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class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Kultura<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> (latinezko cultūratik)<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gizarte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gizarte">gizarte</a> edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gizaki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gizaki">gizatalde</a> baten ezaugarri diren berezitasun espiritual, material, intelektual eta afektiboak dira. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arte">Arteaz</a> gain, honen barnean dira bizimodua, oinarrizko eskubideak, balio sistemak, ohiturak eta sinesmenak. Elkarri lotutako adiera asko ditu, hau da, termino polisemikoa da. Esaterako, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1952?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1952">1952an</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Kroeber&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alfred Kroeber (sortu gabe)">Alfred Kroeber</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Clyde_Kluckhohn&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Clyde Kluckhohn (sortu gabe)">Clyde Kluckhohn</a>-ek kulturaren 164 definizioz osatutako zerrenda bat osatu zuten Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions, eta 250 baino gehiago sailkatu dituzte<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg/220px-Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg/330px-Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg/440px-Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="768"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petroglifo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petroglifo">Petroglifoak</a> Gobustanen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azerbaijan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, K.a. 10.000 urtea. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Musicians_and_dancers_on_fresco_at_Tomb_of_Nebamun.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Musicians_and_dancers_on_fresco_at_Tomb_of_Nebamun.jpg/220px-Musicians_and_dancers_on_fresco_at_Tomb_of_Nebamun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Musicians_and_dancers_on_fresco_at_Tomb_of_Nebamun.jpg/330px-Musicians_and_dancers_on_fresco_at_Tomb_of_Nebamun.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Musicians_and_dancers_on_fresco_at_Tomb_of_Nebamun.jpg/440px-Musicians_and_dancers_on_fresco_at_Tomb_of_Nebamun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7160" data-file-height="4899"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antzinako_Egipto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antzinako Egipto">Antzinako Egiptoko</a> artea, K.a. 1.400. urtea </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Hasht_behesht_palace_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hasht_behesht_palace_2.jpg/220px-Hasht_behesht_palace_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hasht_behesht_palace_2.jpg/330px-Hasht_behesht_palace_2.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hasht_behesht_palace_2.jpg/440px-Hasht_behesht_palace_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6607" data-file-height="4034"></a> <figcaption> Persiako Hasht-Behesht jauregia </figcaption> </figure> Eguneroko erabileran, kultura hitza bi kontzeptu ezberdin izendatzeko erabiltzen da: <ul> <li>bikaintasuna <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arte_eder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arte eder">arte ederretarako</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humanitateak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humanitateak">humanitateetarako</a> gustuan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goi-kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goi-kultura">goi-kultura</a> izenez ere ezaguna;</li> <li>gizarte-talde baten ezagutza, sinesmen eta portaera-ereduen multzoak, bere kideek elkarrekin komunikatzeko eta mota guztietako beharrak asetzeko erabiltzen dituzten bitarteko materialak barne.</li> </ul> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="eu" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Eduki-taula</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Natura_eta_kultura">1 Natura eta kultura</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kulturaren_beste_kontzeptu_batzuk">1.1 Kulturaren beste kontzeptu batzuk</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kultura_kontzeptuaren_formakuntza">2 Kultura kontzeptuaren formakuntza</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etimologia">2.1 Etimologia</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kulturaren_kontzepzio_klasikoa">3 Kulturaren kontzepzio klasikoa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kultura_eta_zibilizazioa">4 Kultura eta zibilizazioa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kulturaren_definizioak_gizarte_diziplinetan">5 Kulturaren definizioak gizarte diziplinetan</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kulturaren_definizio_deskribatzaileak">5.1 Kulturaren definizio deskribatzaileak</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tylorren_definizioa">5.1.1 Tylorren definizioa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kulturalisten_definizioa">5.1.2 Kulturalisten definizioa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Egitura-funtzionalistaren_definizioa">5.1.3 Egitura-funtzionalistaren definizioa</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definizio_sinbolikoak">5.2 Definizio sinbolikoak</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definizio_estrukturalista">5.3 Definizio estrukturalista</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Antropologia_sinbolikoaren_definizioa">5.4 Antropologia sinbolikoaren definizioa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definizio_marxistak">5.5 Definizio marxistak</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definizio_neoeboluzionista_edo_ekofuntzionalista">5.6 Definizio neoeboluzionista edo ekofuntzionalista</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#White_eta_Steward">5.6.1 White eta Steward</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kulturaren_definizioa_Eliza_Katolikoan">5.7 Kulturaren definizioa Eliza Katolikoan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kultura_eta_azpikultura">5.8 Kultura eta azpikultura</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kontrakultura">5.9 Kontrakultura</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kulturaren_ordena_eta_dinamika">6 Kulturaren ordena eta dinamika</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kultur_sistemak">6.1 Kultur sistemak</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Maska,_konpleju_eta_eremu_kulturalak">6.2 Maska, konpleju eta eremu kulturalak</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Errealitate_kulturalaren_mailak">6.3 Errealitate kulturalaren mailak</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kultura-aldaketa">6.4 Kultura-aldaketa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kulturen_pluraltasuna">6.5 Kulturen pluraltasuna</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Erreferentziak">7 Erreferentziak</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ikus,_gainera">8 Ikus, gainera</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kanpo_estekak">9 Kanpo estekak</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Natura_eta_kultura">Natura eta kultura</h2> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Natura eta kultura»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Ezagutza zientifikoan, lehen bereizketa naturaren eta kulturaren artean ezarritakoa da. Bereizketa horrek esan nahi du naturaren mundua gizakiak sortu ez duena dela, bere jatorrian behintzat; kultura, berriz, gizakiak sortutako mundua da The Man-Made World<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> liburuan luze azaltzen den moduan. Europan kultura terminoa sortu zenean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIII._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII.</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIX._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIX. mendea">XIX. mendeen</a> artean, teknologia edo hobekuntza prozesu bati egiten zion erreferentzia, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nekazaritza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nekazaritza">nekazaritza</a> edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baratzezaintza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baratzezaintza">baratzezaintza</a> gisakoak. XIX. mendean, lehenik eta behin, gizabanakoaren hobekuntza edo fintasuna aipatzera pasatu zen, batez ere <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hezkuntza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hezkuntza">hezkuntzaren</a> bitartez, eta, gero, nazio-nahiak edo idealak, lortzeari buruz. XIX. mendearen erdialdean, zientzialari batzuek kultura terminoa giza gaitasun unibertsala izendatzeko erabili zuten. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georg_Simmel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a> antipositibista eta soziologo alemaniarrarentzat, kulturak «historiaren joan-etorrian gauzatu diren kanpoko formen interferentziaren bidez gizabanakoen laborantza» aipatzen zuen<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a>. XX. mendean, kultura <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antropologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antropologia">antropologiaren</a> kontzeptu zentral gisa sortu zen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genetika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genetika">genetikaren</a> erabateko emaitza ez diren giza fenomeno guztiak barne hartuta. Zehazki, Amerikako antropologian kultura terminoak bi esanahi ditu: <ol> <li>Esperientziak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ikur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ikur">ikurrekin</a> sailkatu eta irudikatzeko eta irudimenez eta sormenez jarduteko gizakiaren gaitasun eboluzionatua.</li> <li>Pertsonak munduko leku ezberdinetan bizi diren modu desberdinak, beren esperientziak sailkatuz eta irudikatuz eta sormenez jokatuz. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra">Bigarren Mundu Gerraren</a> ostean, terminoak garrantzia hartu zuen, esanahi ezberdinekin bada ere, beste diziplina batzuetan, hala nola kultur ikasketetan, antolakuntza-psikologian, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kulturaren_soziologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kulturaren soziologia">kulturaren soziologian</a> eta kudeaketa-ikasketetan.</li> </ol> Zenbait <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etologia">etologok</a> kulturaz hitz egin dute jokabide horien imitazio kontzientean animalia taldeetan belaunaldi batetik bestera transmititzen diren ohitura, jarduera edo jokabideei erreferentzia egiteko. Kultura jakin bateko sinesmenak eta praktikak portaera soziala mugatzen duten kontrol-mekanismo gisa erabil daitezke. Kultura, hala, askatasunarekin lotzen da, hegemonia ezegonkortzea ahalbidetzen duten ezagutzaren eta kontzientzia forma berrien arteko ibilgailua baita. Horrez gain, garai edo gizarte talde bateko multzo edo bizimodu eta ohitura gisa aitor daiteke. Kultura terminoa hedadura eta erabilera anitzak lor ditzake, hala nola kultura aniztasuna, ezagutza enpirikoaren objektua eta kultura-desberdintasuna<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kulturaren_beste_kontzeptu_batzuk">Kulturaren beste kontzeptu batzuk</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kulturaren beste kontzeptu batzuk»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <ul> <li>Kultura hitza zerbait lantzeko edo praktikatzeko ekintzarekin lotzen da. Euskaltzaindiak honela definitzen du: Gogo ahalmenak lantzea; gogo ahalmenen garapena dakarten ezagutza eskuratuen multzoa<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>.</li> <li>Kultura modernitate proiektuen barruan ikusi da.</li> <li>Giza bizitzaren dimentsio eta adierazpena ikur eta artefaktuen erabileraren bitartez, bertan zeinuen ekoizpen, zirkulazio eta kontsumo eremu bat baitago eta teoria batean artikulatzen den praxi gisa gauzatzen da.</li> <li>Hiztegian, kultura mota desberdinak izendatzen dira, eta, horien artean, bi enblematikoenak herri kultura eta masa kultura dira<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Kultura_kontzeptuaren_formakuntza">Kultura kontzeptuaren formakuntza</h2> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kultura kontzeptuaren formakuntza»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Etimologia»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> Kultura kontzeptu modernoaren <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etimologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etimologia">etimologiak</a> antzinako jatorria du. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europako</a> hainbat hizkuntzatan, kultura hitza <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zizeron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zizeron">Zizeronek</a>, bere Tusculanae Disputationesen, arimaren laborantza edo animi kultura bati buruz idatzi zuen latinezko terminoan oinarritzen da, horrela nekazaritzako metafora bat erabiliz, arima filosofiko baten garapena deskribatzeko, zeina, teleologikoki, giza garapenerako ideal gorenetako bat gisa ulertu baitzen. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Pufendorf&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Samuel Pufendorf (sortu gabe)">Samuel Pufendorf-ek</a> kontzeptu moderno batera eraman zuen metafora hori antzeko esanahiarekin, baina filosofia jadanik ez dela gizakiaren perfekzio naturala suposatuz. Autore horrentzat (geroko idazle askok berentzat hartzen duten kulturaren esanahiek) «gizakiak jatorrizko basakeria gainditzen hasteko eta, artifizioaren bidez, guztiz gizaki bihurtzen diren modu guztiei egiten die erreferentzia»<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a>. Velkleyk deskribatzen duen moduan<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a>: <table cellpadding="10" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; color: inherit; background-color:transparent; border-style:none; width:;"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:2 2px;">«</td> <td>Kultura terminoak, jatorriz arimaren edo gogoaren lantzea esan nahi zuena, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIII._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII. mendeko</a> pentsalari alemaniarren idazkietan hartzen du bere azken esanahirik handiena, maila ezberdinetan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseauk</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberalismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberalismo">liberalismo modernoaren</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argien_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argien Garaia">Ilustrazioaren</a> kritika garatu zutenak. Gainera, kultura eta zibilizazio arteko kontrastea inplikatu ohi dute egile horiek hala adierazten ez dutenean ere. Garai horretatik, kulturaren bi adiera nagusi sortzen dira: kultura nortasun berezia duen herri izpiritu gisa, eta kultura espiritualtasunaren edo indibidualtasun askearen lanketa gisa. Lehen esanahia da nagusi kultura terminoaren gaur egungo erabileran, baina bigarrenak, oraindik ere, zeresan handia du, gure ustez, kulturak lortu behar duen horretan, izaki bakarraren eta benetakoaren dierazpen osoa bezala.</td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:2 2px;">»</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Kulturaren_kontzepzio_klasikoa">Kulturaren kontzepzio klasikoa</h2> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kulturaren kontzepzio klasikoa»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Field,_corn,_Liechtenstein,_Mountains,_Alps,_Vaduz,_sky,_clouds,_landscape.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg/200px-Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg/200px-Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg/300px-Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg/400px-Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Lehen esanahietan, kulturak soroen laborantza izendatzen zuen. </figcaption> </figure> Kultura terminoa <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">latinezko</a> cultusetik dator, zeina colere hitzetik datorren, soroa edo ganadua zaintzea esan nahi duena. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIII._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIII. mendea">XIII. mendearen</a> inguruan, terminoa lursail landua izendatzeko erabiltzen zen, eta hiru mende geroago bere esanahia aldatu zuen: gauza baten egoeratik egoera horretara daraman ekintzara (lurra lantzea edo abereak zaintzea) (Cuche, 1999. 10), gutxi gorabehera, gaur egun, euskaraz <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nekazaritza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nekazaritza">nekazaritza</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erlezaintza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erlezaintza">erlezaintza</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piszikultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piszikultura">arrain hazkuntza</a> eta bestelako hitzak erabiltzen den zentzuan. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVI._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVI. mendea">XVI. mendearen</a> erdialderako, terminoak konnotazio metaforiko bat bereganatu zuen edozein gai lantzerako. Nolanahi ere, kulturaren esanahi figuratiboa ez zen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVII._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVII. mendea">XVII. mendera</a> arte zabalduko, zenbait idatzi akademikoetan agertu arte. Esparru akademiko zabaletan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argien_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argien Garaia">Argien Garaia</a> (XVIII. mendea) da terminoaren zentzu figuratiboa (espirituaren laborantza gisa) nagusi den garaia, esaterako, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1718?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1718">1718ko</a> Dictionnaire de l'Académie Françaisen. Eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Entziklopedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Entziklopedia">Entziklopediak</a> lurra lantzeko zentzu mugatuan bakarrik jasotzen badu ere, ez du alde batera uzten zentzu figuratiboa <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literatura">literaturari</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Margolaritza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Margolaritza">margolaritzari</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filosofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filosofia">filosofiari</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zientzia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zientzia">zientziei</a> eskainitako artikuluetan agertzen dena. Denboraren poderioz, kultura gisa, adimenaren eraketa ulertuko da. Hau da, berriro, egoera bat izendatzen duen hitza bihurtzen da, nahiz eta oraingoan giza adimenaren egoera izan eta ez lur-partzelaren egoera. Kultura eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natura">naturaren</a> arteko oposizio klasikoak ere aro horretan ditu sustraiak. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1798?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1798">1798an</a>, Dictionnaire k kulturaren esanahi bat jasotzen du, non espiritu naturala estigmatizatzen den. Garai hartako pentsalari askorentzat, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean Jacques Rousseau</a> kasu, kultura gizakiaren fenomeno bereizgarria da, eta horrek, beste animaliengandik, posizio ezberdin batean kokatzen ditu. Kultura gizadiak bere milurteko historian pilatutako ezagutza eta jakinduria multzoa da. Ezaugarri unibertsal gisa (hitza) singularrean bakarrik erabiltzen da, gizarte guztietan baitago (inolako bereizketarik gabe) etnia, kokapen geografikoa edo momentu historikoa. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Kultura_eta_zibilizazioa">Kultura eta zibilizazioa</h2> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kultura eta zibilizazioa»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argien_Garaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argien Garaia">Ilustrazioaren</a> testuinguruan ere, kulturak parte hartzen duen oposizio klasikoetako beste bat sortzen da, oraingoan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zibilizazio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zibilizazio">zibilizazioaren</a> sinonimo gisa. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIII._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII. mendean</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantses">frantses</a> hizkuntzan agertzen da lehen aldiz hitz hori, eta, horrekin, ohiturak fintzea esan nahi zen. Zibilizazioa aurrerapenaren ideiarekin lotutako terminoa da. Horren arabera, zibilizazioa gizateriaren egoera bat da, zeinetan ezjakintasuna garaitu den eta ohiturak eta harreman sozialak bere adierazpen gorenean dauden. Zibilizazioa ez da prozesu amaitu bat; etengabekoa da, eta legeak, gobernu formak eta ezagutzak progresiboki hobetzea dakar. Kultura moduan, herri guztiak barne hartzen dituen prozesu unibertsala ere bada, baita bilakaera sozialaren ildoan atzeratuen direnak ere. Jakina, gizarte bat zibilizatuagoa edo basatiagoa zen neurtzeko erabiltzen ziren parametroak norberaren gizartekoak ziren. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIX._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIX. mendea">XIX. mendearen</a> hasieran, bi terminoak, kultura eta zibilizazioa, ia modu berean erabiltzen ziren, batez ere frantsesez eta ingelesez (Thompson, 2002: 186). <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker,_1775.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg/200px-Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="950"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 258px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg/200px-Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg/300px-Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg/400px-Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a>. Haren ustez, kultura jenio nazionalaren gauzatze gisa uler liteke. (Volksgeist). </figcaption> </figure> Nabarmendu beharra dago frantses intelektual guztiek ez zutela termino hori erabili. Rousseauk eta Voltairek uko egiten zioten historiaren kontzepzio aurrerakoi horri. Historiaren bertsio erlatibistago bat proposatzen saiatu ziren arrakastarik izan ez arren, korronte nagusiena aurrerakoiena baitzen. Ez zen Frantzian izan baizik eta Alemanian, non posizio erlatibistek ospe handiagoa lortu baitzuten. Kultur terminoa, zentzu figuratuan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVII._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVII. mendea">XVII. mendean</a> agertzen da Alemanian, gutxi gorabehera frantsesean zuen zentzu berarekin. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIII._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII. menderako</a> ospe handia izan zuen Alemaniako pentsalari burgesen artean. Hori aristokratak iraintzeko erabiltzen zelako izan zen, Frantziako gortearen era zibilizatuak imitatzen saiatzea leporatzen baitzieten. Esaterako, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Immanuel_Kant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kantek</a> adierazi zuen: «Artearen eta zientziaren bidez lantzen gara, eta zibilizatzen gara, ohitura onak eta fintasun sozialak (eskuratuz)» (Thompson, 2002: 187). Hori dela eta, Alemanian, zibilizazio terminoa gortearentzako balioekin parekatu zen, azaleko eta itxurakeriazkotzat deskribatuta. Aitzitik, kultura burgesiaren balio sakon eta jatorrizkoekin identifikatzen zen (Cuche, 1999:13). Kritika sozialaren prozesuan, kultura/zibilizazioa dikotomiaren azentua estratu sozialen arteko desberdintasunetatik nazio desberdintasunetara aldatzen da. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frantziako_Iraultza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frantziako Iraultza">Frantzia historiako iraultza</a> burges garrantzitsuenetako baten eszenatokia izan zen; Alemania, berriz, hainbat estatutan zatituta zegoen. Hori dela eta, pentsalari alemaniarrek, beren buruari ezarri zioten zereginetako bat, bateratze politikoa izan zen. Batasun nazionalak nazio berezitasunen aldarrikapena ere bazekarren, pentsalari frantsesen unibertsalismoak zibilizazioaren izenean ezabatu nahi zuena. Jada 1774an, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder-ek</a> herri bakoitzaren jenioa (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herri_gogoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herri gogoa">Volksgeist</a>) beti kultura-aniztasunera, giza aberastasunera eta unibertsalismoaren aurkako joera zuela aldarrikatu zuen. Horregatik, harrotasun nazionala kulturan zegoen, zeinaren bidez herri bakoitzak patu zehatz bat bete behar zuen. Kultura, Herderrek ulertzen zuen moduan, gizateriaren aniztasunaren adierazpena zen, eta ez zuen baztertzen herrien arteko komunikazio aukera. XIX. mendean, Alemanian, kultura terminoak nazionalismoaren eraginez eboluzionatu zuen<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a>. Bien bitartean, Frantzian, kontzeptua zabaldu egin zen, gizabanakoaren garapen intelektuala ez ezik gizateria osoarena barne. Hortik aurrera, hitzaren frantsesezko esanahiak zibilizazioarenarekin jarraitutasuna ematen du: Alemaniaren eragina izan arren, ideiak irauten du: «Kultura alemana» eta «Kultura frantsesa» (adibide bat jartzearren) arteko desberdintasunetatik harago, badago zerbait guztiak bateratzen dituena: giza kultura<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Kulturaren_definizioak_gizarte_diziplinetan">Kulturaren definizioak gizarte diziplinetan</h2> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kulturaren definizioak gizarte diziplinetan»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Gizarte zientzien helburuetarako, kulturaren lehen esanahiak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIX._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIX. mendea">XIX. mendean</a> ezarri ziren. Garai horretan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soziologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soziologia">soziologia</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antropologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antropologia">antropologia</a> diziplinak nahiko berriak ziren, eta hemen ardura zaigun gaiaren inguruko eztabaidaren eredua <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filosofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filosofia">filosofiak</a> gidatu zuen. Lehen soziologoek (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, adibidez) terminoaren erabilera baztertu zuten. Gogoratu behar da, haren ikuspuntutik, gizartearen zientziak gizarte-egiturarekin lotutako arazoei aurre egin behar ziela<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marxek</a> kultura alde batera utzi zuela iritzi orokorra den arren, hori gezurtatu egiten dute egilearen beraren lanek, produkzio-harremanak (gizakiak lanerako hartutako antolamendua eta bere fruituen gizarte banaketa) gainegitura juridiko-politiko eta ideologikoaren oinarria direla baitio, baina inondik ere ez gizartearen bigarren mailako alderdia. Ekoizpen-harreman sozial bat pentsaezina da jokabide-araurik gabe, diskurtso legitimaturik gabe, botere-praktikarik gabe, ohiturarik eta portaera-ohitura iraunkorrik gabe, klase menperatzaileak zein klase menderatuak balioetsitako objekturik gabe. Marxen gaztetako lanen aurkezpenak, bai Alemaniar Ideologia (1845-1846) <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialisten_Batasuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sobietar Errepublika Sozialisten Batasuna">SESBeko</a> Marx-Engels Institutuaren edizio ospetsuaren eskutik, 1932an <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=David_Riazanov&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="David Riazanov (sortu gabe)">David Riazanov-en</a> zuzendaritzapean, bai Ekonomia eta Filosofiako Eskuizkribuak (1844) posible egin zuten bere proposamen teorikoen aldeko hainbatek kulturaren teoria marxista bat garatzea. Oro har, kulturaren esanahia <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antropologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antropologia">antropologiarekin</a> lotuta dago, hain zuzen ere kulturaren azterketa konparatiboaz arduratzen den gizarte-diziplinaren adar garrantzitsuenetako bat. Agian, hitzak antropologiaren teorian duen zentraltasuna dela eta, terminoa hainbat modutan garatu da, eta, batzuetan, elkarrengandik urrun dauden premisetan, oinarritutako metodologia analitikoa erabiltzea dakar. Antropologian aldaketa epistemologiko handia eragin zuen konpainia etnozentriko honen aurka <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_Boas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> izan zen<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a>. Boasetik hasita (erlatibismo kulturalaren aita), antropologoa itzultzaile bilakatzen da, ikaslearen mundu ikuskeran sartu eta bere esanahien mundua ulertu ahal izateko. Esanahiaren mundu horrek<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a>, poliki-poliki, antropologikoa ez den kontzeptu batera eramango du, hau da, esanahiaren eraikuntza sozialera. Hizkuntz arazoei loturiko sentsibilitate areagotu horren aurrean, diziplina berriak garatuko dira, giza esanahiaren eta hizkuntzaren munduari lotuak, esanahiaren mundutik ulertutako kulturaren ideia osatuko dutenak<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNESCO">UNESCOren</a> Kultura Aniztasunari buruzko Adierazpen Unibertsalaren arabera, «kultura gizarte edo talde sozial bat ezaugarritzen duten ezaugarri espiritual eta material, intelektual eta afektibo bereizgarrien multzotzat hartu behar da, eta, arteez eta letrez gain, bizimoduak, elkarrekin bizitzeko moduak, balio-sistemak, tradizioak eta sinesmenak barne hartzen dituena»<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> XIX. mendearen amaierako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etnologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etnologia">etnologo</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antropologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antropologia">antropologo</a> britainiar eta amerikarrek hartu zuten kulturaren edukiari buruzko eztabaida. Autore horiek, ia beti, zuzenbideko prestakuntza profesionala izan zuten, baina bereziki interesatuta zeuden gizarte exotikoen funtzionamenduan, garai hartan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mendebalde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mendebalde">Mendebaldea</a> topatzen zirenekin<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a>.15 Etnologia eta antropologia sozialaren aitzindari horien iritziz (Bachoffen, McLennan, Maine eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lewis_Henry_Morgan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lewis Henry Morgan">Morgan</a>, esaterako), kultura gizartearen bilakaera historikoaren emaitza da. Baina idazle horien gizateriaren historia zorpetuta zegoen zibilizazioaren teoria ilustratuekin, eta, batez ere, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herbert_Spencer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencerren</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gizarte-darwinismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gizarte-darwinismo">darwinismo sozialarekin</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kulturaren_definizio_deskribatzaileak">Kulturaren definizio deskribatzaileak</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kulturaren definizio deskribatzaileak»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gizaki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gizaki">Gizakiak</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Animalia">animaliak</a> baino maila gorago batera eraman du bere bizimodua. Gizarteak populazioaren ezaugarriak berregin ditu, baita espezializazio, eskuzabal eta jarraitutasun ezaugarriak ere. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soziologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soziologia">Soziologia</a> ez da <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soziobiologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soziobiologia">soziobiologiara</a> mugatu behar, baina kontutan hartu behar du. Kultura <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gizaki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gizaki">gizakiarena</a> da natura biologikoaren gainetik. Hala ere, kultura izateak ez du esan nahi izakia bere oinarri zoologikotik bereizi behar denik, kultura gai biologikoak asetzeko modu gizatiarra baita. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soziologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soziologia">Soziologiaren</a> atalik ez da osorik biosoziala edota soziokulturala: bi faktoreak daude beti bertan. Momentuko gertakizunek erabakitzen dute zein aldetara jo gehien. Soziologiak, orduan, gertakizun sozialak aztertzen dituen diziplina da, gertakizun guztiz gizatiarrak. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Tylorren_definizioa">Tylorren definizioa</h4> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Tylorren definizioa»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg/200px-Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="396"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 271px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg/200px-Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="271" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> E. B. Tylor etnologo britainiarrak esan zuen: «Kulturaren joera nagusia jatorritik garai modernoetaraino, basakeriatik zibilizaziorantz izan da» (1995:43). </figcaption> </figure> Thompson-ek (2002:190) dioen bezala, kulturaren definizio deskribatzailea presente zegoen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIX._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIX. mendea">XIX. mendeko</a> antropologiako lehen egile haietan. Autore horien lanaren interes nagusia izan zen (familiaren eta matriarkatuaren jatorria eta antzinako kulturek beren garaiko mendebaldeko zibilizazioan biziraupena moduko arazo askotarikoak jorratu zituzten) herriak jokatzera eraman zituzten motiboen bilaketa, era honetan edo hartan. Garai hartako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etnografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etnografia">etnograforik</a> garrantzitsuenetako bat <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Klemm&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gustav Klemm (sortu gabe)">Gustav Klemm</a> izan zen. Allgemeine Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit (1843-1852)<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> lanaren hamar liburukietan, gizateriaren pixkanakako garapena erakusten saiatu zen teknologiaren, ohituren, artearen, tresnen, erlijio-praktiken analisiaren bidez, obra monumentalak, mundu osoko herrien adibide etnografikoak biltzen baitzituen. Klemmen lanak oihartzuna izan zuen bere garaikideen artean, jaiotzen ari zen diziplina zientifiko baten eremua zehaztu nahi baitzuten. Hogei bat urte geroago, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1871?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1871">1871n</a>, Edward B. Tylor-ek Primitive Culture aldizkarian kulturaren definiziorik onartuenetako bat argitaratu zuen. Tylorren arabera, kultura hau da<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a>: <table cellpadding="10" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; color: inherit; background-color:transparent; border-style:none; width:;"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:2 2px;">«</td> <td>... ezagutzak, sinesmenak, artea, morala, legea, ohiturak eta gizakiak bereganatutako beste edozein ohitura eta gaitasun biltzen dituen osotasun konplexu hori. Kulturaren egoera giza espeziearen hainbat gizartetan, printzipio orokorren arabera iker daitekeen heinean, objektu egokia da gizakiaren pentsamenduaren eta ekintzaren legeak aztertzeko.</td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:2 2px;">»</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-top: 10px; text-align:right;font-size: 90%;">(Tylor, 1995: 29)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Hortaz, Tylorren ekarpen nagusietako bat izan zen kulturaren jasotzea azterketa sistematikoko gai gisa. Aurrerapen kontzeptual nabarmen hori gorabehera, Tylorren proposamenak bi ahulgune nagusi zituen: alde batetik, bere enfasi humanista kontzeptutik atera zuen kultura zientziaren objektu bihurtuz; bestetik, bere prozedura analitikoa deskriptiboegia zen. Gorago aipatu dugun testuan, Tylorrek dioenez: «zibilizazioaren azterketaren lehen urratsa<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a>, zehatz-mehatz, disekzionatzean eta horiek egoki diren taldeetan sailkatzean datza» (Tylor, 1995:33). Premisa horren arabera, xehetasunak biltze hutsak kultura baten ezagutza ahalbidetuko luke. Behin ezagututa, zibilizatuagotik gutxiagora sailkatu ahal izango litzateke, darwinista sozialengandik jasotako premisa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Kulturalisten_definizioa">Kulturalisten definizioa</h4> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kulturalisten definizioa»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg/200px-Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="2451"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg/200px-Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg/300px-Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg/400px-Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Hopi emakume batek bere tribuko emakume gazte ezkongabe baten orrazkera konpontzen du. XX. mendearen lehen erdiko antropologo amerikarrak oso interesatuta zeuden indiar herrien dokumentazio etnografikoaz, haietako batzuk desagertze prozesuan baitzeuden. </figcaption> </figure> Tylorren proposamen teorikoa gerora berrartua eta berraztertua izan zen, bai <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britainia_Handia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Britainia Handia">Britainia Handian</a>, bai <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Estatu Batuetan</a> ere. Azken herrialde horretan, antropologiak posizio erlatibistarantz eboluzionatu zuen, lehenik eta behin <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_Boas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boasek</a> irudikatua. Jarrera horrek eboluzio kulturalari buruzko aurreko ideiekiko haustura suposatu zuen, bereziki egile britainiarrek eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lewis_Henry_Morgan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lewis Henry Morgan">Lewis Henry Morgan</a> estatubatuarrak proposatutakoekin. Azken horrentzat, zeinaren aurka Boasek bere testu teoriko bakanetako batean zuzentzen zituen kritikak, gizakiaren eboluzio sozialaren prozesua (teknologia, harreman sozialak eta kultura) espeziearen banako baten hazkuntza-prozesuarekin pareka liteke. Horregatik, basakeria «giza espeziearen haurtzaroarekin» alderatu zuen Morganek, eta zibilizazioa, heldutasunarekin<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a>. Boas bereziki gogorra izan zen Morganen eta eboluzio-antropologo garaikideen proposamenekin. Beren egileek, gizartearen bilakaerari buruzko teoriak deitu zituztenak, Boasek «ordena historikoari buruz aldez aurretik onartutako printzipioen arabera behatutako fenomenoen» adierazpen hutsak gisa deskribatu zituen (1964:184). Boasek eboluzionistei egiten dien kritikak Herder eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a> gisako filosofo alemaniarren ikuspuntua jasotzen du. Proposamenaren muina kultura fenomeno pluraltzat hartzeko joeran datza. Alegia, kulturaz hitz egin baino gehiago, kulturei buruz hitz egin zuen Boasek. Amerikako eskola kulturalari atxikitako antropologo eta etnologo gehienentzat, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XX._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XX. mendea">XX. mendearen</a> hasierako arte etnografikoaren egoerak ez zuen onartzen kulturen bilakaerari buruzko teoria orokor bat sortzea. Beraz, fenomenoaren jakintsuen zeregin garrantzitsuena dokumentazio etnografikoa izan beharko luke<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a>. Izan ere, Boasek oso testu teoriko gutxi idatzi zituen, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Ipar_Amerika&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Txantiloi:Ipar Amerika (sortu gabe)">Txantiloi:Ipar Amerika</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Ozeano_Barea&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Txantiloi:Ozeano Barea (sortu gabe)">Txantiloi:Ozeano Barea</a> herri indigenei buruzko monografiekin alderatuta. Robin Reidek trebatutako antropologoek beren irakaslearen premisa asko oinordetzan jaso behar izan zituzten. Beste kasu aipagarri batzuen artean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruth_Benedict?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedictena</a> dago. Patterns of culture (1939) lanean, Benedictek adierazten du kultura bakoitza bere terminoetan soilik uler daitekeen osotasun bat dela<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> eta gizarte bateko gizabanakoen ekintzei zentzua ematen dien matrize moduko bat osatzen duela. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Kroeber&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alfred Kroeber (sortu gabe)">Alfred Kroeberrek</a>, kulturaren eta naturaren arteko oposizioa hartuz, kulturak fenomeno sui generis direla ere adierazi zuen, baina, hertsiki, naturatik kanpoko kategoriakoak zirela. Hori dela eta, Kroeberren ustez, kulturen azterketak natur zientzien eremutik atera eta lehengoari aurre egin beharko liokete, zer ziren moduan: fenomeno superorganikoak<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Melville_Herskovits&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Melville Herskovits (sortu gabe)">Melville Herskovitsek</a> eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Clyde_Kluckhohn&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Clyde Kluckhohn (sortu gabe)">Clyde Kluckhohnek</a> Tylorrengandik hartu zuten kulturaren azterketaren definizio zientifikoa. Lehenengoarentzat, kulturen definizio-ezaugarrien bildumak ere haien sailkapena ahalbidetuko luke. Nahiz eta, kasu horretan, sailkapena zentzu diakronikoan egin ez, baizik eta kultur eremu batean finkaturiko herri ezberdinen arteko harremanak ezagutzea ahalbidetuko lukeen zentzu espazial-geografikoan. Kluckhonnek, bere aldetik, Antropologia testuan atal honetan ikusten diren postulatu gehienak laburbiltzen ditu, eta kultura-eremua aldarrikatzen du jarduera antropologikoaren eremu espezifikotzat. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Javier_Rosendo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Javier Rosendo (sortu gabe)">Javier Rosendok</a>, bere aldetik, gainerakoekiko, kultura eskualde edo pertsona talde baten ezaugarrien multzoa dela deskribatzen du, bizi den garaiaren arabera alda daitezkeenak. Ezaugarri horiek dantza, tradizioak, artea, jantziak eta erlijioa izan daitezke. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Egitura-funtzionalistaren_definizioa">Egitura-funtzionalistaren definizioa</h4> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Egitura-funtzionalistaren definizioa»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> Kulturaren kontzeptu <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Funtzionalismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Funtzionalismo">funtzionalistaren</a> ezaugarri bereziena bere funtzio sozialari dagokio hain zuzen. Oinarrizko suposizioa da gizarte baten elementu guztiak (kultura horien artean bat gehiago) existitzen direla beharrezkoak direlako. Ikuspegi hori antropologian zein soziologian garatu da, nahiz eta bere lehen ezaugarriak, zalantzarik gabe, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheimek</a> azaldu zituen nahi gabe. Soziologo frantses horrek oso gutxitan erabili zuen terminoa bere diziplinaren unitate analitiko nagusi gisa. Metodo soziologikoaren arauak (1895) liburuan dio gizartea funtzio zehatz bat duten entitateek osatzen dutela, izaki bizidunen antzeko sistema batean integratuta, non organo bakoitza bizi-funtzio bat betetzen espezializatuta dagoen. Gorputzeko organoak gaixotasunak jasaten dituen era berean, erakundeak eta ohiturak, sinesmenak eta harreman sozialak ere <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anomia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anomia">anomia</a>-egoeran eror daitezke. Durkheim eta bere jarraitzaileak, ordea, ez dira soilik edo nagusiki kulturaz aztergai gisa arduratzen, gertakari sozialez baizik. Hala ere, beren proposamen analitikoak Britainia Handiko antropologia sozialaren eta AEBko <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kulturaren_soziologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kulturaren soziologia">kulturaren soziologiaren</a> egile nabarmenek hartu zituzten. Geroago, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronislaw Malinowski</a> poloniarrak hartu zituen, bai Tylorren kulturaren deskribapena, bai Durkheim-en funtzio sozialaren inguruko zenbait ikuspegi ere. Malinowskiren ustez, kultura errealitate sui generis gisa uler liteke, horrela aztertu beharrekoa (bere terminoetan). Kulturaren kategorian, artefaktuak, ondasunak, prozesu teknikoak, ideiak, ohiturak eta herentziazko balioak barne hartzen zituen (Thompson, 2002: 193). Era berean, gizarte-egitura izaki bizidunen antzera uler zitekeela uste zuen, baina, Durkheimek ez bezala, Malinowskik joera <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holismo">holistikoagoa</a> zuen. Malinowskik uste zuen kulturako elementu guztiek zentzua ematen zien eta haien existentzia posible egiten zuen funtzioa zutela. Baina funtzio hori ez zuen gizarteak bakarrik ematen, baizik eta taldearen historiak eta ingurune geografikoak, beste hainbat elementuren artean. Analisi teorikoari aplikatutako pentsamendu horren islarik argiena The Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922) liburua izan zen, Trobriand uharteetako kultura-esparru ezberdinei buruzko monografia zabala eta zehatza, Trobriand uharteetan bizi zen herria, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ginea_Berria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ginea Berria">Ginea Berriaren</a> ekialdean. Urte batzuk geroago, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_Reginald_Radcliffe-Brown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown">Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown</a> antropologo britainiarrak ere Malinowskiren proposamen batzuk hartuko zituen, eta bereziki funtzio sozialari erreferentzia egiten ziotenak. Radcliffe-Brownek antropologiaren analisiaren eremua kultura zela baztertu zuen; aitzitik, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gizarte_egitura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gizarte egitura">gizarte egituraren</a> azterketaz arduratzen zen, talde bateko pertsonen arteko harreman sare bat. Hala ere, aurretik, Malinowskik eta Tylorrek deskribatutako kategoria horiek ere aztertu zituen, beti ere gizartearen azterketa zientifikoaren printzipioari jarraituz. Structure and Function in Primitive Society liburuan (1975), Radcliffe-Brown-ek gizarte-sinesmen eta praktiken funtziorik garrantzitsuena ordena soziala, harremanen oreka eta denboran zehar taldearen transzendentzia mantentzea dela ezartzen du. Gerora, bere proposamenak bere ikasle askok hartu zituzten, batez ere <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Evan_Evans-Pritchard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard">Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erdialdeko_Afrika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erdialdeko Afrika">Erdialdeko Afrika</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuer">nuer</a> eta azande herrien etnografoak. Bi lan etnografikoetan, gizarte-sinesmen eta praktiken funtzio erregulatzailea ageri da gizarte horien analisian, eta, lehenengoari, Evans-Pritchard-ek anarkia ordenatua deitu zion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Definizio_sinbolikoak">Definizio sinbolikoak</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Definizio sinbolikoak»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> Kulturaren kontzepzio sinbolikoen jatorria <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Leslie_White&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Leslie White (sortu gabe)">Leslie White</a>, Boasen tradizio kulturalistan trebatutako antropologo estatubatuarrarena da. Kulturaren zientzia liburuan, hasiera batean, «fenomeno mota edo klase zehatz baten izena, hau da, adimen-gaitasunaren ariketaren menpe dauden gauza eta gertakarien izena» dela dio, giza espeziearena eta «sinbolizatzaile» deitu duguna»; bere testuan, Whitek, pixkanaka, kulturaren ideia <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ikur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ikur">sinbolo</a> gisa alde batera utziko du ikuspegi ekologiko batean zentratzeko<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Definizio_estrukturalista">Definizio estrukturalista</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Definizio estrukturalista»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Human.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Human.svg/200px-Human.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1320"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 249px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Human.svg/200px-Human.svg.png" data-width="200" data-height="249" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Human.svg/300px-Human.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Human.svg/400px-Human.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Teoria estrukturalistaren arabera, giza adimenak munduko fenomeno guztiak sailkatzen ditu karga semantikoak atxikitzen zaizkien multzo sailkatzaileak ezarriz (ikur bihurtzen dira). Esaterako, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_H%C3%A9ritier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Françoise Héritier">Héritierrek</a> proposatu zuen sailkapen unibertsalen talde pare bat dela arrak eta emeak bereizten dituena, desberdintasun fisiologikoetan oinarrituta. Aldatzen direnak dira talde bakoitzaren atribuzioak: kultura batzuetan, mendebaldean esaterako, emakumea arduratzen da haurrak hazteaz; beste batzuetan, berriz, zeregin hori gizonei dagokie. </figcaption> </figure> Estrukturalismoa gizarte zientzietan gehiago edo gutxiago zabaldua den korronte bat da. Bere jatorria <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a> hizkuntzalariarengandik dator, zeinak, gutxi gorabehera, hizkuntza zeinu sistema bat dela proposatu zuen. Antropologiara bihurtu ondoren (Tristes trópicosen deitzen duen bezala), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a> –<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Jakobson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobsonen</a> eraginez– kontzeptu horretara itzuliko zen interes antropologikoko gertakariak aztertzeko, eta, horien artean, kultura bat gehiago zen. Lévi-Straussen ustez, kultura, funtsean, giza adimenaren jarduera sinbolikoak sortutako zeinu sistema da<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> (Whiterekin partekatzen duen tesia). Structural Anthropologyn (1958) Lévi-Straussek sistemaren zeinu eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ikur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ikur">sinboloen</a> artean dauden harremanak eta gizartean duten funtzioa definituko ditu, azken puntu horri gehiegi erreparatu gabe. Laburbilduz, teoria estrukturalistan, kultura, bere edukietan zein bere arauetan, deskodetu daitekeen <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezu">mezua</a> dela esan daiteke. Kulturaren mezuak berorrek sortzen duen talde sozialaren kontzepzioaz hitz egiten du; bere barne eta kanpo harremanez hitz egiten du. The Wild Thought (1962) lanean, Lévi-Straussek adierazten du kultura osatzen duten ikur eta zeinu guztiak giza adimen guztiek duten gaitasun sinboliko bereko produktuak direla. Gaitasun hori, funtsean, munduko gauzak taldetan sailkatzean datza, eta, horiei, zenbait karga semantiko egozten zaizkie. Ez dago ikur edo zeinu multzorik (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eremu_semantiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eremu semantiko">eremu semantiko</a>) osagarririk ez duenik. Zeinuak eta haien esanahiak <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metafora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metafora">metaforaren</a> bidez (hitzen kasuan bezala) edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metonimia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metonimia">metonimiaren</a> bidez (erreginen ikurren kasuan bezala) lotu daitezke, kultur sistemaren talde sortzailearentzat fenomeno esanguratsuekin. Elkarte sinbolikoak ez dira zertan berdinak izan behar kultura guztietan. Adibidez, Mendebaldeko kulturan, gorria maitasunaren kolorea da; <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesoamerika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesoamerika">Mesoamerikan</a>, berriz, heriotzaren kolorea da. Proposamen estrukturalistaren arabera, herri primitibo eta zibilizatuen kulturak gauza beraz eginak dira, eta, beraz, bakoitzean nagusi diren kanpoko munduaren ezagutza sistemak —<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magia">magia</a> lehenetan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zientzia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zientzia">zientzia</a> bigarrenetan— ez dira guztiz desberdinak. Kultura primitiboen eta modernoaren artean hainbat bereizketa ezar daitezkeen arren, garrantzitsuenetako bat sistemako elementuak manipulatzeko duten modua da. Magiak inprobisatu egiten du; zientziak, berriz, metodo zientifikoaren arabera egiten du aurrera<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metodo_zientifiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metodo zientifiko">Metodo zientifikoa</a> erabiltzeak ez du esan nahi —Lévi-Straussen arabera— zientzia nagusi den kulturak goi mailakoak direnik edo magiak funtsezko eginkizuna betetzen duenik, baldin eta ez badira hain zorrotzak edo metodikoak mundua ezagutzeko moduan. Besterik gabe, bata bestearen izaera desberdina dute, baina bi kultura moten arteko ulermen aukera, funtsean, giza arrazaren ahalmen unibertsal batean dago. Ikuspegi estrukturalistaren arabera, historiak gizartearen kultura eratzeko duen eginkizuna ez da hain garrantzitsua. Funtsezkoa da kultura batean sinboloen artikulazioaren oinarrian dauden arauak argitzera iristea eta horiek gizarte baten jardunari zentzua nola ematen dioten behatzea. Hainbat testutan, badirudi Lévi-Strauss eta bere jarraitzaileak (<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edmund_Leach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edmund Leach">Edmund Leach</a>, esaterako), <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruth_Benedict?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedicten</a> antzera, kultura gizarte-talde osoari dagokion baina inorengan bereziki aurkitzen ez den eredu moduko bat dela. Ideia hori <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Saussurek</a> proposatutako <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hizkuntza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hizkuntza">hizkuntza</a> kontzeptutik ere hartu zuen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Antropologia_sinbolikoaren_definizioa">Antropologia sinbolikoaren definizioa</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Antropologia sinbolikoaren definizioa»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> Antropologia sinbolikoa gizarte zientzien adar bat da, zeinaren garapena Levi-Straussen estrukturalismoaren kritikarekin lotuta dagoen. Korronte horren erakusle nagusietako bat <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Geertz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Clifford Geertz (sortu gabe)">Clifford Geertz</a> da. Estrukturalismo frantsesarekin partekatzen du kultura sinboloen sistema gisa duen tesia, baina, Lévi-Strauss ez bezala, Geertzek adierazi du ikertzaileek ezin dutela haren edukia ezagutu: <table cellpadding="10" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; color: inherit; background-color:transparent; border-style:none; width:;"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:2 2px;">«</td> <td>Levi-Straussek, Max Weberrek uste zuen moduan, gizakia berak ehundutako zetzu-sareetan esekita dagoen animalia dela uste zuenez, kultura sare horiez osatuta dagoela uste zuen, eta horren analisia ez dela, beraz, legeen bila dabilen zientzia esperimentala, baizik eta zentzuaren bila dabilen zientzia interpretatiboa.</td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:2 2px;">»</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-top: 10px; text-align:right;font-size: 90%;">(Geertz, 1988:)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Aurreko premisaren arabera, Geertzek eta antropologo sinboliko gehienek zalantzan jartzen dute etnografiaren autoritatea. Adierazi dutenez, antropologoak, gertakari beraren inguruan ezagutu daitekeen ikuspuntu gehienen deskribapen trinkotik abiatuta, kultura den trama sinbolikoaren esanahiaren «interpretazio sinesgarriak» egitea da. Beste zentzu batean, sinbolikoek ez dute uste kultur ehunaren elementu guztiek esanahi bera dutenik gizarte bateko kide guztientzat. Aitzitik, modu ezberdinetan interpreta daitezkeela uste dute: bai gizarte-egituran hartzen duten posizioaren arabera, aldez aurretiko baldintzapen sozial eta psikikoen arabera edo testuinguruaren beraren arabera<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Definizio_marxistak">Definizio marxistak</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Definizio marxistak»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> Gorago esan dugun moduan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marxek</a>, iritzi orokorra izan arren, kultur gaien azterketari erreparatu zion, zehazki, gainerako gizarte-egiturarekin zuen harremanean. Marxen proposamen teorikoaren arabera, kulturaren eremua ( batez ere <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ideologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ideologia">ideologiak</a> osatua) ekoizpen-harreman sozialen isla da, hau da, gizakiak jarduera ekonomikoaren aurrean hartzen duen antolaketarena. Marxismoak kulturaren analisian egin duen ekarpen handia da produkzio-harremanen produktu gisa ulertzen dela, gizarte baten <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekoizpen-modu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ekoizpen-modu">ekoizpen-modutik</a> aldentzen ez den fenomeno gisa. Era berean, ekoizpen-harreman sozialak berrekoizteko bideetako bat gisa hartzen du, klaseen arteko desberdintasun baldintzen denboran irautea ahalbidetzen dutenak. Bere interpretazio sinplistenetan, Marxen ideologiaren definizioak sortu du sinesmenak eta portaera sozialak sistema ekonomikoan menperatzen dutenen eta haien menpekoen artean ezarritako harremanen arabera azaltzeko joera. Hala ere, posizio asko daude non oinarri ekonomikoaren eta gainegitura kulturalaren arteko harremana ikuspegi zabalagoetan aztertzen den. Esaterako, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramscik</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hegemonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hegemonia">hegemonian</a> jartzen du arreta, zeinaren bidez talde nagusi batek menderatuen aurrean prozesua legitimatzen duen, dominazioa naturaltzat hartzen eta, azkenean, dominazioa desiragarritzat hartzen duten. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Althusser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusserrek</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ideologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ideologia">ideologiaren</a> eremua (kulturaren osagai nagusia) elitearen interesen isla dela proposatu zuen, eta, Estatuaren aparatu ideologikoen bitartez, denboran erreproduzitzen direla. Era berean, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Foucault?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucaultek</a> —<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1971?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1971">1971ko</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azaro">azaroan</a>, Herbehereetan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noam_Chomsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomskyrekin</a> izandako eztabaida ezagunean—, gizarte kapitalista demokratikoa ote zen galderari erantzunez, ezezkoa erantzuteaz gain (gizarte demokratikoa ariketa eraginkorrean eta klaseetan banatuta edo hierarkikoki ordenatuta ez dagoen biztanleriaren boterean oinarritzen dela argudiatuta) dio, oro har, hezkuntza-sistema guztiak (itxuraz ezagutza neutralaren igorle gisa agertzen direnak) gizarte-klase jakin bat boterean mantentzeko eta botere-tresnetatik beste gizarte-maila batzuk baztertzeko eginak daudela. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Definizio_neoeboluzionista_edo_ekofuntzionalista">Definizio neoeboluzionista edo ekofuntzionalista</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Definizio neoeboluzionista edo ekofuntzionalista»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxategi:Oil_platform_Norway.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Oil_platform_Norway.jpg/200px-Oil_platform_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1289"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 274px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Oil_platform_Norway.jpg/200px-Oil_platform_Norway.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="274" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Oil_platform_Norway.jpg/300px-Oil_platform_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Oil_platform_Norway.jpg/400px-Oil_platform_Norway.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Petrolio plataforma <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipar_itsasoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipar itsasoa">Ipar Itsasoan</a>. Whitek proposatu zuen gizarte batek eskura duen energia dela kultura neurri handi batean zehazten duena. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mendebaldea_(kultura)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mendebaldea (kultura)">Mendebaldeak</a>, esaterako, bere teknologiak aldatu ditu bere historian zehar hainbat energia iturri aprobetxatu ahal izateko. Eskura dagoen energia-kopuru handiagoak teknologia, sinesmen eta harreman sozialen forma berriak garatzea ahalbidetu du. Hala ere, Rappaportek eta Moránek adierazi dutenez, baliteke energia-kontsumoaren hedapenak «ez egokitze ekologikoa» sortzea eta Mendebaldeko zibilizazioa desagertzera eramatea. </figcaption> </figure> Denboran zehar, kulturaren azterketa gizarteen aldaketaren kezka gisa jaio bazen ere, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antropologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antropologia">antropologiaren</a> lehen egileek jausitako prestigioaren galera, hala, lur emankorra izan zen kontzepzioak kulturari buruzko hausnarketan errotzeko. Marxistak izan ezik (sozialismorako prozesu iraultzailean interesatuta) gainontzeko diziplina sozialek ez zioten arreta handirik jarri kultur bilakaeraren arazoari. Kulturaren definizio neoeboluzionarioak sartzeko, gogoratu beharra dago <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIX._mendea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIX. mendea">XIX. mendearen</a> amaierako eboluzionista sozialek (beste batzuen artean Tylorrek ordezkatuta) uste zutela beren garaiko gizarte primitiboak antzinako kultur formen hondarrak zirela, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mendebaldea_(kultura)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mendebaldea (kultura)">Mendebaldeko</a> zibilizazioak, nahitaez, garai hartan zena bihurtu baino lehen igaroko zituenak. Goian esan bezala, Boasek eta bere ikasleek argudio horiek baztertu zituzten ezerk ez zuela hipotesi horien egiazkotasuna frogatzen adieraziz. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Ameriketako Estatu Batuetan</a>, ordea, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1940?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1940">1940ko</a> hamarkadaren inguruan, antropologiaren denborazko ikuspegian beste aldaketa bat gertatu zen. Norabide berri hori neoevolucionista da, besteak beste, aldaketa soziokulturala eta kulturaren eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ingurumen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ingurumen">ingurumenaren</a> arteko harremanetan interesatuta. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="White_eta_Steward">White eta Steward</h4> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «White eta Steward»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> Neoeboluzionismoaren arabera, kultura giza talde baten eta bere ingurunearen arteko harreman historikoen produktua da. Modu horretan, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Leslie_White&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Leslie White (sortu gabe)">Leslie Whitek</a> (1992) eta <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Julian_Steward&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Julian Steward (sortu gabe)">Julian Stewardek</a> (1992) proposatutako kulturaren definizioak, bere jaiotzan korronte neoeboluzionarioa gidatu zutenak, laburbil daitezke<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a>. Korronte antropologiko berriaren enfasia kulturaren funtzionamendutik igaro zen bere izaera dinamikoa. Paradigma-aldaketa horrek funtzionalismo estrukturalistaren aurkako oposizio argia adierazten du, gizartearen egungo funtzionamenduan interesatua, eta kulturismoak analisi historikoa atzeratu zuen datu etnografikoek ahalbidetzen zuten garai baterako. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kulturaren_definizioa_Eliza_Katolikoan">Kulturaren definizioa Eliza Katolikoan</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kulturaren definizioa Eliza Katolikoan»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> Eliza Katolikoan, kulturaren definizio klasikoa <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vatikanoko_II._kontzilioa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vatikanoko II. kontzilioa">Vatikanoko II. Kontzilioan</a> aurkitzen da: <table cellpadding="10" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; color: inherit; background-color:transparent; border-style:none; width:;"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:2 2px;">«</td> <td>Kultura hitzak adierazten du, zentzu orokorrean, gizakiak bere ezin konta ahala izpiritu- eta gorputz-kualitateak fintzen eta garatzen dituen guztia; bere ezagutza eta lanarekin, lurreko orbe bera menderatzen saiatzen da; bizitza soziala gizatiarrago egiten du, bai familian, bai gizarte zibil osoan ohituren eta erakundeen aurrerapenaren bidez; Azkenik, denboraren poderioz, esperientzia eta asmo espiritual handiak adierazi, komunikatu eta gordetzen ditu bere lanetan, askorentzat, baita giza-izaera osoarentzat ere, onuragarriak izan daitezen.</td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:2 2px;">»</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-top: 10px; text-align:right;font-size: 90%;">(Gaudium et spes konstituzio dogmatikoa, 1965, 53. zk.)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Definizioan, bi alderdi nabarmentzen dira: bat, gizabanakoa erdigunean jartzea, kultura gizakiaren produktua eta gizakiaren zerbitzura egotea; eta bi, pertsona bakoitzaren eraketa kulturaren bidez uztartu komunitate batek gizateriaren aurrerapenerako berariazko ekarpenarekin. Kultura kontzeptu hori da <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erromatar_Eliza_Katolikoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erromatar Eliza Katolikoa">Eliza Katolikoaren</a> inkulturazio edo txertatzeko prozesua <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kristautasun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristautasun">kristautasunaren</a> kultura eta adierazpena modalitate eta kultura berri batean azaltzeko oinarria. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kultura_eta_azpikultura">Kultura eta azpikultura</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kultura eta azpikultura»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> Azpikultura: Giza aurreiritziak, ideologi politikoak, hezkuntzak eta herriko folkloreak hartzen dituen hainbat forma. Kasu askotan, hainbat kultura batera bizi dira bata bestearen menpe geratu gabe. Hainbatetan, azpikulturak ez daude gustura gaineko kulturarekin; horretarako, oinarri asko egon daitezke (klaseen arteko gatazka, giza-arazoak). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kontrakultura">Kontrakultura</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kontrakultura»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> Azpikulturen artean egoten dira kultura nagusiaren kontra, zuzenean<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a>, egiten duten azpikultura batzuk, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kontrakultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kontrakultura">kontrakultura</a> hitza, edo <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kontrakultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kontrakultura">protesta-kultura</a> terminoak erabili izan da horiek izendatzeko. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Kulturaren_ordena_eta_dinamika">Kulturaren ordena eta dinamika</h2> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kulturaren ordena eta dinamika»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kultur_sistemak">Kultur sistemak</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kultur sistemak»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> Kultura batek biziraun dadin bere zatiek intermenpekotasuna behar dute izan. Bertako jendeak hizkuntza bera erabili beharko du, arauak, sinesmenak eta ohitura jakin batzuk beharrezkoak dira elkar bizitzeko. Kultura guztiak moldatu beharreko osaketa dinamikoak dira. Ez dago kultura ibilgeturik. Zenbat eta gogorragoa izan kultura bat, orduan eta aukera gutxiago izango ditu bizirauteko isolamendutik kanpo. Kultura mugikorrenek aukera asko dituzte irauteko, nahiz eta askotan aise galtzen dituzten euren ezaugarriak. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Maska,_konpleju_eta_eremu_kulturalak">Maska, konpleju eta eremu kulturalak</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Maska, konpleju eta eremu kulturalak»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> Kultura baten unitate txikiena maska da<a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">[erreferentzia behar]</a>. Ikerketarako onak dira erraz isolatu eta definitu daitezkeelako, baina konfigurazio, patroi edo konplexu kulturaletatik kanpo ezaugarria galtzen dute. Konplexu kulturala zera da: denbora-espazioan dagoen maska-kulturalen osaketa. Fenomeno hauek area kulturaletan gertatzen dira. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Errealitate_kulturalaren_mailak">Errealitate kulturalaren mailak</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Errealitate kulturalaren mailak»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> Pitirim Sorokinek zioenez, fenomeno soziokulturalek hiru osagai dituzte: <ul> <li>esanahiak, balioak, arauak</li> <li>horiek objetibatzeko bide biofisikoak</li> <li>horiek sortzen, erabiltzen dituzten gizaki konszientea</li> </ul> Mailak: <ol> <li>Maila sinboliko-ideala: giza-errealitatearen gaineko sinesmenak, nozioak, balioak eta arauak.</li> <li>Ekintza sozialaren maila: aurrekoan oinarritutakoa baina guztiz azaldu gabe. Talde edo norbanako batek sinesmen jakin batzuk izan ditzake baina praktikan kontra egin.</li> <li>Maila materiala: errealitate kulturalarena. Aurreko bi mailen solidifikazio materiala adierazten du. Adibidez, eraikuntzek informazioa ematen digute aurreko beste bi mailen inguruan.</li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kultura-aldaketa">Kultura-aldaketa</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kultura-aldaketa»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> Kultura ez da ibilgetua. Kulturaren alde mugikorrenak egiturarekiko aldatzen dira. aldaketaren arrazoiak ezagutzeko hainbat azterketa egin behar dira. Hizkuntza taldeko balio eta adierazpenez josita dago, eta horrek jendearen jarreran du eragina. Zientzia eta teknologia ere, hizkuntzarekin lotuta daude. Transmisio kulturaleko fenomenoak: kultura eboluzio orokorra; horrek hartzen ditu baitan iraultza kulturalak. Fenomeno hauek ez dira nahastu behar iraultza politikoekin. Iraultza kulturalen arrazoia da maska edo konpleju kulturalen sarrera aurretik dagoen kultura batean, horiek aldaketa azkarra eta muturrekoak eragiten dute, eta sistemaren berregituratzea, jakin ezineko ondorioekin. Sarritan, berrikuntza kulturalen sarrerak eragiten du desordena, tentsioa, akronimoak: mota askotako biktimak. Kultura-eboluzioak ez du zertan sortu aurrerapen kulturala. Aurrerapen kulturala izateko hainbat aspektutan izan behar du aberastasuna (eta ez bakar batean): zientzian, komunikazio sinbolikoan, elkarbizitza moduan, eta etikan <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kulturen_pluraltasuna">Kulturen pluraltasuna</h3> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kulturen pluraltasuna»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> Kultura bakar batez hitz egiteak etnozentrismoa eragin dezake. Hainbat kultura daude eta horregatik errespetatu behar dira guztiak; funtsezko elementu hau ulertzeak esan nahi du erlatibismo kulturala neurri batean onartzea. Kontzeptu honen esanahia da oinarri moralak, ideologiak, erlijio sinesmenak, legeak, aspektu batzuen menpe daudela: lekua, historia, populazioa, heredatutako ohiturak, eta beste horrenbeste kanpo-faktore naturarekiko. Nozio, teoria edo sinesmen baten egiazkotasuna edo faltsutasuna baldintza historiko eta sozialen menpeko azpiproduktuak baino ez dira. komunikatu gabeko urruneko lekuetan balio moral berak agertzeak erakusten digu badagoela natura gizatiarra. Gizakiaren jarrera eta kontzientzia kulturaren eta giza-egituraren mende daude. Horrela, giza-egitura eta kultura moldatu egin beharko dira natura gizatiarraren maska eta oinarrizko ezaugarriei. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option%3Dcom_hiztegianbilatu%26task%3Dbilaketa%26Itemid%3D1693%26lang%3Des-ES%26nondik%3D0%26zenbat%3D100%26entryId%3D30004%26query%3Dkultura">Kultura</a>, Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia, Euskaltzaindia</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.etymonline.com/word/culture">«culture | Etymology, origin and meaning of culture by etymonline»</a> www.etymonline.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-15).</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> Euskaltzaindia, Euskararen Liburu Zuria, 63. or.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn The Man-Made World. The Engineering Concepts Curriculum Project (ECCP), McGRAW HILL-BOOK COMPANY, 1971</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> Levine, Donald (ed) 'Simmel: On individuality and social forms' Chicago University Press, 1971. 6. or.</li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_6-1">b</a> (Gaztelaniaz) Herrera, Mauricio Zabalgoitia. (2011-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://revistes.uab.cat/mitologias/article/view/v1-zabalgoitia2">«Szurmuk, Mónica y Mckee, Robert (coords.), Diccionario de estudios culturales latinoamericanos, México, D.F.: Siglo XXI, 2009.»</a> Mitologías hoy 1: 126–129.  <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.5565%252Frev%252Fmitologias.62">10.5565/rev/mitologias.62</a>. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/2014-1130">2014-1130</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-15).</li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7">↑ <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_7-0">a</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_7-1">b</a> Velkley, Richard (2002). «The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy». Being after Rousseau: Philosophy and Culture in Question. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Chicago Press">The University of Chicago Press</a>. 11-30. or.</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> Gertaera horrek Alemaniako kulturaren nagusitasuna proposatzera eraman zuen, zenbait interpretazio okerretan <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazionalsozialismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazionalsozialismo">nazismoa</a> sortu zuena.</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernest_Renan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renanek</a>, <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sorbona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sorbona">Sorbonan</a> emandako hitzaldian, zera esan zuen: «Frantziar kulturaren, alemaniar kulturaren, italiar kulturaren aurretik, giza kultura dago». (Cuché, 1999: 17).</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Gizarte-egitura eragile sozialen arteko harremanek osatzen dute. Harreman horiek menpekotasuna edo elkarrekikotasuna dira, eta, gizarte zientzien ikuspegi estrukturalistan, gizartearen oinarri dira.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> Franz Boas. (Minden, Alemania, 1858 - New York, 1942). Garrantzitsua da bere jatorri alemaniarra kontuan hartzea tradizio erromantikoaren pisuagatik Ilustrazioaren oposizioan, kultura bakoitzak bere oinarria baitu.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> Margulis, Mario (2009). Sociología de la cultura : conceptos y problemas. Buenos Aires: Biblos. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9789507867002?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9789507867002</a></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> Zeinuen mundua eta zeinuen funtzio soziala edo zeinuek gizarteen bizitzan duten funtzioa, hala, elementu pribilegiatuak dira kultura baten esanahi-egiturak ulertzeko. Gizarte bateko kideak dira ekoizle kolektibo gisa, zeinu-sistemak gizarteratze prozesuetan sartzen dituztenak. Kultura bakoitzak zeinu-sistema anitz ditu, eta horrek komunikazioa, elkarrekintza eta identifikazioa ahalbidetzen ditu.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> Unesco. Kultur Aniztasunari buruzko Adierazpen Unibertsala. Ikuspegi bat, plataforma kontzeptual bat, ideien hazi bat, paradigma berri bat. 4. or.</li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> Une historikoa Mendebaldeko potentzien, bereziki Britainia Handiaren eta Frantziaren, espantsionismo inperialistarena da. Estatu Batuak, bere aldetik, tribu indigenen eta gizarte kriollo nagusiaren arteko talka egoeran aurkitu ziren.</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> (Alemanez) Gustav Friedrich Klemm. (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://archive.org/details/allgemeinecultu05klemgoog">Allgemeine cultur-geschichte der Menschheit. </a> [s.n.] (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-16).</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> Horton, Paul B.. (1994). Soziologia. EHUko argitarapen zerbitzua, 68 or. <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-7585-642-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-7585-642-X">84-7585-642-X</a>..</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> Bere definizioaren arabera, kulturaren berdintzat jotzen zuena definizio klasikoaren oposizioan.</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> Ikus Aldi etnikoak artikulua, Morgan, 1990.</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> Zentzu horretan, azpimarratzekoa da korronte honek desagertzeko bidean zeuden Estatu Batuetako kultura indigenei buruzko datuak biltzeko duen interesa. Agian kasurik ezagunenetako bat Alfred Kroeber kaliforniarren <a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etnografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etnografia">etnografoarena</a> da, bada, Ishirekin (yahi tribuko azken kidea) izan zuen harremana film baten gidoi oinarri gisa erabili baitzen</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> Antropologian, kondaira indigena batetik hartutako irudi bat erabiliz, Ruth Benedictek kulturari buruzko metafora ezaguna da. Aipatutako pasarteak, Patterns of culturen agertzen direnak, dio: “Hasieran (esan zuen Ramón, Cavador indiar tribuko buruzagiak), Jainkoak herri bakoitzari lapiko bat eman zion, buztinezko lapiko bat, eta ontzi horretatik beren bizia edaten zuten... Denek edaten zuten uretatik, baina beren ontziak desberdinak ziren. Orain, gure ontzia apurtuta dago (cavador indiarrena). Urrutira joan da [...] Izan ziren beste bizi-ontzi batzuk alde egin zutenak, eta beharbada ur bera zeukaten, baina galera konponezina zen. Ez zen ontzien konponketa arazo bat, hemen gehigarri bat jarriz eta han zerbait moztuz. Modelaketa funtsezkoa zen; nolabait, pieza osoa zen, eta gizarte bateko gizabanakoen ekintzei zentzua ematen dien matrize moduko bat osatzen du». Benedikten proposamena gogor kritikatua izan da, batez ere korronte postmodernistengandik.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> Superorganikoak naturatik kanpo eta gainetik dagoen zerbait esan nahi du. Zentzu horretan, Kroeberrek kulturaren definizioak Ilustrazioarenarekin hurbiltzen du.</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> Thompson, 2002: 195.</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> Eta frantsesez zeinu eta sinboloaren erabileran, kontuz ibili behar da, zeren eta gaztelaniaz duen esanahi bera badu ere, ingelesez (antropologiaren teoria sinbolikoaren zati handi bat idazten den hizkuntzan) terminoek alderantzizko konnotazioak dituzte.</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> Lévi-Strauss, 2002: cap. 1.</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> Sperber, 1996: cap. 2 y 3.</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a> Nahiz eta haietako inork ez zuen bere burua neoevolucionistatzat aldarrikatu, Whitek Morganen eta hemeretzigarren mendeko beste antropologo ebolutibo batzuen iritzien jarraitzailetzat zuen bere burua, Boas eta bere ikasleek beren burua abian jarri zuten berberak. Stewardek, bere aldetik, ekologista kulturaltzat zuen bere burua. Hala ere, denborarekin, neoeboluzionista gisa sailkatu ziren, haien proposamenak eboluzionismo sozialaren birformulazioa baitira.</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> Adibide bat: (Gaztelaniaz) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.musica.com/letras.asp?letra%3D870222">«Kortatu musika taldearen La cultura abestia»</a> musica.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-01-21).</li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Ikus,_gainera">Ikus, gainera</h2> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sozializazio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sozializazio">Sozializazioa</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kulturaren_soziologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kulturaren soziologia">Kulturaren soziologia</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultura-ondasun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kultura-ondasun">Kultura Ondasun</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2> <a role="button" href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> aldatu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="mw-authority-control"> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style 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title="wikidata:Q11042">Q11042</a></li> <li><a href="https://eu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonscat"> <noscript> <img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Commonscat" data-width="15" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Multimedia: <a class="external text" 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class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Hizkuntzak</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2589%25A3%25E1%2588%2595%25E1%2588%258D" title="ባሕል – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባሕል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25A9" title="ثقافة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%25A1%25DC%25AA%25DC%2595%25DC%2598%25DC%25AC%25DC%2590" title="ܡܪܕܘܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܪܕܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%2587" title="ثقافه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثقافه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2583%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="সংস্কৃতি – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2582" title="Маданият – avarera" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Маданият" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yati" title="Yati – aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Yati" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C9%2599d%25C9%2599niyy%25C9%2599t" title="Mədəniyyət – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədəniyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="مدنیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مدنیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D3%2599%25D2%2599%25D3%2599%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D3%2599%25D1%2582" title="Мәҙәниәт – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәҙәниәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuitua" title="Kuitua – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kuitua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolt%25C5%25ABra" title="Koltūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Koltūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Культура – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Культура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Култура – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF" title="संस्कृति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AC%25EA%25A9%25BB%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%258F%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B2%25E1%2580%25B8" title="ထာꩻယေန်ႏငဲး – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ထာꩻယေန်ႏငဲး" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2583%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="সংস্কৃতি – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258D" title="རིག་གནས། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རིག་གནས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2583%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="সংস্কৃতি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenadur" title="Sevenadur – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sevenadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2591%25D0%25BB" title="Соёл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Соёл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2599ng-hu%25C3%25A1" title="Ùng-huá – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ùng-huá" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuttura" title="Kuttura – txamorroera" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Kuttura" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="txamorroera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258F%2584%25E1%258F%258D%25E1%258F%259B%25E1%258E%25A0%25E1%258F%2581%25E1%258E%25B2" title="ᏄᏍᏛᎠᏁᎲ – txerokiera" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏄᏍᏛᎠᏁᎲ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="txerokiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF" title="چاند – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeniyet" title="Medeniyet – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Medeniyet" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25B9ltura" title="Kùltura – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kùltura" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Культура – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwylliant" title="Diwylliant – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diwylliant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya_ni_taada" title="Kaya ni taada – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kaya ni taada" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagon" title="Zagon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zagon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2590%25DE%25A6%25DE%258E%25DE%25A7%25DE%258A%25DE%25A6%25DE%258C%25DE%25AA" title="ސަގާފަތު – dhivehia" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސަގާފަތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="dhivehia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259A%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25BB%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%258D%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1" title="Κουλτούρα – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουλτούρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult%25C3%25B9ra" title="Cultùra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cultùra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturo" title="Kulturo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coltura" title="Coltura – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Coltura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF" title="فرهنگ – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulttuuri" title="Kulttuuri – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuer" title="Kultuer – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kultuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult%25C3%25BAr" title="Cultúr – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cultúr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiltir" title="Kiltir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kiltir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultar" title="Cultar – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cultar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arandupy" title="Arandupy – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arandupy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultoor" title="Cultoor – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cultoor" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%2527ada" title="Al'ada – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Al'ada" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C3%25B9n-fa" title="Vùn-fa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vùn-fa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%25CA%25BBomeheu" title="Moʻomeheu – hawaiiera" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Moʻomeheu" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25AA%25D7%25A8%25D7%2591%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA" title="תרבות – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF" title="संस्कृति – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskriti" title="Sanskriti – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sanskriti" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilti" title="Kilti – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kilti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%25C3%25BAra" title="Kultúra – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kultúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2584%25D5%25B7%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B5%25D5%25A9" title="Մշակույթ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – igboera" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Культура – ingushera" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingushera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturo" title="Kulturo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kulturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menning" title="Menning – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Menning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596" title="文化 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolcha" title="Kolcha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kolcha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kulnu" title="kulnu – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kulnu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590" title="კულტურა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yidles" title="Yidles – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Yidles" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D3%2599%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Мәдениет – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәдениет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturi" title="Kulturi – groenlandiera" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Kulturi" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="groenlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%259C%25E1%259E%2594%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%2594%25E1%259E%2592%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259F%258C" title="វប្បធម៌ – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វប្បធម៌" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B3%2583%25E0%25B2%25A4%25E0%25B2%25BF" title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25AC%25B8%25ED%2599%2594" title="문화 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Культура – karachayera-balkarera" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachayera-balkarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%258E%25D9%2586%25D9%259B%25D8%25B3" title="سَنٛس – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سَنٛس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587and" title="Çand – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çand" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonisogeth" title="Gonisogeth – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gonisogeth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2582" title="Маданият – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маданият" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – ladinoa" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladinoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur" title="Cultur – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cultur" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebyobuwangwa_(Culture)" title="Ebyobuwangwa (Culture) – luganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ebyobuwangwa (Culture)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="luganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cultuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%25A7%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%2599%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%25B3" title="ວັດທະນະທຳ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວັດທະນະທຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%25C5%25ABra" title="Kultūra – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%25C5%25ABra" title="Kultūra – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kultūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B8%2584u%25E1%25B8%258D%25C3%25A2j%25C3%25A2" title="Ḅuḍâjâ – madurera" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ḅuḍâjâ" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolontsaina" title="Kolontsaina – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kolontsaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D3%25B1%25D0%25B2%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Тӱвыра – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тӱвыра" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budayo" title="Budayo – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Budayo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Култура – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%2582%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%2582" title="സംസ്കാരം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംസ്കാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2591%25D0%25BB" title="Соёл – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Соёл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%2580" title="संस्कृती – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संस्कृती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – maltera" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%2589%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BE%25E1%2580%25AF" title="ယဉ်ကျေးမှု – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယဉ်ကျေးမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D1%258C_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Культуранть мазычись – erziera" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Культуранть мазычись" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A8" title="دب – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – napoliera" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – behe-saxoiera" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="behe-saxoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF" title="संस्कृति – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25BF" title="तजिलजि – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तजिलजि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulture" title="Kulture – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kulture" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul%2527tuuru" title="Kul'tuuru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kul'tuuru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25C3%25A6" title="Культурæ – osetiera" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Культурæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A9%25B1%25E0%25A8%25AD%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2586%25E0%25A8%259A%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B0" title="ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – papiamentoa" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA" title="ثقافت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2587%25DA%2585%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8" title="هڅوب – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هڅوب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay_saphi" title="Kawsay saphi – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay saphi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur%25C4%2583" title="Cultură – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cultură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Культура – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Култура – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Култуура – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Култуура" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur" title="Cultur – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cultur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA" title="ثقافت – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B6%2582%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B7%2598%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="සංස්කෘතිය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංස්කෘතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%25C3%25BAra_(spolo%25C4%258Densk%25C3%25A9_vedy)" title="Kultúra (spoločenské vedy) – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kultúra (spoločenské vedy)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA" title="ثقافت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulttuur" title="Kulttuur – Inariko samiera" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kulttuur" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inariko samiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsika" title="Tsika – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tsika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaqan" title="Dhaqan – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhaqan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Култура – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlonipho" title="Inhlonipho – swatiera" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Inhlonipho" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swatiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utamaduni" title="Utamaduni – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utamaduni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lalangawan" title="lalangawan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lalangawan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25A3%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%2581" title="பண்பாடு – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B0%2582%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B1%2583%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B0%25BF" title="సంస్కృతి – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సంస్కృతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D2%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3" title="Фарҳанг – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фарҳанг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2592%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1" title="วัฒนธรรม – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัฒนธรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25BClt%25C3%25BCr" title="Kültür – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kültür" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C9%2599d%25C9%2599nij%25C9%2599t" title="Mədənijət – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mədənijət" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25BClt%25C3%25BCr" title="Kültür – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kültür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndzhavuko" title="Ndzhavuko – tsongera" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ndzhavuko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsongera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D3%2599%25D0%25B4%25D3%2599%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2582" title="Мәдәният – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәдәният" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amamer%25C9%259B" title="Amamerɛ – twia" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Amamerɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25DB%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25DB%2588%25D8%25B1" title="كۈلتۈر – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۈلتۈر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Культура – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA" title="ثقافت – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaniyat" title="Madaniyat – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Madaniyat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul%2527tur" title="Kul'tur – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kul'tur" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C4%2583n_h%25C3%25B3a" title="Văn hóa – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuliv" title="Kuliv – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kuliv" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzance" title="Tuzance – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tuzance" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596" title="文化 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590" title="კულტურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კულტურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%2598%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8" title="קולטור – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קולטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2580%25E1%25B9%25A3%25C3%25A0" title="Àṣà – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àṣà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vwnzva" title="Vwnzva – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vwnzva" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Cultuur" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596" title="文化 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596" title="文化 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a 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