Navigating the Complexity of the Human Microbiome: Implications for Biomedical Science and Disease Treatment

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title> Navigating the Complexity of the Human Microbiome: Implications for Biomedical Science and Disease Treatment | Medinformatics </title> <link rel="icon" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/public/journals/12/favicon_en_US.png"> <meta name="generator" content="Open Journal Systems 3.4.0.7"> <meta name="gs_meta_revision" content="1.1"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Medinformatics"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="MEDIN"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="3029-1321"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Taiwo Temitope Ogunjobi"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Adaobi Mary-Ann Okafor"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Nice Ifeanyi Ohuonu"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ngozi Maryann Nebolisa"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ayomide Khadijat Abimbolu"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, UK"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Rufus Oluwagbemileke Ajayi"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Public Health, University of Illinois at Springfield, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Akinwunmi Rapheal Afuape"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina Agriculture and Technical University, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mojisola Grace Ojajuni"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Michael University of Medical Sciences, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Osarumwense Ona Ogunbor"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Etido Udoh Elijah"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kayode Gbenga Akinwande"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Aiyebor Augustine Aigbagenode"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tosin Sarah Olaniran"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Food Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Adetola Adenike Adewoyin"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Eniola Eunice Kolapo"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Adnan Musa"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, First Moscow State Medical University, Russia"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Navigating the Complexity of the Human Microbiome: Implications for Biomedical Science and Disease Treatment"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="citation_date" content="2024/09/13"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.47852/bonviewMEDIN42022988"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/MEDIN/article/view/2988"/> <meta name="citation_abstract" xml:lang="en" content="A multifaceted ecosystem of microorganisms that live in and on the human body is known as the human microbiome, and it is essential to both health and disease. The present review delves into the intricate nature of the microbiome and emphasizes its noteworthy consequences for both therapeutic interventions and biomedical science. By thoroughly analyzing existing research and techniques, such as next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics tools, we outline the makeup, variety, and dynamic interactions of the microbiome with the host. Important new information is provided by our analysis regarding the impact of the microbiome on immune regulation, metabolic pathways, and diseases like cancer, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory bowel disease. We also address how the microbiome affects the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medications, highlighting the significance of personalized medicine and drug development that considers the microbiome as well. Our findings have implications for the creation of new microbiome-based treatments, such as fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, and they also highlight the potential of these treatments to treat dysbiosis-related illnesses. In order to improve treatment efficacy and patient outcomes, the review highlights the necessity of a paradigm shift in disease management and prevention strategies that incorporate microbiome modulation. As we move forward, we support improvements in the techniques used in microbiome research, a more thorough investigation of the interactions between the microbiome and the host, and the development of microbiome-based therapies. The directions for the future emphasize the value of personalized medicine techniques that use unique microbiome profiles to create individualized treatment plans. This thorough analysis provides a road map for maximizing the human microbiome's potential in the treatment and prevention of disease by illuminating its complexity and wide-ranging implications for biomedical science. 聽 Received: 1 April 2024 | Revised: 12 July 2024 | Accepted: 6 September 2024 聽 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. 聽 Data Availability Statement The data that support this work are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. 聽 Author Contribution Statement Taiwo Temitope Ogunjobi: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review &amp; editing. Adaobi Mary-Ann Okafor: Writing - review &amp; editing. Nice Ifeanyi Ohuonu:聽Investigation. Ngozi Maryann Nebolisa: Resources. Ayomide Khadijat Abimbolu:聽Methodology. Rufus Oluwagbemileke Ajayi: Validation. Akinwunmi Rapheal Afuape: Formal analysis. Mojisola Grace Ojajuni: Visualization. Osarumwense Ona Ogunbor: Supervision. Etido Udoh Elijah: Project administration. Kayode Gbenga Akinwande: Project administration. Aiyebor Augustine Aigbagenode: Methodology. Tosin Sarah Olaniran:聽Validation. Adetola Adenike Adewoyin: Formal analysis. Eniola Eunice Kolapo: Investigation. Adnan Musa: Resources."/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="biomedical implications"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="disease treatment strategies"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="therapeutic microbial modulation"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="microbiome and immune regulation"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="microbiome-driven disease mechanism"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/MEDIN/article/download/2988/1086"/> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Taiwo Temitope Ogunjobi"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Adaobi Mary-Ann Okafor"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Nice Ifeanyi Ohuonu"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Ngozi Maryann Nebolisa"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Ayomide Khadijat Abimbolu"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Rufus Oluwagbemileke Ajayi"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Akinwunmi Rapheal Afuape"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Mojisola Grace Ojajuni"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Osarumwense Ona Ogunbor"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Etido Udoh Elijah"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Kayode Gbenga Akinwande"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Aiyebor Augustine Aigbagenode"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Tosin Sarah Olaniran"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Adetola Adenike Adewoyin"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Eniola Eunice Kolapo"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Adnan Musa"/> <meta name="DC.Date.created" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-09-13"/> <meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-04-02"/> <meta name="DC.Date.issued" scheme="ISO8601" content="2023-09-21"/> <meta name="DC.Date.modified" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-11-04"/> <meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="en" content="A multifaceted ecosystem of microorganisms that live in and on the human body is known as the human microbiome, and it is essential to both health and disease. The present review delves into the intricate nature of the microbiome and emphasizes its noteworthy consequences for both therapeutic interventions and biomedical science. By thoroughly analyzing existing research and techniques, such as next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics tools, we outline the makeup, variety, and dynamic interactions of the microbiome with the host. Important new information is provided by our analysis regarding the impact of the microbiome on immune regulation, metabolic pathways, and diseases like cancer, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory bowel disease. We also address how the microbiome affects the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medications, highlighting the significance of personalized medicine and drug development that considers the microbiome as well. Our findings have implications for the creation of new microbiome-based treatments, such as fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, and they also highlight the potential of these treatments to treat dysbiosis-related illnesses. In order to improve treatment efficacy and patient outcomes, the review highlights the necessity of a paradigm shift in disease management and prevention strategies that incorporate microbiome modulation. As we move forward, we support improvements in the techniques used in microbiome research, a more thorough investigation of the interactions between the microbiome and the host, and the development of microbiome-based therapies. The directions for the future emphasize the value of personalized medicine techniques that use unique microbiome profiles to create individualized treatment plans. This thorough analysis provides a road map for maximizing the human microbiome's potential in the treatment and prevention of disease by illuminating its complexity and wide-ranging implications for biomedical science. 聽 Received: 1 April 2024 | Revised: 12 July 2024 | Accepted: 6 September 2024 聽 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. 聽 Data Availability Statement The data that support this work are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. 聽 Author Contribution Statement Taiwo Temitope Ogunjobi: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review &amp; editing. Adaobi Mary-Ann Okafor: Writing - review &amp; editing. Nice Ifeanyi Ohuonu:聽Investigation. Ngozi Maryann Nebolisa: Resources. Ayomide Khadijat Abimbolu:聽Methodology. Rufus Oluwagbemileke Ajayi: Validation. Akinwunmi Rapheal Afuape: Formal analysis. Mojisola Grace Ojajuni: Visualization. Osarumwense Ona Ogunbor: Supervision. Etido Udoh Elijah: Project administration. Kayode Gbenga Akinwande: Project administration. Aiyebor Augustine Aigbagenode: Methodology. Tosin Sarah Olaniran:聽Validation. Adetola Adenike Adewoyin: Formal analysis. Eniola Eunice Kolapo: Investigation. Adnan Musa: Resources."/> <meta name="DC.Format" scheme="IMT" content="application/pdf"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="2988"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.DOI" content="10.47852/bonviewMEDIN42022988"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.URI" content="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/MEDIN/article/view/2988"/> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="ISO639-1" content="en"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright (c) 2024 Authors"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"/> <meta name="DC.Source" content="Medinformatics"/> <meta name="DC.Source.ISSN" content="3029-1321"/> <meta name="DC.Source.URI" content="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/MEDIN"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="biomedical implications"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="disease treatment strategies"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="therapeutic microbial modulation"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="microbiome and immune regulation"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="microbiome-driven disease mechanism"/> <meta name="DC.Title" content="Navigating the Complexity of the Human Microbiome: Implications for Biomedical Science and Disease Treatment"/> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text.Serial.Journal"/> <meta name="DC.Type.articleType" content="Review"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/MEDIN/gateway/plugin/AnnouncementFeedGatewayPlugin/atom"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/MEDIN/gateway/plugin/AnnouncementFeedGatewayPlugin/rss"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/MEDIN/gateway/plugin/AnnouncementFeedGatewayPlugin/rss2"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/MEDIN/$$$call$$$/page/page/css?name=stylesheet" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" 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Adaobi Mary-Ann Okafor </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Nice Ifeanyi Ohuonu </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Nigeria </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9639-1837" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9639-1837 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Ngozi Maryann Nebolisa </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Ayomide Khadijat Abimbolu </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, UK </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6452-2420" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6452-2420 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Rufus Oluwagbemileke Ajayi </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Public Health, University of Illinois at Springfield, USA </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3386-1317" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3386-1317 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Akinwunmi Rapheal Afuape </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina Agriculture and Technical University, USA </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Mojisola Grace Ojajuni </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Michael University of Medical Sciences, Nigeria </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0120-8384" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0120-8384 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Osarumwense Ona Ogunbor </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Nigeria </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" 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class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-7190" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-7190 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Kayode Gbenga Akinwande </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Nigeria </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3645-8560" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3645-8560 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Aiyebor Augustine Aigbagenode </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Nigeria </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1207-6199" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1207-6199 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Tosin Sarah Olaniran </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Food Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7529-8831" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7529-8831 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Adetola Adenike Adewoyin </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Nigeria </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1495-3335" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1495-3335 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Eniola Eunice Kolapo </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9592-2241" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9592-2241 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Adnan Musa </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, First Moscow State Medical University, Russia </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1928-1745" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1928-1745 </a> </span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="item doi"> <h2 class="label"> DOI: </h2> <span class="value"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewMEDIN42022988"> https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewMEDIN42022988 </a> </span> </section> <section class="item keywords"> <h2 class="label"> Keywords: </h2> <span class="value"> biomedical implications, disease treatment strategies, therapeutic microbial modulation, microbiome and immune regulation, microbiome-driven disease mechanism </span> </section> <section class="item abstract"> <h2 class="label">Abstract</h2> <p>A multifaceted ecosystem of microorganisms that live in and on the human body is known as the human microbiome, and it is essential to both health and disease. The present review delves into the intricate nature of the microbiome and emphasizes its noteworthy consequences for both therapeutic interventions and biomedical science. By thoroughly analyzing existing research and techniques, such as next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics tools, we outline the makeup, variety, and dynamic interactions of the microbiome with the host. Important new information is provided by our analysis regarding the impact of the microbiome on immune regulation, metabolic pathways, and diseases like cancer, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory bowel disease. We also address how the microbiome affects the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medications, highlighting the significance of personalized medicine and drug development that considers the microbiome as well. Our findings have implications for the creation of new microbiome-based treatments, such as fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, and they also highlight the potential of these treatments to treat dysbiosis-related illnesses. In order to improve treatment efficacy and patient outcomes, the review highlights the necessity of a paradigm shift in disease management and prevention strategies that incorporate microbiome modulation. As we move forward, we support improvements in the techniques used in microbiome research, a more thorough investigation of the interactions between the microbiome and the host, and the development of microbiome-based therapies. The directions for the future emphasize the value of personalized medicine techniques that use unique microbiome profiles to create individualized treatment plans. This thorough analysis provides a road map for maximizing the human microbiome's potential in the treatment and prevention of disease by illuminating its complexity and wide-ranging implications for biomedical science.</p> <p>聽</p> <p><strong>Received:</strong> 1 April 2024 <strong>| Revised:</strong> 12 July 2024 <strong>| Accepted:</strong> 6 September 2024</p> <p>聽</p> <p><strong>Conflicts of Interest</strong></p> <p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.</p> <p>聽</p> <p><strong>Data Availability Statement </strong></p> <p>The data that support this work are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.</p> <p>聽</p> <p><strong>Author Contribution Statement</strong></p> <p><strong>Taiwo Temitope Ogunjobi: </strong>Conceptualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. <strong>Adaobi Mary-Ann Okafor: </strong>Writing - review & editing. <strong>Nice Ifeanyi Ohuonu:</strong>聽Investigation. <strong>Ngozi Maryann Nebolisa: </strong>Resources. <strong>Ayomide Khadijat Abimbolu:</strong>聽Methodology. <strong>Rufus Oluwagbemileke Ajayi: </strong>Validation. <strong>Akinwunmi Rapheal Afuape: </strong>Formal analysis. <strong>Mojisola Grace Ojajuni: </strong>Visualization. <strong>Osarumwense Ona Ogunbor: </strong>Supervision. <strong>Etido Udoh Elijah: </strong>Project administration. <strong>Kayode Gbenga Akinwande: </strong>Project administration. <strong>Aiyebor Augustine Aigbagenode: </strong>Methodology. <strong>Tosin Sarah Olaniran:</strong>聽Validation. <strong>Adetola Adenike Adewoyin: </strong>Formal analysis. <strong>Eniola Eunice Kolapo: </strong>Investigation. <strong>Adnan Musa: </strong>Resources.</p> </section> <br /><div class="separator"></div><div class="item abstract" id="trendmd-suggestions"></div><script defer src='//js.trendmd.com/trendmd.min.js' data-trendmdconfig='{"website_id":"89271", "element":"#trendmd-suggestions"}'></script> </div> <div class="entry_details"> <div class="item cover_image"> <div class="sub_item"> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/MEDIN/issue/view/onlinefirst"> <img src="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/public/journals/12/cover_issue_53_en_US.png" alt=""> </a> </div> </div> <div class="item galleys"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader"> Downloads </h2> <ul class="value galleys_links"> <li> <a class="obj_galley_link pdf" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/MEDIN/article/view/2988/1086"> PDF </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="item published"> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Published </h2> <div class="value"> <span>2024-09-13</span> </div> </section> </div> <div class="item issue"> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Issue </h2> <div class="value"> <a class="title" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/MEDIN/issue/view/onlinefirst"> Online First </a> </div> </section> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Section </h2> <div class="value"> Review </div> </section> </div> <div class="item copyright"> <h2 class="label"> License </h2> <p>Copyright (c) 2024 Authors</p> <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="//i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><p>This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p> </div> <div class="item citation"> <section class="sub_item citation_display"> <h2 class="label"> How to Cite </h2> <div class="value"> <div id="citationOutput" role="region" aria-live="polite"> <div class="csl-bib-body"> <div class="csl-entry">Navigating the Complexity of the Human Microbiome: Implications for Biomedical Science and Disease Treatment. 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