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_non-interventionism" title="Positive non-interventionism">Positive non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberalization in India">Economic liberalization in India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Governance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Arab Free Trade Area">Greater Arab Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERCOSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="MERCOSUR">MERCOSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago boys">Chicago boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith_Institute" title="Adam Smith Institute">Adam Smith Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(United_States)" title="Third Way (United States)">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rougier" title="Louis Rougier">Louis Rougier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Yasuhiro Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Douglas" title="Roger Douglas">Roger Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)" title="Hernando de Soto (economist)">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blatcherism" title="Blatcherism">Blatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_intellectual_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of intellectual property">Criticism of intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Third Way</b>, also known as <b>Modernised Social Democracy</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Centrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist">centrist</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Political position">political position</a> that attempts to reconcile <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a> politics by synthesising a combination of <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economically liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic policies">economic policies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a reconceptualization of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting"><span title="New paragraph; what does "it" refer to? Repeated use. Clunky. (November 2024)">needs copy edit</span></a></i>]</sup> It supports <a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">workfare</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a>, work training programs, educational opportunities, and other government programs that give citizens a 'hand-up' instead of a 'hand-out'. The Third Way seeks a compromise between a less interventionist economic system as supported by <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democratic</a> spending policy supported by <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressives</a>. </p><p>The Third Way was born from a reevaluation of political policies within various centre to centre-left <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> movements in the 1980s in response to doubt regarding the economic viability of the state and the perceived overuse of <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionist</a> policies that had previously been popularised by <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a>, but which at that time contrasted with the rise of popularity for <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a> starting in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSurender20043–4,_16_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSurender20043–4,_16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Third Way has been promoted by <a href="/wiki/Social_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberal">social liberal</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a> parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Whyman_2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whyman_2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, a leading proponent of the Third Way was <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, who served as the country's president from 1993 to 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, Third Way social-democratic proponent <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> he advocated was different from traditional conceptions of socialism and said: "My kind of socialism is a set of values based around notions of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>. ... Socialism as a rigid form of <a href="/wiki/Economic_determinism" title="Economic determinism">economic determinism</a> has ended, and rightly."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blair referred to it as a "social-ism" involving politics that recognised individuals as socially interdependent and advocated social justice, social cohesion, equal worth of each citizen and equal opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Third Way social-democratic interpreter <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a> has said that the Third Way rejects the <a href="/wiki/State_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="State socialist">state socialist</a> conception of socialism and instead accepts the conception of socialism as conceived of by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a> as an ethical doctrine that views social democratic governments as having achieved a viable <a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">ethical socialism</a> by removing the unjust elements of capitalism by providing social welfare and other policies and that contemporary socialism has outgrown the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> claim for the need of the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism_as_a_mode_of_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalism as a mode of production">capitalism as a mode of production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Blair publicly declared support for a "new capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Policies supported by self-purported Third Way supporters vary by region, political circumstances, and ideological leanings. Third Way advocates generally support <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">public-private partnerships</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">commitment to fiscal conservatism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combining <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equality of opportunity</a> with <a href="/wiki/Moral_responsibility" title="Moral responsibility">personal responsibility</a>, improving <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">protection of the environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But even to these ends Third Way advocates differ due to conflicting priorities. Anthony Giddens for example called for abolishing the retirement age so people can exit the workforce whenever they save enough, believing society should be more inclusive to the elderly;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddens1998120–121_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddens1998120–121-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> did the exact opposite, raising the retirement age to balance the budget.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton administration</a>, influenced by the works of the controversial political scientist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Charles Murray</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was less friendly to the welfare state than Tony Blair.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Third Way has been criticised by other social democrats, as well as <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communists</a>, and in particular <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialists</a> as a betrayal of left-wing values,<sup id="cite_ref-Bill-Black-TRNN-2013-03-31_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bill-Black-TRNN-2013-03-31-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bill-Black-HuffPo-2013-01-10_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bill-Black-HuffPo-2013-01-10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bill-Black-AlterNet-2013-03-03_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bill-Black-AlterNet-2013-03-03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some analysts characterising the Third Way as an effectively neoliberal movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Collection_1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collection_1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been criticised by <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">conservatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">libertarians</a> who advocate for <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bashan_2002_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bashan_2002-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a term, the <i>third way</i> has been used to explain a variety of political courses and ideologies in the last few centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomano20062_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano20062-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ideas were implemented by <a href="/wiki/Progressives" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressives">progressives</a> in the early 20th century. The term was picked up again in the 1950s by German <a href="/wiki/Ordoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordoliberal">ordoliberal</a> economists such as <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Wilhelm Röpke</a>, resulting in the development of the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>. Röpke later distanced himself from the term and located the social market economy as first way in the sense of an advancement of the <a href="/wiki/Free-market_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market economy">free-market economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> of 1968, reform economist <a href="/wiki/Ota_%C5%A0ik" title="Ota Šik">Ota Šik</a> proposed third way economic reform as part of political <a href="/wiki/Liberalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalisation">liberalisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">democratisation</a> within the country. In historical context, such proposals were better described as liberalised <a href="/wiki/Centrally-planned_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrally-planned economy">centrally-planned economy</a> rather than the socially-sensitive capitalism that Third Way policies tend to have been identified with in the West. In the 1970s and 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a>, came to advocate a vision of a socialist society that was more pluralist than the <a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">real socialism</a> which was typically advocated by <a href="/wiki/Official_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Official communist">official communist</a> parties whilst being more economically egalitarian than social democracy. This was part of the wider trend of <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a> in the communist movement and provided a theoretical basis for Berlinguer's pursuit of the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Compromise" title="Historic Compromise">Historic Compromise</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democrats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Third Way politics is visible in Anthony Giddens' works such as <i>Consequences of Modernity</i> (1990), <i>Modernity and Self-Identity</i> (1991), <i>The Transformation of Intimacy</i> (1992), <i>Beyond Left and Right</i> (1994) and <i>The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy</i> (1998). In <i>Beyond Left and Right</i>, Giddens criticises <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialism</a> and constructs a six-point framework for a reconstituted <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radical politics</a> that includes the following values:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Repair damaged <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity (sociology)">solidarities</a>.</li> <li>Recognise the centrality of life politics.</li> <li>Accept that active trust implies generative politics.</li> <li>Embrace dialogic democracy.</li> <li>Rethink the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.</li> <li>Confront violence.</li></ol> <p>In <i>The Third Way</i>, Giddens provides the framework within which the Third Way, also termed by Giddens as the <i><a href="/wiki/Radical_center_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical center (politics)">radical centre</a></i>, is justified. In addition, it supplies a broad range of policy proposals aimed at what Giddens calls the "<a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a>" in British politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddens199844–46_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddens199844–46-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> espoused the ideas of the Third Way during <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign">his 1992 presidential campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Third Way has been defined as such: </p><blockquote><p>[S]omething different and distinct from liberal capitalism with its unswerving belief in the merits of the free market and democratic socialism with its demand management and obsession with the state. The Third Way is in favour of growth, entrepreneurship, enterprise and wealth creation but it is also in favour of greater social justice and it sees the state playing a major role in bringing this about. So in the words of ... Anthony Giddens of the LSE the Third Way rejects top down socialism as it rejects traditional neo liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArora20109,_22_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArora20109,_22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Third Way has been advocated by its proponents as a "radical-centrist" alternative to both capitalism and what it regards as the traditional forms of socialism, including <a href="/wiki/Socialism_(Marxism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism (Marxism)">Marxian</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArora20109,_22_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArora20109,_22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It advocates <a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">ethical socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">gradualism</a> that includes advocating the humanisation of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">political pluralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArora20109,_22_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArora20109,_22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Third Way has been often hard to holistically summarize, partly due to its flexible nature of putting ends before means, that is prioritizing achieving social justice rather than focusing on the methods by which one achieves social justice. Often cited as the easiest summary of the Third Way is 'rights with responsibilities'—for example, pairing the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a> with the responsibility to put effort towards achieving good grades. On economics specifically, a great deal of emphasize of the Third Way is placed on tax revenue, and the means by which it is generated. The Third Way argues that wealth must be enticed in a globalized economy, and that any <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a> caused by high taxes is counterproductive to generating tax revenue, as said tax revenue will be lost. The Third Way argues that growth is the best way to raise tax revenue, and that growth can be achieved through a free market economy, fiscal discipline and a healthy human capital stock. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_social_democracy">Within social democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Within social democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Third Way has been advocated by proponents as competition socialism, an ideology in between traditional socialism and capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthony Giddens, a prominent proponent of the Third Way, has publicly endorsed a modernized form of socialism within the social democracy movement. However, he argues that traditional socialist ideology, specifically referring to state socialism involving economic management and planning, is flawed. Giddens asserts that as a theory of the managed economy, it barely exists any longer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomano2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In defining the Third Way, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> once wrote: "The Third Way stands for a modernised social democracy, passionate in its commitment to social justice".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawke_Bob_BANNER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hawke_Bob_BANNER.jpg/170px-Hawke_Bob_BANNER.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hawke_Bob_BANNER.jpg/255px-Hawke_Bob_BANNER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hawke_Bob_BANNER.jpg/340px-Hawke_Bob_BANNER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a>, who along with his successor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a> laid the groundwork to both <a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> as well as Third Way politics</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> (ALP) from 1983 to 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a> governments pursued many economic policies associated with <a href="/wiki/Economic_rationalism" title="Economic rationalism">economic rationalism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Floating_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating currency">floating</a> the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Dollar">Australian Dollar</a> in 1983, reductions in trade <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_reform" title="Tax reform">taxation reforms</a>, changing from centralised <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">wage-fixing</a> to <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Bargaining_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise Bargaining Agreement">enterprise bargaining</a>, restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> activities including on <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike action</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pattern_bargaining" title="Pattern bargaining">pattern bargaining</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> of government-run services and enterprises such as <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank" title="Commonwealth Bank">Commonwealth Bank</a> and wholesale <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Banking_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking system">banking system</a>. Keating also proposed a <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods and Services Tax (Australia)">Goods and Services Tax</a> (GST) in 1985, but this was scrapped due to its unpopularity amongst both ALP and electorate. The party also desisted from other reforms such as wholesale <a href="/wiki/Labour_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour market">labour market</a> deregulation, the eventual GST, the privatisation of <a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform">welfare reform</a>. The Hawke-Keating governments have been considered by some as laying the groundwork for the later development of both the <a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a> in the United States and <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Lavelle_2005_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavelle_2005-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Humphrys_2018_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphrys_2018-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One political commentator agreed that it led <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> parties towards the path to <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, others, particularly former Labor MP and current National President <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Swan" title="Wayne Swan">Wayne Swan</a>, acknowledge several <a href="/wiki/Economic_Conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Conservatism">economically conservative</a> reforms, but at the same time disagreed and focused on the prosperity and social equality that they provided in the "26 years of uninterrupted economic growth since 1991", seeing it as fitting well within "Australian Laborism".<sup id="cite_ref-Swan_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swan-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swan also mentioned the fact that the policies and reforms of the Hawke–Keating governments, described as Third Way, predated the idea by a decade or more.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Hawke and Keating made some criticism too.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/2019_Australian_federal_election" title="2019 Australian federal election">2019 federal election</a>, Hawke made a joint statement with Keating endorsing Labor's economic plan and condemned the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Australia)">Liberal Party</a> for "completely [giving] up the economic reform agenda". They stated that "<a href="/wiki/Bill_Shorten" title="Bill Shorten">[Bill] Shorten</a>'s Labor is the only party of government focused on the need to modernise the economy to deal with the major challenge of our time: human induced climate change".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various ideological beliefs were factionalised under reforms to the ALP under <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a>, resulting in what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Labor_Left" title="Labor Left">Labor Left</a>, who tend to favour a more <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">interventionist</a> economic policy, more authoritative top-down controls and some <a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">socially progressive</a> ideals; and <a href="/wiki/Labor_Right" title="Labor Right">Labor Right</a>, the now dominant faction that is <a href="/wiki/Pro-business" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-business">pro-business</a>, more <a href="/wiki/Economically_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Economically liberal">economically liberal</a> and in some cases, more <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a>. </p><p> Former Labor Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a>'s first speech to parliament in 1998 stated: </p><blockquote><p>Competitive markets are massive and generally efficient generators of economic wealth. They must therefore have a central place in the management of the economy. But markets sometimes fail, requiring direct government intervention through instruments such as industry policy. There are also areas where the public good dictates that there should be no market at all. We are not afraid of a vision in the Labor Party, but nor are we afraid of doing the hard policy yards necessary to turn that vision into reality. Parties of the Centre Left around the world are wrestling with a similar challenge—the creation of a competitive economy while advancing the overriding imperative of a just society. Some call this the "third way". The nomenclature is unimportant. What is important is that it is a repudiation of <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a> and its Australian derivatives represented opposite. It is in fact a new formulation of the nation's economic and social imperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While critical of economists such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rudd_2006_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudd_2006-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rudd described himself as "basically a <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">conservative</a> when it comes to questions of public financial management", pointing to his slashing of public service jobs as a Queensland governmental advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rudd's government has been praised and credited "by most economists, both local and international, for helping Australia avoiding a post-global-financial-crisis recession" during the <a href="/wiki/Global_Recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Recession">Global Recession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Swan_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swan-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Brazil)" title="Third Way (Brazil)">Third Way (Brazil)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Social_Democracy_Party" title="Brazilian Social Democracy Party">Brazilian Social Democracy Party</a></div> <p>Examples of Brazilian Third Way politicians include current Vice President <a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Alckmin" title="Geraldo Alckmin">Geraldo Alckmin</a> and former president <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a>. Other politicians include <a href="/wiki/Simone_Tebet" title="Simone Tebet">Simone Tebet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Serra" title="José Serra">José Serra</a>, and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ciro_Gomes" title="Ciro Gomes">Ciro Gomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche!" class="mw-redirect" title="La République En Marche!">La République En Marche!</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MoDem" class="mw-redirect" title="MoDem">MoDem</a></div> <p>Examples of French Third Way politicians include current President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>, and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn" title="Dominique Strauss-Kahn">Dominique Strauss-Kahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Valls" title="Manuel Valls">Manuel Valls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg/150px-Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg/225px-Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg/300px-Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="2140" /></a><figcaption>Incumbent <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">German chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> (2021–present)</figcaption></figure> <p>Former German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schroder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard Schroder">Gerhard Schroder</a> (1998–2005) was a proponent of Third Way policies. Throughout his campaign for chancellor, he portrayed himself as a pragmatic <i>new</i> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrat</a> who would promote economic growth while strengthening Germany's generous social welfare system.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Schröder's time in office, economic growth slowed to only 0.2% in 2002 and Gross Domestic Product shrank in 2003, while German unemployment was over the 10% mark.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most voters soon associated Schröder with the <a href="/wiki/Agenda_2010" title="Agenda 2010">Agenda 2010</a> reform program, which included cuts in the <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> system (<a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">national health insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">unemployment payments</a>, pensions), lower taxes, and reformed regulations on employment and payment. He also eliminated capital gains tax on the sale of corporate stocks and thereby made the country more attractive to foreign investors.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Incumbent German chancellor Olaf Scholz (2021–present) has not explicitly stated support for Third way policies, but is widely seen as part of the moderate wing of within the SPD.<sup id="cite_ref-Nienaber-2018_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nienaber-2018-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his tenure as minister of finance in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Merkel_cabinet" title="Fourth Merkel cabinet">Fourth Merkel cabinet</a> (2018–2021), Scholz prioritized not taking on new government debt and limiting public spending.<sup id="cite_ref-Chazan-2018_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chazan-2018-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Craxism" title="Craxism">Craxism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matteo_Renzi_2015.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Matteo_Renzi_2015.jpeg/170px-Matteo_Renzi_2015.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Matteo_Renzi_2015.jpeg/255px-Matteo_Renzi_2015.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Matteo_Renzi_2015.jpeg/340px-Matteo_Renzi_2015.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Renzi" title="Matteo Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Prime Minister">Italian Prime Minister</a>, a Third Way politician</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: information about late PSI and Craxi. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Italian <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a> is a plural <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> party including several distinct ideological trends. Politicians such as former Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Renzi" title="Matteo Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a> are proponents of the Third Way.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc07_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc07-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renzi has occasionally been compared to former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">UK Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> for his political views.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renzi himself has previously claimed to be a supporter of Blair's ideology of the Third Way, regarding an objective to synthesise liberal economics and left-wing social policies.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Renzi's secretariat, the Democratic Party took a strong stance in favour of <a href="/wiki/2016_Italian_constitutional_referendum" title="2016 Italian constitutional referendum">constitutional reform</a> and of a new <a href="/wiki/Electoral_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral law">electoral law</a> on the road toward a <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a>. It is not an easy task to find the exact political trend represented by Renzi and his supporters, who have been known as <i><a href="/wiki/Renziani" title="Renziani">Renziani</a></i>. The nature of Renzi's <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressivism</a> is a matter of debate and has been linked both to <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ricerca.repubblica.it_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ricerca.repubblica.it-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Maria Teresa Meli of <i><a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a></i>, Renzi "pursues a precise model, borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>", comprising "a strange mix (for Italy) of liberal policy in the economic sphere and populism. This means that on one side he will attack the privileges of trade unions, especially of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour" title="Italian General Confederation of Labour">CGIL</a>, which defends only the already protected, while on the other he will sharply attack the vested powers, bankers, <a href="/wiki/Confindustria" class="mw-redirect" title="Confindustria">Confindustria</a> and a certain type of capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Democratic Party's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Italian_general_election" title="2018 Italian general election">2018 general election</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the party gained 18.8% and 19.1% of the vote (down from 25.5% and 27.4% in 2013) and lost 185 deputies and 58 senators, respectively, Renzi resigned as the party's secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2019, <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Zingaretti" title="Nicola Zingaretti">Nicola Zingaretti</a>, a social democrat and prominent member of the party's left-wing with solid roots in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/2019_Democratic_Party_(Italy)_leadership_election" title="2019 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election">leadership election</a> by a landslide, defeating <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Martina" title="Maurizio Martina">Maurizio Martina</a> (Renzi's former deputy secretary) and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Giachetti" title="Roberto Giachetti">Roberto Giachetti</a> (supported by most <i>Renziani</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zingaretti focused his campaign on a clear contrast with Renzi's policies and his victory opened the way for a new party.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2019, Renzi announced his intention to leave the Democratic Party and create a new parliamentary group.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He officially launched <a href="/wiki/Italia_Viva" title="Italia Viva">Italia Viva</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to continue the liberal and Third Way tradition<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within a <a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">pro-Europeanism</a> framework,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially as represented by the French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>'s <a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche!" class="mw-redirect" title="La République En Marche!">La République En Marche!</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a></div> <p>In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> wrote a book entitled <i>The Middle Way</i>, advocating a compromise between <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> which was a precursor to the contemporary notion of the Third Way.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> professed a complete adherence to <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> ideals and rejected the choice between a "prosperous and efficient Britain" and a "caring and compassionate Britain".<sup id="cite_ref-1979Manifesto_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979Manifesto-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coherent with this position, the main commitment of the party was the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> via the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">wealth tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1979Manifesto_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979Manifesto-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was rejected in the 1997 manifesto,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with many changes in the 1990s like the progressive dismissal of traditional social democratic ideology and the transformation into <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a>, de-emphasising the need to tackle economic inequality and focusing instead on the expansion of opportunities for all whilst fostering <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-psw.sagepub.com_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psw.sagepub.com-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> is cited as a Third Way politician.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc07_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc07-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a former member of Blair's staff, Blair and the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> learnt from and owes a debt to <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a>'s government in Australia in the 1980s on how to govern as a Third Way party.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blair wrote in a <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian</a> pamphlet in 1994 of the existence of two prominent variants of socialism, namely one based on a <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> economic determinist and collectivist tradition and the other being an <a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">ethical socialism</a> based on values of "social justice, the equal worth of each citizen, equality of opportunity, community".<sup id="cite_ref-Stephen_D._Tansey_2008._Pp._97_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephen_D._Tansey_2008._Pp._97-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blair is a particular follower of the ideas and writings of Giddens.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc07_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc07-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clinton_Blair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Clinton_Blair.jpg/170px-Clinton_Blair.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Clinton_Blair.jpg/255px-Clinton_Blair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Clinton_Blair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, early adherents of the Third Way in the 1990s</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1998, Blair, then <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party Leader</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>, described the Third Way, how it relates to social democracy and its relation with both the <a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a>, as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Third Way stands for a modernised social democracy, passionate in its commitment to social justice and the goals of the centre-left. ... But it is a third way because it moves decisively beyond an Old Left preoccupied by state control, high taxation and producer interests; and a New Right treating public investment, and often the very notions of "society" and collective endeavour, as evils to be undone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomano2006_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2002, Anthony Giddens listed problems facing the New Labour government, naming <a href="/wiki/Spin_(public_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin (public relations)">spin</a> as the biggest failure because its damage to the party's image was difficult to rebound from. He also challenged the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Dome" title="Millennium Dome">Millennium Dome</a> project and Labour's inability to deal with irresponsible businesses. Giddens saw Labour's ability to marginalise the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> as a success as well its economic policy, welfare reform and certain aspects of education. Giddens criticised what he called Labour's "half-way houses", including the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> and environmental and constitutional reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Grice_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grice-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Clarke" title="Charles Clarke">Charles Clarke</a>, a former United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> and the first senior <a href="/wiki/Blairite" class="mw-redirect" title="Blairite">Blairite</a> to attack Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> openly and in print, stated: "We should discard the techniques of '<a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">triangulation</a>' and 'dividing lines' with the Conservatives, which lead to the not entirely unjustified charge that we simply follow proposals from the Conservatives or the right-wing media, to minimise differences and remove lines of attack against us".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brown was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a>'s <a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Labour" title="One Nation Labour">One Nation Labour</a> in <a href="/wiki/2010_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2010 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2010</a> and self-described democratic socialist <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> in <a href="/wiki/2015_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2015</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Leader of the Labour Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led some to comment that New Labour is "dead and buried".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a>, now the Prime Minister, succeeded Corbyn in <a href="/wiki/2020_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2020 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2020</a>, and has since reverted on his initial more left-wing pledges, in favour policies more associated with <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a>. </p><p>The Third Way as practised under New Labour has been criticised as being effectively a new, <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-Cammack_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cammack-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some such as Glen O'Hara have argued that while containing "elements that we could term neoliberal", New Labour was more <a href="/wiki/Left-leaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-leaning">left-leaning</a> than it is given credit for.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats (United States)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republican" title="Rockefeller Republican">Rockefeller Republican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(United_States)" title="Third Way (United States)">Third Way (United States)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton_with_Professor_Anthony_Giddens_(Joint_Chair),_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bill_Clinton_with_Professor_Anthony_Giddens_%28Joint_Chair%29%2C_2001.jpg/220px-Bill_Clinton_with_Professor_Anthony_Giddens_%28Joint_Chair%29%2C_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bill_Clinton_with_Professor_Anthony_Giddens_%28Joint_Chair%29%2C_2001.jpg/330px-Bill_Clinton_with_Professor_Anthony_Giddens_%28Joint_Chair%29%2C_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bill_Clinton_with_Professor_Anthony_Giddens_%28Joint_Chair%29%2C_2001.jpg/440px-Bill_Clinton_with_Professor_Anthony_Giddens_%28Joint_Chair%29%2C_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a> and President Clinton, two Third Way proponents</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, Third Way adherents historically embraced <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatism</a> to a greater extent than traditional economic liberals, advocated for some replacement of <a href="/wiki/Welfare_(financial_aid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare (financial aid)">welfare</a> with <a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">workfare</a>, and sometimes held a stronger preference for market solutions to traditional problems (as in <a href="/wiki/Pollution_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution market">pollution markets</a>) while rejecting pure <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> economics and other <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a> positions. The Third Way style of governing was firmly adopted and partly redefined during the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Administration">administration</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a term, it was introduced by political scientist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Skowronek" title="Stephen Skowronek">Stephen Skowronek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third Way presidents "undermine the opposition by borrowing policies from it in an effort to seize the middle and with it to achieve political dominance". Examples of this are <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s economic policies, which were a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a>, as well as Clinton's <a href="/wiki/Personal_Responsibility_and_Work_Opportunity_Act" title="Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act">welfare reform</a> later.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with Blair, Prodi, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> and other leading Third Way adherents, Clinton organised conferences to promote the Third Way philosophy in 1997 at <a href="/wiki/Chequers" title="Chequers">Chequers</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(United_States)" title="Third Way (United States)">Third Way</a> think tank and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Leadership_Council" title="Democratic Leadership Council">Democratic Leadership Council</a> are adherents of Third Way politics.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, American lawyer and former bank regulator <a href="/wiki/William_K._Black" title="William K. Black">William K. Black</a> criticized then-extant Third Way movements: "Third Way is this group that pretends sometimes to be centre-left but is actually completely a creation of <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>—it's run by Wall Street for Wall Street with this false flag operation as if it were a center-left group. It's nothing of the sort".<sup id="cite_ref-Bill-Black-TRNN-2013-03-31_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bill-Black-TRNN-2013-03-31-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bill-Black-HuffPo-2013-01-10_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bill-Black-HuffPo-2013-01-10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bill-Black-AlterNet-2013-03-03_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bill-Black-AlterNet-2013-03-03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wim_Kok_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wim_Kok_1994.jpg/170px-Wim_Kok_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wim_Kok_1994.jpg/255px-Wim_Kok_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wim_Kok_1994.jpg/340px-Wim_Kok_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wim_Kok" title="Wim Kok">Wim Kok</a>, who led two <a href="/wiki/Purple_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple (government)">purple coalitions</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister of the Netherlands</a> from 1994 to 2002</figcaption></figure> <p>Other leaders who have adopted elements of the Third Way style of governance include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edi_Rama" title="Edi Rama">Edi Rama</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_la_R%C3%BAa" title="Fernando de la Rúa">Fernando de la Rúa</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemmersFernández_JilbertoHogenboom200437,_44_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemmersFernández_JilbertoHogenboom200437,_44-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Klima" title="Viktor Klima">Viktor Klima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gusenbauer" title="Alfred Gusenbauer">Alfred Gusenbauer</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> (only his first term) in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemmersFernández_JilbertoHogenboom200437,_44_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemmersFernández_JilbertoHogenboom200437,_44-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiril_Petkov" title="Kiril Petkov">Kiril Petkov</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Ricardo Lagos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet" title="Michelle Bachelet">Michelle Bachelet</a> (only her first term) in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaribaldo2008_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaribaldo2008-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Figueres" title="José María Figueres">José María Figueres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Chinchilla" title="Laura Chinchilla">Laura Chinchilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Alvarado_Quesada" title="Carlos Alvarado Quesada">Carlos Alvarado Quesada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Guillermo_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Luis Guillermo Solís">Luis Guillermo Solís</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Chaves_Robles" title="Rodrigo Chaves Robles">Rodrigo Chaves Robles</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlado_Gotovac" title="Vlado Gotovac">Vlado Gotovac</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helle_Thorning-Schmidt" title="Helle Thorning-Schmidt">Helle Thorning-Schmidt</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Leonel Fernández">Leonel Fernández</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Mej%C3%ADa" title="Hipólito Mejía">Hipólito Mejía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danilo_Medina" title="Danilo Medina">Danilo Medina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luis_Abinader" title="Luis Abinader">Luis Abinader</a> in the <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaribaldo2008_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaribaldo2008-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Borja_Cevallos" title="Rodrigo Borja Cevallos">Rodrigo Borja Cevallos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdal%C3%A1_Bucaram" title="Abdalá Bucaram">Abdalá Bucaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucio_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Lucio Gutiérrez">Lucio Gutiérrez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Len%C3%ADn_Moreno" title="Lenín Moreno">Lenín Moreno</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_policy_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_policy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Lipponen" title="Paavo Lipponen">Paavo Lipponen</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><sup id="cite_ref-conpol_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conpol-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrientosPowell200418_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrientosPowell200418-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costas_Simitis" title="Costas Simitis">Costas Simitis</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Colom" title="Álvaro Colom">Álvaro Colom</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Gyurcs%C3%A1ny" title="Ferenc Gyurcsány">Ferenc Gyurcsány</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yair_Lapid" title="Yair Lapid">Yair Lapid</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Muscat" title="Joseph Muscat">Joseph Muscat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Abela" title="Robert Abela">Robert Abela</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gauchi_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauchi-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo" title="Ernesto Zedillo">Ernesto Zedillo</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87" title="Milo Đukanović">Milo Đukanović</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Kok" title="Wim Kok">Wim Kok</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_P%C3%A9rez_Balladares" title="Ernesto Pérez Balladares">Ernesto Pérez Balladares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Torrijos" title="Martín Torrijos">Martín Torrijos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurentino_Cortizo" title="Laurentino Cortizo">Laurentino Cortizo</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaribaldo2008_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaribaldo2008-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Manuel A. Odría, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo">Alejandro Toledo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Ollanta Humala</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaribaldo2008_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaribaldo2008-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%B3crates" title="José Sócrates">José Sócrates</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borut_Pahor" title="Borut Pahor">Borut Pahor</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo-hyun</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_Carlsson" title="Ingvar Carlsson">Ingvar Carlsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Persson" title="Göran Persson">Göran Persson</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conpol_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conpol-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a> in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">Carlos Andrés Pérez</a> (only his second term) in <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2010284_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2010284-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 2010s, social democratic parties that accepted Third Way politics such as <a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">triangulation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lavelle_2005_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavelle_2005-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Humphrys_2018_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphrys_2018-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shift in policies such as <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform">welfare reforms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">workfare</a> experienced a drastic decline<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the Third Way had largely <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Decline_and_rejection_of_the_Third_Way_(2007–present)" title="Social democracy">fallen out of favour</a> in a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Pasokification" title="Pasokification">Pasokification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbieri_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbieri-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have linked the decline of social democratic parties to the declining number of industrial workers, greater economic prosperity of voters and a tendency for these parties to shift closer to the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> on economic issues, alienating their former base of supporters and voters. This decline has been matched by increased support for more <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">populist</a> parties as well as <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics#Radical_left_parties" title="Far-left politics">Left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_party" title="Green party">Green</a> <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a> parties that rejected neoliberal and Third Way policies.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a> has emerged in opposition to Third Way social democracy<sup id="cite_ref-Whyman_2005_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whyman_2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the basis that democratic socialists are committed to systemic transformation of the economy from capitalism to socialism whereas social-democratic supporters of the Third Way were more concerned about challenging the <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a> and win social democracy back to power. This has resulted in analysts and critics alike arguing that in effect it endorsed capitalism, even if it was due to recognising that outspoken <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to capitalism">opposition to capitalism</a> in these circumstances was politically nonviable; and that it was anti-social democratic in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Collection_1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collection_1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others saw it as theoretically fitting with modern socialism, especially <a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">liberal socialism</a>, distinguishing it from both classical socialism and traditional democratic socialism or social democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Third Way economic policies began to be challenged following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a> has put the ideology into question.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbieri_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbieri-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many on the left have become more vocal in opposition to the Third Way, with the most prominent example in the United Kingdom being the rise of self-identified democratic socialist <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_leadership_of_Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Labour Party leadership of Jeremy Corbyn">former Labour Party Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Third Way has been criticized as being a vague ideology with no specific commitments: </p> <blockquote><p>The Third Way is no more than a crude attempt to construct a bogus coalition between the haves and the haves not: Bogus because it entices the haves by assuring them that the economy will be sound and their interests would not be threatened, while promising the have-nots a world free from poverty and injustice. Based on opportunism, it has no ideological commitment at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArora20109,_22_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArora20109,_22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the dismantling of his country's <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> government, Czechoslovakia's conservative finance minister <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Klaus" title="Václav Klaus">Václav Klaus</a> declared in 1990: "We want a market economy without any adjectives. Any compromises with that will only fuzzy up the problems we have. To pursue a so-called 'third way' [between central planning and the market economy] is foolish. We had our experience with this in the 1960s when we looked for a <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_a_human_face" title="Socialism with a human face">socialism with a human face</a>. It did not work, and we must be explicit that we are not aiming for a more efficient version of a system that has failed. The market is indivisible; it cannot be an instrument in the hands of central planners".<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">Left-wing</a> opponents of the Third Way argue that it represents social democrats who responded to the <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a> by accepting <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. The Third Way most commonly uses <a href="/wiki/Market_mechanism" title="Market mechanism">market mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and in that sense it is fundamentally capitalist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomano20065_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano20065-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to opponents who have noticed this, other reviews have claimed that Third Way social democrats adjusted to the political climate since the 1980s that favoured capitalism by recognising that outspoken <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to capitalism">opposition to capitalism</a> in these circumstances was politically nonviable and that accepting capitalism as the current <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> and seeking to administer it to challenge <i>laissez-faire</i> liberals was a more pressing immediate concern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomano2006113_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano2006113-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of neoliberalism in the late 1970s and early 1980s and the Third Way between the 1990s and 2000s, social democracy became synonymous with it.<sup id="cite_ref-Whyman_2005_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whyman_2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSurender2004_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSurender2004-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the section of social democracy that remained committed to the gradual abolition of capitalism and opposed the Third Way merged into democratic socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many social democrats opposed to the Third Way overlap with democratic socialists in their committiment to an alternative to capitalism and a post-capitalist economy and have not only criticised the Third Way as anti-socialist<sup id="cite_ref-Cammack_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cammack-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and neoliberal,<sup id="cite_ref-Collection_1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collection_1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also as anti-social-democratic in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Cammack_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cammack-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialists">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialists</a> argue that the major reason for the economic shortcomings of <a href="/wiki/Command_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economies">command economies</a> was their authoritarian nature rather than socialism itself, that it was a failure of a specific model and that therefore socialists should support democratic models rather than abandon it. Economists <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Bardhan" title="Pranab Bardhan">Pranab Bardhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Roemer" title="John Roemer">John Roemer</a> argue that <a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist state">Marxist–Leninist states</a> failed because they did not create rules and operational criteria for the efficient operation of state enterprises in their administrative, command allocation of resources and commodities and the lack of democracy in the political systems that the Soviet-type economies were combined with. According to them, a form of competitive socialism that rejects dictatorship and authoritarian allocation in favor of democracy could work and prove superior to the <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although close to <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> and a key figure in the development of the Third Way, sociologist Anthony Giddens dissociated himself from many of the interpretations of the Third Way made in the sphere of day-to-day politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Grice_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grice-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For him, it was not a succumbing to <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> or the dominance of capitalist <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">markets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddens200032_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddens200032-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The point was to get beyond both <a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">market fundamentalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Top-down_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down socialism">top-down socialism</a>—to make the values of the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> count in a <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic globalisation">globalising world</a>. He argued that "the <a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">regulation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">financial markets</a> is the single most pressing issue in the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a>" and that "global commitment to <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> depends upon effective <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_economics" title="Regulatory economics">regulation</a> rather than dispenses with the need for it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddens1998148–149_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddens1998148–149-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See 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title="Triangulation (politics)">Triangulation (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">Tripartism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Capitalism" title="Varieties of Capitalism">Varieties of Capitalism</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGiddens2013" class="citation book cs1">Giddens, Anthony (29 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFbQFiEIntUC"><i>The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-6660-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-6660-0"><bdi>978-0-7456-6660-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Way%3A+The+Renewal+of+Social+Democracy&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-6660-0&rft.aulast=Giddens&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFbQFiEIntUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobbioCameron1997" class="citation book cs1">Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/Left_and_Right:_The_Significance_of_a_Political_Distinction" title="Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction">Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-06245-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-06245-7"><bdi>0-226-06245-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Left+and+Right%3A+The+Significance+of+a+Political+Distinction&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-226-06245-7&rft.aulast=Bobbio&rft.aufirst=Norberto&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06245-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06245-7">978-0-226-06245-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425141440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/458626.stm">"What is the Third Way?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 27 September 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/458626.stm">the original</a> on 25 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Third+Way%3F&rft.date=1999-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F458626.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSurender20043–4,_16-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSurender20043–4,_16_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewisSurender2004">Lewis & Surender 2004</a>, pp. 3–4, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2001" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, James L. (2001). <i>Contending Liberalisms in World Politics: Ideology and Power</i>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contending+Liberalisms+in+World+Politics%3A+Ideology+and+Power&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whyman_2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whyman_2005_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whyman_2005_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whyman_2005_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyman2005" class="citation book cs1">Whyman, Philip (2005). <i>Third Way Economics: Theory and Evaluation</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2305-1465-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2305-1465-2"><bdi>978-0-2305-1465-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Way+Economics%3A+Theory+and+Evaluation&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-2305-1465-2&rft.aulast=Whyman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdsall1998" class="citation news cs1">Edsall, Thomas B. (28 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181213150257/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/06/28/clinton-and-blair-envision-a-third-way-international-movement/0bc00486-bd6d-4da4-a970-5255d7aa25d8/">"Clinton and Blair Envision a 'Third Way' International Movement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. A24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/06/28/clinton-and-blair-envision-a-third-way-international-movement/0bc00486-bd6d-4da4-a970-5255d7aa25d8/">the original</a> on 13 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Clinton+and+Blair+Envision+a+%27Third+Way%27+International+Movement&rft.pages=A24&rft.date=1998-06-28&rft.aulast=Edsall&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1998%2F06%2F28%2Fclinton-and-blair-envision-a-third-way-international-movement%2F0bc00486-bd6d-4da4-a970-5255d7aa25d8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastingsMasonPyper2000" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Adrian; Mason, Alistair; Pyper, Hugh (2000). <i>The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 677.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Christian+Thought&rft.pages=677&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Mason%2C+Alistair&rft.au=Pyper%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeden2004" class="citation book cs1">Freeden, Michael (2004). <i>Liberal Languages: Ideological Imaginations and Twentieth-Century Progressive Thought</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+Languages%3A+Ideological+Imaginations+and+Twentieth-Century+Progressive+Thought&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Freeden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiddens1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens, Anthony</a> (1994). <i>Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics</i>. Cambridge, England, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Polity_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Polity Press">Polity Press</a>. pp. 71–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Left+and+Right%3A+The+Future+of+Radical+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Giddens&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310133446/http://www.tonyblairoffice.org/speeches/entry/speech-by-tony-blair-at-the-new-world-new-capitalism-conference/">"Speech by Tony Blair at the 'New world, new capitalism' conference"</a>. Tony Blair Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tonyblairoffice.org/speeches/entry/speech-by-tony-blair-at-the-new-world-new-capitalism-conference/">the original</a> on 10 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speech+by+Tony+Blair+at+the+%27New+world%2C+new+capitalism%27+conference&rft.pub=Tony+Blair+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tonyblairoffice.org%2Fspeeches%2Fentry%2Fspeech-by-tony-blair-at-the-new-world-new-capitalism-conference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtEvans2012" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Ingo; Evans, Bryan, eds. (2012). <i>Social democracy after the cold war</i>. Edmonton, AB: AU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926836-88-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-926836-88-1"><bdi>978-1-926836-88-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+democracy+after+the+cold+war&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+AB&rft.pub=AU+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-926836-88-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenau2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosenau, Pauline Vaillancourt (2003). <i>The Competition Paradigm: America's Romance with Conflict, Contest, and Commerce</i>. Lanham, Maryland, United States; Oxford, England, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a> Publishers. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2037-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2037-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-2037-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Competition+Paradigm%3A+America%27s+Romance+with+Conflict%2C+Contest%2C+and+Commerce&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland%2C+United+States%3B+Oxford%2C+England%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2037-0&rft.aulast=Rosenau&rft.aufirst=Pauline+Vaillancourt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddens1998120–121-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddens1998120–121_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiddens1998">Giddens 1998</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2023" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Roger (16 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/16/world/europe/macron-france-pension.html">"Macron, Risking Backlash, Pushes Through Law Raising Retirement Age"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. New York, New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Macron%2C+Risking+Backlash%2C+Pushes+Through+Law+Raising+Retirement+Age&rft.date=2023-03-16&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F03%2F16%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmacron-france-pension.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916130612/http://www.clintonlibrary.gov/assets/storage/Research%20-%20Digital%20Library/Reed-Welfare1/20/612964-meetings-2.pdf">"Welfare Reform Working Group, Talking Points: Response to Charles Murray"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Library">Clinton Library</a>. 3 May 1994. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welfare+Reform+Working+Group%2C+Talking+Points%3A+Response+to+Charles+Murray&rft.pub=Clinton+Library&rft.date=1994-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clintonlibrary.gov%2Fassets%2Fstorage%2FResearch%2520-%2520Digital%2520Library%2FReed-Welfare1%2F20%2F612964-meetings-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Fielding <i>The Labour Party: Continuity and Change in the making of new labour</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, pp. 179-180, p.188 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333973933" title="Special:BookSources/0333973933">0333973933</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bill-Black-TRNN-2013-03-31-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bill-Black-TRNN-2013-03-31_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bill-Black-TRNN-2013-03-31_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_K._Black" title="William K. Black">Black, Bill</a> (28 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709154500/http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=9976">"Gender Wage Gap is Shrinking - Male Wages are Going Down"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_News_Network" title="The Real News Network">The Real News Network</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=9976">the original</a> on 9 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Real+News+Network&rft.atitle=Gender+Wage+Gap+is+Shrinking+-+Male+Wages+are+Going+Down&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftherealnews.com%2Ft2%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D31%26Itemid%3D74%26jumival%3D9976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bill-Black-HuffPo-2013-01-10-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bill-Black-HuffPo-2013-01-10_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bill-Black-HuffPo-2013-01-10_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_K._Black" title="William K. Black">Black, Bill</a> (10 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126215435/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/third-way-austerity_b_2448823">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Third Way's" "Fresh Thinking": The EU Is Our Model for Austerity"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/third-way-austerity_b_2448823">the original</a> on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=%22Third+Way%27s%22+%22Fresh+Thinking%22%3A+The+EU+Is+Our+Model+for+Austerity%22&rft.date=2013-01-10&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fthird-way-austerity_b_2448823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bill-Black-AlterNet-2013-03-03-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bill-Black-AlterNet-2013-03-03_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bill-Black-AlterNet-2013-03-03_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_K._Black" title="William K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AlterNet&rft.atitle=Seriously%3F+New+York+Times+Calls+Wall+Street+Front+Group+%22Center-Left%22&rft.date=2013-03-03&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternet.org%2Feconomy%2Fseriously-new-york-times-calls-wall-street-front-group-center-left%3Fakid%3D10276.215495.rFHl2T%26rd%3D1%26src%3Dnewsletter818889%26t%3D11%26paging%3Doff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collection_1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collection_1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collection_1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collection_1_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrientosPowell2004">Barrientos & Powell 2004</a>, pp. 9–26; <a href="#CITEREFRomano2006">Romano 2006</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHinnfors2006">Hinnfors 2006</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLafontaine2009">Lafontaine 2009</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCorfe2010">Corfe 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bashan_2002-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bashan_2002_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashan2002" class="citation web cs1">Bashan, Patrick (5 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613001847/http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4173">"Is the Third Way at a Dead End?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4173">the original</a> on 13 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+the+Third+Way+at+a+Dead+End%3F&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft.date=2002-11-05&rft.aulast=Bashan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpub_display.php%3Fpub_id%3D4173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeal2010" class="citation book cs1">Veal, A. J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517175038/https://books.google.com/books?id=UMgUbiRLtOwC&pg=PA35"><i>Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning</i></a>. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845935238" title="Special:BookSources/9781845935238"><bdi>9781845935238</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UMgUbiRLtOwC&pg=PA35">the original</a> on 17 May 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leisure%2C+Sport+and+Tourism%2C+Politics%2C+Policy+and+Planning&rft.pages=34-35&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781845935238&rft.aulast=Veal&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUMgUbiRLtOwC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano20062-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomano20062_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomano2006">Romano 2006</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRöpke1951" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Röpke, Wilhelm (1951). <i>Die Lehre von der Wirtschaft, Erlenbach-Zürich</i> [<i>The teaching of the economy, Erlenbach-Zürich</i>] (in German). pp. 56–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Lehre+von+der+Wirtschaft%2C+Erlenbach-Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pages=56-59&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6pke&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassoon1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Sassoon, Donald (July 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banmarchive.org.uk/collections/mt/pdf/84_07_14.pdf">"Berlinguer: architect of Eurocommunism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Marxism_Today" title="Marxism Today">Marxism Today</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marxism+Today&rft.atitle=Berlinguer%3A+architect+of+Eurocommunism&rft.date=1984-07&rft.aulast=Sassoon&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbanmarchive.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fmt%2Fpdf%2F84_07_14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantJary2003" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Christopher G. A.; Jary, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130421050654/http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405105958_chunk_g978140510595813">"Anthony Giddens"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">Ritzer, George</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Blackwell_Companion_to_Major_Contemporary_Social_Theorists" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists</i></a>. Malden, Massachusetts Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell</a>. pp. 247–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470999912.ch11">10.1002/9780470999912.ch11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405105958" title="Special:BookSources/9781405105958"><bdi>9781405105958</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405105958_chunk_g978140510595813">the original</a> on 21 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anthony+Giddens&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Major+Contemporary+Social+Theorists&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts+Oxford&rft.pages=247-273&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470999912.ch11&rft.isbn=9781405105958&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Christopher+G.+A.&rft.au=Jary%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwellreference.com%2Fpublic%2Ftocnode%3Fid%3Dg9781405105958_chunk_g978140510595813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddens199844–46-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddens199844–46_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiddens1998">Giddens 1998</a>, pp. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1992" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Michael (26 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301094321/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/26/us/1992-campaign-democrats-clinton-says-he-s-not-leaning-left-but-taking-new-third.html">"The 1992 Campaign: The Democrats; Clinton Says He's Not Leaning Left but Taking a New 'Third Way'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/26/us/1992-campaign-democrats-clinton-says-he-s-not-leaning-left-but-taking-new-third.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+1992+Campaign%3A+The+Democrats%3B+Clinton+Says+He%27s+Not+Leaning+Left+but+Taking+a+New+%27Third+Way%27&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1992-09-26&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F09%2F26%2Fus%2F1992-campaign-democrats-clinton-says-he-s-not-leaning-left-but-taking-new-third.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArora20109,_22-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArora20109,_22_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArora20109,_22_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArora20109,_22_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArora20109,_22_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArora2010">Arora 2010</a>, pp. 9, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDöring2007" class="citation book cs1">Döring, Daniel (2007). <i>Is 'Third Way' Social Democracy Still a Form of Social Democracy?</i>. 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"Social Democrats and Neo-Liberalism: A Case Study of the Australian Labor Party". <i>Political Studies</i>. <b>53</b> (4): 753–771. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.2005.00555.x">10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00555.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144842245">144842245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Social+Democrats+and+Neo-Liberalism%3A+A+Case+Study+of+the+Australian+Labor+Party&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=753-771&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.2005.00555.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144842245%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lavelle&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphrys_2018-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Humphrys_2018_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphrys_2018_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrys2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Humphrys" title="Elizabeth Humphrys">Humphrys, Elizabeth</a> (8 October 2018). <i>How Labour Built Neoliberalism: Australia's Accord, the Labour Movement and the Neoliberal Project</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38346-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38346-3"><bdi>978-90-04-38346-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Labour+Built+Neoliberalism%3A+Australia%27s+Accord%2C+the+Labour+Movement+and+the+Neoliberal+Project&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38346-3&rft.aulast=Humphrys&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadham2017" class="citation news cs1">Badham, Van (6 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170508012515/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/06/australian-labor-led-centre-left-parties-into-neoliberalism-can-they-lead-it-out">"Australian Labor led centre-left parties into neoliberalism. Can they lead it out?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/06/australian-labor-led-centre-left-parties-into-neoliberalism-can-they-lead-it-out">the original</a> on 8 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Australian+Labor+led+centre-left+parties+into+neoliberalism.+Can+they+lead+it+out%3F&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft.aulast=Badham&rft.aufirst=Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2017%2Fapr%2F06%2Faustralian-labor-led-centre-left-parties-into-neoliberalism-can-they-lead-it-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swan-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swan_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swan_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Swan" title="Wayne Swan">Swan, Wayne</a> (13 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117021222/http://theconversation.com/was-embracing-the-market-a-necessary-evil-for-labour-and-labor-81612">"Was embracing the market a necessary evil for Labour and Labor?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/was-embracing-the-market-a-necessary-evil-for-labour-and-labor-81612">the original</a> on 17 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Was+embracing+the+market+a+necessary+evil+for+Labour+and+Labor%3F&rft.date=2017-05-13&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwas-embracing-the-market-a-necessary-evil-for-labour-and-labor-81612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacotine2017" class="citation news cs1">Jacotine, Keshia (25 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170604190440/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/14/the-hawke-keating-agenda-was-laborism-not-neoliberalism-and-is-still-a-guiding-light">"The Hawke-Keating agenda was Laborism, not neoliberalism, and is still a guiding light"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/14/the-hawke-keating-agenda-was-laborism-not-neoliberalism-and-is-still-a-guiding-light">the original</a> on 4 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Hawke-Keating+agenda+was+Laborism%2C+not+neoliberalism%2C+and+is+still+a+guiding+light&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft.aulast=Jacotine&rft.aufirst=Keshia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2017%2Fmay%2F14%2Fthe-hawke-keating-agenda-was-laborism-not-neoliberalism-and-is-still-a-guiding-light&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Swan" title="Wayne Swan">Swan, Wayne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alp.org.au/national-president-media/australian-laborism-the-way-ahead/">"Australian Laborism: The Way Ahead"</a>. <i>alp.org.au</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> (ALP). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311161006/https://www.alp.org.au/national-president-media/australian-laborism-the-way-ahead/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2021. <q>The Hawke-Keating economic reforms should be more appropriately described as Australian Laborism, and nothing like the Third Way ideology embraced by some US Democrats and some in British Labour. We were first. And we did it our way, the Australian Labor way. We led the way, forcing the conservatives into policy retreat and to fight the battles on our turf.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alp.org.au&rft.atitle=Australian+Laborism%3A+The+Way+Ahead&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alp.org.au%2Fnational-president-media%2Faustralian-laborism-the-way-ahead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2017" class="citation news cs1">Snow, Deborah (30 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409073505/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/paul-keating-says-neoliberalism-is-at-a-dead-end-after-sally-mcmanus-speech-20170329-gv9cto.html">"Paul Keating says neo-liberalism is at 'a dead end' after Sally McManus speech"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/paul-keating-says-neoliberalism-is-at-a-dead-end-after-sally-mcmanus-speech-20170329-gv9cto.html">the original</a> on 9 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Paul+Keating+says+neo-liberalism+is+at+%27a+dead+end%27+after+Sally+McManus+speech&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal%2Fpaul-keating-says-neoliberalism-is-at-a-dead-end-after-sally-mcmanus-speech-20170329-gv9cto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2017" class="citation news cs1">Robertson, Tim (20 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509222415/https://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article/we-are-all-neoliberals-now">"We are all neoliberals now"</a>. <i>Eureka Street</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article/we-are-all-neoliberals-now">the original</a> on 9 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Left's failure is, therefore, not so much that neoliberalism has failed, but that when it did there existed no alternative that could challenge its dominance. Keating, even now, proposes no solutions; he offers, simply, a critique.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eureka+Street&rft.atitle=We+are+all+neoliberals+now&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekastreet.com.au%2Farticle%2Fwe-are-all-neoliberals-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartcher2019" class="citation news cs1">Hartcher, Peter (8 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529152140/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6111996/old-foes-bury-the-hatchet-to-endorse-shorten/">"Bob Hawke and Paul Keating reunite for the first time in 28 years to endorse Labor's economic plan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6111996/old-foes-bury-the-hatchet-to-endorse-shorten/">the original</a> on 29 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Bob+Hawke+and+Paul+Keating+reunite+for+the+first+time+in+28+years+to+endorse+Labor%27s+economic+plan&rft.date=2019-05-08&rft.aulast=Hartcher&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canberratimes.com.au%2Fstory%2F6111996%2Fold-foes-bury-the-hatchet-to-endorse-shorten%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudd1998" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd, Kevin</a> (11 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071223222531/http://www.aph.gov.au/house/members/firstspeech.asp?id=83T">"First Speech to Parliament"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/house/members/firstspeech.asp?id=83T">the original</a> on 23 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Speech+to+Parliament&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.date=1998-11-11&rft.aulast=Rudd&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Fhouse%2Fmembers%2Ffirstspeech.asp%3Fid%3D83T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudd_2006-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rudd_2006_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudd2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd, Kevin</a> (16 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20061130130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/38035/20061201-0000/www.kevinrudd.com/_dbase_upl/061116+cis.pdf">"What's Wrong with the Right: A Social Democratic Response to the Neo-Liberals at Home and the Neo-Conservatives Abroad"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kevinrudd.com/_dbase_upl/061116_CIS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+Wrong+with+the+Right%3A+A+Social+Democratic+Response+to+the+Neo-Liberals+at+Home+and+the+Neo-Conservatives+Abroad&rft.date=2006-11-16&rft.aulast=Rudd&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kevinrudd.com%2F_dbase_upl%2F061116_CIS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartcher2006" class="citation web cs1">Hartcher, Peter (14 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522101233/https://www.smh.com.au/national/howards-warriors-sweep-all-before-them-20061014-gdolg9.html">"Howard's warriors sweep all before them"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/howards-warriors-sweep-all-before-them/2006/10/13/1160246325222.html">the original</a> on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Howard%27s+warriors+sweep+all+before+them&rft.date=2006-10-14&rft.aulast=Hartcher&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fhowards-warriors-sweep-all-before-them%2F2006%2F10%2F13%2F1160246325222.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005004509/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2006/s1804034.htm">"New Labor Leader Outlines Plan"</a>. <i>The 7.30 Report</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 4 December 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2006/s1804034.htm">the original</a> on 5 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+7.30+Report&rft.atitle=New+Labor+Leader+Outlines+Plan&rft.date=2006-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2F7.30%2Fcontent%2F2006%2Fs1804034.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205211458/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2006/s1804032.htm">"Labor elects new leader"</a>. <i>The 7.30 Report</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 4 December 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2006/s1804032.htm">the original</a> on 5 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+7.30+Report&rft.atitle=Labor+elects+new+leader&rft.date=2006-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2F7.30%2Fcontent%2F2006%2Fs1804032.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/09/28/brazil-election-third-way-candidates-gain-little-ground-against-lula-and-bolsonaro_5998463_4.html">"Brazil election: 'Third way' candidates gain little ground against Lula and Bolsonaro"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i>. 28 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Brazil+election%3A+%27Third+way%27+candidates+gain+little+ground+against+Lula+and+Bolsonaro&rft.date=2022-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2022%2F09%2F28%2Fbrazil-election-third-way-candidates-gain-little-ground-against-lula-and-bolsonaro_5998463_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYuk2007">Yuk 2007</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLohrenz2014">Lohrenz 2014</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAlcaroLe_Corre2014">Alcaro & Le Corre 2014</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMilner2017">Milner 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_L._Andrews" title="Edmund L. Andrews">Edmund L. Andrews</a> (20 October 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/20/world/choice-for-economics-post-spurns-offer-by-schroder.html">Choice for Economics Post Spurns Offer by Schroder</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152448/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/20/world/choice-for-economics-post-spurns-offer-by-schroder.html">Archived</a> 5 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/schr%C3%B6der-urges-reform-as-spd-celebrates-140th-anniversary/a-876290-1">Schröder Urges Reform as SPD Celebrates 140th Anniversary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005101830/http://www.dw.com/en/schr%C3%B6der-urges-reform-as-spd-celebrates-140th-anniversary/a-876290-1">Archived</a> 5 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>, 23 May 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claus Christian Malzahn (14 October 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-modern-chancellor-taking-stock-of-gerhard-schroeder-a-379600.html">The Modern Chancellor: Taking Stock of Gerhard Schröder</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023033112/http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-modern-chancellor-taking-stock-of-gerhard-schroeder-a-379600.html">Archived</a> 23 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiegel Online">Spiegel Online</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nienaber-2018-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nienaber-2018_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNienaber2018" class="citation web cs1">Nienaber, Michael (29 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529084013/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-scholz-analysis/germanys-miserly-scholz-irks-comrades-at-home-and-abroad-idUSKCN1IU0EX">"Germany's 'miserly' Scholz irks comrades at home and abroad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-scholz-analysis/germanys-miserly-scholz-irks-comrades-at-home-and-abroad-idUSKCN1IU0EX">the original</a> on 29 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+%27miserly%27+Scholz+irks+comrades+at+home+and+abroad&rft.date=2018-05-29&rft.aulast=Nienaber&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-germany-scholz-analysis%2Fgermanys-miserly-scholz-irks-comrades-at-home-and-abroad-idUSKCN1IU0EX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chazan-2018-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chazan-2018_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChazan2018" class="citation news cs1">Chazan, Guy (9 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/170b9d0a-0cc2-11e8-8eb7-42f857ea9f09">"Olaf Scholz, a sound guardian for Germany's finances"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826204338/https://www.ft.com/content/170b9d0a-0cc2-11e8-8eb7-42f857ea9f09">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Olaf+Scholz%2C+a+sound+guardian+for+Germany%27s+finances&rft.date=2018-02-09&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F170b9d0a-0cc2-11e8-8eb7-42f857ea9f09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc07-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc07_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc07_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc07_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030204120022/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/298465.stm">"All aboard the Third Way"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 19 March 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/298465.stm">the original</a> on 4 February 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=All+aboard+the+Third+Way&rft.date=1999-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F298465.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranceschiniLloyd2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Franceschini, Enrico; Lloyd, John (3 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529022908/https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2014/04/03/news/tony_blair_renzi_mio_erede_con_la_sua_corsa_alle_riforme_cambier_l_italia-82630239/">"Tony Blair: "Renzi mio erede, con la sua corsa alle riforme cambierà l'Italia"</a> [Tony Blair: "Renzi my heir, with his race for reforms will change Italy]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a></i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2014/04/03/news/tony_blair_renzi_mio_erede_con_la_sua_corsa_alle_riforme_cambier_l_italia-82630239/">the original</a> on 29 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Tony+Blair%3A+%22Renzi+mio+erede%2C+con+la+sua+corsa+alle+riforme+cambier%C3%A0+l%27Italia&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft.aulast=Franceschini&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Festeri%2F2014%2F04%2F03%2Fnews%2Ftony_blair_renzi_mio_erede_con_la_sua_corsa_alle_riforme_cambier_l_italia-82630239%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701083012/http://www.unita.it/italia/speciale-primarie-del-centrosinistra/la-scelta-di-renzi-una-nuova-terza-via-1.467451">"Intervista a Matteo Renzi di Claudio Sardo"</a> [Interview with Matteo Renzi by Claudio Sardo]. <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">L'Unità</a></i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unita.it/italia/speciale-primarie-del-centrosinistra/la-scelta-di-renzi-una-nuova-terza-via-1.467451">the original</a> on 1 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Unit%C3%A0&rft.atitle=Intervista+a+Matteo+Renzi+di+Claudio+Sardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unita.it%2Fitalia%2Fspeciale-primarie-del-centrosinistra%2Fla-scelta-di-renzi-una-nuova-terza-via-1.467451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721103237/https://formiche.net/2013/06/irpef-imu-e-la-terza-via-di-gutgeld-guru-economico-di-renzi/">"Irpef, Imu e la terza via di Gutgeld, "guru" economico di Renzi"</a> [Irpef, Imu and the third way of Gutgeld, Renzi's economic "guru".] (in Italian). Formiche Net. 9 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.formiche.net/2013/06/09/irpef-imu-e-la-terza-via-di-gutgeld-guru-economico-di-renzi/">the original</a> on 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irpef%2C+Imu+e+la+terza+via+di+Gutgeld%2C+%22guru%22+economico+di+Renzi&rft.pub=Formiche+Net&rft.date=2013-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.formiche.net%2F2013%2F06%2F09%2Firpef-imu-e-la-terza-via-di-gutgeld-guru-economico-di-renzi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ricerca.repubblica.it-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ricerca.repubblica.it_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Gregorio2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Gregorio, Concita (31 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111122026/http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2011/10/31/il-populista-di-centro.html">"Il populista di centro"</a> [The populist of the center]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a></i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2011/10/31/il-populista-di-centro.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Il+populista+di+centro&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft.aulast=De+Gregorio&rft.aufirst=Concita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricerca.repubblica.it%2Frepubblica%2Farchivio%2Frepubblica%2F2011%2F10%2F31%2Fil-populista-di-centro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072326/http://www.europaquotidiano.it/2013/09/06/la-cura-omeopatica-renzi-per-battere-berlusconi/">"La cura omeopatica Renzi per battere Berlusconi"</a> [The homeopathic cure Renzi to beat Berlusconi]. <i>Europa Quotidiano</i> (in Italian). 6 September 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europaquotidiano.it/2013/09/06/la-cura-omeopatica-renzi-per-battere-berlusconi/">the original</a> on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europa+Quotidiano&rft.atitle=La+cura+omeopatica+Renzi+per+battere+Berlusconi&rft.date=2013-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europaquotidiano.it%2F2013%2F09%2F06%2Fla-cura-omeopatica-renzi-per-battere-berlusconi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2013/novembre/11/Renzi_pensa_che_premier_punti_co_0_20131111_3a9d8bc8-4a9a-11e3-af53-696773e76c0b.shtml">"Ma Renzi pensa che il premier punti a un futuro in Europa"</a> [But Renzi thinks the prime minister is aiming for a future in Europe]. <i><a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a></i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=Ma+Renzi+pensa+che+il+premier+punti+a+un+futuro+in+Europa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiviostorico.corriere.it%2F2013%2Fnovembre%2F11%2FRenzi_pensa_che_premier_punti_co_0_20131111_3a9d8bc8-4a9a-11e3-af53-696773e76c0b.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSala2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sala, Alessandro (3 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172222/https://www.corriere.it/elezioni-2018/notizie/elezioni-2018-exit-poll-risultati-proiezioni-spoglio-eb21387e-1ff1-11e8-a09a-92b478235f6f.shtml">"Elezioni 2018: M5S primo partito, nel centrodestra la Lega supera FI"</a> [Elections 2018: M5S first party, in the centre-right the League surpasses FI]. <i><a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a></i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corriere.it/elezioni-2018/notizie/elezioni-2018-exit-poll-risultati-proiezioni-spoglio-eb21387e-1ff1-11e8-a09a-92b478235f6f.shtml">the original</a> on 28 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=Elezioni+2018%3A+M5S+primo+partito%2C+nel+centrodestra+la+Lega+supera+FI&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft.aulast=Sala&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Felezioni-2018%2Fnotizie%2Felezioni-2018-exit-poll-risultati-proiezioni-spoglio-eb21387e-1ff1-11e8-a09a-92b478235f6f.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatteucci2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matteucci, Piera (4 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505040727/https://www.repubblica.it/speciali/politica/elezioni2018/2018/03/04/news/risultati_elezioni_politiche_pd_centrodestra_m5s_fi_lega-190424815/">"Elezioni politiche: vincono M5s e Lega. Crollo del Partito democratico. Centrodestra prima coalizione. Il Carroccio sorpassa Forza Italia"</a> [Political elections: M5s and Lega win. Collapse of the Democratic Party. Centre-right first coalition. The Carroccio overtakes Forza Italia]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a></i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repubblica.it/speciali/politica/elezioni2018/2018/03/04/news/risultati_elezioni_politiche_pd_centrodestra_m5s_fi_lega-190424815/">the original</a> on 5 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pd all'opposizione". Ma è scontro nel partito: "Via subito". Orfini: "Percorso previsto dallo statuto"</a> [Renzi: "I will leave the new government after. Pd in opposition". But it is a clash in the party: "Get out now". Orfini: "Path envisaged by the statute]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a></i> (in Italian). 5 March 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repubblica.it/speciali/politica/elezioni2018/2018/03/05/news/elezioni_2018_renzi_si_dimette-190497785/">the original</a> on 9 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Renzi%3A+%22Lascer%C3%B2+dopo+nuovo+governo.+Pd+all%27opposizione%22.+Ma+%C3%A8+scontro+nel+partito%3A+%22Via+subito%22.+Orfini%3A+%22Percorso+previsto+dallo+statuto&rft.date=2018-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fspeciali%2Fpolitica%2Felezioni2018%2F2018%2F03%2F05%2Fnews%2Felezioni_2018_renzi_si_dimette-190497785%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasadioCustodero2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Casadio, Giovanna; Custodero, Alberto (12 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522074928/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/03/12/news/direzione_pd_governo_elezioni_politiche_2018_matteo_renzi_mi_dimetto_ma_non_mollo_-191080532/">"Direzione Pd, Martina: "Governino Lega e M5s". Renzi assente: "Mi dimetto ma non mollo"</a> [Pd direction, Martina: "Governino Lega and M5s". Renzi absent: "I resign but I won't give up]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a></i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/03/12/news/direzione_pd_governo_elezioni_politiche_2018_matteo_renzi_mi_dimetto_ma_non_mollo_-191080532/">the original</a> on 22 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/03/italy-heads-to-the-polls-to-elect-new-leader-for-democratic-party">the original</a> on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nicola+Zingaretti+elected+as+leader+of+Italy%27s+Democratic+party&rft.date=2019-03-03&rft.aulast=Giuffrida&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fmar%2F03%2Fitaly-heads-to-the-polls-to-elect-new-leader-for-democratic-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarra2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marra, Wanda (4 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809072148/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/in-edicola/articoli/2019/03/04/zingaretti-segretario-il-renzismo-archiviato-voltiamo-pagina/5011447/">"Zingaretti segretario. Il renzismo archiviato: "Voltiamo pagina"</a> [Zingaretti secretary. Renzism archived: "Let's turn the page]. <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Fatto_Quotidiano" title="Il Fatto Quotidiano">Il Fatto Quotidiano</a></i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/in-edicola/articoli/2019/03/04/zingaretti-segretario-il-renzismo-archiviato-voltiamo-pagina/5011447/">the original</a> on 9 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Fatto+Quotidiano&rft.atitle=Zingaretti+segretario.+Il+renzismo+archiviato%3A+%22Voltiamo+pagina&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft.aulast=Marra&rft.aufirst=Wanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilfattoquotidiano.it%2Fin-edicola%2Farticoli%2F2019%2F03%2F04%2Fzingaretti-segretario-il-renzismo-archiviato-voltiamo-pagina%2F5011447%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304202538/https://www.tg24.info/primarie-pd-zingaretti-ora-voltiamo-pagina-pronti-al-riscatto-di-chi-soffre-per-ingiustizie-video/">"Primarie PD – Zingaretti: "Ora voltiamo pagina, pronti al riscatto di chi soffre per ingiustizie" (video)"</a> [Primaries PD - Zingaretti: "Now let's move on, ready to redeem those who suffer from injustice" (video)] (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Sky_TG24" title="Sky TG24">Sky TG24</a>. 4 March 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tg24.info/primarie-pd-zingaretti-ora-voltiamo-pagina-pronti-al-riscatto-di-chi-soffre-per-ingiustizie-video/">the original</a> on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primarie+PD+%E2%80%93+Zingaretti%3A+%22Ora+voltiamo+pagina%2C+pronti+al+riscatto+di+chi+soffre+per+ingiustizie%22+%28video%29&rft.pub=Sky+TG24&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tg24.info%2Fprimarie-pd-zingaretti-ora-voltiamo-pagina-pronti-al-riscatto-di-chi-soffre-per-ingiustizie-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuzzocrea2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cuzzocrea, Annalisa (17 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920140434/https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/intervista/2019/09/16/news/pd_renzi_scissione-236190189/">"Renzi lascia il Pd: "Uscire dal partito sarà un bene per tutti. Anche per Conte"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Renzi leaves the Democratic Party: "Leaving the party will be good for everyone. Even for Conte"]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a></i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/intervista/2019/09/16/news/pd_renzi_scissione-236190189/">the original</a> on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Renzi+lascia+il+Pd%3A+%22Uscire+dal+partito+sar%C3%A0+un+bene+per+tutti.+Anche+per+Conte%22&rft.date=2019-09-17&rft.aulast=Cuzzocrea&rft.aufirst=Annalisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frep.repubblica.it%2Fpwa%2Fintervista%2F2019%2F09%2F16%2Fnews%2Fpd_renzi_scissione-236190189%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928110141/https://www.corriere.it/politica/19_settembre_17/renzi-il-nome-nuova-sfida-che-stiamo-lanciare-sara-italia-viva-8dbc9da4-d963-11e9-8812-2a1c8aa813a3_preview.shtml?reason=unauthenticated&cat=1&cid=ET7CgTWp&pids=FR&credits=1&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fpolitica%2F19_settembre_17%2Frenzi-il-nome-nuova-sfida-che-stiamo-lanciare-sara-italia-viva-8dbc9da4-d963-11e9-8812-2a1c8aa813a3.shtml">"Renzi: "Il nome della nuova sfida che stiamo per lanciare sarà Italia viva"</a> [Renzi: "The name of the new challenge we are about to launch will be Italia viva]. <i><a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a></i> (in Italian). 17 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corriere.it/politica/19_settembre_17/renzi-il-nome-nuova-sfida-che-stiamo-lanciare-sara-italia-viva-8dbc9da4-d963-11e9-8812-2a1c8aa813a3.shtml">the original</a> on 28 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=Renzi%3A+%22Il+nome+della+nuova+sfida+che+stiamo+per+lanciare+sar%C3%A0+Italia+viva&rft.date=2019-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fpolitica%2F19_settembre_17%2Frenzi-il-nome-nuova-sfida-che-stiamo-lanciare-sara-italia-viva-8dbc9da4-d963-11e9-8812-2a1c8aa813a3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciorilli_BorrelliBarigazzi2019" class="citation news cs1">Sciorilli Borrelli, Silvia; Barigazzi, Jacopo (5 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910200536/https://www.politico.eu/article/matteo-renzi-italys-government-crisis-demolition-man-returns-to-the-fray/">"Matteo Renzi's triumphant return"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/matteo-renzi-italys-government-crisis-demolition-man-returns-to-the-fray/">the original</a> on 10 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Matteo+Renzi%27s+triumphant+return&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft.aulast=Sciorilli+Borrelli&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rft.au=Barigazzi%2C+Jacopo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fmatteo-renzi-italys-government-crisis-demolition-man-returns-to-the-fray%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroder2019" class="citation news cs1">Broder, David (18 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130234541/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2019/09/matteo-renzi-s-new-centrist-party-italia-viva-faces-struggle-relevance">"Matteo Renzi's new centrist party Italia Viva faces a struggle for relevance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2019/09/matteo-renzi-s-new-centrist-party-italia-viva-faces-struggle-relevance">the original</a> on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Matteo+Renzi%27s+new+centrist+party+Italia+Viva+faces+a+struggle+for+relevance&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft.aulast=Broder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F2019%2F09%2Fmatteo-renzi-s-new-centrist-party-italia-viva-faces-struggle-relevance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegond2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Segond, Valérie (17 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022105434/https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/matteo-renzi-fausse-compagnie-au-parti-democrate-20190917">"Italie: Matteo Renzi fausse compagnie au Parti démocrate"</a> [Italy: Matteo Renzi gives way to the Democratic Party]. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/matteo-renzi-fausse-compagnie-au-parti-democrate-20190917">the original</a> on 22 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/matteo-renzi-partito-democratico-italien-1.4604700">the original</a> on 22 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Noi come Macron, vogliamo i voti del Pd. Centrodestra finito, delusi FI vengano da noi"</a> [Leopolda 10, Renzi: "Don't harass VAT numbers. We, like Macron, want the votes of the Democratic Party. Center-right finished, disappointed FI come to us]. <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Fatto_Quotidiano" title="Il Fatto Quotidiano">Il Fatto Quotidiano</a></i> (in Italian). 20 October 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2019/10/20/leopolda-10-renzi-non-tartassare-partite-iva-noi-come-macron-vogliamo-i-voti-del-pd-centrodestra-e-finito-i-delusi-vengano-da-noi/5524296/">the original</a> on 20 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilfoglio.it/l-italia-vista-dagli-altri/2019/10/21/news/renzi-vuole-essere-il-nuovo-macron-281922/">the original</a> on 24 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+reflections+on+the+third+way&rft.date=1998-11-20&rft.aulast=Brittan&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samuelbrittan.co.uk%2Fspee3_p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1979Manifesto-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1979Manifesto_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1979Manifesto_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085522/http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1979/1979-labour-manifesto.shtml">"1979 Labour Party Manifesto"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theweek.co.uk/labour-leader/64564/jeremy-corbyn-what-will-be-his-policies">the original</a> on 13 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Jeremy+Corbyn%27s+policies%3A+how+will+he+lead+Labour%3F&rft.date=2015-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.co.uk%2Flabour-leader%2F64564%2Fjeremy-corbyn-what-will-be-his-policies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones" title="Owen Jones">Jones, Owen</a> (13 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706025654/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/13/new-labour-dead-jeremy-corbyn-shadow-cabinet-socialist-labour">"New Labour is dead. Jeremy Corbyn's shadow cabinet must stay as it is"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/13/new-labour-dead-jeremy-corbyn-shadow-cabinet-socialist-labour">the original</a> on 6 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+Labour+is+dead.+Jeremy+Corbyn%27s+shadow+cabinet+must+stay+as+it+is&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2017%2Fjun%2F13%2Fnew-labour-dead-jeremy-corbyn-shadow-cabinet-socialist-labour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalamur2015" class="citation news cs1">Calamur, Krishnadev (18 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/08/jeremy-corbyn-labour-britain/401492/">"How a Socialist Prime Minister Might Govern Britain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419015445/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/08/jeremy-corbyn-labour-britain/401492/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+a+Socialist+Prime+Minister+Might+Govern+Britain&rft.date=2015-08-18&rft.aulast=Calamur&rft.aufirst=Krishnadev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2015%2F08%2Fjeremy-corbyn-labour-britain%2F401492%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossDominiczakRiley-Smith2018" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Tim; Dominiczak, Peter; Riley-Smith, Ben (30 March 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2015/09/12/death-new-labour-jeremy-corbyns-socialist-party-begins-period/">"Death of New Labour as Jeremy Corbyn's socialist party begins a period of civil war"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2015/09/12/death-new-labour-jeremy-corbyns-socialist-party-begins-period/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Death+of+New+Labour+as+Jeremy+Corbyn%27s+socialist+party+begins+a+period+of+civil+war&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Dominiczak%2C+Peter&rft.au=Riley-Smith%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F09%2F12%2Fdeath-new-labour-jeremy-corbyns-socialist-party-begins-period%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731002047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/uk_politics/2000/labour_centenary/651231.stm">"Sacrifices in the scramble for power"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 22 February 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/uk_politics/2000/labour_centenary/651231.stm">the original</a> on 31 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>Some even go so far as to say New Labour is a betrayal of everything the party's founders stood for and that, to all intents and purposes, is a different party merely using the same name. They often claim it represents Margaret Thatcher's greatest victory in wiping socialism off the British political map. Under New Labour, the demand for "the common ownership of the means of production" has been dumped and the free market warmly embraced. Trade unions, who helped found the party, are now held at arms length. ... Instead, New Labour looks determined to remain firmly in the centre of British politics - even though the centre moved decidedly to the right during the Thatcher years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sacrifices+in+the+scramble+for+power&rft.date=2000-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2Fuk_politics%2F2000%2Flabour_centenary%2F651231.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cammack-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cammack_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cammack_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cammack_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCammack2004" class="citation book cs1">Cammack, Paul (2004). "Giddens's Way with Words". In Hale, Sarah; Leggett, Will; Martell, Luke (eds.). <i>The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures and Alternatives</i>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6598-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6598-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-6598-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Giddens%27s+Way+with+Words&rft.btitle=The+Third+Way+and+Beyond%3A+Criticisms%2C+Futures+and+Alternatives&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6598-9&rft.aulast=Cammack&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Nara2018" class="citation news cs1">O'Nara, Glen (20 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123014250/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/20/new-labour-neoliberal-left-tony-blair">"New Labour was far more leftwing than it is given credit for"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/20/new-labour-neoliberal-left-tony-blair">the original</a> on 23 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>A great deal of what Tony Blair did in power was not neoliberal at all, or had neoliberal elements but was aimed in a quite different direction, or was better thought of as social democratic or even socialist. ... The creation of a national minimum wage and a tax credits system benefitting the low paid halted the remorseless march of inequality that had so scarred Britain in the 1980s. ... No government that rebuilt the public sphere, radically improved the state healthcare system, improved maintained schools and took on homelessness can possibly be painted only in those terms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+Labour+was+far+more+leftwing+than+it+is+given+credit+for&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft.aulast=O%27Nara&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2018%2Fnov%2F20%2Fnew-labour-neoliberal-left-tony-blair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Harris, John F. (2005). <i>The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House</i>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survivor%3A+Bill+Clinton+in+the+White+House&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkowronek1993" class="citation book cs1">Skowronek, Stephen (1993). <i>The Politics Presidents Make</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-68937-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-68937-2"><bdi>0-674-68937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+Presidents+Make&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-674-68937-2&rft.aulast=Skowronek&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValelly2013" class="citation web cs1">Valelly, Rick (31 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225221559/http://www.unm.edu/~pre/law/articles_advise/PolSci_Overlooked.htm">"An Overlooked Theory on Presidential Politics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unm.edu/~pre/law/articles_advise/PolSci_Overlooked.htm">the original</a> on 25 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Overlooked+Theory+on+Presidential+Politics&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft.aulast=Valelly&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unm.edu%2F~pre%2Flaw%2Farticles_advise%2FPolSci_Overlooked.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea2003" class="citation news cs1">Shea, Christopher (23 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2003/11/23/regime_change/">"Regime change"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Regime+change&rft.date=2003-11-23&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fideas%2Farticles%2F2003%2F11%2F23%2Fregime_change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Posner, Richard</a> (17 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2011/07/the-federal-deficit-messposner.html">"The Federal Deficit Mess"</a>. <i>The Becker-Posner Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2011</span>. <q>Obama resembles such Presidents as Nixon and Clinton in the following respect. They are what the political scientist Stephen Skowronek calls practitioners of "third way" politics (Tony Blair was another), who undermine the opposition by borrowing policies from it in an effort to seize the middle and with it to achieve political dominance. Think of Nixon's economic policies, which were a continuation of Johnson's "Great Society"; Clinton's welfare reform and support of capital punishment; and Obama's pragmatic centrism, reflected in his embrace, albeit very recent, of entitlements reform.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Becker-Posner+Blog&rft.atitle=The+Federal+Deficit+Mess&rft.date=2011-07-17&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.becker-posner-blog.com%2F2011%2F07%2Fthe-federal-deficit-messposner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2003" class="citation book cs1">Blumenthal, Sidney (2003). <i>The Clinton Wars: An Insider's Account of the White House Years</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141006963" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141006963"><bdi>978-0141006963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clinton+Wars%3A+An+Insider%27s+Account+of+the+White+House+Years&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0141006963&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030402175654/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/771608.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Third Way' gets world hearing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/771608.stm">the original</a> on 2 April 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Third+Way%27+gets+world+hearing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F771608.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20010628014808/http://www.ndol.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=128&subid=187&contentid=895">"About The Third Way"</a>. <i>New Democrats Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndol.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=128&subid=187&contentid=895">the original</a> on 28 June 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Democrats+Online&rft.atitle=About+The+Third+Way&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndol.org%2Fndol_ci.cfm%3Fkaid%3D128%26subid%3D187%26contentid%3D895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102215700/https://www.kryeministria.al/en/newsroom/pjesa-tjeter-eshte-politike-kryeministri-rama-interviste-per-emisionin-radiofonik-nga-alaister-campbell-dhe-rory-stewart/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Rest is Politics" – Prime Minister Edi Rama interview with radio show by Alaister and Rory Stewart"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)" title="Council of Ministers (Albania)">Council of Ministers (Albania)</a>. 23 September 2022. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Death+and+Life+of+Social+Democracy&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.aulast=Barbieri&rft.aufirst=Pierpaolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Feurope%2F2017-04-25%2Fdeath-and-life-social-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2009">Allen 2009</a>, pp. 635–653; <a href="#CITEREFBenedettoHixMastrorocco2019">Benedetto, Hix & Mastrorocco 2019</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLoxboHinnforsHageviBlombäck2019">Loxbo et al. 2019</a>, pp. 430–441; <a href="#CITEREFBermanSnegovaya2019">Berman & Snegovaya 2019</a>, pp. 5–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1999" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (1999). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/tony-blair/12171297/Tony-Blair-admits-he-cant-understand-the-popularity-of-Jeremy-Corbyn-and-Bernie-Sanders.html">the original</a> on 27 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>In a joint <i>Guardian</i> and <i>Financial Times</i> interview, Mr Blair said he believed some of Mr Sanders' and Mr Corbyn's success was due to the "loss of faith in that strong, centrist progressive position", which defined his own career. He said: "One of the strangest things about politics at the moment – and I really mean it when I say I'm not sure I fully understand politics right now, which is an odd thing to say, having spent my life in it – is when you put the question of electability as a factor in your decision to nominate a leader, it's how small the numbers are that this is the decisive factor. That sounds curious to me."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Tony+Blair+admits+he+can%27t+understand+the+popularity+of+Jeremy+Corbyn+and+Bernie+Sanders&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft.aulast=Huges&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftony-blair%2F12171297%2FTony-Blair-admits-he-cant-understand-the-popularity-of-Jeremy-Corbyn-and-Bernie-Sanders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarnoff2017" class="citation news cs1">Tarnoff, Ben (12 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713021900/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jul/12/social-media-socialism-jeremy-corbyn-bernie-sanders">"How social media saved socialism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jul/12/social-media-socialism-jeremy-corbyn-bernie-sanders">the original</a> on 13 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>Socialism is stubborn. After decades of dormancy verging on death, it is rising again in the west. In the UK, Jeremy Corbyn just led the Labour party to its largest increase in vote share since 1945 on the strength of its most radical manifesto in decades. In France, the leftist Jean-Luc Melenchon recently came within two percentage points of breaking into the second round of the presidential election. And in the US, the country's most famous socialist – Bernie Sanders – is now its most popular politician. ... For the resurgent left, an essential spark is social media. In fact, it's one of the most crucial and least understood catalysts of contemporary socialism. Since the networked uprisings of 2011 – the year of the Arab spring, Occupy Wall Street and the Spanish indignados – we've seen how social media can rapidly bring masses of people into the streets. But social media isn't just a tool for mobilizing people. It's also a tool for politicizing them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+social+media+saved+socialism&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.aulast=Tarnoff&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2017%2Fjul%2F12%2Fsocial-media-socialism-jeremy-corbyn-bernie-sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720230913/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/democratic-socialism-hits-heartland-ocasio-cortez-sanders-campaign-deep-red-n893076">"Democratic socialism hits the heartland: Ocasio-Cortez, Sanders to campaign in deep-red Kansas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. 20 July 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/democratic-socialism-hits-heartland-ocasio-cortez-sanders-campaign-deep-red-n893076">the original</a> on 20 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Democratic+socialism+hits+the+heartland%3A+Ocasio-Cortez%2C+Sanders+to+campaign+in+deep-red+Kansas&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Felections%2Fdemocratic-socialism-hits-heartland-ocasio-cortez-sanders-campaign-deep-red-n893076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213035739/http://www.reason.com/news/show/34729.html">"No Third Way Out: Creating A Capitalist Czechoslovakia"</a>. <i>Reason</i>. June 1990. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/34729.html">the original</a> on 13 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=No+Third+Way+Out%3A+Creating+A+Capitalist+Czechoslovakia&rft.date=1990-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reason.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F34729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano20065-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomano20065_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomano2006">Romano 2006</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano2006113-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomano2006113_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomano2006">Romano 2006</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSurender2004-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSurender2004_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewisSurender2004">Lewis & Surender 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusky2000" class="citation book cs1">Busky, Donald F. (20 July 2000). <i>Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey</i>. Praeger. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275968861" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275968861"><bdi>978-0275968861</bdi></a>. <q>Democratic socialism is the wing of the socialist movement that combines a belief in a socially owned economy with that of political democracy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Socialism%3A+A+Global+Survey&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2000-07-20&rft.isbn=978-0275968861&rft.aulast=Busky&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonHerr2007" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G., eds. (2007). <i>Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice</i>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412918121" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412918121"><bdi>978-1412918121</bdi></a>. <q>Some have endorsed the concept of market socialism, a post-capitalist economy that retains market competition but socialises the means of production, and in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some holdout for a non-market, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Activism+and+Social+Justice&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1412918121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryStuart2003" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Paul; Stuart, Robert (2003). <i>Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First</i>. <a href="/wiki/South-Western_College" class="mw-redirect" title="South-Western College">South-Western College</a> Pub. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-26181-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-26181-8"><bdi>0-618-26181-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+Economic+Systems+in+the+Twenty-First&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=South-Western+College+Pub&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-618-26181-8&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddens200032-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddens200032_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiddens2000">Giddens 2000</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddens1998148–149-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiddens1998148–149_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiddens1998">Giddens 1998</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcaroLe_Corre2014" class="citation web cs1">Alcaro, Riccardo; Le Corre, Philippe (25 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811104434/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2014/11/25/frances-and-italys-new-tony-blairs-third-way-or-no-way/">"France's and Italy's New 'Tony Blairs': Third Way or No Way?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2014/11/25/frances-and-italys-new-tony-blairs-third-way-or-no-way/">the original</a> on 11 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France%27s+and+Italy%27s+New+%27Tony+Blairs%27%3A+Third+Way+or+No+Way%3F&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.aulast=Alcaro&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rft.au=Le+Corre%2C+Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Fup-front%2F2014%2F11%2F25%2Ffrances-and-italys-new-tony-blairs-third-way-or-no-way%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Christopher S. (1 September 2009). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Empty Nets': Social Democracy and the 'Catch-All Party Thesis' in Germany and Sweden". <i><a href="/wiki/Party_Politics" title="Party Politics">Party Politics</a></i>. <b>15</b> (5): 635–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068809336389">10.1177/1354068809336389</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0012-4547-7">11858/00-001M-0000-0012-4547-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-0688">1354-0688</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144281202">144281202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Party+Politics&rft.atitle=%27Empty+Nets%27%3A+Social+Democracy+and+the+%27Catch-All+Party+Thesis%27+in+Germany+and+Sweden&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=635-653&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0012-4547-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144281202%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1354-0688&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354068809336389&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAP2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">AP (4 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102091229/https://gmontoya50.wordpress.com/2014/02/04/con-votacion-de-solis-surge-con-fuerza-una-tercera-via-en-costa-rica/">"Con votación de Solís: Surge con fuerza una tercera vía en Costa Rica"</a> [With Solís voting: a third way emerges strongly in Costa Rica] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gmontoya50.wordpress.com/2014/02/04/con-votacion-de-solis-surge-con-fuerza-una-tercera-via-en-costa-rica/">the original</a> on 2 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Con+votaci%C3%B3n+de+Sol%C3%ADs%3A+Surge+con+fuerza+una+tercera+v%C3%ADa+en+Costa+Rica&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft.au=AP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgmontoya50.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F02%2F04%2Fcon-votacion-de-solis-surge-con-fuerza-una-tercera-via-en-costa-rica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraya2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Araya, Óscar Álvarez (8 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005074457/https://www.meer.com/es/70445-rodrigo-chaves-robles-presidente-de-costa-rica">"Rodrigo Chaves Robles, presidente de Costa Rica: Análisis de los primeros tres meses de su gobierno"</a> [Rodrigo Chaves Robles, president of Costa Rica: Analysis of the first three months of his government] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meer.com/es/70445-rodrigo-chaves-robles-presidente-de-costa-rica">the original</a> on 5 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rodrigo+Chaves+Robles%2C+presidente+de+Costa+Rica%3A+An%C3%A1lisis+de+los+primeros+tres+meses+de+su+gobierno&rft.date=2022-08-08&rft.aulast=Araya&rft.aufirst=%C3%93scar+%C3%81lvarez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meer.com%2Fes%2F70445-rodrigo-chaves-robles-presidente-de-costa-rica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArora2010" class="citation book cs1">Arora, N. D. (2010). <i>Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination</i>. Tata <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a> Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Science+for+Civil+Services+Main+Examination&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=N.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrientosPowell2004" class="citation book cs1">Barrientos, Armando; Powell, Martin (2004). "The Route Map of the Third Way". 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialeurope.eu/averting-the-death-of-social-democracy">the original</a> on 5 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Europe&rft.atitle=Averting+the+death+of+social+democracy&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialeurope.eu%2Faverting-the-death-of-social-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisSurender2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Lewis_(academic)" title="Jane Lewis (academic)">Lewis, Jane</a>; Surender, Rebecca (2004). <i>Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0199266727.001.0001">10.1093/0199266727.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191601941" title="Special:BookSources/9780191601941"><bdi>9780191601941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Welfare+State+Change%3A+Towards+a+Third+Way%3F&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F0199266727.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780191601941&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Surender%2C+Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLioy2020" class="citation book cs1">Lioy, Alberto (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/359918769.pdf"><i>Electoral Revolutions: A comparative study of rapid changes in voter turnout</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 160<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electoral+Revolutions%3A+A+comparative+study+of+rapid+changes+in+voter+turnout&rft.pages=160&rft.date=2020-09&rft.aulast=Lioy&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F359918769.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohrenz2014" class="citation news cs1">Lohrenz, Carolin (15 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195825/http://www.dw.com/en/hollande-chooses-third-way-on-economy/a-17361909">"Hollande chooses 'third way' on economy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/hollande-chooses-third-way-on-economy/a-17361909">the original</a> on 8 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Hollande+chooses+%27third+way%27+on+economy&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft.aulast=Lohrenz&rft.aufirst=Carolin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fhollande-chooses-third-way-on-economy%2Fa-17361909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2017" class="citation news cs1">Long, Gideon (29 December 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/aa2c331a-e265-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da">"Lenín Moreno unpicks Ecuador's leftwing legacy"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Financial Times">The Financial Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/aa2c331a-e265-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Len%C3%ADn+Moreno+unpicks+Ecuador%27s+leftwing+legacy&rft.date=2017-12-29&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Faa2c331a-e265-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoxboHinnforsHageviBlombäck2019" class="citation journal cs1">Loxbo, Karl; Hinnfors, Jonas; Hagevi, Magnus; Blombäck, Sofie; Demker, Marie (9 July 2019). "The decline of Western European social democracy: Exploring the transformed link between welfare state generosity and the electoral strength of social democratic parties, 1975–2014". <i>Party Politics</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 430–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068819861339">10.1177/1354068819861339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-0688">1354-0688</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199148173">199148173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Party+Politics&rft.atitle=The+decline+of+Western+European+social+democracy%3A+Exploring+the+transformed+link+between+welfare+state+generosity+and+the+electoral+strength+of+social+democratic+parties%2C+1975%E2%80%932014&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=430-441&rft.date=2019-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199148173%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1354-0688&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354068819861339&rft.aulast=Loxbo&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Hinnfors%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Hagevi%2C+Magnus&rft.au=Blomb%C3%A4ck%2C+Sofie&rft.au=Demker%2C+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan, Harold</a> (1939). <a href="/wiki/The_Middle_Way_(book)" title="The Middle Way (book)"><i>The Middle Way; A Study of the Problem of Economic and Social Progress in A Free and Democratic Society</i></a>. Macmillan Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0715813331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0715813331"><bdi>978-0715813331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Way%3B+A+Study+of+the+Problem+of+Economic+and+Social+Progress+in+A+Free+and+Democratic+Society&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=978-0715813331&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner2017" class="citation web cs1">Milner, Susan (6 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520051449/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2017/02/06/emmanuel-macron-liberal-centrist-movement/">"Emmanuel Macron and the building of a new liberal-centrist movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2017/02/06/emmanuel-macron-liberal-centrist-movement/">the original</a> on 20 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emmanuel+Macron+and+the+building+of+a+new+liberal-centrist+movement&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Feuroppblog%2F2017%2F02%2F06%2Femmanuel-macron-liberal-centrist-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurillo2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Murillo, Álvaro (5 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919082438/https://semanariouniversidad.com/bloque1/quien-podra-defender-al-pac/">"¿Quién podrá defender al PAC?"</a> [Who will be able to defend the PAC?]. <i>Semanario Universidad</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanariouniversidad.com/bloque1/quien-podra-defender-al-pac/">the original</a> on 19 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Semanario+Universidad&rft.atitle=%C2%BFQui%C3%A9n+podr%C3%A1+defender+al+PAC%3F&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft.aulast=Murillo&rft.aufirst=%C3%81lvaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanariouniversidad.com%2Fbloque1%2Fquien-podra-defender-al-pac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2006" class="citation book cs1">Romano, Flavio (2006). <i>Clinton and Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way</i>. Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy. Vol. 75. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37858-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37858-1"><bdi>978-0-415-37858-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinton+and+Blair%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+the+Third+Way&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Frontiers+of+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-37858-1&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Flavio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, James W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630220332/https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/llt/2010-v66-llt66/llt66rv01.pdf">"Francisco Panizza, Contemporary Latin America: Development and Democracy Beyond the Washington Consensus (London and New York: Zed Books 2009)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Reviews / Comptes Rendus - Labour / Le Travail</i>. <b>66</b>. Canadian Committee on Labour History. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1911-4842">1911-4842</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/llt/2010-v66-llt66/llt66rv01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+%2F+Comptes+Rendus+-+Labour+%2F+Le+Travail&rft.atitle=Francisco+Panizza%2C+Contemporary+Latin+America%3A+Development+and+Democracy+Beyond+the+Washington+Consensus+%28London+and+New+York%3A+Zed+Books+2009%29&rft.volume=66&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1911-4842&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Fen%2Fjournals%2Fllt%2F2010-v66-llt66%2Fllt66rv01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVegaDelgado2018" class="citation news cs1">Vega, Glenn Ojeda; Delgado, German Peinado (10 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairobserver.com/region/latin_america/lenin-moreno-rafael-correa-ecuador-latin-america-politics-news-10291/">"Moreno Is Breaking Ranks with the Correa Administration"</a>. Fair Observer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Moreno+Is+Breaking+Ranks+with+the+Correa+Administration&rft.date=2018-09-10&rft.aulast=Vega&rft.aufirst=Glenn+Ojeda&rft.au=Delgado%2C+German+Peinado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fregion%2Flatin_america%2Flenin-moreno-rafael-correa-ecuador-latin-america-politics-news-10291%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuk2007" class="citation web cs1">Yuk, Pan Kwan (10 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603171656/https://www.ft.com/content/e82f0cd2-2f10-11dc-b9b7-0000779fd2ac">"Return from wilderness for 'DSK'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/e82f0cd2-2f10-11dc-b9b7-0000779fd2ac">the original</a> on 3 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Return+from+wilderness+for+%27DSK%27&rft.date=2007-07-10&rft.aulast=Yuk&rft.aufirst=Pan+Kwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fe82f0cd2-2f10-11dc-b9b7-0000779fd2ac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/lab79.htm"><i>The Labour Way is the Better Way</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730190133/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/lab79.htm">Archived</a> 30 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101104122057/http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1979/1979-labour-manifesto.shtml"><i>Labour's New Deal for a Lost Generation Labour Party</i></a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Way&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/third_way" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/third way">third way</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080305032133/http://www.netnexus.org/library/papers/3way.html">"Third Way Debate Summary"</a>. Nexus.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaronovitch2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Aaronovitch" title="David Aaronovitch">Aaronovitch, David</a> (1 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,988388,00.html">"Why Tony is not a guitar-wielding fascist dictator"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+Tony+is+not+a+guitar-wielding+fascist+dictator&rft.date=2003-07-01&rft.aulast=Aaronovitch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fg2%2Fstory%2F0%2C3604%2C988388%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harrington_(activist)" title="Patrick Harrington (activist)">Harrington, Patrick</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013082842/http://www.thirdway.org/files/articles/blairs.html">"The Third Way — an Answer to Blair"</a>. Third Way. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thirdway.org/files/articles/blairs.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Third+Way+%E2%80%94+an+Answer+to+Blair&rft.pub=Third+Way&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirdway.org%2Ffiles%2Farticles%2Fblairs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeismer2022" class="citation news cs1">Geismer, Lily (13 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/third-way-dlc-bill-clinton-tony-blair-1990s-politics/">"How the Third Way Made Neoliberal Politics Seem Inevitable"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=How+the+Third+Way+Made+Neoliberal+Politics+Seem+Inevitable&rft.date=2022-12-13&rft.aulast=Geismer&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitics%2Fthird-way-dlc-bill-clinton-tony-blair-1990s-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Way" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tony_Blair" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tony_Blair" title="Template:Tony Blair"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tony_Blair" title="Template talk:Tony Blair"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tony_Blair" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tony Blair"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tony_Blair" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Leader of the Labour Party</a> (1994–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (UK)">Leader of the Opposition</a> (1994–1997)</li> <li>MP for <a href="/wiki/Sedgefield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sedgefield (UK Parliament constituency)">Sedgefield</a> (1983–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Labour,_New_Life_for_Britain" title="New Labour, New Life for Britain">New Labour, New Life for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Tony_Blair" title="Premiership of Tony Blair">Premiership</a></li> <li>Blair ministry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Blair_ministry" title="First Blair ministry">First</a>, 1997–2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Blair_ministry" title="Second Blair ministry">Second</a>, 2001–2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Blair_ministry" title="Third Blair ministry">Third</a>, 2005–2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair%E2%80%93Brown_deal" title="Blair–Brown deal">Blair–Brown deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Tony_Blair" title="Electoral history of Tony Blair">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Tony_Blair" title="Shadow Cabinet of Tony Blair">Shadow Cabinet of Tony Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="1999 British cabinet reshuffle">1999 British cabinet reshuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush%E2%80%93Blair_2003_Iraq_memo" title="Bush–Blair 2003 Iraq memo">Bush–Blair 2003 Iraq memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2006 British cabinet reshuffle">2006 cabinet reshuffle</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tony_Blair_in_2002_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tony_Blair_in_2002_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Tony_Blair_in_2002_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tony_Blair_in_2002_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Tony_Blair_in_2002_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tony_Blair_in_2002_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Tony_Blair_in_2002_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blairism" title="Blairism">Blairism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2001 United Kingdom general election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Party election</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1994 Labour Party leadership election">1994</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shadow Cabinet elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Labour_Party_(UK)_Shadow_Cabinet_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Labour Party (UK) Shadow Cabinet election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Labour_Party_(UK)_Shadow_Cabinet_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Labour Party (UK) Shadow Cabinet election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Labour_Party_(UK)_Shadow_Cabinet_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Labour Party (UK) Shadow Cabinet election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Labour_Party_(UK)_Shadow_Cabinet_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Labour Party (UK) Shadow Cabinet election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Labour_Party_(UK)_Shadow_Cabinet_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Labour Party (UK) Shadow Cabinet election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Labour_Party_(UK)_Shadow_Cabinet_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Labour Party (UK) Shadow Cabinet election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Labour_Party_(UK)_Shadow_Cabinet_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Labour Party (UK) Shadow Cabinet election">1993</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-premiership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Sedgefield_by-election" title="2007 Sedgefield by-election">2007 Sedgefield by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair_Institute_for_Global_Change" title="Tony Blair Institute for Global Change">Tony Blair Institute for Global Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East" title="Quartet on the Middle East">Quartet on the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Progress_Panel" title="Africa Progress Panel">Africa Progress Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair_Faith_Foundation" title="Tony Blair Faith Foundation">Tony Blair Faith Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Africa" title="Commission for Africa">Commission for Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Journey" title="A Journey">A Journey</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_Rumours_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugly Rumours (band)">Ugly Rumours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect_agenda" title="Respect agenda">Respect agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blatcherism" title="Blatcherism">Blatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cool_Britannia" title="Cool Britannia">Cool Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Babe" title="Blair Babe">Blair Babes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony%27s_Cronies" title="Tony's Cronies">Tony's Cronies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Inquiry" title="Iraq Inquiry">Iraq Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_princess" title="People's princess">People's princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_of_history" title="Hand of history">Hand of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonibler" title="Tonibler">Tonibler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherie_Blair" title="Cherie Blair">Cherie Blair</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euan_Blair" title="Euan Blair">Euan Blair</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Blair" title="Leo Blair">Leo Blair</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Blair_(football_agent)" title="Nicky Blair (football agent)">Nicky Blair</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blair_(judge)" title="William Blair (judge)">William Blair</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">← John Major</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Tony_Blair" title="Category:Tony Blair">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gordon_Brown" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gordon_Brown" title="Template:Gordon Brown"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gordon_Brown" title="Template talk:Gordon Brown"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gordon_Brown" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gordon Brown"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gordon_Brown" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Leader of the Labour Party</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> (1997–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blair%E2%80%93Brown_deal" title="Blair–Brown deal">Blair–Brown deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Gordon_Brown" title="Chancellorship of Gordon Brown">Chancellorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_economic_tests" title="Five economic tests">Five economic tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Authority" title="Financial Services Authority">Financial Services Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10p_tax_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="10p tax rate">10p tax rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sale_of_UK_gold_reserves,_1999%E2%80%932002" class="mw-redirect" title="Sale of UK gold reserves, 1999–2002">Sale of UK gold reserves, 1999–2002</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Gordon_Brown" title="Premiership of Gordon Brown">Premiership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_ministry" title="Brown ministry">Brown ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Gordon_Brown" title="Electoral history of Gordon Brown">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Dissolution_Honours" title="2010 Dissolution Honours">2010 Dissolution Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_not_only_saved_the_world" title="We not only saved the world">We not only saved the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_flash,_just_Gordon" title="Not flash, just Gordon">Not flash, just Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_neoclassical_endogenous_growth_theory" title="Post neoclassical endogenous growth theory">Post neoclassical endogenous growth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dunfermline East (UK Parliament constituency)">Dunfermline East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkcaldy_and_Cowdenbeath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath (UK Parliament constituency)">Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 3px;"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordon_Brown_(2008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gordon_Brown_%282008%29.jpg/100px-Gordon_Brown_%282008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gordon_Brown_%282008%29.jpg/150px-Gordon_Brown_%282008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gordon_Brown_%282008%29.jpg/200px-Gordon_Brown_%282008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="2711" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownism" title="Brownism">Brownism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Labour_Party_(UK)_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Labour Party (UK) leadership election">2007</a> (Party leadership)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a> (General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_government_formation" title="2010 United Kingdom government formation">Post-election events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shadow Cabinet elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1987 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1988 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1989 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1990 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1991 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Labour_Party_(UK)_Shadow_Cabinet_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Labour Party (UK) Shadow Cabinet election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Labour_Party_(UK)_Shadow_Cabinet_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Labour Party (UK) Shadow Cabinet election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Labour_Party_(UK)_Shadow_Cabinet_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Labour Party (UK) Shadow Cabinet election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Labour_Party_(UK)_Shadow_Cabinet_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Labour Party (UK) Shadow Cabinet election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Labour_Party_(UK)_Shadow_Cabinet_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Labour Party (UK) Shadow Cabinet election">1996</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Courage:_Eight_Portraits" title="Courage: Eight Portraits">Courage: Eight Portraits</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Everyday_Heroes" title="Britain's Everyday Heroes">Britain's Everyday Heroes</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Change_We_Choose" title="The Change We Choose">The Change We Choose</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Crash" title="Beyond the Crash">Beyond the Crash</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Life,_Our_Times" title="My Life, Our Times">My Life, Our Times</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image">Spitting Image</a></i> (1984-1996 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deal_(2003_film)" title="The Deal (2003 film)">The Deal</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2DTV" title="2DTV">2DTV</a></i> (2001-2004 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Tony_Blair" title="The Trial of Tony Blair">The Trial of Tony Blair</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Headcases" title="Headcases">Headcases</a></i> (2008 TV series)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Derby_(South_Park)" title="Pinewood Derby (South Park)">Pinewood Derby</a>" (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Tony_Blair" title="The Hunt for Tony Blair">The Hunt for Tony Blair</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Audience_(2013_play)" title="The Audience (2013 play)">The Audience</a></i> (2013 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coalition_(film)" title="Coalition (film)">Coalition</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Brown" title="Sarah Jane Brown">Sarah Brown</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Brown_(media_strategist)" title="Andrew Brown (media strategist)">Andrew Brown</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">← Tony Blair</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron →</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gordon_Brown" title="Category:Gordon Brown">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bill_Clinton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bill_Clinton" title="Template talk:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bill_Clinton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">42nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1993–2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of governors of Arkansas">40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas</a> (1979–1981, 1983–1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1993)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1993)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1994)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1994)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1995)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1995)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1996)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1996)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1997)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1997)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1998)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1998)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1999)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1999)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)#January_2001" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">January 2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps" title="AmeriCorps">AmeriCorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_health_care_plan_of_1993" title="Clinton health care plan of 1993">Health care plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_Budget_Act_of_1997" title="Balanced Budget Act of 1997">Balanced Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of international presidential trips made by Bill Clinton">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_I_Accord" title="Oslo I Accord">Oslo I Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">2000 Camp David Summit</a></li> <li>Cruise missile strikes on Iraq <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1996</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach" title="Operation Infinite Reach">Operation Infinite Reach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Bombing of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Iraq_(1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Iraq (1998)">Bombing of Iraq (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)" title="National Highway System (United States)">National Highway System Designation Act of 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Equity_Act_for_the_21st_Century" title="Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century">Transportation Equity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Initiative" title="One America Initiative">One America Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riegle-Neal_Interstate_Banking_and_Branching_Efficiency_Act_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994">Riegle-Neal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act" title="Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States" title="Lead-based paint in the United States">Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannygate" title="Nannygate">Nannygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bedroom_for_contributors_controversy" title="Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy">Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Department_trade_mission_controversy" title="Commerce Department trade mission controversy">Commerce Department trade mission controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_campaign_finance_controversy" title="1996 United States campaign finance controversy">1996 United States campaign finance controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal" title="Clinton–Lewinsky scandal">Clinton–Lewinsky scandal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Starr_Report" title="Starr Report">Starr Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Bill_Clinton" title="Efforts to impeach Bill Clinton">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment inquiry against Bill Clinton">inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Millennium_Council" title="White House Millennium Council">White House Millennium Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_pardon_controversy" title="Bill Clinton pardon controversy">Pardons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton#Administration" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Bill Clinton judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Presidential transition of George W. Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/100px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/150px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/200px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_William_Jefferson_Clinton_Birthplace_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site">Childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life and career of Bill Clinton">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorships_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Governorships of Bill Clinton">Governorships of Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Presidential_Center" title="Clinton Presidential Center">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Post-presidency of Bill Clinton">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Foundation" title="Clinton Foundation">Clinton Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_School_of_Public_Service" title="Clinton School of Public Service">Clinton School of Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center#NCC_and_presidents" title="National Constitution Center">Chairman, National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Bill Clinton">Honors and awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Public image of Bill Clinton">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troopergate_(Bill_Clinton)" title="Troopergate (Bill Clinton)">Troopergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_sexual_misconduct_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Clinton sexual misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_controversy" title="Whitewater controversy">Whitewater controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1994 State of the Union Address">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1995 State of the Union Address">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1996 State of the Union Address">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1997 State of the Union Address">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1998 State of the Union Address">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1999 State of the Union Address">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2000 State of the Union Address">2000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Electoral history of Bill Clinton">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1974 United States House of Representatives elections">1974</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1980 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1984 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1992 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_(Fleetwood_Mac_song)#Political_significance" title="Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)">theme song</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1996 presidential campaign">1996 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1996 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Bibliography of Bill Clinton">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Between_Hope_and_History" title="Between Hope and History"><i>Between Hope and History</i> (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)"><i>My Life</i> (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving:_How_Each_of_Us_Can_Change_the_World" title="Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World"><i>Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World</i> (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Work_(book)" title="Back to Work (book)"><i>Back to Work</i> (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President_Is_Missing_(novel)" title="The President Is Missing (novel)"><i>The President Is Missing</i> (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Daughter_(novel)" title="The President's Daughter (novel)"><i>The President's Daughter</i> (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Clinton_Federal_Building" title="William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building">William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Boulevard" title="Bill Clinton Boulevard">Bill Clinton Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_National_Airport" title="Clinton National Airport">Clinton National Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton"><i>Saturday Night Live</i> parodies of Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_Room" title="The War Room"><i>The War Room</i> (1993 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams"><i>The Silence of the Hams</i> (1994 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Colors_(film)" title="Primary Colors (film)"><i>Primary Colors</i> (1998 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film)" title="The Final Days (2000 film)"><i>The Final Days</i> (2000 short film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_President" title="The Hunting of the President"><i>The Hunting of the President</i> (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Special_Relationship_(film)" title="The Special Relationship (film)"><i>The Special Relationship</i> (2010 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_(film)" title="Clinton (film)"><i>Clinton</i> (2012 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton"><i>Hillary and Clinton</i> (2016 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment:_American_Crime_Story" title="Impeachment: American Crime Story"><i>Impeachment: American Crime Story</i> (2021 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Presidency_with_Bill_Clinton_(TV_series)" title="The American Presidency with Bill Clinton (TV series)"><i>The American Presidency with Bill Clinton</i> (2022 documentary series)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_family" title="Clinton family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Rodham Clinton</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Clinton" title="Chelsea Clinton">Chelsea Clinton</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Blythe_Jr." title="William Jefferson Blythe Jr.">William Jefferson Blythe Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Clinton_Kelley" title="Virginia Clinton Kelley">Virginia Clinton Kelley</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Sr." title="Roger Clinton Sr.">Roger Clinton Sr.</a> (first stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Jr." title="Roger Clinton Jr.">Roger Clinton Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dwire" title="Jeff Dwire">Jeff Dwire</a> (second stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socks_(cat)" title="Socks (cat)">Socks</a> (cat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_(Bill_Clinton%27s_dog)" title="Buddy (Bill Clinton's dog)">Buddy</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehaven_(house)" title="Whitehaven (house)">Whitehaven</a> (residence)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">← George H. W. Bush</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bill_Clinton" title="Category:Bill Clinton">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bill_Clinton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bill_Clinton" title="Template talk:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bill_Clinton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">42nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1993–2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of governors of Arkansas">40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas</a> (1979–1981, 1983–1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1993)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1993)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1994)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1994)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1995)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1995)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1996)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1996)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1997)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1997)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1998)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1998)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1999)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1999)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)#January_2001" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">January 2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps" title="AmeriCorps">AmeriCorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_health_care_plan_of_1993" title="Clinton health care plan of 1993">Health care plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_Budget_Act_of_1997" title="Balanced Budget Act of 1997">Balanced Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of international presidential trips made by Bill Clinton">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_I_Accord" title="Oslo I Accord">Oslo I Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">2000 Camp David Summit</a></li> <li>Cruise missile strikes on Iraq <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1996</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach" title="Operation Infinite Reach">Operation Infinite Reach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Bombing of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Iraq_(1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Iraq (1998)">Bombing of Iraq (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)" title="National Highway System (United States)">National Highway System Designation Act of 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Equity_Act_for_the_21st_Century" title="Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century">Transportation Equity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Initiative" title="One America Initiative">One America Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riegle-Neal_Interstate_Banking_and_Branching_Efficiency_Act_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994">Riegle-Neal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act" title="Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States" title="Lead-based paint in the United States">Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannygate" title="Nannygate">Nannygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bedroom_for_contributors_controversy" title="Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy">Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Department_trade_mission_controversy" title="Commerce Department trade mission controversy">Commerce Department trade mission controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_campaign_finance_controversy" title="1996 United States campaign finance controversy">1996 United States campaign finance controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal" title="Clinton–Lewinsky scandal">Clinton–Lewinsky scandal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Starr_Report" title="Starr Report">Starr Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Bill_Clinton" title="Efforts to impeach Bill Clinton">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment inquiry against Bill Clinton">inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Millennium_Council" title="White House Millennium Council">White House Millennium Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_pardon_controversy" title="Bill Clinton pardon controversy">Pardons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton#Administration" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Bill Clinton judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Presidential transition of George W. Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/100px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/150px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/200px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_William_Jefferson_Clinton_Birthplace_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site">Childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life and career of Bill Clinton">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorships_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Governorships of Bill Clinton">Governorships of Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Presidential_Center" title="Clinton Presidential Center">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Post-presidency of Bill Clinton">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Foundation" title="Clinton Foundation">Clinton Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_School_of_Public_Service" title="Clinton School of Public Service">Clinton School of Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center#NCC_and_presidents" title="National Constitution Center">Chairman, National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Bill Clinton">Honors and awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Public image of Bill Clinton">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troopergate_(Bill_Clinton)" title="Troopergate (Bill Clinton)">Troopergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_sexual_misconduct_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Clinton sexual misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_controversy" title="Whitewater controversy">Whitewater controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1994 State of the Union Address">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1995 State of the Union Address">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1996 State of the Union Address">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1997 State of the Union Address">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1998 State of the Union Address">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1999 State of the Union Address">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2000 State of the Union Address">2000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Electoral history of Bill Clinton">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1974 United States House of Representatives elections">1974</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1980 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1984 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1992 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_(Fleetwood_Mac_song)#Political_significance" title="Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)">theme song</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1996 presidential campaign">1996 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1996 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Bibliography of Bill Clinton">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Between_Hope_and_History" title="Between Hope and History"><i>Between Hope and History</i> (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)"><i>My Life</i> (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving:_How_Each_of_Us_Can_Change_the_World" title="Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World"><i>Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World</i> (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Work_(book)" title="Back to Work (book)"><i>Back to Work</i> (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President_Is_Missing_(novel)" title="The President Is Missing (novel)"><i>The President Is Missing</i> (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Daughter_(novel)" title="The President's Daughter (novel)"><i>The President's Daughter</i> (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Clinton_Federal_Building" title="William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building">William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Boulevard" title="Bill Clinton Boulevard">Bill Clinton Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_National_Airport" title="Clinton National Airport">Clinton National Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton"><i>Saturday Night Live</i> parodies of Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_Room" title="The War Room"><i>The War Room</i> (1993 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams"><i>The Silence of the Hams</i> (1994 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Colors_(film)" title="Primary Colors (film)"><i>Primary Colors</i> (1998 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film)" title="The Final Days (2000 film)"><i>The Final Days</i> (2000 short film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_President" title="The Hunting of the President"><i>The Hunting of the President</i> (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Special_Relationship_(film)" title="The Special Relationship (film)"><i>The Special Relationship</i> (2010 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_(film)" title="Clinton (film)"><i>Clinton</i> (2012 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton"><i>Hillary and Clinton</i> (2016 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment:_American_Crime_Story" title="Impeachment: American Crime Story"><i>Impeachment: American Crime Story</i> (2021 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Presidency_with_Bill_Clinton_(TV_series)" title="The American Presidency with Bill Clinton (TV series)"><i>The American Presidency with Bill Clinton</i> (2022 documentary series)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_family" title="Clinton family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Rodham Clinton</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Clinton" title="Chelsea Clinton">Chelsea Clinton</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Blythe_Jr." title="William Jefferson Blythe Jr.">William Jefferson Blythe Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Clinton_Kelley" title="Virginia Clinton Kelley">Virginia Clinton Kelley</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Sr." title="Roger Clinton Sr.">Roger Clinton Sr.</a> (first stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Jr." title="Roger Clinton Jr.">Roger Clinton Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dwire" title="Jeff Dwire">Jeff Dwire</a> (second stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socks_(cat)" title="Socks (cat)">Socks</a> (cat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_(Bill_Clinton%27s_dog)" title="Buddy (Bill Clinton's dog)">Buddy</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehaven_(house)" title="Whitehaven (house)">Whitehaven</a> (residence)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">← George H. W. Bush</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bill_Clinton" title="Category:Bill Clinton">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism" title="Template talk:Liberalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopaedist</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-<i>Chinilpa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and<br />the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Small-l</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism Portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Labour" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Labour" title="Template:New Labour"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Labour" title="Template talk:New Labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Labour"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Labour" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour"><span style="color:white;">New Labour</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Peter Mandelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Campbell" title="Alastair Campbell">Alastair Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">John Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gould,_Baron_Gould_of_Brookwood" title="Philip Gould, Baron Gould of Brookwood">Philip Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sainsbury,_Baron_Sainsbury_of_Turville" title="David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville">David Sainsbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">Political ethos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blairism" title="Blairism">Blairism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blatcherism" title="Blatcherism">Blatcherism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownism" title="Brownism">Brownism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">General elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2001 United Kingdom general election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_government_formation" title="2010 United Kingdom government formation">Post-election events</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1994 Labour Party leadership election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2007 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2010 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Tony_Blair" title="Premiership of Tony Blair">Premiership of Tony Blair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Blair_ministry" title="First Blair ministry">Blair I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Blair_ministry" title="Second Blair ministry">Blair II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Blair_ministry" title="Third Blair ministry">Blair III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Gordon_Brown" title="Chancellorship of Gordon Brown">Chancellorship of Gordon Brown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Gordon_Brown" title="Premiership of Gordon Brown">Premiership of Gordon Brown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_ministry" title="Brown ministry">Brown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Socialism" title="The Future of Socialism">The Future of Socialism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Journey" title="A Journey">A Journey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Third_Man:_Life_at_the_Heart_of_New_Labour" title="The Third Man: Life at the Heart of New Labour">The Third Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blair_Years" title="The Blair Years">The Blair Years</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Purple_Book_(Labour_Party)" title="The Purple Book (Labour Party)">The Purple Book</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">Funders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Levy,_Baron_Levy" title="Michael Levy, Baron Levy">Michael Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Chinn" title="Trevor Chinn">Trevor Chinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bernstein,_Baron_Bernstein_of_Craigweil" title="Alexander Bernstein, Baron Bernstein of Craigweil">Alexander Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gavron,_Baron_Gavron" title="Robert Gavron, Baron Gavron">Robert Gavron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrard_(property_developer)" title="David Garrard (property developer)">David Garrard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_more_heave" title="One more heave">One more heave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Co-ordinating_Committee" title="Labour Co-ordinating Committee">Labour Co-ordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair%E2%80%93Brown_deal" title="Blair–Brown deal">Blair–Brown deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clause_IV#Clause_Four_moment" title="Clause IV">Clause Four moment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Labour,_New_Life_for_Britain" title="New Labour, New Life for Britain">New Labour, New Life for Britain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Labour,_New_Danger" title="New Labour, New Danger">New Labour, New Danger</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Things_Can_Only_Get_Better_(D:Ream_song)" title="Things Can Only Get Better (D:Ream song)">Things Can Only Get Better</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tough_on_crime,_tough_on_the_causes_of_crime" title="Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime">Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_(organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress (organisation)">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Babe" title="Blair Babe">Blair Babe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony%27s_Cronies" title="Tony's Cronies">Tony's Cronies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash-for-Honours_scandal" title="Cash-for-Honours scandal">Cash for Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Britain_Group" title="Future Britain Group">Future Britain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party (UK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Labour" title="Category:New Labour"><span style="color:white">Category</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_spectrum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_spectrum" title="Template talk:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_spectrum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political positions</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist Marxism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political ideologies</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Religious politics</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim left">Muslim left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political pejoratives</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist" title="Champagne socialist">Champagne socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">Hard left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">Liberal elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loony_left" title="Loony left">Loony left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbat" title="Moonbat">Moonbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">Soft left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingnut_(politics)" title="Wingnut (politics)">Wingnut</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Models</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">Left–right political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open%E2%80%93closed_political_spectrum" title="Open–closed political spectrum">Open–closed political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pournelle_chart" title="Pournelle chart">Pournelle chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>See also</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radical politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">Triangulation</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_democracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy" title="Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Social democracy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_democracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/75px-Red_rose_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/113px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/150px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;">Variants</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. 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[\"CITEREFBadham2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarbieri2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrientosPowell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBashan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenedettoHixMastrorocco2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBermanSnegovaya2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2013\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFBlair1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlairSchröder1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumenthal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBobbioCameron1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonnici2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrittan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroder2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronnerKueffner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryantJary2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuck2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusky2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalamur2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCammack2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasadioCustodero2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChazan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChung2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollyns2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCondon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosta_LoboMagalhães2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuzzocrea2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalziel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Gregorio2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemmersFernández_JilbertoHogenboom2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDöring2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdsall1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerraginaArrigoni2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranceschiniLloyd2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeden2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaribaldo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGauchi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeismer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiddens1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiddens1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiddens2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiddens2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiddens2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiuffrida2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoryStuart2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrice2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuinan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrington\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartcher2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartcher2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHastingsMasonPyper2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkinsSelway2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerløv_Lund2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinnfors2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuges2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphrys2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacotine2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarnitschnig2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrauss2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuismaRyner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLa_Nación,_2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLafontaine2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavelle2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisSurender2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLioy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivingstone2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohrenz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoxboHinnforsHageviBlombäck2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoza2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacmillan1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarra2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatteucci2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGirk2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeiler2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurillo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNienaber2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovak2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Nara2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearlstein2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomano2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenau2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossDominiczakRiley-Smith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudd1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudd2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRöpke1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSala2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSassoon1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidtEvans2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreiber2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSciorilli_BorrelliBarigazzi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegond2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShea2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkowronek1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnow2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanseyJackson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarnoff2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTassis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotaro2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValeBarrett2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValelly2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVegaDelgado2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhyman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiarda2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuk2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bill Clinton\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 77,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 36,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Cols\"] = 1,\n [\"Copy edit inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 34,\n [\"Gordon Brown\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 29,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Liberalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Neoliberalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"New Labour\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Political spectrum\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidency of Bill Clinton\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 23,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Social democracy\"] = 1,\n [\"Social democracy sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Tony Blair\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","200","13.0"],["?","160","10.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","10.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","9.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","120","7.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","6.5"],["pairsfunc \u003Cmw.lua:676\u003E","40","2.6"],["type","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","40","2.6"],["[others]","420","27.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-zgr6f","timestamp":"20241129174621","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Third Way","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Third_Way","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q494792","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q494792","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-09T04:37:13Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T23:45:05Z","headline":"political position akin to centrism"}</script> 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