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<li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>United Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disability_barriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disability_barriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Disability barriers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disability_barriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-People_with_physical_disabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_with_physical_disabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>People with physical disabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_with_physical_disabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-People_with_visual_disabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_with_visual_disabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>People with visual disabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_with_visual_disabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_with_intellectual_and_developmental_disabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_with_intellectual_and_developmental_disabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>People with intellectual and developmental disabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_with_intellectual_and_developmental_disabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autism_rights_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autism_rights_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Autism rights movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autism_rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_with_mental_health_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_with_mental_health_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>People with mental health issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_with_mental_health_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_to_education_and_employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_to_education_and_employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Access to education and employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_to_education_and_employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_from_discrimination_and_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_from_discrimination_and_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Freedom from discrimination and abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_from_discrimination_and_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Major events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibitions_and_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibitions_and_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Exhibitions and collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhibitions_and_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debates_and_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debates_and_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Debates and approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debates_and_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Lawsuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Disability rights movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حركة حقوق المعاقين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة حقوق المعاقين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রতিবন্ধী অধিকার আন্দোলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রতিবন্ধী অধিকার আন্দোলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behindertenbewegung" title="Behindertenbewegung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Behindertenbewegung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_por_los_derechos_de_las_personas_con_discapacidad" title="Movimiento por los derechos de las personas con discapacidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento por los derechos de las personas con discapacidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جنبش حقوق معلولین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش حقوق معلولین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_des_droits_des_personnes_handicap%C3%A9es" title="Mouvement des droits des personnes handicapées – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement des droits des personnes handicapées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%A0%EC%9D%B8_%EC%9D%B8%EA%B6%8C" title="장애인 인권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장애인 인권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafutukar_ha%C6%99%C6%99in_na%C6%99asasu" title="Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D5%B2_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հաշմանդամություն ունեցող անձանց իրավունքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաշմանդամություն ունեցող անձանց իրավունքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="निःशक्तता अधिकार आन्दोलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निःशक्तता अधिकार आन्दोलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_hak_difabel" title="Gerakan hak difabel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan hak difabel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritti_dei_disabili" title="Diritti dei disabili – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritti dei disabili" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuryango_uharanira_uburenganzira_bw%27abafite_ubumuga" title="Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehandicaptenbeweging" title="Gehandicaptenbeweging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gehandicaptenbeweging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruch_praw_os%C3%B3b_z_niepe%C5%82nosprawno%C5%9Bciami" title="Ruch praw osób z niepełnosprawnościami – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruch praw osób z niepełnosprawnościami" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_das_pessoas_com_defici%C3%AAncia" title="Movimento das pessoas com deficiência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento das pessoas com deficiência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepturile_persoanelor_cu_dizabilit%C4%83%C8%9Bi" title="Drepturile persoanelor cu dizabilități – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drepturile persoanelor cu dizabilități" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Покрет за права особа са дисабилитетом – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Покрет за права особа са дисабилитетом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஊனமுற்றோர் உரிமை இயக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊனமுற்றோர் உரிமை இயக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelli_haklar%C4%B1_hareketi" title="Engelli hakları hareketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Engelli hakları hareketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B1_%D0%B7_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E" title="Рух за права осіб з інвалідністю – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рух за права осіб з інвалідністю" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur 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href="/wiki/File:Disability_Rights_Movement.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Social movement seeking equal rights for disabled people</div> <style 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href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies" title="Disability studies">Disability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism / Disablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_disability" title="Models of disability">Other models</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Education</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">Mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualized_Education_Program" title="Individualized Education Program">Individualized Education Program (IEP)</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">Special needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education#Special_schools" title="Special education">Special school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Therapy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech%E2%80%93language_pathology" title="Speech–language pathology">Speech</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Societal implications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disability rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(people_with_disabilities)" title="Normalization (people with disabilities)">Normalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People-first_language" title="People-first language">People-first language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_with_negative_connotations" title="List of disability-related terms with negative connotations">Pejorative terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_women%27s_health" title="Disability and women's health">Women's health</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Personal assistance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Unlicensed assistive personnel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">ADLs</a>)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">Mobility aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotics and braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Physical accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Socioeconomic assistance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">Social Security Disability Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">Supplemental Security Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_to_Work" title="Ticket to Work">Ticket to Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">Disability Living Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_students_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled students allowance">Disabled students allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Disabled Persons Railcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Pass" title="Freedom Pass">Freedom Pass</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Assured_Income_for_the_Severely_Handicapped" title="Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped">Assured Income for<br />the Severely Handicapped</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program" title="Ontario Disability Support Program">Ontario Disability Support Program</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Groups</li><li>Organizations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Telecommuting_Institute" title="National Telecommuting Institute">National Telecommuting Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Disability_Studies" title="Society for Disability Studies">Society for Disability Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Peoples%27_International" title="Disabled Peoples' International">Disabled Peoples' International (DPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitability" title="Visitability">Visitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeThe15" title="WeThe15">WeThe15</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invictus_Games" title="Invictus Games">Invictus Games</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_arts" title="Disability in the arts">Disability in the arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_art" title="Disability art">Disability art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_media" title="Disability in the media">Disability in the media</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #bbf;padding-bottom:0.4em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbf;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Disability" title="Category:Disability">Disability</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disability-related_lists" title="Category:Disability-related lists">Lists</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disability_sidebar" title="Template:Disability sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disability_sidebar" title="Template talk:Disability sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disability_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disability sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist ----"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HumanRightsLogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/75px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/113px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/150px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theoretical distinctions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claim_rights_and_liberty_rights" title="Claim rights and liberty rights">Claim rights and liberty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">Individual and group rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights by beneficiary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_the_accused" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of the accused">Accused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creditors%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Creditors' rights">Creditors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_rights_movement" title="Deaf rights movement">Deaf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disabled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_rights" title="Elder rights">Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Treaty_on_Plant_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture#Farmers'_rights" title="International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture">Farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_movement" title="Men's movement">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_rights" title="Mothers' rights">Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patients%27_rights" title="Patients' rights">Patients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_rights" title="Plant rights">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence#Robot_rights" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Robots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_rights" title="Student rights">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims%27_rights" title="Victims' rights">Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other groups of rights</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination of people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rights" title="Template:Rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rights" title="Template talk:Rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>disability rights movement</b> is a global<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">social movement</a> that seeks to secure <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equal opportunities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equal rights</a> for all people with <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is made up of organizations of <b>disability activists</b>, also known as <b>disability advocates</b>, around the world working together with similar goals and demands, such as: <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safety</a> in architecture, transportation, and the physical environment; <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equal opportunities</a> in independent living, <a href="/wiki/Employment_equity" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment equity">employment equity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">housing</a>; and freedom from discrimination, <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglect</a>, and from other rights violations.<sup id="cite_ref-disabilityrightswi.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disabilityrightswi.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disability activists are working to break institutional, physical, and societal barriers that prevent people with disabilities from living their lives like other citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-disabilityrightswi.org_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disabilityrightswi.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Law_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disability rights is complex because there are multiple ways in which a person with a disability can have their rights violated in different socio-political, cultural, and legal contexts. For example, a common barrier that individuals with disabilities face deals with employment. Specifically, employers are often unwilling or unable to provide the necessary accommodations to enable individuals with disabilities to effectively carry out their job functions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American disability rights have evolved significantly over the past century. Before the disability rights movement, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s refusal to be publicized in a position of vulnerability demonstrated and symbolized the existing stigma surrounding disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While campaigning, giving speeches, or acting as a public figure, he hid his disability. This perpetuated the ideology that "disability equates to weakness".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disability in the United States was viewed as a personal issue, and not many political or governmental organizations existed to support individuals in these groups. In the 1950s, there was a transition to volunteerism and parent-oriented organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Dimes" title="March of Dimes">March of Dimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this was the beginning of activism and seeking support for these groups, children with disabilities were largely hidden by their parents out of fear of forced rehabilitation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> took off in the 1960s, disability advocates joined it and the <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">women's rights movements</a> in order to promote equal treatment and challenge stereotypes. It was at this time that disability rights advocacy began to have a cross-disability focus. People with different kinds of disabilities (physical and mental disabilities, along with visual and hearing disabilities) and different essential needs came together to fight for a common cause. </p><p>It was not until 1990 that the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act</a> (ADA) was passed, legally prohibiting discrimination on account of disability, and mandating disability access in all buildings and public areas. The ADA is historically significant in that it defined the meaning of <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a> in order to protect employees and employers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, disability rights advocates continue protecting those who are discriminated against, including work towards issues like law enforcement and treatment of people with disabilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On a global scale, the United Nations has established the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically discussing indigenous people with disabilities (Lockwood 146).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disability_barriers">Disability barriers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disability barriers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Right_movement.theora.ogv/220px--Right_movement.theora.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="212" data-mwtitle="Right_movement.theora.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Right_movement.theora.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Right_movement.theora.ogv/Right_movement.theora.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="400" data-height="226" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Right_movement.theora.ogv/Right_movement.theora.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="226" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Right_movement.theora.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="226" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Right_movement.theora.ogv/Right_movement.theora.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="254" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Alternative access to the subway in Japan</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disablemarker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Disablemarker.jpg/250px-Disablemarker.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Disablemarker.jpg/375px-Disablemarker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Disablemarker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tactile_paving" title="Tactile paving">Floor marker</a> for visually impaired people in <a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Narita Airport</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">social model of disability</a> suggests disability is caused by the way society is organized, rather than by a person's impairment. This model suggests barriers in society are created by <a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">ableism</a>. When barriers are removed, people with disabilities can be independent and equal in society. </p><p>There are three main types of barriers:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Attitudinal barriers:</b> are created by people who see only disability when associating with people with disabilities in some way. These attitudinal barriers can be witnessed through bullying, discrimination, and fear. These barriers include low expectations of people with disabilities. These barriers contribute to all other barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attitudes towards people with disabilities in low and middle-income countries can be even more extreme.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Environmental barriers:</b> inaccessible environments, natural or built, create disability by creating barriers to <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">inclusion</a>.</li> <li><b>Institutional barriers:</b> include many laws, policies, practices, or strategies that discriminate against people with disabilities. For example, a study of five Southeast Asian countries found that electoral laws do not specially protect the political rights of persons with disabilities, while "some banks do not allow visually disabled people to open accounts, and HIV testing centers often refuse to accept sign language interpreters due to confidentiality policies".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restrictive laws exist in some countries, particularly affecting people with intellectual or psychosocial disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Other barriers include: internalised barriers (low expectations of people with disabilities can undermine their confidence and aspirations), inadequate data and statistics, lack of participation and consultation of disabled people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_with_physical_disabilities">People with physical disabilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: People with physical disabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Access to public areas such as city streets, public buildings, and restrooms are some of the more visible changes brought about in recent decades to remove physical barriers. A noticeable change in some parts of the world is the installation of <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevators</a>, automatic doors, wide doors and corridors, transit <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">lifts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">wheelchair ramps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curb_cut" title="Curb cut">curb cuts</a>, and the elimination of unnecessary steps where ramps and elevators are not available, allowing people in <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchairs</a> and with other mobility disabilities to use public sidewalks and <a href="/wiki/Public_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transit">public transit</a> more easily and safely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="People_with_visual_disabilities">People with visual disabilities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: People with visual disabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coloradd.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Coloradd.png/220px-Coloradd.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Coloradd.png/330px-Coloradd.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Coloradd.png/440px-Coloradd.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Code signs for people with color vision deficiency</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness#Society_and_culture" title="Color blindness">Problems for the Color Blind in Society</a></div> <p>People with <a href="/wiki/Color_vision_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Color vision deficiency">color vision deficiency</a> regularly deal with implicit discrimination due to their inability to distinguish certain colors. A system of geometrically shaped code signs known as <a href="/wiki/Coloradd" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloradd">Coloradd</a> was developed by Professor Miguel Neiva of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minho" title="University of Minho">University of Minho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, in 2010 to indicate colours to people who have difficulty discerning them.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_with_intellectual_and_developmental_disabilities">People with intellectual and developmental disabilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: People with intellectual and developmental disabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Self-advocacy" title="Self-advocacy">Self-advocacy</a></div> <p>People with <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a> focus their efforts on ensuring that they have the same <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> as other people and that they are treated like human beings. Since the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Self_advocacy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Self advocacy movement">self advocacy movement</a> in the 1960s, the largest focus of the movement has been to get people with I/DD out of institutions and into the community.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another main focus is ensuring that people with intellectual and developmental disabilities are in integrated workplaces that pay at least <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>. In the US, it is still legal to pay people with I/DD below minimum wage in <a href="/wiki/Sheltered_workshop" title="Sheltered workshop">sheltered workshops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people with intellectual and developmental disabilities are put under guardianship and are not allowed to make their own decisions about their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another issue is the continued dehumanization of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, which prompted the slogan People First, still used as a rallying cry and a common organizational name in the self advocacy movement.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self advocates are also involved in the "R-Word" Campaign, in which they try to eliminate the use of the word "retard".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self advocates successfully advocated to change the name of <a href="/wiki/Arc_of_the_United_States" title="Arc of the United States">the Arc</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autism_rights_movement">Autism rights movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Autism rights movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Autism_friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism friendly">Autism friendly</a></div> <p>The autism rights movement is a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> that emphasizes the concept of <a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">neurodiversity</a>, viewing the <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum</a> as a result of natural variations in the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a> rather than a disorder to be cured.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The autism rights movement advocates for several goals, including greater acceptance of autistic behaviors; therapies that focus on coping skills rather than imitating the behaviors of <a href="/wiki/Neurotypical" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotypical">neurotypical</a> peers;<sup id="cite_ref-Bigthink_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bigthink-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the creation of social networks and events that allow autistic people to socialize on their own terms;<sup id="cite_ref-Autreat_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autreat-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the recognition of the autistic community as a <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bigthink_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bigthink-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jaarsma2012_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaarsma2012-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autism rights or neurodiversity advocates believe that the autism spectrum is primarily genetic and should be accepted as a natural expression of the <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a>. This perspective is distinct from two other views: the medical perspective, that autism is caused by a genetic defect and should be addressed by targeting the autism gene(s), and <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Fringe theories">fringe theories</a> that autism is caused by environmental factors such as <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement is controversial. A common criticism against autistic activists is that the majority of them are "<a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">high-functioning</a>" or have <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a> and do not represent the views of "<a href="/wiki/Low-functioning_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-functioning autism">low-functioning</a>" autistic people.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaarsma2012_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaarsma2012-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_with_mental_health_issues">People with mental health issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: People with mental health issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advocates for the rights of people with <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental health disabilities</a> focus mainly on <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, and an individual's ability to live independently.<sup id="cite_ref-Protests_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protests-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The right to have an <a href="/wiki/Independent_Living" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Living">independent life</a>, using paid assistant care instead of being <a href="/wiki/Institutionalisation" title="Institutionalisation">institutionalized</a>, if the individual wishes, is a major goal of the disability rights movement, and is the main goal of the similar independent living and <a href="/wiki/Self-advocacy" title="Self-advocacy">self-advocacy</a> movements, which are most strongly associated with people with <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual disabilities">intellectual disabilities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> disorders. These movements have supported people with disabilities to live as more active participants in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Mobilizing_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mobilizing-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_to_education_and_employment">Access to education and employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Access to education and employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Access to <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a> have also been a major focus of the disability rights movement. <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive technology">Adaptive technologies</a>, enabling people to work jobs they could not have previously, help create access to jobs and economic <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>. Access in the classroom has helped improve education opportunities and independence for people with disabilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_from_discrimination_and_abuse">Freedom from discrimination and abuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Freedom from discrimination and abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freedom from abuse, neglect, and violations of a person's rights are also important goals of the disability rights movement. Abuse and neglect includes inappropriate seclusion and restraint, inappropriate use of force by staff and/or providers, threats, harassment and/or retaliation by staff or providers, failure to provide adequate nutrition, clothing, and/or medical and mental health care, and/or failure to provide a clean and safe living environment, as well as other issues which pose a serious threat to the physical and psychological well-being of a person with a disability. Violations of patients' rights include failure to obtain informed consent for treatment, failure to maintain the confidentiality of treatment records, and inappropriate restriction of the right to communicate and associate with others, as well as other restrictions of rights. </p><p>As a result of the work done through the disability rights movement, significant disability rights legislation was passed in the 1970s through the 1990s in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Zames1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zames1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_events">Major events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Major events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_disability_rights_outside_the_United_States" title="Timeline of disability rights outside the United States">Timeline of disability rights outside the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_disability_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of disability rights in the United States">Timeline of disability rights in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978 protests outside Australia's Parliament House in Canberra helped force the government to rescind taxes on government payments to people with disability. Demonstrations inside and outside parliament since been held regarding various issues, leading to an expansion of the National Attendant Care Scheme in 1992 and helping to convince the federal government to establish the Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disability in 2019. Similar protests outside state parliaments have fed into campaigns for improved rights and funding, leading to improvements in supported accommodation in New South Wales in 1994 and continued support for Queensland disability advocacy services in 2021. </p><p>Beginning in 1981, the International Year of the Disabled Person, campaigners targeted beauty pageants such as the Miss Australia Quest in order to, in the words of activist Leslie Hall, "challenge the notion of beauty" and "reject the charity ethic." High profile demonstrations led to some charities abandoning their use of such contests for fundraising and also saw some remove offensive language from their organisational titles.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a long nationwide campaign involving hundreds of thousands of people the National Disability Insurance Scheme was introduced in Australia in 2013 to fund a number of supports.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National campaigns by groups such as Every Australian Counts have since been launched to extend the scheme and protect it from cuts and restrictions on access.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada's largest province, Ontario, created legislation, <a href="/wiki/Accessibility_for_Ontarians_with_Disabilities_Act,_2005" title="Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005">Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005</a>, with the goals of becoming accessible by 2025. </p><p>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Accessible_Canada_Act" title="Accessible Canada Act">Accessible Canada Act</a> became law. This is the first national Canadian legislation on accessibility that affects all government departments and federally regulated agencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities_Act,_2016" title="Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016">Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016</a> is the disability legislation passed by the Indian Parliament to fulfill its obligation to the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a>, which India ratified in 2007. The Act replaced the existing <a href="/wiki/Persons_With_Disabilities_(Equal_Opportunities,_Protection_of_Rights_and_Full_Participation)_Act,_1995" title="Persons With Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995">Persons With Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995</a>. It came into effect on 28 December 2016. This law recognizes 21 disabilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Parliament._Protest_March_30,_2013_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Scottish_Parliament._Protest_March_30%2C_2013_-_03.jpg/220px-Scottish_Parliament._Protest_March_30%2C_2013_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Scottish_Parliament._Protest_March_30%2C_2013_-_03.jpg/330px-Scottish_Parliament._Protest_March_30%2C_2013_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Scottish_Parliament._Protest_March_30%2C_2013_-_03.jpg/440px-Scottish_Parliament._Protest_March_30%2C_2013_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption>Disability rights activist outside <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, 30 March 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, following extensive activism by people with disabilities over several decades, the <a href="/wiki/Disability_Discrimination_Act_1995" title="Disability Discrimination Act 1995">Disability Discrimination Act 1995</a> (DDA 1995) was passed. This made it unlawful in the United Kingdom to discriminate against people with disabilities in relation to employment, the provision of goods and services, education and transport. The <a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission</a> provides support for this Act. Equivalent legislation exists in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, which is enforced by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_Equality_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Ireland Equality Commission (page does not exist)">Northern Ireland Equality Commission</a>. </p><p>Following the introduction of the Bedroom Tax (officially the <a href="/wiki/Under-occupancy_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Under-occupancy penalty">Under-occupancy penalty</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_Reform_Act_2012" title="Welfare Reform Act 2012">Welfare Reform Act 2012</a>, disability activists have played a significant role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Bedroom_Tax_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedroom Tax protests">Bedroom Tax protests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wide range of benefit changes are estimated to affect disabled people disproportionately and to compromise disabled people's right to independent living.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Down_Syndrome_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Down Syndrome Bill">Down Syndrome Bill</a> created by Evan Mitchell OBE <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will provide legal recognition to people living with <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_disability_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of disability rights in the United States">Timeline of disability rights in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Suffrage_for_Americans_with_Disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffrage for Americans with Disabilities">Suffrage for Americans with Disabilities</a></div> <p>In 1948, a watershed for the movement was the proof of the existence of physical and program barriers. The proof was provided as a specification for barrier free usable facilities for people with disabilities. The specifications provided the minimum requirements for barrier free physical and program access. An example of barriers are; providing only steps to enter buildings; lack of maintenance of walkways; locations not connected with public transit; lack of visual and hearing communications ends up segregating individuals with disabilities from independent, participation, and opportunities. The ANSI - Barrier Free Standard (phrase coined by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Nugent" title="Timothy Nugent">Timothy Nugent</a>, the lead investigator) called "ANSI A117.1, Making Buildings Accessible to and Usable by the Physically Handicapped", provides the indisputable proof that the barriers exist. The standard is the outcome of physical therapists, bio-mechanical engineers, and individuals with disabilities who developed and participated in over 40 years of research. The standard provides the criteria for modifying programs and the physical site to provide independence. The standard has been emulated globally since its introduction in Europe, Asia, Japan, Australia, and Canada, in the early 1960s. </p><p>One of the most important developments of the disability rights movement was the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_living_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent living movement">independent living movement</a>, which emerged in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in the 1960s through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Ed_Roberts_(activist)" title="Ed Roberts (activist)">Edward Roberts</a> and other wheelchair-using individuals. This movement, a subset of the disability rights movement, postulates that people with disabilities are the best experts on their needs, and therefore they must take the initiative, individually and collectively, in designing and promoting better solutions and must organize themselves for political power. Besides de-professionalization and self-representation, the independent living movement's ideology comprises de-medicalization of disability, de-institutionalization and cross-disability (i.e. inclusion in the independent living movement regardless of diagnoses).<sup id="cite_ref-Law_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Barriers_Act_of_1968" title="Architectural Barriers Act of 1968">Architectural Barriers Act</a> was passed in 1968, mandating that federally constructed buildings and facilities be accessible to people with physical disabilities. This act is generally considered to be the first ever-federal disability rights legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately for those with cognitive disabilities, their disability made it more difficult to be the best expert of their own needs, hindering their ability to self-advocate as their wheelchair-using counterparts could. Self-representation was much more difficult for those who could not articulate their thoughts, leading to their dependence on others to carry on the movement. </p><p>In 1973 the (American) <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973" title="Rehabilitation Act of 1973">Rehabilitation Act</a> became law; Sections 501, 503, and 504 prohibited discrimination in federal programs and services and all other programs or services receiving federal funds. Key language in the Rehabilitation Act, found in <a href="/wiki/Section_504_of_the_Rehabilitation_Act" title="Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act">Section 504</a>, states "No otherwise qualified handicapped <i> [</i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a><i>]</i> individual in the United States, shall, solely by reason of his <i> [</i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a><i>]</i> handicap <i> [</i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a><i>]</i>, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance."<sup id="cite_ref-Berkeley_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkeley-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act also specifies money that can be allocated to help disabled people receive training for the work force as well as to assist in making sure that they can then reach work without running into inaccessibility problems. This was the first civil rights law guaranteeing equal opportunity for people with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another crucial turning point was the <a href="/wiki/504_Sit-in" title="504 Sit-in">504 Sit-in</a> in 1977 of government buildings operated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health,_Education,_and_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare">United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare</a> (HEW), conceived by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bowe" title="Frank Bowe">Frank Bowe</a> and organized by the <a href="/wiki/American_Coalition_of_Citizens_with_Disabilities" title="American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities">American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities</a>, that led to the release of regulations pursuant to Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. On April 5, 1977, activists began to demonstrate and some sat-in in the offices found in ten of the federal regions including New York City, Los Angeles, Boston, Denver, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Atlanta. One of the most noteworthy protests occurred in San Francisco. The protesters demanded the signing of regulations for Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.The successful sit-in was led by <a href="/wiki/Judith_Heumann" title="Judith Heumann">Judith Heumann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first day of protests marked the first of a 25-day sit-in. Close to 120 disability activists and protesters occupied the HEW building, and Secretary <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Califano" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Califano">Joseph Califano</a> finally signed on April 28, 1977. This protest was significant not only because its goal was achieved, but also because it was the foremost concerted effort between people of different disabilities coming together in support of legislation that affected the overall disability population, rather than only specific groups. </p><p>In 1978 disability rights activists in Denver, Colorado, organized by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantis_Community&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantis Community (page does not exist)">Atlantis Community</a>, held a sit-in and blockade of the Denver Regional Transit Authority buses in 1978. They were protesting the fact that city's transit system was completely inaccessible for physically disabled people. This action proved to be just the first in a series of civil disobedience demonstrations that lasted for a year until the Denver Transit Authority finally bought buses equipped with wheelchair lifts. In 1983, <a href="/wiki/ADAPT" title="ADAPT">Americans Disabled for Accessible Public Transit (ADAPT)</a> was responsible for another civil disobedience campaign also in Denver that lasted seven years. They targeted the American Public Transport Association in protest of inaccessible public transportation; this campaign ended in 1990 when bus lifts for people using wheelchairs were required nationwide by the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans with Disabilities Act">Americans with Disabilities Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkeley_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkeley-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another significant protest related to disability rights was the <a href="/wiki/Deaf_President_Now" title="Deaf President Now">Deaf President Now</a> protest by the <a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_University" title="Gallaudet University">Gallaudet University</a> students in Washington, D.C., in March 1988. The eight-day (March 6 – March 13) demonstration and occupation and lock-out of the school began when the Board of Trustees appointed a new hearing President, Elisabeth Zinser, over two Deaf candidates. The students' primary grievance was that the university, which was dedicated to the education of people who are Deaf, had never had a Deaf president, someone representative of them. Of the protesters' four demands, the main one was the resignation of the current president and the appointment of a Deaf one. The demonstration consisted of about 2,000 student and nonstudent participants. The protests took place on campus, in government buildings, and in the streets. In the end, all the students' demands were met and <a href="/wiki/I._King_Jordan" title="I. King Jordan">I. King Jordan</a> was appointed the first Deaf President of the university.<sup id="cite_ref-Zames1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zames1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans with Disabilities Act">Americans with Disabilities Act</a> became law, and it provided comprehensive civil rights protection for people with disabilities. Closely modeled after the Civil Rights Act and Section 504, the law was the most sweeping disability rights legislation in American history. It mandated that local, state, and federal governments and programs be accessible, that employers with more than 15 employees make "<a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodations</a>" for workers with disabilities and not discriminate against otherwise qualified workers with disabilities, and that public accommodations such as restaurants and stores not discriminate against people with disabilities and that they make reasonable modifications to ensure access for disabled members of the public. The act also mandated access in public transportation, communication, and in other areas of public life. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Disability_Pride_Parades" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability Pride Parades">Disability Pride March</a> in the United States was held in Boston in 1990. A second Disability Pride March was held in Boston in 1991. There were no subsequent Disability Pride Marches/Parades for many years, until Chicago on Sunday, July 18, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-disabilityprideparade.com_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disabilityprideparade.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-http://www.itodaynews.com_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http://www.itodaynews.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was funded with $10,000 in seed money that Sarah Triano received in 2003 as part of the Paul G. Hearne Leadership award from the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_People_with_Disabilities" title="American Association of People with Disabilities">American Association of People with Disabilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-http://www.itodaynews.com_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http://www.itodaynews.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Triano, 1,500 people attended the parade.<sup id="cite_ref-http://www.itodaynews.com_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http://www.itodaynews.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yoshiko Dart was the parade marshal.<sup id="cite_ref-disabilityprideparade.com_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disabilityprideparade.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibitions_and_collections">Exhibitions and collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Exhibitions and collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To mark the 10th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans with Disabilities Act">Americans with Disabilities Act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> opened an exhibition that examined the history of activism by people with disabilities, their friends, and families to secure the civil rights guaranteed to all Americans. Objects on view included the pen President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> used to sign the Act and one of the first ultralight <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchairs</a>. The exhibition was designed for maximum accessibility. Web-based kiosks - prototypes for a version that will eventually be available to museums and other cultural institutions - provided alternate formats to experience the exhibition. The exhibition was open from July 6, 2000, to July 23, 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debates_and_approaches">Debates and approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Debates and approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A key debate in the disability rights movement is between <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> for persons with disabilities versus fighting for equitable treatment. According to a 1992 polling organization, many fear that integrating people with disabilities into the workplace may affect their company image, or it may result in decreased productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coincides with the 1992 parliamentary review of the <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Employment Equity Act</a>, which stated that employers should look to implement equity without having an official quota system.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This remains an ongoing debate. </p><p>An additional debate is between institutionalizing persons with disabilities versus supporting them in their homes. In 1963 during <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s presidency, he transformed the national view of mental health by boosting funding for <a href="/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act" title="Community Mental Health Act">community-based programs</a> and drafting legislation for mental health care. He also created the President's Panel on Mental Retardation, which created recommendations for new programs that governments can implement on a state level, therefore moving away from "custodial institutions".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift away from institutionalization has generated a long-lasting stigma against mental health institutions, which is why in politics there is often not enough funding for this concept. </p><p>According to the US Supreme Court case <i>Humphrey v. Cady</i>, civil commitment laws and eligibility for intervention exist only in the instance when the person is ruled an immediate danger to themself or others.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difficulty of proving "immediate danger" has led to the unexpected outcome that it is harder to commit mentally ill patients to hospital and easier to send them to prison. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, about 15% male inmates and 30% female inmates have some kind of serious mental illness which remains untreated.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another ongoing debate is how to cultivate self-determination for persons with disabilities. The common article 1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights asserts that "All peoples have the right to self-determination" with free will.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because this highlights the concept of free and autonomous choice, one argument is that any government interference deters self-determination,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus leaving it to persons with disabilities to seek out any help they need from charities and nonprofit organizations. <a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Charitable organizations</a> such as churches believe in helping persons with disabilities with nothing in return. On the other hand, another approach is a participatory, symbiotic relationship, which include methods like professional development and resource provisions. More specifically, one approach is to allow persons with disabilities to self-articulate their needs and generate their own solutions and analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of passive participation, which is participation by being told what to do or what has been done, this approach proposes to allow this group to be self-sufficient and make their own decisions. Barriers to this include defining who is a self-sufficient individual with a disability, circling back to the concept of self-determination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Apple Pothole and Sidewalk Protection Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Alliance_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Youth" title="Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth">Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_cut_effect" title="Curb cut effect">Curb cut effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Disabled_Persons" title="Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons">Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_flag" title="Disability flag">Disability flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion (disability rights)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability_rights_activists" title="List of disability rights activists">List of disability rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disability rights organizations">List of disability rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothing_About_Us_Without_Us" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothing About Us Without Us">Nothing About Us Without Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Centred_Planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Person Centred Planning">Person Centred Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Psychiatric survivors movement">Psychiatric survivors movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">Reasonable accommodation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitability" title="Visitability">Visitability</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawsuits">Lawsuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lawsuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Access_Now_v._Southwest_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Access Now v. Southwest Airlines">Access Now v. Southwest Airlines</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mills_vs._Board_of_Education_of_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mills vs. Board of Education of District of Columbia">Mills vs. Board of Education of District of Columbia</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 790–806. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190093167.013.44">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190093167.013.44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190093167" title="Special:BookSources/9780190093167"><bdi>9780190093167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Disability+Rights+Movement&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Sociology+of+Disability&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=790-806&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190093167.013.44&rft.isbn=9780190093167&rft.aulast=Scotch&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Kara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fedited-volume%2F37079%2Fchapter-abstract%2F323168551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisability+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-disabilityrightswi.org-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-disabilityrightswi.org_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-disabilityrightswi.org_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaran,_Joan" class="citation web cs1">Karan, Joan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118042703/http://www.disabilityrightswi.org/resources/abuse-neglect/">"Abuse, Neglect and Patient Rights by the Disability Rights Wisconsin website"</a>. <i>Disability Rights Wisconsin</i>. 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Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-112-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-112-7"><bdi>978-1-56368-112-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1325905290">1325905290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disability+Protests%3A+Contentious+Politics+1970-1999&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Gallaudet+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1325905290&rft.isbn=978-1-56368-112-7&rft.aulast=Barnartt&rft.aufirst=Sharon+N.&rft.au=Scotch%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisabilityprotes0000barn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisability+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mobilizing-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mobilizing_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1999" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Roberta Ann (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wavesofprotestso0000unse/page/24/mode/2up?q=25">"Mobilizing the Disabled"</a>. In Jo Freeman & Victoria Johnson (ed.). <i>Waves of Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties, pp. 25–45</i>. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8748-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8748-0"><bdi>978-0-8476-8748-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40395836">40395836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mobilizing+the+Disabled&rft.btitle=Waves+of+Protest%3A+Social+Movements+Since+the+Sixties%2C+pp.+25%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Lanham+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40395836&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8748-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Roberta+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwavesofprotestso0000unse%2Fpage%2F24%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisability+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zames1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zames1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zames1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischer2001" class="citation book cs1">Fleischer, Doris (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disabilityrights0000flei"><i>The Disability Rights Movement</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-812-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-812-6"><bdi>1-56639-812-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disability+Rights+Movement&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56639-812-6&rft.aulast=Fleischer&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisabilityrights0000flei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisability+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2023" class="citation web cs1">McIntyre, Iain (2023-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/people-with-disability-australian-protest-timeline/">"People With Disability Australian Protest Timeline"</a>. <i>The Commons Social Change Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commons+Social+Change+Library&rft.atitle=People+With+Disability+Australian+Protest+Timeline&rft.date=2023-04-26&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Fpeople-with-disability-australian-protest-timeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisability+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2023" class="citation web cs1">McIntyre, Iain (2023-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/the-history-of-campaigns-in-australia-by-people-with-disability/">"The History of Campaigns in Australia by People With Disability"</a>. <i>The Commons Social Change Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commons+Social+Change+Library&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Campaigns+in+Australia+by+People+With+Disability&rft.date=2023-04-26&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Fthe-history-of-campaigns-in-australia-by-people-with-disability%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisability+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_ProgressMcIntyre2022" class="citation web cs1">Australian Progress; McIntyre, Iain (2022-02-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/lessons-from-the-campaign-to-stop-independent-assessments-webinar/">"Lessons from the Campaign to Stop Independent Assessments Webinar"</a>. <i>The Commons Social Change Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commons+Social+Change+Library&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+the+Campaign+to+Stop+Independent+Assessments+Webinar&rft.date=2022-02-02&rft.au=Australian+Progress&rft.au=McIntyre%2C+Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Flessons-from-the-campaign-to-stop-independent-assessments-webinar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisability+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynne-Jones2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wynne-Jones, Ros (17 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/bedroom-tax-protesters-deliver-letters-2057883">"Bedroom tax protesters deliver letters on devastating effect on disabled people's lives"</a>. <i>Daily Mirror</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kings Place, London: Scott trust. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-3224">1756-3224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60623878">60623878</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/apr/03/limited-life-chances-of-disabled-people-in-britain-revealed-by-damning-report">the original</a> on 4 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>. <q>This article is more than 5 years old.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+US&rft.atitle=Limited+life+chances+of+disabled+people+in+Britain+revealed+by+damning+report&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60623878&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.eissn=1756-3224&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2017%2Fapr%2F03%2Flimited-life-chances-of-disabled-people-in-britain-revealed-by-damning-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisability+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northwichguardian.co.uk/news/4770062.give-boy-dignity/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Give the boy some dignity'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 2021-11-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Give+the+boy+some+dignity%27&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northwichguardian.co.uk%2Fnews%2F4770062.give-boy-dignity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisability+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-59432487">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'World-leading' Down's syndrome bill clears first hurdle in Parliament"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2021-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enil.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Citizenship-and-disabled-people_A-scoping-paper-prepared-for-the-Disability-Rights-Commission_2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+disabled+people%3A+A+scoping+paper+prepared+for+the+Disability+Rights+Commission&rft.place=UK&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enil.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F07%2FCitizenship-and-disabled-people_A-scoping-paper-prepared-for-the-Disability-Rights-Commission_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisability+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabovitchDutraLauer2016" class="citation book cs1">Gabovitch, Elaine M.; Dutra, Courtney; Lauer, Emily (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shriver.umassmed.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/MA-HP2020-Autism-Roadmap-Report-FINAL_tagged.pdf"><i>Healthy People 2020 Roadmap for Massachusetts Children & Youth with ASD/DD: Understanding Needs and Measuring Outcomes</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Worcester: UMASS Chan Medical School. p. 22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healthy+People+2020+Roadmap+for+Massachusetts+Children+%26+Youth+with+ASD%2FDD%3A+Understanding+Needs+and+Measuring+Outcomes&rft.place=Worcester&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=UMASS+Chan+Medical+School&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Gabovitch&rft.aufirst=Elaine+M.&rft.au=Dutra%2C+Courtney&rft.au=Lauer%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshriver.umassmed.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F07%2FMA-HP2020-Autism-Roadmap-Report-FINAL_tagged.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisability+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalcazar_&_Keys1998" class="citation journal cs1">Balcazar & Keys, Fabricio & Christopher (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239921190">"Participatory Action Research and People with Disabilities: Principles and Challenges"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0828-0827">0828-0827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Rehabilitation&rft.atitle=Participatory+Action+Research+and+People+with+Disabilities%3A+Principles+and+Challenges&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1998&rft.eissn=0828-0827&rft.aulast=Balcazar+%26+Keys&rft.aufirst=Fabricio+%26+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F239921190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisability+rights+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Colker, Ruth and Milani, Adam. <i>Everyday Law for Individuals with Disabilities</i> (Paradigm Publishers, 2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59451-145-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59451-145-5">978-1-59451-145-5</a></li> <li>Fleischer, Doris Zames and Zames, Frieda. <i>The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to Confrontation</i> (Temple University Press, 2nd Edition, 2011). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0743-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0743-6">978-1-4399-0743-6</a></li> <li>Johnson, Mary and The Ragged Edge Online Community. <i>Disability Awareness - do it right! Your all-in-one how-to guide</i> (The Advocado Press, 2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9721189-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9721189-1-0">978-0-9721189-1-0</a></li> <li>Longmore, Paul, K. and Umansky, Laurie, editors, <i>The New Disability History: American Perspectives</i> (New York University Press, 2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8564-5">978-0-8147-8564-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_O%27Brien_(political_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth O'Brien (political scientist)">O'Brien, Ruth</a>. <i>Crippled Justice: The History of Modern Disability Policy in the Workplace</i> (University Of Chicago Press, 2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61659-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61659-9">978-0-226-61659-9</a></li> <li>Pelka, Fred. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disabilityrightm0000unse"><i>The ABC-CLIO Companion to the Disability Rights Movement</i></a>. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-834-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-834-5">978-0-87436-834-5</a></li> <li>Pelka, Fred. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatwehavedoneor0000pelk"><i>What We Have Done: An Oral History of the Disability Rights Movement</i></a>. Amherst, Boston MA: University of Massachusetts Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-919-5">978-1-55849-919-5</a></li> <li><i>The Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement</i>. (2004). The Regents of the University of California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040816041724/http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/aboutus/project.html">Archived</a> 2004-08-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Shapiro, Joseph P. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nopitypeoplewith00shaprich"><i>No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement</i></a>. New York: Times Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-2412-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-2412-1">978-0-8129-2412-1</a></li> <li>Stroman, Duane. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disabilityrights0000stro"><i>The Disability Rights Movement: From Deinstitutionalization to Self-Determination</i></a>. University Press of America. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2480-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2480-0">978-0-7618-2480-0</a></li> <li>Vega, Eugenio (2022) Crónica del siglo de la peste. Pandemias, discapacidad y diseño. Madrid, Experimenta Libros. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-18049-73-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-18049-73-6">978-84-18049-73-6</a></li> <li>Williamson, Bess (2019). Accessible America. A History of Disability and Design. New York University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798024-94" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798024-94">978-1-4798024-94</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_rights_movement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Disability rights movement</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=disability+rights+movement">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=disability+rights+movement&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output 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this article dated 20 April 2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009-04-20</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilr.org">Independent Living Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nod.org/">National Organization on Disability</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disstudies.org/">Society for Disability Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/lives-worth-living/">Lives Worth Living</a> site for <i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Lens" title="Independent Lens">Independent Lens</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/disabilityrights/">The Disability Rights Movement</a> An online exhibition from the National Museum of American History</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disability_navbox" title="Template talk:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies" title="Disability studies">Disability studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualized_Education_Program" title="Individualized Education Program">IEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">Mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver_rehabilitation" title="Driver rehabilitation">driver rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">Special needs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">education</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Rights, law, support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism/disablism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disability rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_that_developed_negative_connotations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disability-related terms that developed negative connotations">Pejorative terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_for_Ontarians_with_Disabilities_Act,_2005" title="Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005">AODA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">ADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Disabled_Persons" title="Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons">Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Services_for_mental_disorders" title="Services for mental disorders">Services for mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_and_supports_for_people_with_disabilities" title="Services and supports for people with disabilities">Services for disabled people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">DLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program" title="Ontario Disability Support Program">ODSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">SSDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">SSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_students_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled students allowance">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNIB_Foundation" title="CNIB Foundation">CNIB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Canadians_with_Disabilities" title="Council for Canadians with Disabilities">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Peoples%27_International" title="Disabled Peoples' International">DPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Intellectually_Disabled_of_Singapore" title="Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore">MINDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_Canada" title="Reach Canada">Reach Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Structural and assistive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">Activities of daily living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_living" title="Independent living">Independent living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">Mobility aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotics and braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Personal Care Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Physical accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_or_behavioral_disability" title="Emotional or behavioral disability">Emotional or behavioral disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_disability" title="Invisible disability">Invisible disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_disasters" title="Disability and disasters">Disability and disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBT_identities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability and LGBT identities">Disability and LGBT identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disproportionality_in_special_education" title="Disproportionality in special education">Disproportionality in special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_and_disability" title="Youth and disability">Youth and disability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Disability studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_disability" title="Models of disability">Models of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_porn" title="Inspiration porn">Inspiration porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodymind_(disability_studies)" 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