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music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folk_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folk music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocal_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vocal music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sutartinės_(multipart_songs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sutartinės_(multipart_songs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Sutartinės (multipart songs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sutartinės_(multipart_songs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wedding_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wedding_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Wedding songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wedding_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War-historical_time_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War-historical_time_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>War-historical time songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-historical_time_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar_cycle_and_ritual_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar_cycle_and_ritual_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Calendar cycle and ritual songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar_cycle_and_ritual_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Work songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumental_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumental_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Instrumental music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumental_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Musicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choral_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choral_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Choral music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choral_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rock music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rock_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rock music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rock_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punk_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punk_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Punk rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punk_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pop music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Heavy metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Hip hop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Electronic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jazz_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazz_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Jazz music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jazz_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_festivals_and_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_festivals_and_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Music festivals and events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_festivals_and_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Музыка Літвы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Музыка Літвы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_in_Litauen" title="Musik in Litauen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musik in Litauen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leedu_muusika" title="Leedu muusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leedu muusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_lituanienne" title="Musique lituanienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique lituanienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լիտվական երաժշտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիտվական երաժշտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ლიეტუვის მუსიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიეტუვის მუსიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika_Lietuvoje" title="Muzika Lietuvoje – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Muzika Lietuvoje" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Музыка Литвы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыка Литвы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Музика Литви – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музика Литви" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Template:Culture of Lithuania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Template talk:Culture of Lithuania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Lithuania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_lituani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/I_lituani.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption> Opera <i><a href="/wiki/I_Lituani" title="I Lituani">I Lituani</a></i> <i>(The Lithuanians)</i> - poster from the opera's 19th century production</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Palace_of_Vilnius_in_XVIIIc._Lithuania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Royal_Palace_of_Vilnius_in_XVIIIc._Lithuania.jpg/220px-Royal_Palace_of_Vilnius_in_XVIIIc._Lithuania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Royal_Palace_of_Vilnius_in_XVIIIc._Lithuania.jpg/330px-Royal_Palace_of_Vilnius_in_XVIIIc._Lithuania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Royal_Palace_of_Vilnius_in_XVIIIc._Lithuania.jpg/440px-Royal_Palace_of_Vilnius_in_XVIIIc._Lithuania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Grand_Dukes_of_Lithuania" title="Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania">Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania</a> in XVIII c.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Music of Lithuania</b> refers to all forms of music associated with <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, which has a long history of the folk, popular and classical musical development. Music was an important part of polytheistic, pre-Christian Lithuania – rituals were accompanied by music instruments and singing, deeds of the heroes and those who didn't return from the war were celebrated in songs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M.Ma%C5%BEvydas,_a_fragment_of_Lithuanian_psalm_-_Gyvenim%C4%85_tas_tur%C4%97s,1570.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/M.Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_a_fragment_of_Lithuanian_psalm_-_Gyvenim%C4%85_tas_tur%C4%97s%2C1570.jpg/220px-M.Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_a_fragment_of_Lithuanian_psalm_-_Gyvenim%C4%85_tas_tur%C4%97s%2C1570.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/M.Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_a_fragment_of_Lithuanian_psalm_-_Gyvenim%C4%85_tas_tur%C4%97s%2C1570.jpg/330px-M.Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_a_fragment_of_Lithuanian_psalm_-_Gyvenim%C4%85_tas_tur%C4%97s%2C1570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/M.Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_a_fragment_of_Lithuanian_psalm_-_Gyvenim%C4%85_tas_tur%C4%97s%2C1570.jpg/440px-M.Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_a_fragment_of_Lithuanian_psalm_-_Gyvenim%C4%85_tas_tur%C4%97s%2C1570.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>A fragment of Lithuanian psalm <i>Gyvenimą tas turės</i> by <a href="/wiki/Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas" title="Martynas Mažvydas">Martynas Mažvydas</a>, 1570</figcaption></figure> <p>Music was very important part of ancient Lithuanian polytheistic belief. It is known that, at the start of the 2nd millennium, <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a> tribes had special funeral traditions in which the deeds of the dead were narrated using <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">recitation</a>, and ritual songs about war campaigns, heroes and rulers also existed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First professional music was introduced to Lithuania with travelling monks in the 11th century. After the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Lithuania" title="Christianization of Lithuania">christianization of Lithuania</a> in 1387, religious music started to spread, <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> was introduced. Travelling musicians arranged concerts in the manors and castles of the Lithuanian nobleman, local cappellas were founded. </p><p>It is known, that <a href="/wiki/Anna,_Grand_Duchess_of_Lithuania" title="Anna, Grand Duchess of Lithuania">Anna, Grand Duchess of Lithuania</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Vytautas" title="Vytautas">Vytautas the Great</a> which had diplomatic relationships with the Teutonic Knights, who sent her expensive gifts, including <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portative_organ" title="Portative organ">portative organ</a> in 1408.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daughter of Grand Duke of Lithuania <a href="/wiki/Gediminas" title="Gediminas">Gediminas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldona_of_Lithuania" title="Aldona of Lithuania">Aldona</a>, when married to <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III of Poland</a>, 1325 took her palace orchestra to Cracow.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had musicians which played <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>. </p><p>The first opera (<i><a href="/wiki/Dramma_per_musica" title="Dramma per musica">Dramma per musica</a></i>) in Lithuania was staged in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Grand_Dukes_of_Lithuania" title="Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania">Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania</a> in 1636. <a href="/wiki/Marco_Scacchi" title="Marco Scacchi">Marco Scacchi</a> and Virgilio Puccitelli were the opera's impresarios. The appearance of the opera in Lithuania is quite early, especially considering the fact that <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a> phenomena was formed at about 1600 and first opera staged in Paris was just before 1650. </p><p>In the 17th century in Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, three Italian operas were staged – all by palace composer Marco Scacchi, to librettos by Virgilio Puccitelli - <i>Il ratto d’Elena</i> (<i>The Elena Kidnapping</i>) (1636), <i>L'Andromeda</i> (<i>Andromeda</i>) (1644), <i>Circe Delusa</i> (<i>Disillusioned Circe</i>) (1648). The scenography and stage machinery was made by Italian architects and engineers Agostino Locci, Bartolomeo Bolzoni and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Gisleni" title="Giovanni Battista Gisleni">Giovanni Battista Gisleni</a>. The cultural life of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania was especially intense during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> residence was a place to host many chamber concerts, music and dance festivities and carnivals, and music has become an integral part of the public life of the Palace. Musicians from other countries, especially from Italy, were invited to Vilnius. Among the most notable was Hungarian composer and <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lutenist</a> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1lint_Bakfark" title="Bálint Bakfark">Bálint Bakfark</a>, who came to Vilnius from Rome, Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Diomedes_Cato" title="Diomedes Cato">Diomedes Cato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composer and lutenist <a href="/wiki/Michelagnolo_Galilei" title="Michelagnolo Galilei">Michelagnolo Galilei</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> was playing in the court of <a href="/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_family" title="Radziwiłł family">Radvila</a> in Vilnius in the 17th century. Approximately 100 musicians worked in Vilnius at the court of <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_%22the_Black%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł">Mikalojus Radvila Juodasis</a>, the Protestant Grand Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Palatine of Vilnius (1515–1565).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First printed Lithuanian book <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas" title="Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas">Catechismusa Prasty Szadei</a></i> (<i>The Simple Words of Catechism</i>) in 1547 contained 11 religious hymns in Lithuanian with <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a>. Lithuanian jesuit <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDygimantas_Liauksminas" title="Žygimantas Liauksminas">Žygimantas Liauksminas</a> (Sigismundus Lauxminus) published the first music handbook in Lithuania - <i>Ars et praxis musica</i> in 1667. It was a first book of the trilogy, devoted to <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> - other books include <i>Graduale pro exercitatione studentium</i> and <i>Antifonale ad psalmos, iuxta ritum S. Romanae Ecclesiae, decantandos, necessarium</i>. The books were published at the University of Vilnius - S.R.M. Academicis Societatis Jesu.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent findings - <i>The Sapieha Album</i> (<i>Sapiegos albumas</i>) and the <i>Diary of the Kražiai Organist</i> (<i>Kražių vargoninko dienoraštis</i>) demonstrated that the big part of the Lithuanian church music of the 17th century was directly influenced by the most prominent composers of Italy of that time - <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a>; Italian <a href="/wiki/Organ_tablature" title="Organ tablature">organ tablature</a> notation prevailed, <a href="/wiki/Figured_bass#Basso_continuo" title="Figured bass">basso continuo</a> was studied.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lithuania and its turbulent history was a subject of operas long before the appearance of the national opera in Lithuania. <i>Everardo II, re di Lituania</i> (<i>Everardo II, King of Lithuania</i>), music by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Sousa_Carvalho" title="João de Sousa Carvalho">João de Sousa Carvalho</a>, libretto by <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Martinelli" title="Gaetano Martinelli">Gaetano Martinelli</a> was written in 1782 to celebrate the birth of <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Portugal" title="Peter III of Portugal">Pedro III</a>, King of Portugal. <i><a href="/wiki/I_Lituani" title="I Lituani">I Lituani</a></i> (<i>The Lithuanians</i>) - is an opera consisting by <a href="/wiki/Amilcare_Ponchielli" title="Amilcare Ponchielli">Amilcare Ponchielli</a> to an Italian libretto by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ghislanzoni" title="Antonio Ghislanzoni">Antonio Ghislanzoni</a>, based on the historical poem <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Konrad Wallenrod</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>. It premiered at <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> on 7 March 1874. </p><p>One of the first professional Lithuanian musicians was Juozas Kalvaitis (1842-1900). He composed a four-voiced Mass in the Lithuanian language in <a href="/wiki/Sovetsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Tilžė</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1877, an oratorio <a href="/wiki/The_Creation_(Haydn)" title="The Creation (Haydn)">The Creation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a> was translated to Lithuanian and performed in Vilnius. The first national opera <i><a href="/wiki/Birut%C4%97_(opera)" title="Birutė (opera)">Birutė</a></i> by composer <a href="/wiki/Mikas_Petrauskas" title="Mikas Petrauskas">Mikas Petrauskas</a> (1873-1937), libretto - <a href="/wiki/Gabrielius_Landsbergis-%C5%BDemkalnis" title="Gabrielius Landsbergis-Žemkalnis">Gabrielius Landsbergis-Žemkalnis</a> (1852-1916) was staged in 1906. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_%C4%8Ciurlionis" title="Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis">Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis</a> (1875-1911) is considered the greatest Lithuanian composer of his generation, and probably of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_music">Folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_folk_music" title="Lithuanian folk music">Lithuanian folk music</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First-Lithuanian-song-written-down,1634.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/First-Lithuanian-song-written-down%2C1634.jpg/310px-First-Lithuanian-song-written-down%2C1634.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/First-Lithuanian-song-written-down%2C1634.jpg/465px-First-Lithuanian-song-written-down%2C1634.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/First-Lithuanian-song-written-down%2C1634.jpg/620px-First-Lithuanian-song-written-down%2C1634.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>First Lithuanian folk song written down along with melody by Lithuanian engineer <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Getkant" title="Fryderyk Getkant">Fryderyk Getkant</a> (Fridrichas - Bridžius Gedkantas) in 1634.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lithuanian folk music belongs to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltic music (page does not exist)">Baltic music</a> branch which is connected with <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Corded_ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Corded ware">corded ware</a> culture. In Lithuanian territory meets two musical cultures: stringed (<a href="/wiki/Kankl%C4%97s" title="Kanklės">kanklių</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">wind instrument</a> cultures. These instrumental cultures probably formed vocal traditions. Lithuanian folk music is archaic, mostly used for ritual purposes, containing elements of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a> faith. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocal_music">Vocal music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vocal music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Daina_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daina (Lithuania)">Daina (Lithuania)</a></div> <p>There are three ancient styles of singing in Lithuania connected with ethnographical regions: <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophony</a>, multi-voiced <a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heterophony" title="Heterophony">heterophony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>. Monophony mostly occurs in southern (<a href="/wiki/Dz%C5%ABkija" title="Dzūkija">Dzūkija</a>), southwest (<a href="/wiki/Suvalkija" title="Suvalkija">Suvalkija</a>) and eastern (<a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitija" title="Aukštaitija">Aukštaitija</a>) parts of Lithuania. Multi-voiced homophony, widespread in entire Lithuania, is the most archaic in <a href="/wiki/Samogitia" title="Samogitia">Samogitia</a>. Traditional vocal music is held in high esteem on a world scale: Lithuanian song fests and sutartinės multipart songs are on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s representative list of the <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sutartinės_(multipart_songs)"><span id="Sutartin.C4.97s_.28multipart_songs.29"></span>Sutartinės (multipart songs)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sutartinės (multipart songs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_folklore_performance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lithuanian_folklore_performance.jpg/310px-Lithuanian_folklore_performance.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lithuanian_folklore_performance.jpg/465px-Lithuanian_folklore_performance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lithuanian_folklore_performance.jpg/620px-Lithuanian_folklore_performance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>A Lithuanian folklore band <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABlgrinda_(band)" title="Kūlgrinda (band)">Kūlgrinda</a> dancing to a folk song in Vilnius</figcaption></figure> <p>Sutartinės (from the word <i>sutarti</i>—to be in concordance, in agreement, singular <i>sutartinė</i>) are highly unique examples of folk music. They are an ancient form of two and three voiced <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>, based on the oldest principles of multivoiced vocal music: <a href="/wiki/Heterophony" title="Heterophony">heterophony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_harmony" title="Parallel harmony">parallelism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a> and free <a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">imitation</a>. Most of the sutartinės' repertoire was recorded in the 19th and 20th centuries, but sources from the 16th century on show that they were significant along with monophonic songs. At present the sutartinės have almost become extinct as a genre among the population, but they are fostered by many Lithuanian folklore ensembles. </p><p>The topics and functions of sutartinės encompass all major Lithuanian folk song genres. Melodies of sutartinės are not complex, containing two to five <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a>. The melodies are symmetrical, consisting of two equal-length parts; <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythms</a> are typically <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopated</a>, and the distinctly articulated <a href="/wiki/Refrain" title="Refrain">refrains</a> give them a driving quality. </p><p>Sutartinės can be classed into three groups according to performance practices and function: </p> <ul><li>Dvejinės (“twosomes”) are sung by two singers or two groups of singers.</li> <li>Trejinės (“threesomes”) are performed by three singers in strict canon.</li> <li>Keturinės (“foursomes") are sung by two pairs of singers.</li></ul> <p>Sutartinės are a localized phenomenon, found in the northeastern part of Lithuania. They were sung by women, but men performed instrumental versions on the <a href="/wiki/Kankl%C4%97s" title="Kanklės">kanklės</a> (psaltery), on <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horns</a>, and on the skudučiai (pan-pipes). The rich and thematically varied poetry of the sutartinės attests to their importance in the social fabric. Sutartinės were sung at festivals, gatherings, <a href="/wiki/Weddings" class="mw-redirect" title="Weddings">weddings</a>, and while performing various chores. The poetic language while not being complex is very visual, expressive and sonorous. The rhythms are clear and accented. Dance sutartinės are humorous and spirited, despite the fact that the movements of the dance are quite reserved and slow. One of the most important characteristics of the sutartinės is the wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Vocable" title="Vocable">vocables</a> used in the refrains (<i>sodauto, lylio, ratilio, tonarilio, dauno, kadujo, čiūto</i>, etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wedding_songs">Wedding songs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wedding songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different vocal and instrumental forms developed, such as lyrical, satirical, drinking and banqueting songs, musical dialogues, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_laments" title="Lithuanian laments">wedding laments</a>, games, dances and marches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War-historical_time_songs">War-historical time songs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War-historical time songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chronicles and historical documents of the 13th through 16th centuries contain the first sources about songs relating the heroics of those fallen in battle against the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>. Later songs mention the <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a>, there are frequent references to <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircholm" title="Battle of Kircholm">Battle of Kircholm</a>; songs collected in the early 19th century mention battles with the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>. Songs from uprisings and revolutions, as well as sonf of Lithuanian anti-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">guerrilla resistance</a> in 1945-1952 and songs of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Lithuania" title="Soviet deportations from Lithuania">deportees</a> are also classified as wartime historical songs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calendar_cycle_and_ritual_songs">Calendar cycle and ritual songs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Calendar cycle and ritual songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They were sung at prescribed times of the year while performing the appropriate rituals. There are songs of <a href="/wiki/Shrovetide" title="Shrovetide">Shrovetide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> swinging songs, and Easter songs called lalavimai. The <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> songs reflect the mood of staidness and reflection. Christmas songs contain vocables such as <i>kalėda, lėliu kalėda; oi kalėda kalėdzieka</i>, while Advent songs contain vocables such as <i>leliumoj, aleliuma, aleliuma rūta, aleliuma loda</i> and others. There are several typical melodic characteristics associated with Christmas ritual songs, such as a narrow range, three-measure phrases, dance rhythms, a controlled slow tempo, and a tonal structure based on <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_mode" title="Phrygian mode">phrygian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode" title="Mixolydian mode">mixolydian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_mode" title="Aeolian mode">aeolian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetrachord" title="Tetrachord">tetrachords</a>. Polyphonic <a href="/wiki/Jonin%C4%97s" class="mw-redirect" title="Joninės">St. John's Feast</a> songs are commonly called kupolinės, which include refrains and vocables such as <i>kupolėle kupolio, kupolio kupolėlio, or kupole rože</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Work_songs">Work songs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Work songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Work songs vary greatly in function and age. There are some very old examples, which have retained their direct relation with the rhythm and process of the work to be done. Later work songs sing more of a person's feelings, experiences and aspirations. The older work songs more accurately relate the various stages of the work to be done. They are categorized according to their purpose on the farm, in the home, and so on. </p> <ul><li><b>Herding songs</b>. Shepherd songs are sung by children, while nightherding songs are sung by adults. The shepherding songs reflect the actual <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">tending</a> of animals, the social situation of children, as well as references to ancient beliefs. The raliavimai or <a href="/wiki/Warble" class="mw-redirect" title="Warble">warbles</a> are also recitative type melodies, distinguished by the <a href="/wiki/Vocable" title="Vocable">vocable</a> <i>ralio</i>, which is meant to calm the animals. The raliavimai have no set poetic or musical form being free recitatives, unified by the refrains. Some warbles end in a prolonged <a href="/wiki/Ululation" title="Ululation">ululation</a>, based on a major or <a href="/wiki/Minor_third" title="Minor third">minor third</a>.</li> <li><b>Haymaking songs</b>. Refrains are common in haymaking songs. The most common vocable used is <i>valio</i>, hence — <i>valiavimas</i>, the term for the singing of haymaking songs. The vocable is sung slowly and broadly, evoking the spacious fields and the mood of the haymaking season. The melodies of earlier origin are similar to other early work songs while more modern haymaking songs have a wider modal range and are structurally more complex. Most are in <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a> and are homophonic.</li> <li><b>Rye harvesting songs</b>. The <a href="/wiki/Harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvesting">harvesting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> is the central stage in the agricultural cycle. The mood is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doleful" class="extiw" title="wikt:doleful">doleful</a> and sad, love and marriage are the prevailing topics in them. Family relationships between parents and children are often discussed, with special emphasis on the hard lot of the daughter-in law in a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> family. Rye harvesting songs have rhythmic and tonal structures in common, which attests to their antiquity. Their unique melodic style is determined by close connection to ritual and the function of the work. The <a href="/wiki/Musical_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical mode">modal</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal</a> structure of some of these songs revolves around a <a href="/wiki/Minor_third" title="Minor third">minor third</a>, while others are built on a major <a href="/wiki/Tetrachord" title="Tetrachord">tetrachord</a>.</li> <li><b>Oat harvesting, flax and buckwheat pulling and hemp gathering songs</b>. Oat harvesting songs sing of the lad and the maid, of love and marriage as well as the work process: <a href="/wiki/Sowing" title="Sowing">sowing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrowing">harrowing</a>, cultivating, <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">reaping</a>, binding, stacking, transporting, <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshing</a>, milling, and even eating. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophonic</a> oat harvesting songs of Dzūkija, there are quite a few sutartinės from northern Aukštaitija, which are directly related to the job of growing oats.</li> <li><b>Milling songs</b>. The genre can be identified by characteristic refrains and vocables, such as <i>zizui malui</i>, or <i>malu malu</i>. They suggest the hum of the <a href="/wiki/Millstone" title="Millstone">millstones</a> as well as the rhythm of the milling. Milling was done by women, and the lyrics are about women's life and family relationships, as well as the work itself. Milling songs are slow tempo, composed, the melodic rhythm varies little.</li> <li><b>Spinning and weaving songs</b>. In spinning songs the main topic is the spinning itself, the spinner, and the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a> while weaving songs mention the weaving process, the weaver, the loom, the delicate linens. Some spinning songs are cheerful and humorous, while others resemble the milling songs which bemoan the woman's hard lot and longing for their homes and parents. The texts describe the work process, while the refrains mimic the whirring of the spinning wheel. There are also highly unique spinning sutartinės, typified by clear and strict rhythms.</li> <li><b>Laundering songs</b>. Sometimes the refrain imitates the sounds of the <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangle_(machine)" title="Mangle (machine)">mangle</a> — the laundering tools. The songs often <a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">hyperbolyze</a> images of the mother-in-law's outlandish demands, such as using the sea instead of a beetle, and the sky in place of a mangle, and the treetops for drying.</li> <li><b>Fishing and hunting songs</b>. <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a> songs are about the sea, the bay, the fisherman, his boat, the net, and they often mention seaside place names, such as <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rusn%C4%97" title="Rusnė">Rusnė</a>. The emotions of young people in love are often portrayed in ways that are unique only to fishing songs. The monophonic melodies are typical of singing traditions of the seaside regions of Lithuania. Hunting motifs are very clearly expressed in hunting songs.</li> <li><b>Berry picking and <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_gathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushroom gathering">mushroom gathering</a> songs</b>. These are singular songs. Berry picking songs describe young girls picking berries, meeting boys and their conversations. Mushroom gathering songs can be humorous, making light of the process of gathering and cooking the mushrooms, describing the "war" of the mushrooms or their "weddings."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumental_music">Instrumental music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Instrumental music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaiguviskiai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vaiguviskiai.jpg/220px-Vaiguviskiai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vaiguviskiai.jpg/330px-Vaiguviskiai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vaiguviskiai.jpg/440px-Vaiguviskiai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1659" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Vaiguva, a Lithuanian folklore band</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>rateliai</i> (<i>round dances</i>) have long been a very important part of Lithuanian folk culture, traditionally performed without instrumental <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a>. Since the 19th century, however, fiddle, <i>basetle</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lamzdeliai" title="Lamzdeliai">lamzdeliai</a></i> and kanklės came to accompany the dances, while modern groups also incorporate bandoneon, accordion, concertina, <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonica</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states#Under_Soviet_rule_(1944–1991)" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a>, dance ensembles used box kanklės and a modified clarinet called the <i><a href="/wiki/Birbyn%C4%97" title="Birbynė">birbynės</a></i>; although the ensembles were ostensibly folk-based, they were modernized and sanitized and used harmonized and denatured forms of traditional styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronshaw_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronshaw-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important Lithuanian popular folk music ensembles included <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skriaud%C5%BEiai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skriaudžiai (page does not exist)">Skriaudžių</a> kanklės</i>, formed in 1906, and <i>Lietuva</i>. Such ensembles were based on traditional music, but were modernized to be palatable to the masses; the early 20th century also saw the spread of traditional musical plays like <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Kupi%C5%A1k%C4%97nai_Wedding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Kupiškėnai Wedding (page does not exist)">The Kupiškėnai Wedding</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronshaw_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronshaw-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the most prominent modern village ensembles: Marcinkonys (Varėna dst.), Žiūrai (Varėna dst.), Kalviai-Lieponys (Trakai dst.), Luokė (Telšiai dst.), <i>Linkava</i> (Linkuva, Pakruojis dst.), <i>Šeduviai</i> (Šeduva, Radviliškis dst.), Užušiliai (Biržai dst.), Lazdiniai-Adutiškis (Švenčionys dst.). Some of the most prominent town folklore groups: <i><a href="/wiki/Ratilio" title="Ratilio">Ratilio</a></i>, <i>Ūla</i>, <i>Jievaras</i>, <i>Poringė</i> (<a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>), <i>Kupolė</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>), <i>Verpeta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kai%C5%A1iadorys" title="Kaišiadorys">Kaišiadorys</a>), <i>Mėguva</i> (<a href="/wiki/Palanga" title="Palanga">Palanga</a>), <i>Insula</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tel%C5%A1iai" title="Telšiai">Telšiai</a>), <i>Gastauta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Roki%C5%A1kis" title="Rokiškis">Rokiškis</a>), <i>Kupkiemis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kupi%C5%A1kis" title="Kupiškis">Kupiškis</a>), <i>Levindra</i> (<a href="/wiki/Utena,_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Utena, Lithuania">Utena</a>), <i>Sūduviai</i> (<a href="/wiki/Vilkavi%C5%A1kis" title="Vilkaviškis">Vilkaviškis</a>). Children folk groups: <i>Čiučiuruks</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tel%C5%A1iai" title="Telšiai">Telšiai</a>), <i>Kukutis</i> (Molėtai), <i>Čirulis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Roki%C5%A1kis" title="Rokiškis">Rokiškis</a>), <i>Antazavė</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zarasai" title="Zarasai">Zarasai</a> dst.)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060204221210/http://ausis.gf.vu.lt/eka/ensembl/ens_hist.html">[1]</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-collapsible collapsible expanded mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birbyne_front_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Birbynė"><img alt="Birbynė" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Birbyne_front_back.jpg/160px-Birbyne_front_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Birbyne_front_back.jpg/240px-Birbyne_front_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Birbyne_front_back.jpg/320px-Birbyne_front_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="972" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Birbyn%C4%97" title="Birbynė">Birbynė</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kankles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanklės"><img alt="Kanklės" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kankles.jpg/160px-Kankles.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kankles.jpg/240px-Kankles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kankles.jpg/320px-Kankles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="661" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kankl%C4%97s" title="Kanklės">Kanklės</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skrabalai.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Skrabalai"><img alt="Skrabalai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Skrabalai.gif" decoding="async" width="109" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="78" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Skrabalai" title="Skrabalai">Skrabalai</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaziuko_muge_2010_-_dudos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dūdas"><img alt="Dūdas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kaziuko_muge_2010_-_dudos.jpg/160px-Kaziuko_muge_2010_-_dudos.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kaziuko_muge_2010_-_dudos.jpg/240px-Kaziuko_muge_2010_-_dudos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kaziuko_muge_2010_-_dudos.jpg/320px-Kaziuko_muge_2010_-_dudos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/D%C5%ABdas" title="Dūdas">Dūdas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vytenis_Jankauskas_playing_the_Lithuanian_bagpipes.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dūdmaišis (Lithuanian bagpipe)"><img alt="Dūdmaišis (Lithuanian bagpipe)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vytenis_Jankauskas_playing_the_Lithuanian_bagpipes.png/93px-Vytenis_Jankauskas_playing_the_Lithuanian_bagpipes.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vytenis_Jankauskas_playing_the_Lithuanian_bagpipes.png/139px-Vytenis_Jankauskas_playing_the_Lithuanian_bagpipes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vytenis_Jankauskas_playing_the_Lithuanian_bagpipes.png/186px-Vytenis_Jankauskas_playing_the_Lithuanian_bagpipes.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/D%C5%ABdmai%C5%A1is" title="Dūdmaišis">Dūdmaišis</a> (Lithuanian bagpipe)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmodikon_og_boge.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Psalmodikon"><img alt="Psalmodikon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Salmodikon_og_boge.JPG/116px-Salmodikon_og_boge.JPG" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Salmodikon_og_boge.JPG/174px-Salmodikon_og_boge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Salmodikon_og_boge.JPG/232px-Salmodikon_og_boge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="2496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Psalmodikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalmodikon">Psalmodikon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zurna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zurna"><img alt="Zurna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Zurna.jpg/160px-Zurna.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Zurna.jpg/240px-Zurna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Zurna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="82" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">Zurna</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6250_stamp_(Lithuanian_skuduciai,_piper,_trimitas,_kankles_and_ozragis)_small_resolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lithuanian instruments on a Soviet stamp (skudučiai, dūdas, trimitas, kanklės, ožragis)"><img alt="Lithuanian instruments on a Soviet stamp (skudučiai, dūdas, trimitas, kanklės, ožragis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6250_stamp_%28Lithuanian_skuduciai%2C_piper%2C_trimitas%2C_kankles_and_ozragis%29_small_resolution.jpg/160px-The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6250_stamp_%28Lithuanian_skuduciai%2C_piper%2C_trimitas%2C_kankles_and_ozragis%29_small_resolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6250_stamp_%28Lithuanian_skuduciai%2C_piper%2C_trimitas%2C_kankles_and_ozragis%29_small_resolution.jpg/240px-The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6250_stamp_%28Lithuanian_skuduciai%2C_piper%2C_trimitas%2C_kankles_and_ozragis%29_small_resolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6250_stamp_%28Lithuanian_skuduciai%2C_piper%2C_trimitas%2C_kankles_and_ozragis%29_small_resolution.jpg/320px-The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6250_stamp_%28Lithuanian_skuduciai%2C_piper%2C_trimitas%2C_kankles_and_ozragis%29_small_resolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lithuanian instruments on a Soviet stamp (skudučiai, dūdas, trimitas, kanklės, ožragis)</div> </li> </ul></div></div><div class="footer"><div>Lithuanian national instruments</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikalojus_Konstantinas_%C4%8Ciurlionis_photo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_%C4%8Ciurlionis_photo_portrait.jpg/220px-Mikalojus_Konstantinas_%C4%8Ciurlionis_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_%C4%8Ciurlionis_photo_portrait.jpg/330px-Mikalojus_Konstantinas_%C4%8Ciurlionis_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_%C4%8Ciurlionis_photo_portrait.jpg/440px-Mikalojus_Konstantinas_%C4%8Ciurlionis_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="1621" /></a><figcaption>Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_%C4%8Ciurlionis" title="Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis">Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis</a> (September 22 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> September 10] 1875 in <a href="/wiki/Var%C4%97na" title="Varėna">Varėna</a>—April 10 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> March 28] 1911 in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pustelnik,_Marki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pustelnik, Marki (page does not exist)">Pustelnik</a> near <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>. During his short life he created about 200 pieces of music. His works have had profound influence on modern Lithuanian culture. </p><p>Čiurlionis studied piano and composition at the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> Conservatory (1894–1899). Later he attended composition lectures at the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> Conservatory (1901–1902). His <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poems</a> <i>In the Forest</i> (<i>Miške</i>) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Sea_(music)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Sea (music) (page does not exist)">The Sea</a></i> (<i>Jūra</i>) were performed only <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthumous work">posthumously</a>. </p><p><i>The Čiurlionis String Quartet</i> performs in Lithuania and abroad. Every several years junior performers from Lithuania and neighbouring countries take part in <i>The Čiurlionis Competition</i>. </p><p>Modern classical composers emerged in seventies - <a href="/wiki/Bronius_Kutavi%C4%8Dius" title="Bronius Kutavičius">Bronius Kutavičius</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feliksas_Bajoras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feliksas Bajoras (page does not exist)">Feliksas Bajoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osvaldas_Balakauskas" title="Osvaldas Balakauskas">Osvaldas Balakauskas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onut%C4%97_Narbutait%C4%97" title="Onutė Narbutaitė">Onutė Narbutaitė</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vidmantas_Bartulis" title="Vidmantas Bartulis">Vidmantas Bartulis</a> and others. Most of those composers explored archaic Lithuanian music and its harmonic combination with modern minimalism and neoromanticism.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirga_Gra-inyt--Tyla_conducts_the_CBSO,_Aldeburgh_Voices_and_Aldeburgh_Music_Club_at_Aldeburgh_Festival-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mirga_Gra-inyt--Tyla_conducts_the_CBSO%2C_Aldeburgh_Voices_and_Aldeburgh_Music_Club_at_Aldeburgh_Festival-crop.jpg/220px-Mirga_Gra-inyt--Tyla_conducts_the_CBSO%2C_Aldeburgh_Voices_and_Aldeburgh_Music_Club_at_Aldeburgh_Festival-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mirga_Gra-inyt--Tyla_conducts_the_CBSO%2C_Aldeburgh_Voices_and_Aldeburgh_Music_Club_at_Aldeburgh_Festival-crop.jpg/330px-Mirga_Gra-inyt--Tyla_conducts_the_CBSO%2C_Aldeburgh_Voices_and_Aldeburgh_Music_Club_at_Aldeburgh_Festival-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mirga_Gra-inyt--Tyla_conducts_the_CBSO%2C_Aldeburgh_Voices_and_Aldeburgh_Music_Club_at_Aldeburgh_Festival-crop.jpg/440px-Mirga_Gra-inyt--Tyla_conducts_the_CBSO%2C_Aldeburgh_Voices_and_Aldeburgh_Music_Club_at_Aldeburgh_Festival-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla conducting the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Birmingham_Symphony_Orchestra" title="City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra">City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Aldeburgh_Festival" title="Aldeburgh Festival">Aldeburgh Festival</a> in 2017</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Osvaldas_Balakauskas" title="Osvaldas Balakauskas">Osvaldas Balakauskas</a> (born 1937, Miliūnai) Graduated from the Vilnius Pedagogical Institute in 1961, attended Boris Lyatoshinsky's composition class at Kiev Conservatory in 1969. From 1992 to 1994 Balakauskas was ambassador of Lithuania and in 1996 he was awarded with the Lithuanian National Award, the highest artistic and cultural distinction in Lithuania. He is currently head of the Composition Department of the Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre. His output consists of symphonies, concertos, chamber and instrumental music. </p><p>Conductor and music director of <a href="/wiki/City_of_Birmingham_Symphony_Orchestra" title="City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra">City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirga_Gra%C5%BEinyt%C4%97-Tyla" title="Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla">Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla</a> is known for her flamboyance and steely poise.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also in top 5 of woman conductors.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Ideas Chamber Orchestra NICO and Synaesthesis playing new academic music. </p><p>In 1996 <a href="/wiki/Music_Information_Centre_Lithuania" title="Music Information Centre Lithuania">Music Information Centre Lithuania</a> (MICL) was founded. It collects, promotes and shares information on Lithuanian musical culture. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronius_Kutavi%C4%8Dius" title="Bronius Kutavičius">Bronius Kutavičius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/classical/composers/kutavicius/">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juozas_Gruodis" title="Juozas Gruodis">Juozas Gruodis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/classical/composers/gruodis/">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidmantas_Bartulis" title="Vidmantas Bartulis">Vidmantas Bartulis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/classical/composers/bartulis/">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Barkauskas" title="Vytautas Barkauskas">Vytautas Barkauskas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/classical/composers/barkauskas/">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeronimas_Ka%C4%8Dinskas" title="Jeronimas Kačinskas">Jeronimas Kačinskas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/classical/composers/kacinskas/">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giedrius_Kuprevi%C4%8Dius" title="Giedrius Kuprevičius">Giedrius Kuprevičius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/classical/composers/kupreviciusgiedrius/">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Bacevi%C4%8Dius" title="Vytautas Bacevičius">Vytautas Bacevičius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/classical/composers/bacevicius/">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar%C5%ABnas_Nakas" title="Šarūnas Nakas">Šarūnas Nakas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/classical/composers/nakas/">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%C4%97_Janulyt%C4%97" class="extiw" title="lt:Justė Janulytė">lt:Justė Janulytė</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/classical/composers/janulyte/">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri%C4%8Dardas_Kabelis" title="Ričardas Kabelis">Ričardas Kabelis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/classical/composers/kabelis/">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rytis_Ma%C5%BEulis" title="Rytis Mažulis">Rytis Mažulis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/classical/composers/mazulis/">[12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustas_Lat%C4%97nas" title="Faustas Latėnas">Faustas Latėnas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/classical/composers/latenas/">[13]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onut%C4%97_Narbutait%C4%97" title="Onutė Narbutaitė">Onutė Narbutaitė</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/classical/composers/narbutaite/">[14]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opera">Opera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_pavillon_de_la_Lituanie,_Lion_d%27or_(Biennale_de_Venise_2019)_(48099215538).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Le_pavillon_de_la_Lituanie%2C_Lion_d%27or_%28Biennale_de_Venise_2019%29_%2848099215538%29.jpg/220px-Le_pavillon_de_la_Lituanie%2C_Lion_d%27or_%28Biennale_de_Venise_2019%29_%2848099215538%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Le_pavillon_de_la_Lituanie%2C_Lion_d%27or_%28Biennale_de_Venise_2019%29_%2848099215538%29.jpg/330px-Le_pavillon_de_la_Lituanie%2C_Lion_d%27or_%28Biennale_de_Venise_2019%29_%2848099215538%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Le_pavillon_de_la_Lituanie%2C_Lion_d%27or_%28Biennale_de_Venise_2019%29_%2848099215538%29.jpg/440px-Le_pavillon_de_la_Lituanie%2C_Lion_d%27or_%28Biennale_de_Venise_2019%29_%2848099215538%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5575" data-file-height="3936" /></a><figcaption>Opera performance <i><a href="/wiki/Sun_%26_Sea_(Marina)" title="Sun & Sea (Marina)">Sun & Sea (Marina)</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/58th_Venice_Biennale" title="58th Venice Biennale">2019 Venice Biennale</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmik_Grigorian_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Asmik_Grigorian_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/220px-Asmik_Grigorian_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Asmik_Grigorian_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/330px-Asmik_Grigorian_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Asmik_Grigorian_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/440px-Asmik_Grigorian_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Asmik_Grigorian" title="Asmik Grigorian">Asmik Grigorian</a> - Lithuanian operatic <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>. Winner of <a href="/wiki/International_Opera_Awards" title="International Opera Awards">International Opera Award</a> as the best female singer of 2019<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Although the first opera in Lithuania was staged just 30 years later after it appeared in Italy, the musical and cultural development was constantly interrupted with historical turmoils. The Russian invasion in 1655 was especially grueling - many manors were destroyed, Vilnius was looted and demolished. The war with Sweden was started as well. The period was called <i>Tvanas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">The Deluge</a>). Eventually it led to a partition of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. </p><p>In 1785 in Vilnius was the first city theatre created, which hosted operas as well. Musical life continued in the saloons of the aristocrats and nobleman. The house of singer Kristina Gerhardi-Frank and physician <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Frank_(physician)" title="Joseph Frank (physician)">Joseph Frank</a> was especially well known in Vilnius. </p><p>Development of national Lithuanian opera is related with national revival in the 20th century. Themes of the operas were taken from the national history or mythology. Lithuanian language was considered as language of singing. First Lithuanian national opera <i><a href="/wiki/Birut%C4%97_(opera)" title="Birutė (opera)">Birutė</a></i> by composer <a href="/wiki/Mikas_Petrauskas" title="Mikas Petrauskas">Mikas Petrauskas</a> was staged in 1906 in Vilnius <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Philharmonic_Society" title="Lithuanian National Philharmonic Society">City Concert Hall</a>. After regaining the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania" title="Act of Independence of Lithuania">Independence of Lithuania in 1918</a> opera <i><a href="/wiki/Gra%C5%BEina" title="Gražina">Gražina</a></i> (1933) by composer <a href="/wiki/Jurgis_Karnavi%C4%8Dius_(composer)" title="Jurgis Karnavičius (composer)">Jurgis Karnavičius</a> (1884 - 1941) was the first staged in a new <a href="/wiki/Kaunas_State_Musical_Theatre" title="Kaunas State Musical Theatre">Kaunas State Musical Theatre</a>. It was followed in 1937 by the next opera of J.Karnavičius <i><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Miko%C5%82aj_%22Perk%C5%ABnas%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Krzysztof Mikołaj "Perkūnas" Radziwiłł">Radvila Perkūnas</a></i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in 1924 Lithuanian emigrants music lovers staged opera by M.Petrauskas <i>Eglė žalčių karalienė</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Egl%C4%97_the_Queen_of_Serpents" title="Eglė the Queen of Serpents">Eglė the Queen of Serpents</a></i>). Vytautas Klova (1926 - 2006) created mostly national operas - (<i><a href="/wiki/Pil%C4%97nai" title="Pilėnai">Pilėnai</a></i> 1955, <i><a href="/wiki/Vaiva" title="Vaiva">Vaiva</a></i> 1957, <i>Duktė</i> (<i>The Daughter</i>) 1960, <i>Du kalavijai</i> (<i>Two Swords</i>) 1965, <i>Amerikietiškoji tragedija</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Tragedy" title="An American Tragedy">An American Tragedy</a></i>), 1968, <i>Ave vita</i>, 1974). Operas based on historical thematic were created by Julius Juzeliūnas (1916 - 2001) (<i>Sukilėliai</i> (<i>The Rebels</i>) 1957, banned by soviet censorship, staged only in 1977), B. Dvarionas (<i>Dalia</i>, 1958). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bronius_Kutavi%C4%8Dius" title="Bronius Kutavičius">Bronius Kutavičius</a> wrote operas <i>Kaulo senis ant geležinio kalno</i> (<i>The Old Man of Bone on the Iron Hill</i>, 1976), <i>Strazdas – žalias paukštis</i> (<i>Thrush, the Green Bird</i>, 1981), <i>Lokys</i> (<i>The Bear</i>, 2000), <i>Ignes et fides</i> (<i>Fire and Faith</i>, 2003),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combining opera, ballet and oratorio. </p><p>Most notable Lithuanian opera singers: <a href="/wiki/Kipras_Petrauskas" title="Kipras Petrauskas">Kipras Petrauskas</a> (1885 - 1968), <a href="/wiki/Virgilijus_Noreika" title="Virgilijus Noreika">Virgilijus Noreika</a> (1935 - 2018), Vaclovas Daunoras (b. 1937), Irena Milkevičiūtė (b. 1947), <a href="/wiki/Violeta_Urmana" title="Violeta Urmana">Violeta Urmana</a> (b. 1961). Other singers performing on international scenes are: Aušrinė Stundytė, Asmik Grigorian, Vaidas Vyšniauskas (Kristian Benedikt), Edgaras Montvidas, Justina Gringytė, <a href="/wiki/Indre_Viskontas" title="Indre Viskontas">Indre Viskontas</a>. Liudas Truikys (1904 - 1987) was a renowned scenic designer. Prominent theatre director <a href="/wiki/Eimuntas_Nekro%C5%A1ius" title="Eimuntas Nekrošius">Eimuntas Nekrošius</a> has staged several operas in Lithuania (<a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a>) and Italy (<a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi)">Macbeth</a>). Fashion designer Juozas Statkevičius (b. 1968) created costumes for numerous operas. </p><p>The diversity of the modern national opera is represented by: <i>Lokys</i> (<i>The Bear</i>, 2000),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Geros dienos</i> (<i>Have a Godd Day!</i>, 2011),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cornet</i> (2014),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Post Futurum</i> (2018),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Prūsai</i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">The Prussians</a>, 2018).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sun_%26_Sea_(Marina)" title="Sun & Sea (Marina)">Modern opera <i>Sun & Sea (Marina)</i></a> (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was presented at <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a>, Lithuanian pavilion and was awarded The Golden Lion for best national participation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently operas are staged in <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Opera_and_Ballet_Theatre" title="Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre">Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_City_Opera" title="Vilnius City Opera">Vilnius City Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaunas_State_Musical_Theatre" title="Kaunas State Musical Theatre">Kaunas State Musical Theatre</a>, Klaipėda State Musical Theatre and by company <i>Operomanija</i> and by <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Opera_Company_of_Chicago" title="Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago">Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago</a>. Opera is a highly popular genre in Lithuania, collecting full halls. The annual NOA (New Opera Action)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - contemporary alternative opera and multidisciplinary art festival is being organized in Vilnius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musicals">Musicals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Musicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1971, despite being behind the Iron Curtain in Soviet occupied Lithuania <a href="/wiki/K%C4%99stutis_Antan%C4%97lis" title="Kęstutis Antanėlis">Kęstutis Antanėlis</a> has staged a rock opera <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar" title="Jesus Christ Superstar">Jesus Christ Superstar</a> - just one year after its album release. In 1973 composer <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ganelin" title="Vyacheslav Ganelin">Viačeslavas Ganelinas</a> and a poet <a href="/wiki/Sigitas_Geda" title="Sigitas Geda">Sigitas Geda</a> created a film musical <i>Velnio nuotaka</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Bride_(1974_film)" title="Devil's Bride (1974 film)">Devil's bride</a></i>). It is considered the first Lithuanian musical. In 1974 a musical <i>Ugnies medžioklė su varovais</i> (<i>Fire Hunt and Beaters</i>) (composer - <a href="/wiki/Giedrius_Kuprevi%C4%8Dius" title="Giedrius Kuprevičius">Giedrius Kuprevičius</a>, libretto - <a href="/wiki/Saulius_%C5%A0altenis" title="Saulius Šaltenis">Saulius Šaltenis</a>, Liudas Jacinevičius) was staged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Choral_music">Choral music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Choral music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Lithuania <a href="/wiki/Choral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral music">choral music</a> is very important. Only in Vilnius city there are three choirs laureates at the <a href="/wiki/European_Grand_Prix_for_Choral_Singing" title="European Grand Prix for Choral Singing">European Grand Prix for Choral Singing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Mi%C5%A1kinis" title="Vytautas Miškinis">Vytautas Miškinis</a> (born 1954) is a composer and choir director who is very popular in Lithuania and abroad. He has written over 400 secular and about 150 religious works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rock_music">Rock music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rock music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian rock">Lithuanian rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garbanotas_Bosistas_live_in_Lithuania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Garbanotas_Bosistas_live_in_Lithuania.jpg/220px-Garbanotas_Bosistas_live_in_Lithuania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Garbanotas_Bosistas_live_in_Lithuania.jpg/330px-Garbanotas_Bosistas_live_in_Lithuania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Garbanotas_Bosistas_live_in_Lithuania.jpg/440px-Garbanotas_Bosistas_live_in_Lithuania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Garbanotas_Bosistas" title="Garbanotas Bosistas">Garbanotas Bosistas</a> (The Curly Bassist)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Communist government of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian SSR">Lithuanian SSR</a> criticized <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>, which was considered a decadent and corrupting cultural invasion from the West. The first local rock bands started to emerge around 1965 and included <i>Kertukai</i>, <i>Aitvarai</i> and <i>Nuogi ant slenksčio</i> (<i>Naked On A Threshold</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Kaunas, and <a href="/wiki/K%C4%99stutis_Antan%C4%97lis" title="Kęstutis Antanėlis">Kęstutis Antanėlis</a>, <i>Vienuoliai</i> (<i>The Monks</i>), and <i>Gėlių Vaikai</i> (<i>Flower Childs</i>) in Vilnius, among others. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radio_Luxembourg" title="Radio Luxembourg">Radio Luxembourg</a> was the most important source of information about the music on other side of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>. It was very common for Lithuanian hippies or band players to listen to this radio. Radio Luxemburg bears strong associations in Lithuania with the <i><a href="/wiki/Romas_Kalanta" title="Romas Kalanta">Romas Kalanta</a> generation</i> (<i>Kalantos karta</i>). Another means was to smuggle <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">LPs</a> of popular Western bands into Lithuania and copy them onto <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a>. The records then spread further by making recordings to the friends, classmates. </p><p>Unable to express their opinions directly, the Lithuanian artists began organizing patriotic <a href="/wiki/Roko_Mar%C5%A1as" class="mw-redirect" title="Roko Maršas">Roko Maršai</a> and were using <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a> in their songs' lyrics, which were easily identified for their true meanings by the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Postmodernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernist">Postmodernist</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Antis_(band)" title="Antis (band)">Antis</a> and its vocalist <a href="/wiki/Algirdas_Kau%C5%A1p%C4%97das" title="Algirdas Kaušpėdas">Algirdas Kaušpėdas</a> were one of the most active performers who mocked the Soviet regime by using metaphors. For example, in the song <i>Zombiai</i> (Zombies), the band indirectly sang about the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> soldiers who occupied the state and its military base in <a href="/wiki/Ukmerg%C4%97" title="Ukmergė">Ukmergė</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Kernagis" title="Vytautas Kernagis">Vytautas Kernagis</a>' song <i>Kolorado vabalai</i> (<a href="/wiki/Colorado_potato_beetle" title="Colorado potato beetle">Colorado beetles</a>) was also a favorite due to its lyrics in which true meaning of the Colorado beetles was intended to be the Soviets decorated with the <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_of_Saint_George" title="Ribbon of Saint George">Ribbons of Saint George</a>. </p><p>In the early independence years, rock band <a href="/wiki/Foje" title="Foje">Foje</a> was particularly popular and gathered tens of thousands of spectators to the concerts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After disbanding in 1997, Foje vocalist <a href="/wiki/Andrius_Mamontovas" title="Andrius Mamontovas">Andrius Mamontovas</a> remained one of the most prominent Lithuanian performers and an active participant in various <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">charity</a> events.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marijonas_Mikutavi%C4%8Dius" title="Marijonas Mikutavičius">Marijonas Mikutavičius</a> is famous for creating unofficial Lithuania sport anthem <i>Trys milijonai</i> (Three million) and official anthem of the <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2011" title="EuroBasket 2011">EuroBasket 2011</a> <i>Nebetyli sirgaliai</i> (English version was named <i>Celebrate Basketball</i>). </p><p>In the 1980s, rock bands <a href="/wiki/Foje" title="Foje">Foje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antis_(band)" title="Antis (band)">Antis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bix_(rock_group)" title="Bix (rock group)">Bix</a> made a big impact in Lithuania. Short-lived <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> group <i>Šiaurės kryptis</i> (<i>The Northern Direction</i>, 1986 - 1995) issued only one album <i>Netiekto</i>, but still considered one of the best groups of that time. </p><p>In 1987, 1988 and 1989 Lithuania saw several big rock festivals, such as <a href="/wiki/Roko_Mar%C5%A1as" class="mw-redirect" title="Roko Maršas">Roko Maršas</a> (Rock March). Roko Maršas was connected to the ideology of <a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Sąjūdis</a> and independence movement of Lithuania. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDalvarinis" title="Žalvarinis">Žalvarinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antis_(band)" title="Antis (band)">Antis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbanotas_Bosistas" title="Garbanotas Bosistas">Garbanotas Bosistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bix_(rock_group)" title="Bix (rock group)">Bix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyl%C4%97" title="Skylė">Skylė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atalyja" title="Atalyja">Atalyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba._(band)" title="Ba. (band)">Ba.</a></li> <li>Hiperbolė</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punk_rock">Punk rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Punk rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1986–1987 marked the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk</a> scene in Lithuania. Bands like <i>Už Tėvynę</i> (<i>For the Fatherland</i>), <i>Genocidas Raudonajam Interventui</i> (<i>A Genocide for The Red Intervents</i>), <i>SKAT</i>, and <i>Erkė maiše</i> were leaning towards the classic punk rock of the 1970s, while others like <i>33% kiaulių pakeliui į Vatikaną</i> and <i>Turboreanimacija</i> were more inclined towards <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> (HC) stylistics. <i>Turboreanimacija</i> can be regarded as the most influential hardcore punk band of Lithuania, which in its time was well received by fanzines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Maximumrocknroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximumrocknroll">Maximumrocknroll</a></i> in the United States. Their first up-tempo albums reminded listeners of early records from Scottish hardcore punk legends <i><a href="/wiki/The_Exploited" title="The Exploited">The Exploited</a></i>, while later <i>Turboreanimacija</i> embarked on the power-punk road. <i>Turboreanimacija</i> disbanded in 1997 after granting a <a href="/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">cult status</a> among the Lithuanian underground. <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a> group <i>Kardiofonas</i> (1986-1989) was highly popular with its hit <i>Kalėdinė eglutė</i> (<i>Christmas tree</i>). </p><p>More recent acts of this genre are ska-punk band <i>Dr.Green</i> (who are famous for their numerous DIY activities and intensive touring through the punk scenes of Europe), street-punkers <i>Toro Bravo</i> and hardcorists <i>Bora</i> and <i>Mountainside</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pop_music">Pop music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pop music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marijonas_Mikutavi%C4%8Dius_during_EuroBasket_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Marijonas_Mikutavi%C4%8Dius_during_EuroBasket_2011.jpg/220px-Marijonas_Mikutavi%C4%8Dius_during_EuroBasket_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Marijonas_Mikutavi%C4%8Dius_during_EuroBasket_2011.jpg/330px-Marijonas_Mikutavi%C4%8Dius_during_EuroBasket_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Marijonas_Mikutavi%C4%8Dius_during_EuroBasket_2011.jpg/440px-Marijonas_Mikutavi%C4%8Dius_during_EuroBasket_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Marijonas Mikutavičius in <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2011" title="EuroBasket 2011">EuroBasket 2011</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Origins of Lithuanian pop music are in music of the cafes and restaurants of temporary capital of Lithuania - Kaunas in the 1930s. It was called <i>estradinė muzika</i> (estrade-music), <i>lengvoji muzika</i> (<a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">light music</a>) and the phenomena sometimes named as <i>mažoji scena</i> (the little stage). Pop music bands <i>Kopų balsai</i> <i>(Sounds of the dunes)</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in the beginning influenced by Juozas Tiškus orchestra), created in 1957 and band <i>Nerija</i>, which started activity in 1970 became very popular in Lithuania. </p><p>From the 2000s on, one of the most popular band in Lithuania is <a href="/wiki/SKAMP" title="SKAMP">SKAMP</a>. Although some pop groups sing in English, pop music in Lithuanian language is very popular. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Kernagis" title="Vytautas Kernagis">Vytautas Kernagis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sel_(group)" title="Sel (group)">Sel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJan" title="GJan">GJan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happyendless" title="Happyendless">Happyendless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijonas_Mikutavi%C4%8Dius" title="Marijonas Mikutavičius">Marijonas Mikutavičius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDas" title="Žas">Žas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monika_Linkyt%C4%97" title="Monika Linkytė">Monika Linkytė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donny_Montell" title="Donny Montell">Donny Montell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LT_United" title="LT United">LT United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roop" title="The Roop">The Roop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Walls" title="Ten Walls">Ten Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurga_%C5%A0eduikyt%C4%97" title="Jurga Šeduikytė">Jurga Šeduikytė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Somov_%26_Jazzu" title="Leon Somov & Jazzu">Leon Somov & Jazzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rad%C5%BEi" title="Radži">Radži</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heavy_metal">Heavy metal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Heavy metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katedra_(band)" title="Katedra (band)">Katedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obtest" title="Obtest">Obtest</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissimulation" class="extiw" title="lt:Dissimulation">lt:Dissimulation</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thundertale" class="extiw" title="lt:Thundertale">lt:Thundertale</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hip_hop">Hip hop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hip hop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%26G_Sindikatas" title="G&G Sindikatas">G&G Sindikatas</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yabujin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yabujin (page does not exist)">Yabujin</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronic">Electronic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Electronic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The group <i>Saulės laikrodis</i> created in 1976, and <i>Argo</i> - in 1979 are considered the pioneers of electronic music in Lithuania. Sound director of <i>Argo</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Or%C5%ABnas_Urbonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orūnas Urbonas (page does not exist)">Orūnas Urbonas</a> constructed sound synthesizers <i>(quasi-moog)</i> for the group needs.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jazz_music">Jazz music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Jazz music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jazz was quite often mentioned in the press of Lithuania before the WWII. Back in Lithuania's first period of independence (1918-1940), the country was part of swinging Europe. Nearly every Lithuanian town had its own jazz band, and traditional jazz repertoire was performed by prestigious orchestras under the leadership of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykolas_Hofmekleris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mykolas Hofmekleris (page does not exist)">Mykolas Hofmekleris</a> (violinist),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraomas_Stupelis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraomas Stupelis (page does not exist)">Abraomas Stupelis</a> (violinist), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danielius_Pomerancas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danielius Pomerancas (page does not exist)">Danielius Pomerancas</a> (violinist).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jazz was played in the modern cafés and restaurants of <i>interbellum</i> <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a> - <i>Konradas</i>, <i>Monika</i>, <i>Aldona</i>, <i>Versalis</i>, <i>Metropolis</i>. In 1935 in the cinema <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autc.lt/en/architecture-objects/994"><i>Metropolitain</i></a>, first concert of jazz orchestra took place. The jazz orchestra was assembled from leading musicians of Kaunas, most likely the basis was a band which played in the <i>Konradas</i> café in the <a href="/wiki/Laisv%C4%97s_al%C4%97ja" title="Laisvės alėja">Laisvės Alley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940 in Kaunas Radio (<i>Kauno radiofonas</i>) was the first official jazz orchestra launched and led by Abraomas Stupelis. He is considered the pioneer of the Lithuanian big band.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mykolas Hofmekleris in 1932 was decorated with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas" title="Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas">Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas</a> for his activity in the field of music.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet occupation destroyed much of the vibrant cultural life, cafes were closed, jazz was considered as an ideologically and politically charged music of the West. Jazz scene was active even during the years of Soviet occupation. First sign of revival was an orchestra of <a href="/wiki/Kaunas_University_of_Technology" title="Kaunas University of Technology">Kaunas Polytechnic Institute</a> led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juozas_Ti%C5%A1kus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juozas Tiškus (page does not exist)">Juozas Tiškus</a>. Juozas Tiškus formed a professional swing orchestra of 28 members. Juozas Tiškus is also considered one of the instigators of popular Lithuanian music. The real breakthrough would occur in 1970–71 with the coming together of the <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ganelin" title="Vyacheslav Ganelin">Ganelin</a>/Tarasov/Chekasin trio, the alleged instigators of the Vilnius Jazz School.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trio, known also as <i>Ganelin Trio</i> or <i>GTCh</i> combined <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a> with elements of Lithuanian folk and classic music. Café <i>Neringa</i> in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> and café <i>Tulpė</i> (former <i>Konradas</i>) in Kaunas became places for jazz lovers and players.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Almost anything can be found on the jazz scene in Lithuania today, from <a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">Dixieland</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> groups, to all kinds of <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">jazz fusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nu_jazz" title="Nu jazz">nu-jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazzcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazzcore">jazzcore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are quite a few international jazz festivals in Lithuania: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Jazz_Festival" title="Vilnius Jazz Festival">Vilnius Jazz Festival</a></li> <li>Vilnius Mama Jazz</li> <li>Birštonas Jazz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_Jazz" title="Kaunas Jazz">Kaunas Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Castle_Jazz_Festival" title="Klaipėda Castle Jazz Festival">Klaipėda Castle Jazz Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nida_Jazz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nida Jazz (page does not exist)">Nida Jazz</a></li></ul></div> <p>Jazz bands and performers: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petras_Vy%C5%A1niauskas" title="Petras Vyšniauskas">Petras Vyšniauskas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/jazz/composers-artists/vysniauskaspetras/">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%C4%97s_klio%C5%A1as" class="extiw" title="lt:Saulės kliošas">lt:Saulės kliošas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/jazz/composers-artists/sauleskliosas/">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudas_Mock%C5%ABnas" class="extiw" title="lt:Liudas Mockūnas">lt:Liudas Mockūnas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/jazz/composers-artists/mockunas/">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Radio_and_Television_Big_Band&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Radio and Television Big Band (page does not exist)">Lithuanian Radio and Television Big Band</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/jazz/composers-artists/LRTBigBand/">[18]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_festivals_and_events">Music festivals and events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Music festivals and events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dainu_svente_1937_eisena_Kaunas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dainu_svente_1937_eisena_Kaunas.jpg/220px-Dainu_svente_1937_eisena_Kaunas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dainu_svente_1937_eisena_Kaunas.jpg/330px-Dainu_svente_1937_eisena_Kaunas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dainu_svente_1937_eisena_Kaunas.jpg/440px-Dainu_svente_1937_eisena_Kaunas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3668" data-file-height="2553" /></a><figcaption><i>Dainų šventė</i> (Lithuanian Song Festival) procession in 1937, Kaunas</figcaption></figure> <p>1924 saw the first <i><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Song_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Song Festival">Dainų šventė</a></i> (The Lithuanian Song Festival), song festivals which were state-supported and helped to keep folk traditions alive; these were held every five years (every four since 1990). Similar festivals take place in <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Song_Festival" title="Estonian Song Festival">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Song_and_Dance_Festival" title="Latvian Song and Dance Festival">Latvia</a> since the 1870s. The 1960s saw people rebelling against Soviet-controlled traditions, and led a <a href="/wiki/Roots_revival" title="Roots revival">roots revival</a> that soon led to celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian culture">Lithuanian identity</a> in festivals and celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronshaw_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronshaw-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lithuania is home to many folk music festivals. The <i>Dainų šventė</i> song festival is perhaps the most famous; it was first held in 1924, and has continued every five years since. Other major folk festivals include the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skamba_skamba_kankliai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skamba skamba kankliai (page does not exist)">Skamba skamba kankliai</a></i> and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atataria_trimitai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atataria trimitai (page does not exist)">Atataria trimitai</a></i>, both held annually; of historical importance is the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant_mari%C5%B3_krantelio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ant marių krantelio (page does not exist)">Ant marių krantelio</a></i>, which was held in the 1980s and was the first major festival of its kind. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltica_International_Folklore_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltica International Folklore Festival (page does not exist)">Baltica International Folklore Festival</a> is held in one of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> every year.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronshaw_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronshaw-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The GAIDA Festival, organised in Vilnius since 1991 is the largest and the most prominent festival of modern music in Lithuania and in all Baltic countries.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCronshaw,_Andrew2000" class="citation book cs1">Cronshaw, Andrew (2000). "Singing Revolutions". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Duane, Orla (eds.). <i>World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>. pp. 16–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0"><bdi>1-85828-636-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Singing+Revolutions&rft.btitle=World+Music%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Middle+East&rft.place=London&rft.pages=16-24&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85828-636-0&rft.au=Cronshaw%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandsbergis" class="citation web cs1">Landsbergis, Vytautas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/lietuvos-muzika-117665">"www.vle.lt"</a>. <i>Lietuvos muzika</i>. Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lietuvos+muzika&rft.atitle=www.vle.lt&rft.aulast=Landsbergis&rft.aufirst=Vytautas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vle.lt%2FStraipsnis%2Flietuvos-muzika-117665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonynas1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jonynas, Ignas (1984) [1932]. "Vytauto šeimyna". <i>Istorijos baruose</i> (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslas. pp. 47–50. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/84212910">84212910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vytauto+%C5%A1eimyna&rft.btitle=Istorijos+baruose&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=47-50&rft.pub=Mokslas&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F84212910&rft.aulast=Jonynas&rft.aufirst=Ignas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/muzikos-instrumentai-lietuvoje-118062">"muzikos instrumentai Lietuvoje"</a>. <i>www.vle.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vle.lt&rft.atitle=muzikos+instrumentai+Lietuvoje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vle.lt%2FStraipsnis%2Fmuzikos-instrumentai-lietuvoje-118062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valdovurumai.lt/lankytojams/renginiai/kulturos-vakaras-muzika-valdovu-rumuose#.WxgzdVOFOL9">"Kultūros vakaras "Muzika Valdovų rūmuose"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.valdovurumai.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.valdovurumai.lt&rft.atitle=Kult%C5%ABros+vakaras+%22Muzika+Valdov%C5%B3+r%C5%ABmuose%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valdovurumai.lt%2Flankytojams%2Frenginiai%2Fkulturos-vakaras-muzika-valdovu-rumuose%23.WxgzdVOFOL9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzminskyi" class="citation web cs1">Kuzminskyi, Ivan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xn--urnalai-cxb.lmta.lt/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Ars-et-praxis-IV_Kuzminskyi.pdf">"On the influence of the Catholic Ivan Kuzminskyi musical culture of Lviv and Vilnius on partes polyphony at the end of the 16th and during the 17th centuries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>žurnalai.lmta.lt</i>. Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre. p. 17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>For example, approximately 100 musicians worked in Vilnius at the court of Mikalojus Radvila Juodasis (Mikołaj "The Black" Radziwiłł), the Protestant Grand Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Palatine of Vilnius (1515–1565)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C5%BEurnalai.lmta.lt&rft.atitle=On+the+influence+of+the+Catholic+Ivan+Kuzminskyi+musical+culture+of+Lviv+and+Vilnius+on+partes+polyphony+at+the+end+of+the+16th+and+during+the+17th+centuries&rft.pages=17&rft.aulast=Kuzminskyi&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxn--urnalai-cxb.lmta.lt%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F05%2FArs-et-praxis-IV_Kuzminskyi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJūratė_Trilupaitienė" class="citation web cs1">Jūratė Trilupaitienė. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mokslozurnalai.lmaleidykla.lt/publ/1392-1002/2009/1-2/36-49.pdf">"Keli XVIII a. LDK bažnytinės muzikos bruožai"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.valdovurumai.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.valdovurumai.lt&rft.atitle=Keli+XVIII+a.+LDK+ba%C5%BEnytin%C4%97s+muzikos+bruo%C5%BEai&rft.au=J%C5%ABrat%C4%97+Trilupaitien%C4%97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmokslozurnalai.lmaleidykla.lt%2Fpubl%2F1392-1002%2F2009%2F1-2%2F36-49.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVytas_Nakas" class="citation web cs1">Vytas Nakas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1974/74_4_06.htm">"The music of Lithuania — a historical sketch"</a>. <i>www.lituanus.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lituanus.org&rft.atitle=The+music+of+Lithuania+%E2%80%94+a+historical+sketch&rft.au=Vytas+Nakas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2F1974%2F74_4_06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakas" class="citation web cs1">Nakas, Vytas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1974/74_4_06.htm">"THE MUSIC OF LITHUANIA — A HISTORICAL SKETCH"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+MUSIC+OF+LITHUANIA+%E2%80%94+A+HISTORICAL+SKETCH&rft.aulast=Nakas&rft.aufirst=Vytas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2F1974%2F74_4_06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sutartines-lithuanian-multipart-songs-00433">"Sutartinės, Lithuanian multipart songs"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>Sutartinės (from the word sutarti – to be in concordance) is a form of polyphonic music performed by female singers in north-east Lithuania. The songs have simple melodies, with two to five pitches, and comprise two distinct parts: a meaningful main text and a refrain that may include nonce words.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sutartin%C4%97s%2C+Lithuanian+multipart+songs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fsutartines-lithuanian-multipart-songs-00433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cronshaw-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cronshaw_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cronshaw_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cronshaw_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cronshaw_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cronshaw, pgs. 22 – 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/classical/history/">"The Modern Music of Lithuania: Past & Present"</a>. <i>www.mic.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mic.lt&rft.atitle=The+Modern+Music+of+Lithuania%3A+Past+%26+Present&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.lt%2Fen%2Fdatabase%2Fclassical%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/3346d3b8-68a3-11e7-9a66-93fb352ba1fe">"Conductor Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla — a combination of flamboyance and steely poise"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 28 July 2017. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/3346d3b8-68a3-11e7-9a66-93fb352ba1fe">the original</a></span> on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>On the podium she is a combination of flamboyance and steely poise. In person, Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla is just the same. When I meet the music director of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, she fills the room with her dynamism, punctuating our conversation with sudden bellows of laughter and effusive hand gestures. But there's also a cool self-possession, a sense that this petite, immaculately turned-out Lithuanian conductor would never speak without careful deliberation. At just 31, Gražinytė-Tyla has the air of a veteran.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Conductor+Mirga+Gra%C5%BEinyt%C4%97-Tyla+%E2%80%94+a+combination+of+flamboyance+and+steely+poise&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F3346d3b8-68a3-11e7-9a66-93fb352ba1fe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bachtrack.com/files/73896-Classical%20music%20statistics%202017-EN.pdf">"Classical Music in 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>bachtrack.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bachtrack.com&rft.atitle=Classical+Music+in+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbachtrack.com%2Ffiles%2F73896-Classical%2520music%2520statistics%25202017-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/news-in-english/19/1054657/lithuanian-wins-best-singer-at-international-opera-awards">"Lithuanian wins best singer at International Opera Awards"</a>. <i>www.lrt.lt</i>. 30 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>Lithuanian opera soprano Asmik Grigorian has won an International Opera Award as the best female singer of 2019 for her role in Salome at the Salzburg Festival.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lrt.lt&rft.atitle=Lithuanian+wins+best+singer+at+International+Opera+Awards&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrt.lt%2Fnaujienos%2Fnews-in-english%2F19%2F1054657%2Flithuanian-wins-best-singer-at-international-opera-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaidamavičiūtė" class="citation web cs1">Gaidamavičiūtė, Rūta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/discourses/lithuanian-music-link/no-6-april-september-2003/bronius-kutavicius-by-fire-and-with-faith/">"Bronius Kutavičius: By Fire and with Faith"</a>. <i>www.mic.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>Over the years, Bronius Kutavičius' ability to create an acoustic image of history has become widely acknowledged. It is therefore no coincidence that he was commissioned by the state to write a large-scale work commemorating the 750th anniversary of the coronation of Lithuania's first and only king, Mindaugas. The composer wrote Ignis et fides (Fire and Faith) for solo voices, reciters, choir and symphony orchestra, plus some folk instruments. This diptych will unite two dates of importance for Lithuania: the first mention of the name of Lithuania in historical sources, and the coronation of King Mindaugas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mic.lt&rft.atitle=Bronius+Kutavi%C4%8Dius%3A+By+Fire+and+with+Faith&rft.aulast=Gaidamavi%C4%8Di%C5%ABt%C4%97&rft.aufirst=R%C5%ABta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.lt%2Fen%2Fdiscourses%2Flithuanian-music-link%2Fno-6-april-september-2003%2Fbronius-kutavicius-by-fire-and-with-faith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicstoday.com/review/review-9077/">"Kutavicius: Lokys"</a>. <i>www.classicstoday.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2018</span>. <q>On evidence here, Lithuanian composer Bronius Kutavicius (b. 1932) stands with the finest exponents of contemporary music from the Baltic republics and Scandinavia. His opera Lokys (The Bear) mixes the timeless atmosphere of Pelléas et Mélisande with the expressionist extremes of Wozzeck, if you can imagine such a thing, and does so with complete success.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.classicstoday.com&rft.atitle=Kutavicius%3A+Lokys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicstoday.com%2Freview%2Freview-9077%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/205659461">"HAVE A GOOD DAY! opera"</a>. <i>vimeo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2018</span>. <q>HAVE A GOOD DAY! Opera for 10 cashiers, supermarket sounds and piano by Vaiva Grainytė, Lina Lapelytė, Rugilė Barzdžiukaitė</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vimeo.com&rft.atitle=HAVE+A+GOOD+DAY%21+opera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F205659461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mic.lt/lt/ivykiai/2014/02/14/premjera-onutes-narbutaites-opera-kornetas/">"Premjera: Onutės Narbutaitės opera "Kornetas"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>mic.lt</i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2018</span>. <q>Vasario 21 ir 22 d. LNOBT įvyks pasaulyje plačiai pripažintos lietuvių kompozitorės Onutės Narbutaitės operos „Kornetas" premjera. Operą kompozitorė sukūrė pagal Rainerio Maria Rilke's poemą „Sakmė apie korneto Kristupo Rilkės meilę ir mirtį", kuri buvo ypač populiari Pirmojo pasaulinio karo metais.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mic.lt&rft.atitle=Premjera%3A+Onut%C4%97s+Narbutait%C4%97s+opera+%22Kornetas%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.lt%2Flt%2Fivykiai%2F2014%2F02%2F14%2Fpremjera-onutes-narbutaites-opera-kornetas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhinegold.co.uk/opera_now/post_futurm/">"Post Futurum at Lithuanian National Opera"</a>. <i>www.rhinegold.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>. <q>Gintaras Sodeika's innovative new opera delights in the surreal, painting an unconventional picture of Lithuania's history through opposing forces of Good and Evil, drawing together some highly original musical and dramatic ideas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rhinegold.co.uk&rft.atitle=Post+Futurum+at+Lithuanian+National+Opera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhinegold.co.uk%2Fopera_now%2Fpost_futurm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giedriuskuprevicius.lt/litterae/Opera%20%20PRUSAI%20English.pdf">"The Prussians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.giedriuskuprevicius.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2018</span>. <q>Prussia is a land, southeast of the Baltic Sea, that was inhabited by Prussians and western Lithuanians. Today, this part of East Prussia is sometimes called Lithuania Minor. The Prussians were one of the Baltic nations. For thousands of years the Balts formed a strong community bound together by ties of blood and kinship. From these Baltic tribes, at the end of the first millennium and the beginning of the second, there began to evolve the Prussian, Yotvingian, Lithuanian, and Latvian nations, of which only the last two were fated to survive. The Prussians were pagans who worshiped their own god, who lived in the sky, Perkunas the Thunderer, as well as the Sun, the Moon, and other deities. For religious rites they gathered at altars in groves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.giedriuskuprevicius.lt&rft.atitle=The+Prussians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giedriuskuprevicius.lt%2Flitterae%2FOpera%2520%2520PRUSAI%2520English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunandsea.lt/en">"Sun & Sea"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sun+%26+Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunandsea.lt%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artnews.com/2019/05/11/arthur-jafa-lithuania-win-top-prizes-at-venice-biennale/">"Arthur Jafa, Lithuania Win Top Prizes at Venice Biennale"</a>. <i>www.artnews.com</i>. 11 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>The Golden Lion for best national participation at the 58th Biennale went to Lithuania, which presented Sun & Sea (Marina), an opera about climate change by Rugilė Barzdžiukaitė, Vaiva Grainytė, and Lina Lapelytė that is set on a manmade beach in a building on the outskirts of the Arsenale. It was selected from among about 90 national pavilions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.artnews.com&rft.atitle=Arthur+Jafa%2C+Lithuania+Win+Top+Prizes+at+Venice+Biennale&rft.date=2019-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnews.com%2F2019%2F05%2F11%2Farthur-jafa-lithuania-win-top-prizes-at-venice-biennale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noa.lt/">"NOA"</a>. <i>noa.lt</i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=noa.lt&rft.atitle=NOA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noa.lt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendžius2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bendžius, Simonas (19 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernardinai.lt/straipsnis/2019-10-18-nuogi-ant-slenkscio-roko-grupe-sokiravusi-sovietmecio-kauna/177749">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"NUOGI ANT SLENKSČIO" – ROKO GRUPĖ, ŠOKIRAVUSI SOVIETMEČIO KAUNĄ"</a>. <i>www.bernardinai.lt</i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bernardinai.lt&rft.atitle=%22NUOGI+ANT+SLENKS%C4%8CIO%22+%E2%80%93+ROKO+GRUP%C4%96%2C+%C5%A0OKIRAVUSI+SOVIETME%C4%8CIO+KAUN%C4%84&rft.date=2019-10-19&rft.aulast=Bend%C5%BEius&rft.aufirst=Simonas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bernardinai.lt%2Fstraipsnis%2F2019-10-18-nuogi-ant-slenkscio-roko-grupe-sokiravusi-sovietmecio-kauna%2F177749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilvikaitė" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tilvikaitė, Patricija. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universitetozurnalistas.kf.vu.lt/2016/08/ir-lietuviskas-rokas-padejo-lietuvai-atkurti-nepriklausomybe/">"Ir lietuviškas rokas padėjo Lietuvai atkurti Nepriklausomybę"</a>. <i>www.universitetozurnalistas.kf.vu.lt</i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.universitetozurnalistas.kf.vu.lt&rft.atitle=Ir+lietuvi%C5%A1kas+rokas+pad%C4%97jo+Lietuvai+atkurti+Nepriklausomyb%C4%99&rft.aulast=Tilvikait%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Patricija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universitetozurnalistas.kf.vu.lt%2F2016%2F08%2Fir-lietuviskas-rokas-padejo-lietuvai-atkurti-nepriklausomybe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kauno.diena.lt/naujienos/lietuva/salies-pulsas/mamontovas-roko-marsai-buvo-toks-irankis-koks-dabar-yra-internetas-801615">"A. Mamontovas: "Roko maršai" buvo toks įrankis, koks dabar yra internetas"</a>. <i>Kauno diena / LRT</i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kauno+diena+%2F+LRT&rft.atitle=A.+Mamontovas%3A+%22Roko+mar%C5%A1ai%22+buvo+toks+%C4%AFrankis%2C+koks+dabar+yra+internetas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkauno.diena.lt%2Fnaujienos%2Flietuva%2Fsalies-pulsas%2Fmamontovas-roko-marsai-buvo-toks-irankis-koks-dabar-yra-internetas-801615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autc.lt/lt/architekturos-objektai/1558">"Ukmergės karinis miestelis"</a>. <i>Autc.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Autc.lt&rft.atitle=Ukmerg%C4%97s+karinis+miestelis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autc.lt%2Flt%2Farchitekturos-objektai%2F1558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kultura.lrytas.lt/literatura/knyga-antiska-ii-dalis-iki-anties-lietuviai-nezinojo-kas-yra-zombis-istrauka-video.htm">"Knyga "Antiška" (II dalis): iki "Anties" lietuviai nežinojo, kas yra zombis (ištrauka, video)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lrytas.lt" title="Lrytas.lt">Lrytas.lt</a></i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lrytas.lt&rft.atitle=Knyga+%22Anti%C5%A1ka%22+%28II+dalis%29%3A+iki+%22Anties%22+lietuviai+ne%C5%BEinojo%2C+kas+yra+zombis+%28i%C5%A1trauka%2C+video%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkultura.lrytas.lt%2Fliteratura%2Fknyga-antiska-ii-dalis-iki-anties-lietuviai-nezinojo-kas-yra-zombis-istrauka-video.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/kalba-vilnius/32/26683/a-mamontovas-padesime-galutini-taska-foje-istorijoje">"A. Mamontovas: padėsime galutinį tašką "Foje" istorijoje - LRT"</a>. <i>LRT</i> (in Lithuanian). 6 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LRT&rft.atitle=A.+Mamontovas%3A+pad%C4%97sime+galutin%C4%AF+ta%C5%A1k%C4%85+%22Foje%22+istorijoje+-+LRT&rft.date=2013-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrt.lt%2Fnaujienos%2Fkalba-vilnius%2F32%2F26683%2Fa-mamontovas-padesime-galutini-taska-foje-istorijoje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/kultura/26/117983/a-mamontovas-populiaruma-isnaudoju-geriems-darbams">"A. Mamontovas: populiarumą išnaudoju geriems darbams - LRT"</a>. <i>LRT</i> (in Lithuanian). 31 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LRT&rft.atitle=A.+Mamontovas%3A+populiarum%C4%85+i%C5%A1naudoju+geriems+darbams+-+LRT&rft.date=2015-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrt.lt%2Fnaujienos%2Fkultura%2F26%2F117983%2Fa-mamontovas-populiaruma-isnaudoju-geriems-darbams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbr._Arūnas_Pranciškus_Peškaitis_OFM2013" class="citation web cs1">br. Arūnas Pranciškus Peškaitis OFM (11 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernardinai.lt/straipsnis/2013-11-11-kopu-balsai-islikti-ne-tik-atmintyje/109849">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Kopų balsai" - išlikti ne tik atmintyje"</a>. <i>www.bernardinai.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bernardinai.lt&rft.atitle=%22Kop%C5%B3+balsai%22+-+i%C5%A1likti+ne+tik+atmintyje&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.au=br.+Ar%C5%ABnas+Pranci%C5%A1kus+Pe%C5%A1kaitis+OFM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bernardinai.lt%2Fstraipsnis%2F2013-11-11-kopu-balsai-islikti-ne-tik-atmintyje%2F109849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/kalba-vilnius/32/130114/pirmosios-lietuviskos-elektronikos-grupes-argo-muzikantai-sintezatoriu-susikure-patys">"Pirmosios lietuviškos elektronikos grupės "Argo" muzikantai sintezatorių susikūrė patys"</a>. <i>www.lrt.lt</i>. 20 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2018</span>. <q>„O. Urbonas dirbo radijo gamykloje Kaune, todėl jam nebuvo sunku gauti įvairiausių detalių, reikalingų šiam instrumentui sukurti. Tai buvo vienbalsis sintezatorius (kvazimugas) su dviem generatoriais, juo negalėjai groti trumpesnių ar ilgesnių natų", – pasakoja kompozitorius.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lrt.lt&rft.atitle=Pirmosios+lietuvi%C5%A1kos+elektronikos+grup%C4%97s+%22Argo%22+muzikantai+sintezatori%C5%B3+susik%C5%ABr%C4%97+patys&rft.date=2016-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrt.lt%2Fnaujienos%2Fkalba-vilnius%2F32%2F130114%2Fpirmosios-lietuviskos-elektronikos-grupes-argo-muzikantai-sintezatoriu-susikure-patys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/oldies/composers-artists/hofmekleris/">"Moishe Hofmekler"</a>. <i>www.mic.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mic.lt&rft.atitle=Moishe+Hofmekler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.lt%2Fen%2Fdatabase%2Foldies%2Fcomposers-artists%2Fhofmekleris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://partizanai.org/karys-1965m-3-4/5530-lietuviai-kariai-laisvajame-pasaulyje">"Lietuviai Kariai Laisvajame Pasaulyje"</a>. <i>partizanai.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2018</span>. <q>Smuikininkas Mykolas Hofmekleris vasario 2 d. atsiskyrė su šiuo pasauliu, sulaukęs 67 metų amžiaus. Kaip žinome, jis buvo vienas populiariausių kapelos vedėjų ir dažnai grodavo Lietuvos kariuomenei. Jis buvo apdovanotas DLK Gedimino or-denu. Prieš kiek laiko jis įgrojo Londone apie 40 lietuviškų plokštelių, nacių valdymo laikais buvo Dachau KZ stovykloje. Kilimo buvo iš Vilniaus krašto.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=partizanai.org&rft.atitle=Lietuviai+Kariai+Laisvajame+Pasaulyje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpartizanai.org%2Fkarys-1965m-3-4%2F5530-lietuviai-kariai-laisvajame-pasaulyje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaunomuziejus.lt/zydu-muzikai-tarpukario-kaune-leiba-hofmekleris/">"Žydų muzikai tarpukario Kaune: Leiba Hofmekleris"</a>. <i>www.kaunomuziejus.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kaunomuziejus.lt&rft.atitle=%C5%BDyd%C5%B3+muzikai+tarpukario+Kaune%3A+Leiba+Hofmekleris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaunomuziejus.lt%2Fzydu-muzikai-tarpukario-kaune-leiba-hofmekleris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/oldies/composers-artists/pomerancas/">"Daniel Pomeranz"</a>. <i>www.mic.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mic.lt&rft.atitle=Daniel+Pomeranz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.lt%2Fen%2Fdatabase%2Foldies%2Fcomposers-artists%2Fpomerancas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/kaunaspilnaskultros/docs/pilnas_2016_balandis_digital/16">"Kaunas pilnas kultūros:2016. Nuo peilio iki saksofono vienas žingsnis"</a>. <i>issuu.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=issuu.com&rft.atitle=Kaunas+pilnas+kult%C5%ABros%3A2016.+Nuo+peilio+iki+saksofono+vienas+%C5%BEingsnis.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fkaunaspilnaskultros%2Fdocs%2Fpilnas_2016_balandis_digital%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/jazz/history/">"Lithuanian Jazz in Brief"</a>. <i>www.mic.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mic.lt&rft.atitle=Lithuanian+Jazz+in+Brief&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.lt%2Fen%2Fdatabase%2Fjazz%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernardinai.lt/straipsnis/2009-11-20-dziazo-maestro-pagerbs-kolegos/35713">"Džiazo maestro pagerbs kolegos"</a>. <i>www.bernardinai.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bernardinai.lt&rft.atitle=D%C5%BEiazo+maestro+pagerbs+kolegos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bernardinai.lt%2Fstraipsnis%2F2009-11-20-dziazo-maestro-pagerbs-kolegos%2F35713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semplice.lt/Default.aspx?tabid=8087">"Legendiniai mažosios scenos artistai Moišė Hofmekleris, Danielius Dolskis, Danielius Pomerancas"</a>. <i>www.semplice.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.semplice.lt&rft.atitle=Legendiniai+ma%C5%BEosios+scenos+artistai+Moi%C5%A1%C4%97+Hofmekleris%2C+Danielius+Dolskis%2C+Danielius+Pomerancas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semplice.lt%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D8087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vilniusjazz.lt/press/99jil.php">"Jazz in Lithuania"</a>. <i>www.vilniusjazz.lt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vilniusjazz.lt&rft.atitle=Jazz+in+Lithuania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vilniusjazz.lt%2Fpress%2F99jil.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615055536/http://lithuanianculture.lt/menosakos/music/?lang=en">"Lithuanian contemporary music"</a>. <i>lithuanianculture.lt</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lithuanianculture.lt/menosakos/music/?lang=en">the original</a> on 15 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lithuanianculture.lt&rft.atitle=Lithuanian+contemporary+music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flithuanianculture.lt%2Fmenosakos%2Fmusic%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vilniusfestivals.lt/EN/about-gaida-festival/">"GAIDA"</a>. <i>www.vilniusfestivals.lt</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vilniusfestivals.lt&rft.atitle=GAIDA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vilniusfestivals.lt%2FEN%2Fabout-gaida-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Budzinauskienè, L., Martinelli, M., Kunickytė, L., Makauskaitè, I., Tadarovska, G., Uzorka, M., Būrė, D. and Soriano, A. (2016). <i>Opera „Everardas II – Lietuvos karalius“</i> (<i>The Opera Everardo II - king of Lithuania</i>), Vilnius: Nacionalinis muziejus Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valdovų rūmai. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786098061444" title="Special:BookSources/9786098061444">9786098061444</a> (in Lithuanian, Italian, English, Portuguese, Spanish)</li> <li>Leiserowitz, Ruth (2010): <i>Jazz in Soviet Lithuania - a Nonconformist Niche</i>. In: <i>Jazz behind the Iron Curtain</i>. Editors: Gertrud Pickhan, Rüdiger Ritter. Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien: Peter Lang, p. 183-190. ISBN 9783631591727</li> <li>Užukauskaitė, Lina (2018): <i>Jazz in Lithuanian Literature</i>. In: <i>Jazz in Word. European (Non-)Fiction</i>. Editors: Kirsten Krick-Aigner, Marc-Oliver Schuster. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, p. 365-382. ISBN 978-3-8260-6341-1</li> <li>Trilupaitienė, Jūratė; Būrė, Dainius (2010). <i>Opera Lietuvos didžiųjų kunigaikščių rūmuose</i> (<i>Opera in the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania</i>), Vilnius: Nacionalinis muziejus Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valdovų rūmai. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-609-8061-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-609-8061-01-7">978-609-8061-01-7</a> (in Lithuanian, Italian, English, Polish)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/">Music Information Centre Lithuania</a> – The most comprehensive Lithuanian music database.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/discourses/lithuanian-music-link/">Lithuanian Music Link</a> - An English-language biannual newsletter, dedicated to Lithuanian music.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.lv/mukti/BalticMI.htm">Valdis Muktupāvels. Musical Instruments in the Baltic Region: Historiography and Traditions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakartot.lt/">pakartot.lt</a> - Playlists and discographies of Lithuanian music.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mic.lt/en/database/jazz/history/">Lithuanian Jazz in Brief</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jazzlt.lt/en/">Lietuvos džiazo federacija - publishers of the Lithuanian Jazz</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.last.fm/tag/lithuanian+metal/artists">Lithuanian Metal Artists on last.fm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electronicbeats.net/a-look-into-lithuanias-vibrant-electronic-music-scene/">electronicbeats.net - a look into Lithuania’s vibrant electronic music scene</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalphilharmonic.tv/site/index/">nationalphilharmonic.tv</a> – The digital concert hall of <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Philharmonic_Society" title="Lithuanian National Philharmonic Society">Lithuanian National Philharmonic Society</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629102640/http://ausis.gf.vu.lt/eka/EWG/default.htm">Anthology of Lithuanian Ethnoculture (See "Folklore" Section.)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hardcore.lt/">Vilnius Hardcore – Ska Funk Rasta Punk Scene, Vilnius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.djscene.lt/">Djscene.lt – Lithuanian nightlife news, clubs, party pics, reviews, performers, music and much more.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171420/http://margai.lt/en/">Margai.lt</a> – Lithuanian folk – music, songs, instruments, dances.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=Lituanie&debut=0&bool=AND">Audio clips: Traditional music of Lithuania.</a> <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27ethnographie_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Musée d'ethnographie de Genève">Musée d'ethnographie de Genève</a>. Accessed 25 November 2010.</li> <li>(In Lithuanian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaunasretrojazz.lt">kaunasretrojazz.lt</a> - archives about Kaunas jazz musicians in occupied Lithuania.</li> <li>(In Lithuanian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/kaunaspilnaskultros/docs/pilnas_2016_balandis_digital">Kaunas pilnas kultūros, 2016. p 16</a> - chronology of the Lithuanian Jazz history.</li> <li>(In Lithuanian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaga.lt/files/pdf/7502288.pdf">- Lietuvos roko pionieriai</a> - Pioneers of the Lithuanian rock</li> <li>(In Lithuanian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockopedia.lt">Rockopedia.lt</a> - Lithuanian rock encyclopedia.</li> <li>(In Lithuanian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernardinai.lt/straipsnis/2015-04-30-dziazas-lietuvoje/62757">Džiazas Lietuvoje</a></li> <li>(In Lithuanian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xn--urnalai-cxb.lmta.lt/en/journal/ars-et-praxis/">Ars et praxis</a> - An annual periodical of scientific articles on musicology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modus-radio.com/">www.modus-radio.com</a> - comments about history of music of Lithuania and Lithuanian composers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lithuanian-ensemble.net">Lithuanian Ensemble Network</a> - professional Contemporary Music organization connecting professional ensembles, soloists and conductors.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.last.fm/music/YABUJIN/+wiki">Last.FM</a> - Yabujin biography</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Template:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Template talk:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Europe">Music of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Music of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gibraltar" title="Music of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lithuania_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lithuania_topics" title="Template:Lithuania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lithuania_topics" title="Template talk:Lithuania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lithuania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lithuania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lithuania_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Lithuania-related_articles" title="Index of Lithuania-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania_proper" title="Lithuania proper">Lithuania proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuania Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania_(1219%E2%80%931295)" title="History of Lithuania (1219–1295)">1219–1295</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Duchy of Lithuania">Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania" title="Kingdom of Lithuania">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Lithuania" title="Christianization of Lithuania">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">Lithuanian Crusade</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revival and<br />independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban" title="Lithuanian press ban">Press ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">National Revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seimas_of_Vilnius" title="Great Seimas of Vilnius">Great Seimas of Vilnius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Declaration" title="Amber Declaration">Amber Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania" title="Act of Independence of Lithuania">Act of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Wars of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Polish_coup_attempt_in_Lithuania" title="1919 Polish coup attempt in Lithuania">1919 Polish coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Lithuanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1926 Lithuanian coup d'état">1926 coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">WWII and<br />occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">by the Soviet Union (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Lithuania during World War II">by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">by the Soviet Union (1944)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Second Soviet republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Diplomatic_Service" title="Lithuanian Diplomatic Service">Government-in-exile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Restoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Reform Movement (Sąjūdis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution#Lithuania" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania" title="Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania">Act of Re-Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_economic_blockade_of_Lithuania" title="Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania">Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Lithuanian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum">2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">EU accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lithuania" title="Geography of Lithuania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Lithuania" title="List of cities in Lithuania">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">capital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lithuania#Climate" title="Geography of Lithuania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Lithuania" title="List of extreme points of Lithuania">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Lithuania" title="Flora of Lithuania">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Lithuania" title="Forests in Lithuania">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Lithuania" title="List of lakes of Lithuania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Lithuania" title="List of regional parks of Lithuania">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Lithuania" title="List of rivers of Lithuania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Gap" title="Suwałki Gap">Suwałki Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Lithuania" title="List of towns in Lithuania">Towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lithuania" title="Politics of Lithuania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Lithuania" title="Administrative divisions of Lithuania">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Lithuania" title="Counties of Lithuania">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Lithuania" title="Municipalities of Lithuania">municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderships_of_Lithuania" title="Elderships of Lithuania">elderships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lithuania" title="Constitution of Lithuania">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Lithuania" title="Constitutional Court of Lithuania">Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lithuania" title="Elections in Lithuania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lithuania" title="Foreign relations of Lithuania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Lithuania" title="Government of Lithuania">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lithuania" title="Prime Minister of Lithuania">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Lithuania" title="Law of Lithuania">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Lithuania">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lithuania" title="Human rights in Lithuania">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Lithuania">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lithuania" title="List of political parties in Lithuania">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lithuania#Republic_of_Lithuania_(1918–1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Lithuania">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas"><i>Seimas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Seimas" title="List of speakers of the Seimas">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Lithuania">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Land_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Land Force">Land Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Naval_Force" title="Lithuanian Naval Force">Naval Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Air_Force" title="Lithuanian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Special Operations Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Lithuania" title="Agriculture in Lithuania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Lithuania" title="List of banks in Lithuania">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Lithuania" title="Bank of Lithuania">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Residency_of_Lithuania" title="E-Residency of Lithuania">e-Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Lithuania" title="Energy in Lithuania">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian euro coins">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lithuania" title="Telecommunications in Lithuania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lithuania" title="Transport in Lithuania">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Lithuania" title="List of airports in Lithuania">airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Railways" title="Lithuanian Railways">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lithuania#Lithuanian_road_system" title="Transport in Lithuania">roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Klaip%C4%97da" title="Port of Klaipėda">seaport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Lithuania" title="Tourism in Lithuania">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Lithuania" title="Category:Society of Lithuania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lithuania" title="Demographics of Lithuania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Lithuania" title="List of universities and colleges in Lithuania">universities</a></li></ul></li> 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title="Name of Lithuania">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Lithuania" title="Public holidays in Lithuania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Lithuania" title="Sport in Lithuania">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Lithuania" title="National symbols of Lithuania">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tauti%C5%A1ka_giesm%C4%97" title="Tautiška giesmė">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania" title="Coat of arms of Lithuania">coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lithuania" title="Flag of Lithuania">flag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lithuania" title="Outline of Lithuania">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Lithuania-related_articles" title="Index of 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