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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Police incident in Kerala</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> The <b>Koothuparambu firing</b> (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">കൂത്തുപറമ്പ് വെടിവയ്പ്പ്</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Police_action" title="Police action">police action</a> on 25 November 1994. The incident was named after the town <a href="/wiki/Koothuparamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Koothuparamba">Koothuparamba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and happened at <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a> Road in <a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur</a>, a district of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. </p><p>The gunfire happened after the inauguration of the Co-operative Urban Bank's evening branch. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Youth_Federation_of_India" title="Democratic Youth Federation of India">DYFI</a> had organised a protest against the educational policy – granting government quota seats to the management – of the then <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> government led by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a>. Police fired their weapons when the protesters blocked minister <a href="/wiki/M._V._Raghavan" title="M. V. Raghavan">M. V. Raghavan</a>. The DYFI said their action was "a protest against Raghavan, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Marxist_Party" title="Communist Marxist Party">CMP</a> leader and Kerala’s Minister, for starting the medical college as a self-financing institution at <a href="/wiki/Pariyaram" title="Pariyaram">Pariyaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur district</a>, and "Granting government quota seats to the management."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Quotes need citations. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The police stated that they fired at the crowd for both the protection of the minister as well as public and private property.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Five DYFI activists were killed, and six people were injured. Following the firing, criminal proceedings were brought against people including the then <a href="/wiki/Sub-divisional_magistrate" title="Sub-divisional magistrate">sub-divisional magistrate</a> Antony, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_superintendent_of_police#India" title="Deputy superintendent of police">DySP</a> Abdul Hakkim Bathery, and constables P. K. Lukose, Sivadasan, and Balachandran. They were charged with murder, attempted murder and conspiracy by a magistrate court based on a private complaint. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_High_Court" title="Kerala High Court">Kerala High Court</a> quashed the murder charges in June 2012 against deputy collector T. T. Antony, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">IPS</a> officer Ravada Chandrasekhar, and four other police officials connected with the firing. The court dismissed the case on the grounds that the necessary government permission to prosecute public officials had not been obtained in the case. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause_and_the_incident">Cause and the incident</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koothuparamba_firing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cause and the incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to the advice given by the district administration, on 25 November 1994, Raghavan made plans to visit and attend the inauguration of the evening branch of the Co-operative Urban Bank, located in the Alakkandy Complex at Koothuparamba – Tellicherry Road, Kannur District. </p><p>The first firing occurred in the proximity of the town hall, on the orders of the <a href="/wiki/Tahsildar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahsildar">Executive Magistrate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Superintendent_of_Police#India" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Superintendent of Police">Deputy Superintendent of Police</a>. Subsequent gunfire occurred in vicinity of Koothuparamba's police station on the orders of the <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Police_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent of Police (India)">Superintendent of Police</a>. Five people were killed by gunfire, and six were injured. </p><p>After the firing, members of the police used their <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">lathi</a> to subdue the crowd. More than a hundred people—mostly protesters—were injured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victims">Victims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koothuparamba_firing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Victims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Koothuparamba firing resulted in the immediate death of five activists from the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Youth_Federation_of_India" title="Democratic Youth Federation of India">DYFI</a>. The five people were K. K. Rajeevan, Madhu, Shibulal, Babu, and Roshan. Six more activists were injured at the hands of the police. </p><p>The shooting was argued to be unprovoked by the Solicitor General. Since the protesters did not pose a threat to the life of the Minister, it was argued that the police over-reacted and the shooting was unnecessary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Case_proceedings">Case proceedings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koothuparamba_firing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Case proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the two firings, <a href="/wiki/First_information_report" title="First information report">first information reports</a> (FIRs) were lodged on the day of the incident, and an Inquiry Commission report was sent to the Government. The government accepted the report on 30 June 1997 and directions for taking legal actions against the accused were given. Within two days, the <a href="/wiki/Director_general_of_police" title="Director general of police">Director General of Police</a> (DGP) sent instructions to the <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General_of_Police#India" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General of Police">Inspector General of Police</a> (North Zone) to file a case and have it investigated by a senior officer. The Inspector General of Police (IG) said that "firing without justifications by which people were killed amounted to murder."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Quotes require citations. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He later told the <a href="/wiki/Station_house_officer" title="Station house officer">Station House Officer</a> to register file a case and send a copy of the FIR to the Deputy Superintendent of Police. An interim report was filed by the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_inspector_general_of_police" title="Deputy inspector general of police">DIG of Police</a> on 29 September 1998 in the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Judicial_Magistrate_of_First_Class" title="Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class">court of Judicial First Class Magistrate</a>. </p><p>Subsequently, there were a long series of legal arguments, and a fresh investigation took place—this time by the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Police" title="Kerala Police">Kerala State Police</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">C.B.I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koothuparamba_firing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cases_of_police_brutality_in_India" title="List of cases of police brutality in India">List of cases of police brutality in India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koothuparamba_firing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTNN2012" class="citation web cs1">TNN (26 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020074212/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/kochi/32423845_1_quashes-murder-charges-dyfi-activists">"Koothuparamba firing: HC quashes murder charges against officials"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/kochi/32423845_1_quashes-murder-charges-dyfi-activists">the original</a> on 20 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Koothuparamba+firing%3A+HC+quashes+murder+charges+against+officials.&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft.au=TNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2012-06-26%2Fkochi%2F32423845_1_quashes-murder-charges-dyfi-activists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoothuparamba+firing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>India. Supreme Court of India. T.T.Antony vs State Of Kerala & Ors on 12 July 2001. By S. S. Quadri. N.p., 12 July 2001. Web. 15 Aug. 2012. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1974324/">http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1974324/</a>>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._J._Perry2006" class="citation journal cs1">L. J. Perry (July–September 2006). "Neo-liberal Labor Market Reforms and Work Stoppages: Comparisons of India, Indonesia, the United States and Australia". AMDISA Secretariat. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/222685029">222685029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Neo-liberal+Labor+Market+Reforms+and+Work+Stoppages%3A+Comparisons+of+India%2C+Indonesia%2C+the+United+States+and+Australia&rft.date=2006-07%2F2006-09&rft.au=L.+J.+Perry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoothuparamba+firing" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/24th-anniversary-koothuparamba-firing-when-protest-turned-killing-92194">"24th anniversary of Koothuparamba firing: When a protest turned into a killing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_News_Minute" title="The News Minute">The News Minute</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=24th+anniversary+of+Koothuparamba+firing%3A+When+a+protest+turned+into+a+killing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2F24th-anniversary-koothuparamba-firing-when-protest-turned-killing-92194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoothuparamba+firing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koothuparamba_firing&oldid=1256282816">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koothuparamba_firing&oldid=1256282816</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Police_misconduct_in_India" title="Category:Police misconduct in India">Police misconduct in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Kerala_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="Category:History of Kerala (1947–present)">History of Kerala (1947–present)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Police_brutality_in_India" title="Category:Police brutality in India">Police brutality in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1994_in_India" title="Category:1994 in India">1994 in India</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_February_2019" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2019">Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_June_2015" title="Category:Use Indian English from June 2015">Use Indian English from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2015">Use dmy dates from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Malayalam-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Malayalam-language text">Articles containing Malayalam-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 03:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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