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<button aria-controls="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etimologie subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-„Casa_zeului_Lahmu”" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#„Casa_zeului_Lahmu”"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>„Casa zeului Lahmu”</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-„Casa_zeului_Lahmu”-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Istorie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Istorie subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perioada_canaanită" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perioada_canaanită"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Perioada canaanită</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perioada_canaanită-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perioada_israelită_și_iudaică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perioada_israelită_și_iudaică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Perioada israelită și iudaică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perioada_israelită_și_iudaică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perioada_clasică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perioada_clasică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Perioada clasică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perioada_clasică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evul_Mediu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evul_Mediu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Evul Mediu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evul_Mediu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epoca_Otomană" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epoca_Otomană"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Epoca Otomană</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epoca_Otomană-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epoca_modernă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epoca_modernă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Epoca modernă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epoca_modernă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patrimoniu_mondial_al_umanității" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patrimoniu_mondial_al_umanității"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Patrimoniu mondial al umanității</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patrimoniu_mondial_al_umanității-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Betleem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 137 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">137 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B0_%E1%88%8D%E1%88%94%E1%88%9D" title="ቤተ ልሔም – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቤተ ልሔም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlem" title="Betlem – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Betlem" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethleem" title="Bethleem – engleză veche" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bethleem" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="engleză veche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="بيت لحم – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيت لحم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%A0%DC%9A%DC%A1" title="ܒܝܬ ܠܚܡ – aramaică" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܬ ܠܚܡ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="بيت لحم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيت لحم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n" title="Belén – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Belén" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beytl%C9%99hm" title="Beytləhm – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beytləhm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Віфлеем – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Віфлеем" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бэтлеем – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэтлеем" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Витлеем – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Витлеем" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitul_Lahmi" title="Baitul Lahmi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Baitul Lahmi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE" title="বেথলেহেম – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেথলেহেম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem_(Palestina)" title="Betlehem (Palestina) – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Betlehem (Palestina)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlem" title="Betlem – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Betlem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ik-l%C3%A9-h%C3%A8ng" title="Báik-lé-hèng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Báik-lé-hèng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_(lungsod_sa_Kayutaang_Palestinhon)" title="Bethlehem (lungsod sa Kayutaang Palestinhon) – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bethlehem (lungsod sa Kayutaang Palestinhon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%AA_%D9%84%DB%95%D8%AD%D9%85" title="بێت لەحم – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێت لەحم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlemme" title="Betlemme – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Betlemme" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betl%C3%A9m" title="Betlém – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Betlém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Вифлеем – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вифлеем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beytullahim" title="Beytullahim – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Beytullahim" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – sorabă de jos" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="sorabă de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B7%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AD%CE%BC" title="Βηθλεέμ – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βηθλεέμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet-Le%C4%A5em" title="Bet-Leĥem – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bet-Leĥem" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n" title="Belén – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Belén" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petlemm" title="Petlemm – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Petlemm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betleem" title="Betleem – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Betleem" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="بیت‌لحم – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیت‌لحم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethl%C3%A9em" title="Bethléem – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bethléem" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehim" title="Betlehim – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Betlehim" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beithil" title="Beithil – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beithil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n" title="Belén – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Belén" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%E1%BA%BD" title="Velẽ – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Velẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BC" title="𐌱𐌴𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼 – gotică" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌴𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D" title="בית לחם – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית לחם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE" title="बेथलहम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेथलहम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – sorabă de sus" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="sorabă de sus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8tley%C3%A8m" title="Bètleyèm – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bètleyèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B4" title="Բեթղեհեմ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեթղեհեմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A7%D5%B4" title="Բեթղեհէմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բեթղեհէմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem" title="Bethlem – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bethlem" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlemme" title="Betlemme – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Betlemme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%84%E3%83%AC%E3%83%98%E3%83%A0" title="ベツレヘム – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベツレヘム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8tl%C3%A9hem" title="Bètléhem – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bètléhem" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%97-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბეით-ლაჰმი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეით-ლაჰმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CC%B1italami" title="Ba̱italami – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ba̱italami" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬೆಥ್‌ಲೆಹೆಮ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಥ್‌ಲೆಹೆಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%93%A4%EB%A0%88%ED%97%B4" title="베들레헴 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베들레헴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Вифлеем – karaceai-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Вифлеем" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karaceai-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethleem" title="Bethleem – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bethleem" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlem" title="Betlem – lombardă" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Betlem" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%9Bt%C9%9Bl%C9%9Bm%C9%9B" title="Bɛtɛlɛmɛ – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bɛtɛlɛmɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betliejus" title="Betliejus – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Betliejus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93tleme" title="Bētleme – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bētleme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE" title="बेथलेहम – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बेथलेहम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бетлеем – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бетлеем" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehema" title="Betlehema – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Betlehema" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterehema" title="Peterehema – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Peterehema" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Витлеем – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Витлеем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%82" title="ബെത്‌ലഹേം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെത്‌ലഹേം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бетлехем – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бетлехем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE" title="बेथलेहेम – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेथलेहेम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitul_Laham" title="Baitul Laham – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baitul Laham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlem" title="Betlem – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Betlem" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဗက်လင်မြို့ – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗက်လင်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlum" title="Betlum – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Betlum" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE" title="बेथलेहम – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेथलेहम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel%C3%A8m" title="Betelèm – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Betelèm" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Вифлеем – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Вифлеем" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE" title="ਬੇਥਲਹਮ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੇਥਲਹਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9tl%C3%A9%C3%A8m" title="Bétléèm – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bétléèm" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlejem" title="Betlejem – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Betlejem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="بیت لحم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیت لحم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="بیت لحم – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بیت لحم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_(Palestina)" title="Belém (Palestina) – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Belém (Palestina)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilin" title="Wilin – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wilin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Вифлеем – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вифлеем" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8D%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Бэтлэһэм – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бэтлэһэм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlemme" title="Betlemme – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Betlemme" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlemmi" title="Betlemmi – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Betlemmi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8" title="බෙත්ලෙහෙම – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෙත්ලෙහෙම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem_(s%C3%ADdlo)" title="Betlehem (sídlo) – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Betlehem (sídlo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – sami inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baytulaxam" title="Baytulaxam – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baytulaxam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehemi" title="Betlehemi – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Betlehemi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Витлејем – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Витлејем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehemu" title="Bethlehemu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bethlehemu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlejym" title="Betlejym – sileziană" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Betlejym" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="sileziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெத்லகேம் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெத்லகேம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1" title="เบธเลเฮม – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบธเลเฮม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belen" title="Belen – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Belen" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyt%C3%BCllahim" title="Beytüllahim – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beytüllahim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%90%D8%AE%DB%90%D9%85" title="بېتلېخېم – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بېتلېخېم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%94%D0%BC" title="Вифлеєм – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вифлеєм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="بیت لحم – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیت لحم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baytullahm" title="Baytullahm – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baytullahm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betleme" title="Betleme – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Betleme" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viflejem" title="Viflejem – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Viflejem" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betleyem" title="Betleyem – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Betleyem" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belen" title="Belen – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Belen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betleyem" title="Betleyem – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Betleyem" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%86%B7" title="白冷 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="白冷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D" title="בית לחם – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בית לחם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E6%81%86" title="伯利恆 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伯利恆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pek-l%C4%AB-h%C3%AAng" title="Pek-lī-hêng – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pek-lī-hêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%86%B7%E5%9F%8E" title="白冷城 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="白冷城" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5776#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Betleem" 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data-overlays="["_98392aba8d66bae6d4aa24988aed28f80d59d905"]">31°42′N 35°11′E</a><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Betleem</span>)</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/16/31.7/35.183/ro" data-zoom="16" data-lat="31.7" data-lon="35.183" data-overlays="["_98392aba8d66bae6d4aa24988aed28f80d59d905"]">31.700°N 35.183°E</a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="dezambiguizare">Pagina „Bethlehem” trimite aici.<i> </i>Pentru alte sensuri vedeți <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_(dezambiguizare)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bethlehem (dezambiguizare)">Bethlehem (dezambiguizare)</a>.</div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare">Pentru alte sensuri, vedeți <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_(dezambiguizare)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bethlehem (dezambiguizare)">Bethlehem (dezambiguizare)</a>.</div> <table class="infocaseta" style="border-spacing:0;font-size:88%;padding:0;line-height:1.5em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet harta" style="height:41px">Betleem</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td align="center" colspan="2" class="porecla" style="font-size:150%;margin-bottom:2;line-height:1.2em;background:linear-gradient( to right, rgba(45, 41, 46, 0), rgba(45, 41, 46, 0), rgba(45, 41, 46, 0), rgba(16, 23, 33, 0.25)) repeat-y right;padding-top:0">בית לחם (ebraică)<br />بيت لحم (arabă)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow infocaseta_subheader"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color:var(--color-base, #000)">—  <b><a href="/wiki/Ora%C8%99" title="Oraș">oraș</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6936404" class="extiw" title="d:Q6936404"><span lang="en">municipality of the State of Palestine</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">municipality of the State of Palestine</span> (administrative unit of local government similar to a city)|]]</span> și <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116291578" class="extiw" title="d:Q116291578"><span lang="en">holy city of Christianity</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">holy city of Christianity</span> |]]</span></b>  —</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:0.7em 0.8em 0.7em 0.8em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bethlehem_and_Church_of_Nativity_from_a_distance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramă Betleemului, în fundal turlele Bisericii Naşterii Domnului"><img alt="Panoramă Betleemului, în fundal turlele Bisericii Naşterii Domnului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bethlehem_and_Church_of_Nativity_from_a_distance.jpg/290px-Bethlehem_and_Church_of_Nativity_from_a_distance.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bethlehem_and_Church_of_Nativity_from_a_distance.jpg/435px-Bethlehem_and_Church_of_Nativity_from_a_distance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bethlehem_and_Church_of_Nativity_from_a_distance.jpg/580px-Bethlehem_and_Church_of_Nativity_from_a_distance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span><br />Panoramă Betleemului, în fundal turlele <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Na%C8%99terii_Domnului" title="Biserica Nașterii Domnului">Bisericii Naşterii Domnului</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" align="center"><div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 290px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 290px; height: 343px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="343" data-zoom="7" data-lat="31.8025" data-lon="34.897" data-overlays="["_116ce1b715425b796b25416fd80fdac6282b8873"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/7/31.8025/34.897/ro"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,31.8025,34.897,290x343.png?lang=ro&domain=ro.wikipedia.org&title=Betleem&revid=16733392&groups=_116ce1b715425b796b25416fd80fdac6282b8873" width="290" height="343" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,31.8025,34.897,290x343@2x.png?lang=ro&domain=ro.wikipedia.org&title=Betleem&revid=16733392&groups=_116ce1b715425b796b25416fd80fdac6282b8873 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div><div>Betleem (Teritoriile palestiniene ocupate)</div>Poziția geografică în Palestina</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:small;padding-bottom:0.7em">Coordonate: <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/16/31.7/35.183/ro" data-zoom="16" data-lat="31.7" data-lon="35.183" data-overlays="["_98392aba8d66bae6d4aa24988aed28f80d59d905"]">31°42′N 35°11′E</a><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">{{PAGENAME}}</span>)</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/16/31.7/35.183/ro" data-zoom="16" data-lat="31.7" data-lon="35.183" data-overlays="["_98392aba8d66bae6d4aa24988aed28f80d59d905"]">31.700°N 35.183°E</a></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th>Țară</th><th class="adr"><span class="country-name"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Teritoriile_Palestiniene" title="Teritoriile Palestiniene"><img alt="Teritoriile Palestiniene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Palestina</span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th>Guvernorat</th><th class="adr"><span class="region"><a href="/wiki/Guvernoratul_Betleem" title="Guvernoratul Betleem">Betleem</a></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th>Întemeiere</th><td>cca. <a href="/w/index.php?title=1500_%C3%AE._Hr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1500 î. Hr. — pagină inexistentă">1500 î. Hr.</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Suprafa%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Suprafață">Suprafață</a></b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th>  - Total</th><td>30 <a href="/wiki/Km%C2%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Km²">km²</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Altitudine" title="Altitudine">Altitudine</a></b></td><td>775 <a href="/wiki/Nivelul_m%C4%83rii" title="Nivelul mării">m.d.m.</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2"><b>Populație</b> (<a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th> - Total</th><td>25.226 locuitori</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th><a href="/wiki/Fus_orar" title="Fus orar">Fus orar</a></th><td>EET (+2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th style="white-space:nowrap"> - Ora de vară (<a href="/wiki/Ora_de_var%C4%83" title="Ora de vară">DST</a>)</th><td>EEST (+3)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th>Prefix telefonic</th><td>2</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2"><b>Localități înfrățite</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td> - 63 orașe înfrățite</td><td><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5776#P190" class="extiw" title="d:Q5776">listă</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="mergedtoprow" style="text-align:center"><b>Prezență online</b> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehem-city.org/en/index.php">Sit oficial</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geonames.org/284315">GeoNames</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5776#P1566" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/6759715">OpenStreetMap relation</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5776#P402" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=101880973186304">Facebook Places</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5776#P1997" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #dddddd solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5776" class="extiw" title="d:Q5776">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betleem&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_A%C8%99ezare" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513781">.mw-parser-output .infocaseta{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .infocaseta_subheader{background:var(--background-color-disabled-subtle,#ddd)}.mw-parser-output .infocaseta .antet{height:41px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;font-size:150%;font-weight:bolder;line-height:1.2em;color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .porecla{color:var(--color-base,#000)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .porecla{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .porecla{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <p><b>Betleem</b> (învechit <b>Viflaim</b>, uneori scris <b>Bethleem</b> sau <b>Bethlehem</b>; în <a href="/wiki/Ebraic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebraică">ebraică</a> <i>בית לחם</i>, <i>beyt lehem</i>, „casa pâinii”, <a href="/wiki/Etimologie_popular%C4%83" title="Etimologie populară">etimologie populară</a>; în arabă <i>بيت لحم</i>, <i>beyt lahm</i>, „casa cărnii”, de asemenea etimologie populară; în greaca comună <i>Βηθλεὲμ</i>, <i>Bethleém</i>) este un oraș din Cisiordania ocupat de Israel din Statul <a href="/wiki/Statul_Palestina" title="Statul Palestina">Palestina</a>, situat la aproximativ zece kilometri (șase mile) sud de <a href="/wiki/Ierusalim" title="Ierusalim">Ierusalim</a>. Este capitala <a href="/wiki/Guvernoratul_Betleem" title="Guvernoratul Betleem">guvernoratului Betleem</a> în 2017 având o populație de 28.591 de persoane.<sup id="cite_ref-PCBS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCBS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economia orașului se bazează în mare parte pe turism; turismul internațional atinge apogeul în preajma și în timpul <a href="/wiki/Cr%C4%83ciun" title="Crăciun">Crăciunului</a>, când <a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%99tin" title="Creștin">creștinii</a> se îmbarcă într-un pelerinaj la <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Na%C8%99terii_Domnului" title="Biserica Nașterii Domnului">Biserica Nașterii Domnului</a>, venerată ca locul <a href="/wiki/Na%C8%99terea_lui_Iisus_Hristos" title="Nașterea lui Iisus Hristos">Nașterii lui Iisus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BethlehemHotel_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethlehemHotel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O posibilă primă mențiune a Betleemului se află în <a href="/wiki/Scrisorile_de_la_Amarna" title="Scrisorile de la Amarna">Scrisorile de la Amarna</a> din <a href="/wiki/Egiptul_Antic" title="Egiptul Antic">Egiptul antic</a>, datate în 1350-1330 î.Hr., chiar dacă acestea sunt incerte. În Biblia ebraică, este descrisă perioada <a href="/wiki/Israeli%C8%9Bi" title="Israeliți">israeliților</a>; Betleemul este identificat ca locul de naștere al lui <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2Chronicles_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2Chronicles-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În <a href="/wiki/Noul_Testament" title="Noul Testament">Noul Testament</a>, orașul este identificat ca locul de naștere al lui <a href="/wiki/Isus_din_Nazaret" title="Isus din Nazaret">Iisus din Nazaret</a>. Sub <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Roman" title="Imperiul Roman">Imperiul Roman</a>, orașul Betleem a fost distrus de <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, dar reconstruit ulterior de <a href="/wiki/Constantin_cel_Mare" title="Constantin cel Mare">Constantin cel Mare</a>, care a comandat Biserica Nașterii Domnului în anul 327 d.Hr. În 529, Biserica Nașterii Domnului a fost puternic afectată de <a href="/wiki/Samariteni" title="Samariteni">samaritenii</a> implicați în revoltele samaritenilor; după victoria <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Roman_de_R%C4%83s%C4%83rit" title="Imperiul Roman de Răsărit">Imperiului Bizantin</a>, a fost reconstruită de <a href="/wiki/Iustinian_I" title="Iustinian I">Iustinian I</a>. </p><p>Mai târziu, în timpul guvernării mai multor <a href="/wiki/Califat" title="Califat">califate</a>, Betleemul a devenit parte din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jund_Filastin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jund Filastin — pagină inexistentă">Jund Filastin</a> în 637. <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">Musulmanii</a> au continuat să conducă orașul până în 1099, când a fost cucerit de <a href="/wiki/Cruciad%C4%83" title="Cruciadă">cruciați</a>, care au înlocuit clerul local creștin greco-ortodox cu unul <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Catolic%C4%83" title="Biserica Catolică">catolic</a>. La mijlocul secolului al XIII-lea, zidurile Betleemului au fost demolate de <a href="/wiki/Sultanatul_Mameluc_(Cairo)" title="Sultanatul Mameluc (Cairo)">sultanatul mameluc</a>. Cu toate acestea, ele au fost reconstruite de <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Otoman" title="Imperiul Otoman">Imperiul Otoman</a> în secolul al XVI-lea, când acesta a ajuns să controleze regiunea.<sup id="cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethlehemCity-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> După dizolvarea <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Otoman" title="Imperiul Otoman">Imperiului Otoman</a> la sfârșitul <a href="/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Primul Război Mondial">Primului Război Mondial</a>, Betleem a făcut parte din <a href="/wiki/Mandatul_britanic_pentru_Palestina" title="Mandatul britanic pentru Palestina">Mandatul Palestina</a> până în 1948 și, ulterior, din Cisiordania anexată de <a href="/wiki/Iordania" title="Iordania">Iordania</a> în urma războiului arabo-israelian din 1948. În timpul <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_de_%C8%98ase_Zile" title="Războiul de Șase Zile">Războiului de Șase Zile</a> din 1967, Betleemul a fost ocupat de Israel împreună cu restul Cisiordaniei. Începând de la <a href="/wiki/Acordurile_de_la_Oslo" title="Acordurile de la Oslo">Acordurile de la Oslo</a> dintre Israel și <a href="/wiki/Autoritatea_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_Palestinian%C4%83" title="Autoritatea Națională Palestiniană">Autoritatea Națională Palestiniană</a>, Betleem a fost desemnat ca făcând parte din zona A a Cisiordaniei, ceea ce înseamnă că se află sub control palestinian.<sup id="cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethlehemCity-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circulația în jurul orașului este limitată din cauza zidului israelian din Cisiordania. </p><p>Deși istoric a fost un oraș al <a href="/wiki/Arabi_cre%C8%99tini" title="Arabi creștini">creștinilor arabi</a>, Betleemul are acum o majoritate de musulmani arabi; deși încă găzduiește o populație semnificativă de creștini palestinieni, această comunitate a scăzut semnificativ, de la aproximativ 86% în 1950 la aproximativ 10% în 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-TheTimes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheTimes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În prezent, Betleemul este înconjurat de zeci de colonii israeliene, care împiedică în mod semnificativ posibilitatea <a href="/wiki/Palestinieni" title="Palestinieni">palestinienilor</a> din oraș de a avea acces liber la pământurile și mijloacele lor de trai, ceea ce a contribuit la exodul palestinienilor.<sup id="cite_ref-TheTimesSettlements_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheTimesSettlements-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numele actual al Betleemului în limbile locale este Bayt Laḥm /Bēt laḥm/ în arabă (arabă: بيت لحم), însemnând literalmente „casa cărnii”, și Bet Leḥem în ebraică (ebraică: לֶחֶם לֶחֶם), însemnând literalmente „casa pâinii” sau „casa mâncării”.<sup id="cite_ref-Lupu_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lupu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MaromZadok_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaromZadok-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orașul a fost numit în greaca veche: Βηθλεέμ pronunție greacă: [bɛːtʰle.ém] și în latină: Bethleem.<sup id="cite_ref-Losch_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Losch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În aramaică, numele Betleemului era pur și simplu numele ebraic בית לחם și era pronunțat Beit Lekhem. Dovada pentru această ortografie poate fi dedusă pe baza faptului că ortografia ܒܝܬܠܚܡ poate fi găsită în versiunea aramaică siriacă a Bibliei în Matei 2<sup id="cite_ref-SyriacBible_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SyriacBible-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, precum și în alte părți ale cărții. Literele ܒܝܬܠܚܡ traduc ביתלחם. Scrisoarea Amarna EA290 face referire la un oraș bīt-ninurta care a fost citit ca Bit-Lachmi de către cercetătorul W. F. Albright, urmând o propunere a lui Otto Schroeder din 1815 și făcând din aceasta o potențială primă referință istorică la Betleem. Această interpretare este, totuși, nesigură și a întâmpinat opoziții.<sup id="cite_ref-Blincoe_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blincoe-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="„Casa_zeului_Lahmu”"><span id=".E2.80.9ECasa_zeului_Lahmu.E2.80.9D"></span>„Casa zeului Lahmu”</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: „Casa zeului Lahmu”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: „Casa zeului Lahmu”"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toponimele canaanite și israelite care încep cu beth sunt interpretate ca însemnând „casa lui”, cu „casă” înțeles ca „templu” și a doua parte a numelui indicând divinitatea căreia îi era dedicat templul local.<sup id="cite_ref-Rainey_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wright_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În conformitate cu cele de mai sus, o sugestie de lungă durată în știință este că numele Betleem derivă din zeul fertilității <a href="/wiki/Mitologia_mesopotamian%C4%83" title="Mitologia mesopotamiană">mesopotamian</a> sau canaanit Laḫmu și sora sa consoartă Lahamu,<sup id="cite_ref-Etymonline_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymonline-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lahmo fiind cuvântul <a href="/wiki/Limba_aramaic%C4%83" title="Limba aramaică">caldeean</a> pentru „fertilitate”.<sup id="cite_ref-Losch_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Losch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wright_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cercetătorul în studiul Bibliei William F. Albright credea că această ipoteză, avansată pentru prima dată de Otto Schröder, era „cu siguranță corectă.”Albright a observat că pronunția numelui a rămas în esență aceeași timp de 3.500 de ani, chiar dacă semnificația percepută s-a schimbat de-a lungul timpului: „Templul zeului Lakhmu” în canaanit, „Casa pâinii” în ebraică și <a href="/wiki/Limba_aramaic%C4%83" title="Limba aramaică">aramaică</a>, „Casa cărnii” în arabă”.<sup id="cite_ref-Albright_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albright-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deși teoria lui Schröder nu este acceptată pe scară largă,<sup id="cite_ref-Lupu_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lupu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ea continuă să fie preferată în literatura academică față de traducerile ulterioare.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasilewski_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasilewski-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorie">Istorie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Istorie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perioada_canaanită"><span id="Perioada_canaanit.C4.83"></span>Perioada canaanită</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Perioada canaanită" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Perioada canaanită"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cea mai veche referire la Betleem apare în <a href="/wiki/Scrisorile_de_la_Amarna" title="Scrisorile de la Amarna">Scrisorile de la Amarna</a> (c. 1400 î.Hr.). Într-una dintre cele șase scrisori adresate faraonului, Abdi-Heba, guvernatorul numit de egipteni la Ierusalim, solicită ajutor pentru recucerirea Bit-Laḫmi în urma tulburărilor provocate de mercenarii Apiru:<sup id="cite_ref-MurphyOConnor_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MurphyOConnor-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> „Acum, chiar și un oraș de lângă Ierusalim, Bit-Lahmi pe nume, un sat care a aparținut regelui, a căzut în mâinile inamicului... Regele să audă cuvintele servitorului său Abdi-Heba și să trimită arcași pentru a restaura pământurile imperiale ale regelui!” </p><p>Se crede că asemănarea acestui nume cu formele sale moderne indică faptul că a fost inițial o așezare de canaaniți care împărtășeau o moștenire culturală și lingvistică semitică cu cei sosiți mai târziu.<sup id="cite_ref-Ring_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laḫmu era zeul <a href="/wiki/Mitologia_mesopotamian%C4%83" title="Mitologia mesopotamiană">akkadian</a> al fertilității,<sup id="cite_ref-Losch_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Losch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> venerat de <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">canaaniți</a> ca Leḥem.<span class="citationNeeded skin-invert"></span><sup class="noprint"><span style="color:red;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor"><i>necesită citare</i></a>]</span></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16584850">.mw-parser-output .citationNeeded{background-color:#ffeaea;color:#444444}</style>Cândva în mileniul al treilea î.Hr. canaaniții au ridicat un templu pe dealul cunoscut acum ca Dealul Nașterii Domnului, dedicat probabil lui Laḫmu. Templul, și ulterior orașul care s-a format în jurul său, a fost cunoscut atunci sub numele de Beit Lahama, „Casa (Templul) lui Lahmu”.<span class="citationNeeded skin-invert"></span><sup class="noprint"><span style="color:red;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor"><i>necesită citare</i></a>]</span></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16584850" />Până în <a href="/wiki/Anii_1200_%C3%AE.Hr." title="Anii 1200 î.Hr.">anul 1200 î.Hr.</a>, zona Betleemului, precum și o mare parte a <a href="/wiki/Palestina_(regiune)" title="Palestina (regiune)">regiunii</a>, au fost cucerite de <a href="/wiki/Filisteni" title="Filisteni">filisteni</a>, ceea ce a făcut ca regiunea să fie cunoscută de greci sub numele de „Philistia”, care mai târziu a devenit „Palestina”.<sup id="cite_ref-Losch2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Losch2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un cimitir descoperit în primăvara anului 2013 și cercetat în 2015 de o echipă mixtă italo-palestiniană a constatat că necropola se întindea pe 3 hectare (peste 7 acri) și conținea inițial mai mult de 100 de morminte utilizate între aproximativ 2200 î.Hr. și 650 î.Hr. Arheologii au reușit să identifice cel puțin 30 de morminte.<sup id="cite_ref-LiveScience_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiveScience-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perioada_israelită_și_iudaică"><span id="Perioada_israelit.C4.83_.C8.99i_iudaic.C4.83"></span>Perioada israelită și iudaică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Perioada israelită și iudaică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Perioada israelită și iudaică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Confirmarea arheologică a faptului că Betleemul a fost un oraș din <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Regatul Iudeei</a> a fost descoperită în 2012 la săpăturile arheologice de la <a href="/wiki/Cetatea_lui_David" title="Cetatea lui David">Cetatea lui David</a>, sub forma unei bulla (amprentă de sigiliu în lut uscat) în scriere ebraică veche, care spune „Din orașul Betleem către rege”. Potrivit excavatorilor, aceasta a fost folosită pentru a sigila sfoara care închidea o încărcătură de cereale, vin sau alte bunuri trimise ca plată a taxelor în secolul al VIII-lea sau al VII-lea î.Hr.<sup id="cite_ref-IAA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_106.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_106.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_106.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_106.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_106.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_106.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_106.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>David, turnând apă extrasă din fântâna din Betleem în această xilogravură din 1860 realizată de Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld, care ilustrează <a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#23:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Samuel">2 Samuel 23:15–17</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cercetătorii biblici cred că Betleemul, situat în „ținutul colinelor” din Iudeea, ar putea fi același cu Efrata biblică,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> care înseamnă „fertil”, deoarece există o referire la acesta în <a href="/wiki/Mica_(carte)" title="Mica (carte)">Cartea lui Mica</a> ca Betleem Efrata.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biblia ebraică îl numește, de asemenea, Beth-Lehem <a href="/wiki/Tribul_lui_Iuda" title="Tribul lui Iuda">Judah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iar <a href="/wiki/Noul_Testament" title="Noul Testament">Noul Testament</a> îl descrie ca „Orașul lui David”.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Este menționat pentru prima dată în Biblie că locul în care a murit matroana <a href="/wiki/Rahela" title="Rahela">Rahela</a> și a fost îngropată „pe drum” (Geneza 48:7). Mormântul Rahelei, locul de înmormântare, se află la intrarea în Betleem. Conform <a href="/wiki/Cartea_lui_Rut" title="Cartea lui Rut">Cărții lui Rut</a>, valea de la est este locul în care <a href="/wiki/Rut_(personaj_biblic)" title="Rut (personaj biblic)">Rut</a> din <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> a cules spicele și s-a întors în oraș cu <a href="/wiki/Naomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naomi">Naomi</a>. În <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83r%C8%9Bile_lui_Samuel" class="mw-disambig" title="Cărțile lui Samuel">cărțile lui Samuel</a>, Betleemul este menționat ca fiind casa lui <a href="/wiki/Ieseu" title="Ieseu">Isai</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tatăl regelui <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> al <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Israel_(monarhie_unit%C4%83)" title="Regatul Israel (monarhie unită)">Israelului</a>, și locul unde David a fost uns de profetul <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trei dintre războinicii săi i-au adus apă din fântâna din Betleem când se ascundea în peștera Adullam.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scriind în secolul al IV-lea, pelerinul din Bordeaux a relatat că mormintele lui David, <a href="/wiki/Ezechiel" title="Ezechiel">Ezechiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asaf_(personaj_biblic)" title="Asaf (personaj biblic)">Asaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iov" title="Iov">Iov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ieseu" title="Ieseu">Isai</a> și <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> se aflau lângă Betleem.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perioada_clasică"><span id="Perioada_clasic.C4.83"></span>Perioada clasică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Perioada clasică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Perioada clasică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/290px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/435px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/580px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1690" /></a><figcaption><i>Adoration of the Shepherds</i> (1622) de pictorul olandez <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerard_van_Honthorst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerard van Honthorst — pagină inexistentă">Gerard van Honthorst</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Evanghelia_dup%C4%83_Matei" title="Evanghelia după Matei">Evanghelia după Matei</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și <a href="/wiki/Evanghelia_dup%C4%83_Luca" title="Evanghelia după Luca">Evanghelia după Luca</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> îl prezintă pe Iisus ca fiind născut în Betleem,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cunoscut în aramaică sub numele ebraic בית לחם (Beit Lekhem). Cu toate acestea, cercetătorii moderni consideră cele două relatări ca fiind contradictorii;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Evanghelia_dup%C4%83_Marcu" title="Evanghelia după Marcu">Evanghelia după Marcu</a>, cea mai veche evanghelie, nu menționează nimic despre nașterea lui Isus în Betleem, spunând doar că a venit din <a href="/wiki/Nazaret" title="Nazaret">Nazaret</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cercetătorii actuali sunt împărțiți în ceea ce privește locul real al nașterii lui Iisus: unii cred că s-a născut în Nazaret,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> în timp ce alții susțin că s-a născut în Betleem.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Totuși, tradiția conform căreia Iisus s-a născut în Betleem a fost proeminentă în biserica timpurie.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În jurul anului 155, apologetul <a href="/wiki/Iustin_Martirul_%C8%99i_Filozoful" title="Iustin Martirul și Filozoful">Iustin Martirul</a> a recomandat celor care se îndoiau că Iisus s-a născut cu adevărat în Betleem să meargă acolo și să viziteze peștera în care se presupune că s-a născut.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aceeași peșteră este menționată și de <a href="/wiki/Evanghelia_dup%C4%83_Iacob" title="Evanghelia după Iacob">Evanghelia apocrifă a lui Iacov</a> și de istoricul bisericesc din secolul al IV-lea <a href="/wiki/Eusebiu_din_Cezareea" title="Eusebiu din Cezareea">Eusebiu din Cezareea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> După ce <a href="/wiki/Revolta_lui_Bar_Kohba" title="Revolta lui Bar Kohba">revolta Bar Kokhba</a> (c. 132-136 d.Hr.) a fost zdrobită, împăratul roman <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> a transformat locul creștin de deasupra Grotei într-un sanctuar dedicat zeului grec <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, pentru a-l onora pe favoritul său, tânărul grec <a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În jurul anului 395 e.n., <a href="/wiki/Ieronim" title="Ieronim">Ieronim</a> scria într-o scrisoare: „Betleemul... care ne aparține acum... era umbrit de o dumbravă a lui Tammuz, adică a lui Adonis, iar în peștera unde odinioară plângea pruncul Hristos, era jelit iubitul lui <a href="/wiki/Venus_(zei%C8%9B%C4%83)" title="Venus (zeiță)">Venus</a>”.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mulți cercetători au considerat această scrisoare drept o dovadă a faptului că peștera Nașterii Domnului, peste care a fost construită ulterior <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Na%C8%99terii_Domnului" title="Biserica Nașterii Domnului">Biserica Nașterii Domnului</a>, a fost la un moment dat un sanctuar al zeului fertilității Tammuz, din Orientul Apropiat antic.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totuși, Eusebiu din Cezareea nu menționează nimic despre faptul că peștera ar fi fost asociată cu Tammuz<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și nu există alte surse <a href="/wiki/Patristic%C4%83" title="Patristică">patristice</a> care să sugereze că Tammuz ar fi avut un sanctuar în Betleem.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Welten a susținut că peștera nu a fost niciodată dedicată lui Tammuz<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și că Ieronim a interpretat greșit doliul creștin pentru <a href="/wiki/Uciderea_pruncilor" title="Uciderea pruncilor">Uciderea pruncilor</a> drept un ritual păgân pentru moartea lui Tammuz.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joan E. Taylor a contracarat această afirmație susținând că Ieronim, ca om educat, nu ar fi putut fi atât de naiv încât să confunde doliul creștin pentru Uciderea pruncilor cu un ritual păgân pentru Tammuz.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 326-328, împărăteasa <a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A2nta_Elena" title="Sfânta Elena">Elena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regina_consoart%C4%83" title="Regina consoartă">consoarta</a> văduvă a împăratului <a href="/wiki/Constantius_I" title="Constantius I">Constantius I</a> și mama împăratului <a href="/wiki/Constantin_cel_Mare" title="Constantin cel Mare">Constantin cel Mare</a>, a făcut un pelerinaj în Siria-Palaestina, în cursul căruia a vizitat ruinele Betleemului.<sup id="cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethlehemCity-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Na%C8%99terii_Domnului" title="Biserica Nașterii Domnului">Biserica Nașterii Domnului</a> a fost construită la inițiativa ei deasupra peșterii în care se presupune că s-a născut Iisus.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În timpul revoltei samaritenilor din 529, Betleemul a fost jefuit, iar zidurile și Biserica Nașterii Domnului au fost distruse; acestea au fost reconstruite la ordinul împăratului <a href="/wiki/Iustinian_I" title="Iustinian I">Iustinian I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethlehemCity-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În 614, Imperiul <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Sasanid" title="Imperiul Sasanid">Persan Sasanid</a>, susținut de rebelii evrei, a invadat Palestina Prima și a capturat Betleemul.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O poveste relatată în surse ulterioare susține că s-au abținut de la distrugerea bisericii văzându-i pe <a href="/wiki/Mag" title="Mag">magi</a> reprezentați în haine persane într-un mozaic.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethlehemCity-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evul_Mediu">Evul Mediu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Evul Mediu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Evul Mediu"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:1698_de_Bruijin_View_of_Bethlehem,_Palestine_(Holy_Land)_-_Geographicus_-_Bethlehem-bruijn-1698.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/1698_de_Bruijin_View_of_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_%28Holy_Land%29_-_Geographicus_-_Bethlehem-bruijn-1698.jpg/220px-1698_de_Bruijin_View_of_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_%28Holy_Land%29_-_Geographicus_-_Bethlehem-bruijn-1698.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/1698_de_Bruijin_View_of_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_%28Holy_Land%29_-_Geographicus_-_Bethlehem-bruijn-1698.jpg/330px-1698_de_Bruijin_View_of_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_%28Holy_Land%29_-_Geographicus_-_Bethlehem-bruijn-1698.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/1698_de_Bruijin_View_of_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_%28Holy_Land%29_-_Geographicus_-_Bethlehem-bruijn-1698.jpg/440px-1698_de_Bruijin_View_of_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_%28Holy_Land%29_-_Geographicus_-_Bethlehem-bruijn-1698.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>O schiță din 1698 de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_de_Bruijn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelis de Bruijn — pagină inexistentă">Cornelis de Bruijn</a></figcaption></figure> <p>În 637, la scurt timp după ce Ierusalimul a fost capturat de armatele musulmane, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">'Umar ibn al-Khattāb</a>, al doilea calif, a promis că Biserica Nașterii Domnului va fi păstrată pentru uz creștin.<sup id="cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethlehemCity-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O moschee dedicată lui <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">'</a>Umar a fost construită pe locul din oraș unde acesta se ruga, lângă biserică.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Betleemul a trecut apoi sub controlul <a href="/wiki/Califatul_Omeiad" title="Califatul Omeiad">Califatului Omeiad</a> în secolul al VIII-lea, apoi al <a href="/wiki/Califatul_Abbasid" title="Califatul Abbasid">Califatului Abbasid</a> în secolul al IX-lea. Un geograf persan a consemnat la mijlocul secolului al IX-lea că în oraș exista o biserică bine conservată și foarte venerată. În 985, geograful arab al-Muqaddasi a vizitat Betleemul și s-a referit la biserica sa ca la „Bazilica lui Constantin, al cărei echivalent nu există nicăieri în țară”.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În 1009, în timpul domniei celui de-al șaselea calif fatimid, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a>, Biserica Nașterii Domnului a primit ordinul de a fi demolată, dar a fost cruțată de musulmanii locali, deoarece li s-a permis să se închine în transeptul sudic al structurii.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1099, Betleemul a fost capturat de <a href="/wiki/Prima_cruciad%C4%83" title="Prima cruciadă">cruciați</a>, care l-au fortificat și au construit o nouă mănăstire și o claustră pe partea de nord a Bisericii Nașterii Domnului. Clericii ortodocși greci au fost înlăturați din scaunele lor și înlocuiți cu clerici <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Catolic%C4%83" title="Biserica Catolică">latini</a>. Până în acel moment, prezența creștină oficială în regiune era ortodoxă greacă. În ziua de Crăciun a anului 1100, <a href="/wiki/Balduin_I_al_Ierusalimului" title="Balduin I al Ierusalimului">Balduin I</a>, primul rege al <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Ierusalimului" title="Regatul Ierusalimului">Regatului franc al Ierusalimului</a>, a fost încoronat în Betleem, iar în acel an a fost înființată și o episcopie latină în oraș.<sup id="cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethlehemCity-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1187, <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, sultanul <a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egiptului</a> și al <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siriei</a> care conducea Dinastia Ayyubidă, a capturat Betleemul de la cruciați. Clericii latini au fost forțați să plece, permițând clerului ortodox grec să se întoarcă. Saladin a fost de acord cu întoarcerea a doi preoți latini și doi diaconi în 1192. Cu toate acestea, Betleemul a suferit de pe urma pierderii comerțului cu pelerinii, deoarece a existat o scădere accentuată a numărului de pelerini europeni.<sup id="cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethlehemCity-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_al_IV-lea_de_Nevers" title="Guillaume al IV-lea de Nevers">Guillaume al IV-lea de Nevers</a>, le-a promis episcopilor creștini din Betleem că, dacă Betleemul va cădea sub controlul musulmanilor, îi va primi în orășelul <a href="/wiki/Clamecy,_Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Clamecy, Nièvre">Clamecy</a> din actuala <a href="/wiki/Burgundia" title="Burgundia">Burgundie</a>, Franța. Ca urmare, episcopul de Betleem și-a stabilit reședința în spitalul Panthenor, Clamecy, în 1223. Clamecy a rămas sediul continuu „in partibus infidelium” al Episcopiei de Betleem timp de aproape 600 de ani, până la <a href="/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_Francez%C4%83" title="Revoluția Franceză">Revoluția franceză</a> din 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Betleemul, împreună cu Ierusalimul, <a href="/wiki/Nazaret" title="Nazaret">Nazaretul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidonul</a>, au fost cedate pentru scurt timp <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Ierusalimului" title="Regatul Ierusalimului">Regatului Cruciat al Ierusalimului</a> printr-un tratat încheiat între <a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman" title="Sfântul Imperiu Roman">Sfântul Împărat Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederic_al_II-lea_al_Sf%C3%A2ntului_Imperiu_Roman" title="Frederic al II-lea al Sfântului Imperiu Roman">Frederic al II-lea</a> și Sultanul Dinastiei Ayyubidă, al-Kamil în 1229, în schimbul unui armistițiu de zece ani între ayyubizi și cruciați. Tratatul a expirat în 1239, iar Betleemul a fost recucerit de musulmani în 1244.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În 1250, odată cu venirea la putere a <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Mameluc%C4%83" title="Dinastia Mamelucă">mamelucilor</a> sub conducerea lui <a href="/wiki/Baibars_I" title="Baibars I">Rukn al-Din Baibars</a>, toleranța față de creștinism a scăzut. Membrii clerului au părăsit orașul, iar în 1263 zidurile orașului au fost demolate. Clerul latin s-a întors la Betleem în secolul următor, stabilindu-se în mănăstirea adiacentă Bazilicii Nașterii Domnului. Ortodocșii greci au primit controlul bazilicii și au împărțit controlul Grotei Laptelui cu latinii și <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Apostolic%C4%83_Armean%C4%83" title="Biserica Apostolică Armeană">armenii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethlehemCity-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epoca_Otomană"><span id="Epoca_Otoman.C4.83"></span>Epoca Otomană</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Epoca Otomană" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Epoca Otomană"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bethlehem_Polenov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bethlehem_Polenov.jpg/220px-Bethlehem_Polenov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bethlehem_Polenov.jpg/330px-Bethlehem_Polenov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bethlehem_Polenov.jpg/440px-Bethlehem_Polenov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>O pictură a Betleemului de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasily_Polenov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasily Polenov — pagină inexistentă">Vasily Polenov</a>, 1882</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bethlehem_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bethlehem_1898.jpg/220px-Bethlehem_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bethlehem_1898.jpg/330px-Bethlehem_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bethlehem_1898.jpg/440px-Bethlehem_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Vedere din Betleem, ziua de Crăciun 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>Din 1517, în timpul anilor de <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Otoman" title="Imperiul Otoman">control otoman</a>, custodia bazilicii a fost disputată aprig între bisericile catolică și <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Ortodox%C4%83" title="Biserica Ortodoxă">ortodoxă</a> greacă.<sup id="cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethlehemCity-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Până la sfârșitul secolului al XVI-lea, Betleemul a devenit unul dintre cele mai mari sate din districtul Ierusalimului și a fost împărțit în șapte cartiere.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>În această perioadă, familia Basbus, printre alți conducători, au condus Betleemul.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Registrul fiscal și recensământul otoman din 1596 indică faptul că Betleem avea o populație de 1 435 de locuitori, fiind al 13-lea cel mai mare sat din Palestina la acea dată. Veniturile sale totale se ridicau la 30 000 <a href="/wiki/Aspru" title="Aspru">akche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen141_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen141-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Betleemul plătea impozite pe grâu, orz și struguri. Musulmanii și creștinii erau organizați în comunități separate, fiecare având propriul lider. Cinci lideri reprezentau satul la mijlocul secolului al XVI-lea, dintre care trei erau musulmani. Registrele fiscale otomane sugerează că populația creștină era puțin mai prosperă sau cultiva mai mult grâu decât struguri (primul fiind un produs mai valoros).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer,_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_68.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_68.jpg/220px-Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_68.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_68.jpg/330px-Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_68.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_68.jpg/440px-Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_68.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption>Betleem, după o ilustrație din 1810 de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Mayer — pagină inexistentă">Luigi Mayer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Din 1831 până în 1841, Palestina s-a aflat sub dominația dinastiei Muhammad Ali din <a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egipt</a>. În această perioadă, orașul a suferit un cutremur, precum și distrugerea cartierului musulman în 1834 de către trupele egiptene, aparent ca răzbunare pentru uciderea unui loialist favorit al lui Ibrahim Pașa, în timpul revoltei țăranilor din Palestina.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>În 1841, Betleemul a intrat din nou sub stăpânire otomană și a rămas astfel până la sfârșitul Primului Război Mondial. Sub otomani, locuitorii din Betleem s-au confruntat cu șomajul, serviciul militar obligatoriu și impozitele mari, ceea ce a dus la emigrarea în masă, în special în <a href="/wiki/America_de_Sud" title="America de Sud">America de Sud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BethlehemCity-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un misionar american din anii 1850 a raportat o populație de sub 4.000 de locuitori, aproape toți aparținând Bisericii Grecești. El a remarcat, de asemenea, că lipsa apei a limitat creșterea orașului.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albert Socin a aflat dintr-o listă oficială a satelor otomane din jurul anului 1870 că Betleem avea o populație de 179 de musulmani în 59 de case, 979 de „latini” în 256 de case, 824 de „greci” în 213 case și 41 de armeni în 11 case, un total de 539 de case.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Martin Hartmann a constatat că Betleemul avea 520 de case.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epoca_modernă"><span id="Epoca_modern.C4.83"></span>Epoca modernă</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Epoca modernă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Epoca modernă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:AN_AERIAL_PHOTO_OF_THE_CITY_BETHLEHEM._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D.D332-057.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/AN_AERIAL_PHOTO_OF_THE_CITY_BETHLEHEM._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D.D332-057.jpg/220px-AN_AERIAL_PHOTO_OF_THE_CITY_BETHLEHEM._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D.D332-057.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/AN_AERIAL_PHOTO_OF_THE_CITY_BETHLEHEM._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D.D332-057.jpg/330px-AN_AERIAL_PHOTO_OF_THE_CITY_BETHLEHEM._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D.D332-057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/AN_AERIAL_PHOTO_OF_THE_CITY_BETHLEHEM._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D.D332-057.jpg/440px-AN_AERIAL_PHOTO_OF_THE_CITY_BETHLEHEM._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D.D332-057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Betleem 1937</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Bethlehem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Bethlehem.jpg/220px-2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Bethlehem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Bethlehem.jpg/330px-2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Bethlehem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Bethlehem.jpg/440px-2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Bethlehem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>Harta Organizației Națiunilor Unite din 2018 a zonei, care arată regimul de ocupație israelian.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Palestine_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palestine_stamp.jpg/220px-Palestine_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palestine_stamp.jpg/330px-Palestine_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palestine_stamp.jpg/440px-Palestine_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Timbru din 1927 din perioada Mandatului Palestinei, care înfățișează Mormântul Rahelei (sau Moscheea Bilal bin Rabah) din Betleem</figcaption></figure> <p>Betleem a făcut parte din <a href="/wiki/Mandatul_britanic_pentru_Palestina" title="Mandatul britanic pentru Palestina">Mandatul Palestinei</a> din 1920 până în 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>În rezoluția <a href="/wiki/Adunarea_General%C4%83_a_Na%C8%9Biunilor_Unite" title="Adunarea Generală a Națiunilor Unite">Adunării Generale a Organizației Națiunilor Unite</a> din 1947 privind împărțirea Palestinei, Betleemul a fost inclus în enclava internațională a Ierusalimului, care urma să fie administrată de <a href="/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bia_Na%C8%9Biunilor_Unite" title="Organizația Națiunilor Unite">Organizația Națiunilor Unite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iordania a cucerit orașul în timpul războiului arabo-israelian din 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Mulți refugiați din zonele capturate de forțele israeliene în 1947-1948 au fugit în zona Betleem, stabilindu-se în principal în ceea ce au devenit taberele oficiale de refugiați 'Azza (Beit Jibrin), 'Aida în nord și Dheisheh în sud.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Afluxul de refugiați a transformat în mod semnificativ majoritatea creștină din Betleem în una musulmană.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iordania a păstrat controlul asupra orașului până la <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_de_%C8%98ase_Zile" title="Războiul de Șase Zile">Războiul de Șase Zile</a> din 1967, când Betleemul a fost cucerit de Israel, împreună cu restul <a href="/wiki/Cisiordania" title="Cisiordania">Cisiordaniei</a>. În urma Războiului de Șase Zile, Israelul a preluat controlul asupra orașului. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Die_Mauer_von_Bethlehem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Die_Mauer_von_Bethlehem.jpg/220px-Die_Mauer_von_Bethlehem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Die_Mauer_von_Bethlehem.jpg/330px-Die_Mauer_von_Bethlehem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Die_Mauer_von_Bethlehem.jpg/440px-Die_Mauer_von_Bethlehem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2537" data-file-height="2537" /></a><figcaption>Zidul israelian din Cisiordania în Betleem 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>În primele luni ale <a href="/wiki/Prima_Intifada" title="Prima Intifada">Primei Intifade</a>, pe 5 mai 1989, Milad Anton Shahin, în vârstă de 12 ani, a fost împușcat mortal de soldații israelieni. Răspunzând unui membru al <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset-ului</a>, în august 1990, ministrul apărării, <a href="/wiki/I%C8%9Bhak_Rabin" title="Ițhak Rabin">Yitzak Rabin</a>, a declarat că un grup de rezerviști aflați într-un post de observație a fost atacat de aruncători de pietre. Comandantul postului, un subofițer superior, a tras două <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloan%C8%9Be_de_plastic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gloanțe de plastic — pagină inexistentă">gloanțe de plastic</a>, încălcând normele operaționale. Nu a fost găsită nicio dovadă că acest lucru a cauzat moartea băiatului. Ofițerul a fost găsit vinovat de folosirea ilegală a unei arme și condamnat la 5 luni de închisoare, dintre care două luni muncă în folosul comunității. A fost, de asemenea, retrogradat.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La 21 decembrie 1995, trupele israeliene s-au retras din Betleem,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iar trei zile mai târziu orașul a intrat sub administrarea și controlul militar al <a href="/wiki/Autoritatea_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_Palestinian%C4%83" title="Autoritatea Națională Palestiniană">Autorității Naționale Palestiniene</a>, în conformitate cu Acordul provizoriu privind Cisiordania și Fâșia Gaza.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Atunci când Autoritatea Palestiniană a preluat controlul în 1995, aceasta a extins public granițele orașului Betleem, presupunându-se că va asigura o majoritate musulmană.<sup id="cite_ref-AK_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AK-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Această extindere a încorporat în oraș peste 30.000 de musulmani din taberele de refugiați din apropiere.<sup id="cite_ref-AK_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AK-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Yasser Arafat, pe atunci liderul Organizației pentru Eliberarea Palestinei (PLO), a înlocuit unilateral consiliul municipal predominant creștin cu o conducere majoritar musulmană.<sup id="cite_ref-AK_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AK-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>În timpul <a href="/wiki/Intifada_Al-Aqsa" title="Intifada Al-Aqsa">celei de-a doua Intifade palestiniene</a> din 2000-2005, infrastructura și <a href="/wiki/Turism" title="Turism">industria turismului</a> din Betleem au fost afectate.<sup id="cite_ref-OCHA_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCHA-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>În 2002, a fost o zonă principală de luptă în cadrul Operațiunii Scutul defensiv, o contraofensivă militară majoră a <a href="/wiki/Armata_Israelian%C4%83" title="Armata Israeliană">Forțelor de Apărare Israeliene</a> (IDF).<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>IDF a asediat Biserica Nașterii Domnului, unde s-au refugiat zeci de militanți palestinieni. Asediul a durat 39 de zile. Mai mulți militanți au fost uciși. Acesta s-a încheiat cu un acord de exilare a 13 dintre militanți în țări străine.<sup id="cite_ref-siege_timeline_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siege_timeline-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Astăzi, orașul este înconjurat de două drumuri de ocolire pentru coloniștii israelieni, lăsându-i pe locuitori înghesuiți între treizeci și șapte de enclave evreiești, unde trăiesc un sfert din toți coloniștii din Cisiordania, aproximativ 170 000; spațiul dintre cele două drumuri este închis de Zidul israelian din Cisiordania, înalt de 8 metri, care separă Betleemul de orașul său înfrățit Ierusalim.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:The_walled_off_hotel_outlook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_walled_off_hotel_outlook.jpg/170px-The_walled_off_hotel_outlook.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_walled_off_hotel_outlook.jpg/255px-The_walled_off_hotel_outlook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_walled_off_hotel_outlook.jpg/340px-The_walled_off_hotel_outlook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Walled Off Hotel, deținut și decorat de <a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Familiile creștine care locuiesc în Betleem de sute de ani sunt forțate să plece, deoarece terenurile din Betleem sunt confiscate, iar casele sunt demolate, pentru construirea a mii de noi case israeliene.<sup id="cite_ref-TheTimesSettlements_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheTimesSettlements-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confiscarea terenurilor pentru coloniile israeliene a împiedicat, de asemenea, construirea unui nou spital pentru locuitorii din Betleem, precum și ridicarea zidului care separă zeci de familii palestiniene de terenurile lor agricole și comunitățile creștine de lăcașele lor de cult.<sup id="cite_ref-TheTimesSettlements_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheTimesSettlements-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creștinii ar fi fost persecutați de Autoritatea Palestiniană, ceea ce a condus la emigrare.<sup id="cite_ref-AK_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AK-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Potrivit International Christian Concern, există rapoarte despre creștini care suferă hărțuiri sexuale, răpiri, căsătorii forțate, extorcare și uciderea convertiților de către musulmani și oficialii Autorității Palestiniene.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patrimoniu_mondial_al_umanității"><span id="Patrimoniu_mondial_al_umanit.C4.83.C8.9Bii"></span>Patrimoniu mondial al umanității</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Patrimoniu mondial al umanității" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Patrimoniu mondial al umanității"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biserica_Na%C8%99terii_Domnului" title="Biserica Nașterii Domnului">Biserica Nașterii Domnului</a> și „Drumul de pelerinaj” din Betleem au fost înscrise în anul 2012 pe lista <a href="/wiki/Locuri_din_Patrimoniul_Mondial_UNESCO" title="Locuri din Patrimoniul Mondial UNESCO">patrimoniului mondial al umanității UNESCO</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betleem_de_Galileea" title="Betleem de Galileea">Betleem de Galileea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PCBS-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PCBS_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf">„Palestine in Figures 2022”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2024-12-28">28 decembrie 2024</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palestine+in+Figures+2022&rft.pub=Palestinian+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcbs.gov.ps%2FDownloads%2Fbook2364-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615222743/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/travel/16westbank.html">„In the West Bank, a World of Wonder”</a>. The New York Times. <time datetime="2006-04-16">16 aprilie 2006</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/travel/16westbank.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-06-15">15 iunie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2024-12-28">28 decembrie 2024</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+West+Bank%2C+a+World+of+Wonder&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&rft.date=2006-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F16%2Ftravel%2F16westbank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BethlehemHotel-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BethlehemHotel_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004839/http://www.bethlehemhotel.com/to-visit-bethlehem">„To Visit Bethlehem”</a>. Bethlehem Hotel. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehemhotel.com/to-visit-bethlehem">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-12-03">3 decembrie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2024-12-28">28 decembrie 2024</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+Visit+Bethlehem&rft.pub=Bethlehem+Hotel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethlehemhotel.com%2Fto-visit-bethlehem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2Chronicles-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2Chronicles_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Koehler, L., Baumgartner, W., Richardson, M. E. J., & Stamm, J. J. (<time datetime="1994">1994</time>). <i>The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</i> (ed. ediție electronică). Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 139. <q>Fraza "wayyiḇen ‘ārîm lemāṣôr" (2 Cronici 11:5) este citată ca un exemplu de construire a orașelor în cetăți, sub rădăcina בנה (bnh), Def. 3: "cu לְ pentru a construi clădiri: עָרִים לְמָצוֹר orașe în cetăți".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+and+Aramaic+Lexicon+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=139&rft.edition=edi%C8%9Bie+electronic%C4%83&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1994%2F2000&rft.au=Koehler%2C+L.%2C+Baumgartner%2C+W.%2C+Richardson%2C+M.+E.+J.%2C+%26+Stamm%2C+J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BethlehemCity-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BethlehemCity_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113150138/http://www.bethlehem-city.org/English/City/index.php">„History and Mythology of Bethlehem”</a>. Bethlehem Municipality. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehem-city.org/English/City/index.php">original</a> la <time datetime="2008-01-13">13 ianuarie 2008</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2024-12-28">28 decembrie 2024</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+and+Mythology+of+Bethlehem&rft.pub=Bethlehem+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethlehem-city.org%2FEnglish%2FCity%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheTimes-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheTimes_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/article/in-bethlehem-the-christian-population-is-shrinking-and-afraid-x7qpmhkrz?region=global">„In Bethlehem, the Christian Population is Shrinking and Afraid”</a>. The Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2024-12-28">28 decembrie 2024</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Bethlehem%2C+the+Christian+Population+is+Shrinking+and+Afraid&rft.pub=The+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Farticle%2Fin-bethlehem-the-christian-population-is-shrinking-and-afraid-x7qpmhkrz%3Fregion%3Dglobal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheTimesSettlements-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheTimesSettlements_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheTimesSettlements_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheTimesSettlements_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/article/settlements-choke-peace-in-the-little-town-of-bethlehem-mkczz7vgvvz">„Settlements Choke Peace in the Little Town of Bethlehem”</a>. The Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2024-12-28">28 decembrie 2024</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Settlements+Choke+Peace+in+the+Little+Town+of+Bethlehem&rft.pub=The+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Farticle%2Fsettlements-choke-peace-in-the-little-town-of-bethlehem-mkczz7vgvvz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lupu-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lupu_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lupu_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Eran Lupu, Marfa Heimbach, Naomi Schneider, Hannah Cotton (<time datetime="2010">2010</time>). <i>Corpus inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: A Multi-Lingual Corpus of the Inscriptions from Alexander to Muhammad. Vol. IV: Iudaea / Idumaea</i>. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 635. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-3-11-022219-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-3-11-022219-7">978-3-11-022219-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/663773367">663773367</a>. <q>Numele Betleem (Hebr. Bet Leḥem; LXX Βηθλέεμ; Βαιθλέεμ; Aramaic Bêt leḥem) combină cuvintele ebraice bayit „casă” și leḥem „pâine” și astfel înseamnă „casa pâinii/mâncării”. Unii susțin că este conectat cu rădăcina verbului lḥm „a lupta”, de unde ar însemna „casa războiului/ luptei”. Acest lucru pare mai puțin probabil. S-a sugerat, de asemenea, că există o legătură cu numele zeiței mesopotamiene, Laḫmu, mama lui Anšar (cerul) și Kišar (pământul) în mitul babilonian al creației, Enuma Elish, dar acest lucru este în general respins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+inscriptionum+Iudaeae%2FPalaestinae%3A+A+Multi-Lingual+Corpus+of+the+Inscriptions+from+Alexander+to+Muhammad.+Vol.+IV%3A+Iudaea+%2F+Idumaea&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=635&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F663773367&rft.isbn=978-3-11-022219-7&rft.au=Eran+Lupu%2C+Marfa+Heimbach%2C+Naomi+Schneider%2C+Hannah+Cotton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaromZadok-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MaromZadok_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Roy Marom; Ran Zadok (<time datetime="2023">2023</time>). „Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)”. <i>Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins</i>. <b>139</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Deutschen+Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins&rft.atitle=Early-Ottoman+Palestinian+Toponymy%3A+A+Linguistic+Analysis+of+the+%28Micro-%29Toponyms+in+Haseki+Sultan%27s+Endowment+Deed+%281552%29&rft.volume=139&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Roy+Marom%3B+Ran+Zadok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> necesită <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Losch-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Losch_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Losch_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Losch_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Richard R. Losch (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122131920/https://books.google.com/books?id=S5GJaakRvPgC&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Uttermost Part of the Earth: A Guide to Places in the Bible</i></a> (ed. Illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-8028-2805-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-8028-2805-7">978-0-8028-2805-7</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5GJaakRvPgC&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false">original</a> la <time datetime="2021-01-22">22 ianuarie 2021</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2020-10-14">14 octombrie 2020</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uttermost+Part+of+the+Earth%3A+A+Guide+to+Places+in+the+Bible&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=Illustrated+ed.&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2805-7&rft.au=Richard+R.+Losch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5GJaakRvPgC%26pg%3DPA51%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Text în plus (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Text_%C3%AEn_plus" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Text în plus">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SyriacBible-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SyriacBible_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriacbible.nl/matthew/2.htm">„Matthew 2”</a>. Syriac Bible<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2024-12-28">28 decembrie 2024</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matthew+2&rft.pub=Syriac+Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriacbible.nl%2Fmatthew%2F2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blincoe-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blincoe_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nicholas Blincoe (<time datetime="2017-11-07">7 noiembrie 2017</time>). <i>Bethlehem: Biography of a Town</i>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-56858-584-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-56858-584-0">978-1-56858-584-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bethlehem%3A+Biography+of+a+Town&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft.isbn=978-1-56858-584-0&rft.au=Nicholas+Blincoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Dată și an (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Dat%C4%83_%C8%99i_an" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Dată și an">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rainey-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rainey_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">A. F. Rainey (<time datetime="1978">1978</time>). „The Toponymics of Eretz-Israel”. <i>BASOR</i>. <b>231</b> (6): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356743">10.2307/1356743</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-097X">0003-097X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1356743">1356743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BASOR&rft.atitle=The+Toponymics+of+Eretz-Israel&rft.volume=231&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0003-097X&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1356743&rft.au=A.+F.+Rainey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> necesită <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">G. R. H. Wright (<time datetime="1986">1986</time>). „The Mother-Maid at Bethlehem”. <i>Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft</i>. <b>98</b> (1): 56–72. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzatw.1986.98.1.56">10.1515/zatw.1986.98.1.56</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1613-0103">1613-0103</a>. <q>Forma numelui Betleem indică cu siguranță că ultimul element nu este un substantiv comun, ci un substantiv propriu, numele unui zeu care își are templul (casa) acolo - cf. Beth Shemesh etc. În consecință, versiunea literală, Casa Pâinii, a fost considerată drept etimologie populară. Se pot găsi nume divine care să se potrivească; de exemplu, Lahmu și Lahamu menționați în epopeea babiloniană a creației ca descendenți ai lui Apsu și Tiamat (v. Staples, AJSL 52, 149-50). Cu toate acestea, întrucât numele, așa cum este înțeles în general, este atât de potrivit pentru un centru de cult al fertilității agricole, este posibil ca problema să nu fi fost cercetată pe deplin (cf. Interpreters' Bible Vol. 2, 853).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Alttestamentliche+Wissenschaft&rft.atitle=The+Mother-Maid+at+Bethlehem&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-72&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzatw.1986.98.1.56&rft.issn=1613-0103&rft.au=G.+R.+H.+Wright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etymonline-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Etymonline_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/Bethlehem#etymonline_v_30442">„Bethlehem”</a>. Etymology Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2024-12-28">28 decembrie 2024</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bethlehem&rft.pub=Etymology+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2FBethlehem%23etymonline_v_30442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albright-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Albright_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">W. F. Albright (<time datetime="1936">1936</time>). „The Canaanite God Ḥaurôn (Ḥôrôn)”. <i>The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F370495">10.1086/370495</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1062-0516">1062-0516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Semitic+Languages+and+Literatures&rft.atitle=The+Canaanite+God+%E1%B8%A4aur%C3%B4n+%28%E1%B8%A4%C3%B4r%C3%B4n%29&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F370495&rft.issn=1062-0516&rft.au=W.+F.+Albright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wasilewski-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wasilewski_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">E. Wasilewski (<time datetime="2016">2016</time>). „Pastoral Exhortations – A Key to Preliminary Homiletic Research”. <i>The Biblical and Liturgical Movement</i>. <b>69</b> (2): 125–142. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21906%2Frbl.187">10.21906/rbl.187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+and+Liturgical+Movement&rft.atitle=Pastoral+Exhortations+%E2%80%93+A+Key+to+Preliminary+Homiletic+Research&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-142&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21906%2Frbl.187&rft.au=E.+Wasilewski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MurphyOConnor-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MurphyOConnor_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (<time datetime="1998">1998</time>). <i>Oxford Archaeological Guides: The Holy Land</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 198–199. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-19-288013-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-19-288013-0">978-0-19-288013-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Archaeological+Guides%3A+The+Holy+Land&rft.pages=198-199&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-288013-0&rft.au=Jerome+Murphy-O%27Connor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ring-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ring_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Trudy Ring, K.A. Berney, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger (<time datetime="1996">1996</time>). <i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Vol 4, Middle East and Africa</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-884964-03-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-884964-03-9">978-1-884964-03-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Vol+4%2C+Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-03-9&rft.au=Trudy+Ring%2C+K.A.+Berney%2C+Robert+M.+Salkin%2C+Sharon+La+Boda%2C+Noelle+Watson%2C+Paul+Schellinger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Losch2005-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Losch2005_20-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Richard R. Losch (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122131920/https://books.google.com/books?id=S5GJaakRvPgC&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Uttermost Part of the Earth: A Guide to Places in the Bible</i></a> (ed. Illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-8028-2805-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-8028-2805-7">978-0-8028-2805-7</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5GJaakRvPgC&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false">original</a> la <time datetime="2021-01-22">22 ianuarie 2021</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2020-10-14">14 octombrie 2020</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uttermost+Part+of+the+Earth%3A+A+Guide+to+Places+in+the+Bible&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=Illustrated+ed.&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2805-7&rft.au=Richard+R.+Losch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5GJaakRvPgC%26pg%3DPA51%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Text în plus (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Text_%C3%AEn_plus" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Text în plus">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiveScience-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LiveScience_21-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307004503/http://www.livescience.com/53794-ancient-tombs-found-near-bethlehem.html">„Ancient Burial Ground with 100 Tombs Found Near Biblical Bethlehem”</a>. LiveScience.com. <time datetime="2016-03-04">4 martie 2016</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/53794-ancient-tombs-found-near-bethlehem.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2016-03-07">7 martie 2016</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2016-03-07">7 martie 2016</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Burial+Ground+with+100+Tombs+Found+Near+Biblical+Bethlehem&rft.pub=LiveScience.com&rft.date=2016-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F53794-ancient-tombs-found-near-bethlehem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAA-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAA_22-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Israel Antiquities Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527032131/http://www.antiquities.org.il">„Israel Antiquities Authority”</a>. antiquities.org.il. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il">original</a> la <time datetime="2012-05-27">27 mai 2012</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-05-23">23 mai 2012</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft.pub=antiquities.org.il&rft.au=Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquities.org.il&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Gen./Capitolul_35" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Gen./Capitolul 35">Gen. 35:16</a>, <a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Gen./Capitolul_48" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Gen./Capitolul 48">Gen. 48:7</a>, <a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Ruth/Capitolul_4" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Ruth/Capitolul 4">Ruth 4:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Mic./Capitolul_5" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Mic./Capitolul 5">Mic. 5:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/1_Sam./Capitolul_17" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/1 Sam./Capitolul 17">1 Sam. 17:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Luke/Capitolul_2" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Luke/Capitolul 2">Luke 2:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/1_Sam./Capitolul_16" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/1 Sam./Capitolul 16">1 Sam. 16:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/1_Sam./Capitolul_16" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/1 Sam./Capitolul 16">1 Sam. 16:4–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/2_Sam./Capitolul_23" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/2 Sam./Capitolul 23">2 Sam. 23:13–17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224004015/http://www.centuryone.com/bordeaux.html">„The Bordeaux Pilgrim”</a>. Centuryone.com. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centuryone.com/bordeaux.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2012-02-24">24 februarie 2012</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-08-17">17 august 2012</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bordeaux+Pilgrim&rft.pub=Centuryone.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centuryone.com%2Fbordeaux.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Matt./Capitolul_1" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Matt./Capitolul 1">Matt. 1:18–2:23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia/Vechiul_Testament/Luke/Capitolul_2" class="extiw" title="s:Biblia/Vechiul Testament/Luke/Capitolul 2">Luke 2:1–39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brownrigg, Ronald (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>) [1971]. „Jesus: The Birth Stories”. <i>Who's Who in the New Testament</i>. New York and London: Routledge. pp. 121–123. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-203-01712-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-203-01712-8">978-0-203-01712-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus%3A+The+Birth+Stories&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+New+Testament&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=121-123&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-01712-8&rft.aulast=Brownrigg&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> necesită <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sanders, E. 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New York and London: T&T Clark. pp. 145–158. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-567-64517-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-567-64517-3">978-0-567-64517-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+An+Independent+Historian%27s+Account+of+His+Life+and+Teaching&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=145-158&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-64517-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> necesită <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brown, Raymond Edward (<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). <i>The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke</i>. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2008-01-22">22 ianuarie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+and+Mythology+of+Bethlehem&rft.pub=Bethlehem+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethlehem-city.org%2FEnglish%2FCity%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Le Strange (<time datetime="1890">1890</time>). <i>Palestine under the Moslems; a description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500</i>. pp. 298–300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+under+the+Moslems%3B+a+description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.D.+650+to+1500&rft.pages=298-300&rft.date=1890&rft.au=Le+Strange&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140216150000/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/bethlehem-church-of-the-nativity">„Church of the Nativity – Bethlehem”</a>. Sacred-destinations.com. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/bethlehem-church-of-the-nativity">original</a> la <time datetime="2014-02-16">16 februarie 2014</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-10-29">29 octombrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+of+the+Nativity+%E2%80%93+Bethlehem&rft.pub=Sacred-destinations.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-destinations.com%2Fisrael%2Fbethlehem-church-of-the-nativity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">de Sivry, L. (<time datetime="1852">1852</time>). <i>Dictionnaire de Géographie Ecclésiastique</i>. p. 375.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+G%C3%A9ographie+Eccl%C3%A9siastique&rft.pages=375&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=de+Sivry&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Paul Reed, 2000, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Singer, Amy (<time datetime="1994">1994</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231205315/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials: Rural Administration around Sixteenth-Century Jerusalem</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 80. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ro/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA84&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">original</a> la <time datetime="2015-12-31">31 decembrie 2015</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Peasants+and+Ottoman+Officials%3A+Rural+Administration+around+Sixteenth-Century+Jerusalem&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmrsAw_mk1d0C%26pg%3DPA84%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Singer, Amy (<time datetime="1994">1994</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231205315/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials: Rural Administration around Sixteenth-Century Jerusalem</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ro/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA84&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">original</a> la <time datetime="2015-12-31">31 decembrie 2015</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Peasants+and+Ottoman+Officials%3A+Rural+Administration+around+Sixteenth-Century+Jerusalem&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmrsAw_mk1d0C%26pg%3DPA84%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen141-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petersen141_53-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Petersen, 2005, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Singer, Amy (<time datetime="1994">1994</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231205315/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials: Rural Administration around Sixteenth-Century Jerusalem</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ro/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA84&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">original</a> la <time datetime="2015-12-31">31 decembrie 2015</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Peasants+and+Ottoman+Officials%3A+Rural+Administration+around+Sixteenth-Century+Jerusalem&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmrsAw_mk1d0C%26pg%3DPA84%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, 1860, p. 647.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">W. M. Thomson, p. 647.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Socin, 1879, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/146/mode/1up">146</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Hartmann, 1883, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n932/mode/1up">124</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014172813/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63429/Bethlehem">„Bethlehem”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bethlehem">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-10-14">14 octombrie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2024-08-17">17 august 2024</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bethlehem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBethlehem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729204009/http://imeu.net/news/article00125.shtml">„IMEU: Maps: 2.7 – Jerusalem and the Corpus Separatum proposed in 1947”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imeu.net/news/article00125.shtml">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-07-29">29 iulie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-01-22">22 ianuarie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMEU%3A+Maps%3A+2.7+%E2%80%93+Jerusalem+and+the+Corpus+Separatum+proposed+in+1947&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimeu.net%2Fnews%2Farticle00125.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insideout.org/documentaries/jerusalem/land/timeline2.html">A Jerusalem Timeline, 3,000 Years of The City's History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109171903/http://www.insideout.org/documentaries/jerusalem/land/timeline2.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2009-01-09">9 ianuarie 2009</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (2001–02) <a href="/w/index.php?title=NPR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPR — pagină inexistentă">National Public Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113114509/http://www.bethlehem.ps/about/">„About Bethlehem”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehem.ps/about/">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-11-13">13 noiembrie 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2016-06-01">1 iunie 2016</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Bethlehem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethlehem.ps%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /> The Centre for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_heritage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural heritage — pagină inexistentă">Cultural Heritage</a> Preservation via Bethlehem.ps.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehem.ps/facts/population.php">Population in the Bethlehem District</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup> Bethlehem.ps. <sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Talmor, Ronny (translated by Ralph Mandel) (1990) <i>The Use of Firearms - By the Security Forces in the Occupied Territories</i>. <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files2/publication/199007_use_of_firearms_eng.doc">download</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914221355/http://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files2/publication/199007_use_of_firearms_eng.doc">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2014-09-14">14 septembrie 2014</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. p. 75 MK <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yair_Tsaban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yair Tsaban — pagină inexistentă">Yair Tsaban</a> to defence ministers <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> & <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a> p.81 Rabin's reply</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729174648/http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/19941995.htm">„Palestine Facts Timeline: 1994–1995”</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestinian_Academic_Society_for_the_Study_of_International_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs — pagină inexistentă">Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/19941995.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-07-29">29 iulie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-03-29">29 martie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palestine+Facts+Timeline%3A+1994%E2%80%931995&rft.pub=Palestinian+Academic+Society+for+the+Study+of+International+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.passia.org%2Fpalestine_facts%2Fchronology%2F19941995.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kessel, Jerrold (<time datetime="1995-12-24">24 decembrie 1995</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731210658/http://www.cnn.com/EVENTS/seasons_greetings/bethlehem_celebration/">„Muslims, Christians celebrate in Bethlehem”</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/EVENTS/seasons_greetings/bethlehem_celebration/">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-07-31">31 iulie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-01-22">22 ianuarie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Muslims%2C+Christians+celebrate+in+Bethlehem&rft.date=1995-12-24&rft.aulast=Kessel&rft.aufirst=Jerrold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FEVENTS%2Fseasons_greetings%2Fbethlehem_celebration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AK-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AK_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AK_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AK_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AK_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Klein, Aaron; Daily, World Net (<time datetime="2005-12-27">27 decembrie 2005</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3190798,00.html">„<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Muslims persecuting Bethlehem's Christians<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>”</a>. <i>Ynetnews</i> (în engleză)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2023-12-07">7 decembrie 2023</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=%27Muslims+persecuting+Bethlehem%27s+Christians%27&rft.date=2005-12-27&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Daily%2C+World+Net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3190798%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCHA-68"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OCHA_68-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) & Office of the Special Coordinator for the Peace Process in the Middle East (decembrie 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729131103/http://www.miftah.org/Doc/Reports/2004/Beth_Rep_Dec04_En.pdf">„Costs of Conflict: The Changing Face of Bethlehem”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. United Nations. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miftah.org/Doc/Reports/2004/Beth_Rep_Dec04_En.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> la <time datetime="2013-07-29">29 iulie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-07-22">22 iulie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Costs+of+Conflict%3A+The+Changing+Face+of+Bethlehem&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2004-12&rft.au=Office+for+the+Coordination+of+Humanitarian+Affairs+%28OCHA%29+%26+Office+of+the+Special+Coordinator+for+the+Peace+Process+in+the+Middle+East&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miftah.org%2FDoc%2FReports%2F2004%2FBeth_Rep_Dec04_En.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Patience, Martin (<time datetime="2007-12-22">22 decembrie 2007</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106191329/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7146980.stm">„Better times return to Bethlehem”</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7146980.stm">original</a> la <time datetime="2014-01-06">6 ianuarie 2014</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-01-22">22 ianuarie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Better+times+return+to+Bethlehem&rft.date=2007-12-22&rft.aulast=Patience&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7146980.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-70"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_70-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109192256/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1916580.stm">„Vatican outrage over church siege”</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <time datetime="2002-04-08">8 aprilie 2002</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1916580.stm">original</a> la <time datetime="2014-01-09">9 ianuarie 2014</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-03-29">29 martie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vatican+outrage+over+church+siege&rft.date=2002-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F1916580.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siege_timeline-71"><b><a href="#cite_ref-siege_timeline_71-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227111530/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/siege/etc/cron.html">„Chronology of the Siege”</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. PBS. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/siege/etc/cron.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-12-27">27 decembrie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-12-26">26 decembrie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+the+Siege&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fsiege%2Fetc%2Fcron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Blincoe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/2014/08/14/nicholas-blincoe/phantom-bids">'Phantom Bids,'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109181210/https://www.lrb.co.uk/2014/08/14/nicholas-blincoe/phantom-bids">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2018-01-09">9 ianuarie 2018</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Review_of_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="London Review of Books — pagină inexistentă">London Review of Books</a></i>, August 14, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">CNEWA (<time datetime="2002-01-23">23 ianuarie 2002</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnewa.org/christian-emigration-report-palestine/">„Christian Emigration Report: Palestine”</a>. <i>CNEWA</i> (în engleză)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2023-12-07">7 decembrie 2023</time></span>. <q>Selected accounts of Christians expressing feelings of intimidation/persecution due to rise in Muslim extremism: Muslims refusing to hire Christian workers or to sell property to Christians Christian women describe increasing harassment from Muslim men.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNEWA&rft.atitle=Christian+Emigration+Report%3A+Palestine&rft.date=2002-01-23&rft.au=CNEWA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnewa.org%2Fchristian-emigration-report-palestine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Meotti, Giulio (<time datetime="2012-04-28">28 aprilie 2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4221651,00.html">„Bethlehem's last Christians?”</a>. <i>Ynetnews</i> (în engleză)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2023-12-07">7 decembrie 2023</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Bethlehem%27s+last+Christians%3F&rft.date=2012-04-28&rft.aulast=Meotti&rft.aufirst=Giulio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4221651%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">admin (<time datetime="2008-09-15">15 septembrie 2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persecution.org/2008/09/15/muslims-continue-pushing-christians-out-of-bethlehem/">„Muslims Continue Pushing Christians Out of Bethlehem”</a>. <i>International Christian Concern</i> (în engleză)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2023-12-07">7 decembrie 2023</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Christian+Concern&rft.atitle=Muslims+Continue+Pushing+Christians+Out+of+Bethlehem&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft.au=admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persecution.org%2F2008%2F09%2F15%2Fmuslims-continue-pushing-christians-out-of-bethlehem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcpa.org/article/palestinian-crimes-against-christian-arabs-and-their-manipulation-against-israel/">„Palestinian Crimes against Christian Arabs and Their Manipulation against Israel”</a>. <i>Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</i> (în engleză)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2023-12-07">7 decembrie 2023</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Center+for+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Palestinian+Crimes+against+Christian+Arabs+and+Their+Manipulation+against+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Farticle%2Fpalestinian-crimes-against-christian-arabs-and-their-manipulation-against-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABetleem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betleem&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Irina Stoica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistamagazin.ro/content/view/6696/7/">„Pământul Nașterii Domnului”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140919061628/http://www.revistamagazin.ro/content/view/6696/7/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2014-09-19">19 septembrie 2014</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (17 decembrie 2008). <i>Revista Magazin</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timpul.md/articol/orasul-bethleem-din-biblie-a-existat-34798.html">„Orașul Bethleem din Biblie a existat”</a> (23 iunie 2012). <i>Timpul.md</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jurnalul.ro/special/bethleemul-nasterii-domnului-93496.htm">Bethleemul Nașterii Domnului</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup>, 27 mai 2007, Paula Mihailov Chiciuc, <i>Jurnalul Național</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ziarullumina.ro/calea-pelerinului/tara-sfanta-pe-urmele-lui-iisus-hristos-bethleem-locul-unde-s-petrecut-primul">În Țara Sfântă, pe urmele lui Iisus Hristos: Bethleem - locul unde s-a petrecut primul Crăciun al lumii (1)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905074938/http://ziarullumina.ro/calea-pelerinului/tara-sfanta-pe-urmele-lui-iisus-hristos-bethleem-locul-unde-s-petrecut-primul">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2014-09-05">5 septembrie 2014</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 18 septembrie 2007, Grigore Radoslavescu, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ziarullumina.ro/calea-pelerinului/tara-sfanta-pe-urmele-lui-iisus-hristos-smerenie-si-bucurie-sfanta-pestera-din">În Țara Sfântă, pe urmele lui Iisus Hristos - Smerenie și bucurie în sfânta peșteră din Bethleem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905054759/http://ziarullumina.ro/calea-pelerinului/tara-sfanta-pe-urmele-lui-iisus-hristos-smerenie-si-bucurie-sfanta-pestera-din">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2014-09-05">5 septembrie 2014</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 27 septembrie 2007, Grigore Radoslavescu, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ziarullumina.ro/documentar/locul-care-fiul-lui-dumnezeu-s-facut-om">Biserica „Nașterea Domnului“ din Betleem - Locul în care Fiul lui Dumnezeu S-a făcut Om</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905071459/http://ziarullumina.ro/documentar/locul-care-fiul-lui-dumnezeu-s-facut-om">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2014-09-05">5 septembrie 2014</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 28 decembrie 2010, Raluca Brodner, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ziarullumina.ro/reportaj/locul-care-s-intrupat-cuvantul-lui-dumnezeu">Locul în care S-a întrupat Cuvântul lui Dumnezeu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905063222/http://ziarullumina.ro/reportaj/locul-care-s-intrupat-cuvantul-lui-dumnezeu">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2014-09-05">5 septembrie 2014</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 21 decembrie 2008, Narcisa Elena Balaban, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nașterea_lui_Isus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Na%C8%99terea_lui_Isus" title="Format:Nașterea lui Isus"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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.navbox-title{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .whiteText{color:#fff}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important;background:transparent!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important;background:transparent!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/220px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">Aur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%83m%C3%A2ie" title="Tămâie">Tămâie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smirn%C4%83" title="Smirnă">Smirnă</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narațiuni</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evanghelia_dup%C4%83_Matei" title="Evanghelia după Matei">Evanghelia după Matei</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matei_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matei 1 — pagină inexistentă">Matei 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matei_1:18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matei 1:18 — pagină inexistentă">Matei 1:18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matei_1:19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matei 1:19 — pagină inexistentă">Matei 1:19</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matei_1:20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matei 1:20 — pagină inexistentă">Matei 1:20</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matei_1:21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matei 1:21 — pagină inexistentă">Matei 1:21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matei_1:22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matei 1:22 — pagină inexistentă">Matei 1:22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matei_1:23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matei 1:23 — pagină inexistentă">Matei 1:23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matei_1:24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matei 1:24 — pagină inexistentă">Matei 1:24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matei_1:25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matei 1:25 — pagină inexistentă">Matei 1:25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matei_2:11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matei 2:11 — pagină inexistentă">Matei 2:11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adora%C8%9Bia_magilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adorația magilor — pagină inexistentă">Adorația magilor</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Categorie:Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categorie:Adoration of the Magi in art — pagină inexistentă">În artă</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evanghelia_dup%C4%83_Luca" title="Evanghelia după Luca">Evanghelia după Luca</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luca_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luca 2 — pagină inexistentă">Luca 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buna_vestire_la_p%C4%83stori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buna vestire la păstori — pagină inexistentă">Buna vestire la păstori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corelate</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iesle_(Cr%C4%83ciun)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iesle (Crăciun) — pagină inexistentă">Iesle</a></li> <li><a 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style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satul_de_Cr%C4%83ciun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satul de Crăciun — pagină inexistentă">Satul de Crăciun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colind" title="Colind">Colindatul de Crăciun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categorie:Na%C8%99terea_lui_Isus_%C3%AEn_art%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categorie:Nașterea lui Isus în artă — pagină inexistentă">Altele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amintiri</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C4%83ciun" title="Crăciun">Crăciun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biserica_Na%C8%99terii_Domnului" title="Biserica Nașterii Domnului">Biserica Nașterii Domnului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scena_Na%C8%99terii_Domnului" title="Scena Nașterii Domnului">Vitrine de naștere</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furtul_Pruncului_Iisus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furtul Pruncului Iisus — pagină inexistentă">Furt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocul_ur%C8%99ilor" class="mw-redirect" title="Jocul urșilor">Irozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postul_Cr%C4%83ciunului" title="Postul Crăciunului">Postul Crăciunului</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155" /><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Teritoriile_Palestiniene&#124;link=Teritoriile_Palestiniene_Orașe_administrate_de_Autoritatea_Națională_Palestiniană" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks 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href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Bireh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Bireh — pagină inexistentă">al-Bireh</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad-Dhahiriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ad-Dhahiriya — pagină inexistentă">ad-Dhahiriya</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dura,_Hebron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dura, Hebron — pagină inexistentă">Dura</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halhul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halhul — pagină inexistentă">Halhul</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ierihon" title="Ierihon">Ierihon</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalqilya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qalqilya — pagină inexistentă">Qalqilya</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubas — pagină inexistentă">Tubas</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tulkarm" title="Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yatta,_Hebron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yatta, Hebron — pagină inexistentă">Yatta</a></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Palestine_election_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img 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