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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dynamo_(storage_system)" title="Special:EditPage/Dynamo (storage system)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dynamo%22+storage+system">"Dynamo" storage system</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dynamo%22+storage+system+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dynamo%22+storage+system&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dynamo%22+storage+system+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dynamo%22+storage+system">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dynamo%22+storage+system&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dynamo</b> is a set of techniques that together can form a <a href="/wiki/High_availability" title="High availability">highly available</a> key-value <a href="/wiki/Structured_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured storage">structured storage</a> system<sup id="cite_ref-decandia-2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decandia-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_data_store" title="Distributed data store">distributed data store</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-decandia-2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decandia-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has properties of both <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">distributed hash tables</a> (DHTs). It was created to help address some scalability issues that <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> experienced during the holiday season of 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-readwrite-2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readwrite-2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2007, it was used in <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a>, such as its <a href="/wiki/Amazon_S3" title="Amazon S3">Simple Storage Service</a> (S3).<sup id="cite_ref-decandia-2007_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decandia-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_DynamoDB">Relationship to DynamoDB</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamo_(storage_system)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Relationship to DynamoDB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">Amazon DynamoDB</a> is "built on the principles of Dynamo"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a hosted service within the AWS infrastructure. However, while Dynamo is based on leaderless replication, DynamoDB uses single-leader replication.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamo_(storage_system)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Incremental scalability: Dynamo should be able to scale out one storage host (or “node”) at a time, with minimal impact on both operators of the system and the system itself.</li> <li>Symmetry: Every node in Dynamo should have the same set of responsibilities as its peers; there should be no distinguished node or nodes that take special roles or extra set of responsibilities.</li> <li>Decentralization: An extension of symmetry, the design should favor decentralized peer-to-peer techniques over centralized control.</li> <li>Heterogeneity: The system should be able to exploit heterogeneity in the infrastructure it runs on. For example, the work distribution must be proportional to the capabilities of the individual servers. This is essential in adding new nodes with higher capacity without having to upgrade all hosts at once.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamo_(storage_system)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Problem</th> <th>Technique</th> <th>Advantage </th></tr> <tr> <td>Dataset partitioning</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Consistent_hashing" title="Consistent hashing">Consistent Hashing</a></td> <td>Incremental, possibly linear scalability in proportion to the number of collaborating nodes. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Highly available writes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vector_clocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector clocks">Vector Clock</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dotted-Version-Vector_Sets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dotted-Version-Vector Sets (page does not exist)">Dotted-Version-Vector Sets</a>, reconciliation during reads</td> <td>Version size is decoupled from update rates. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Handling temporary failures</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloppy_quorums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sloppy quorums (page does not exist)">Sloppy Quorum</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinted_handoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinted handoff (page does not exist)">Hinted Handoff</a></td> <td>Provides high availability and durability guarantee when some of the replicas are not available. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Recovering from permanent failures</td> <td>Anti-entropy using <a href="/wiki/Merkle_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkle trees">Merkle tree</a></td> <td>Can be used to identify differences between replica owners and synchronize divergent replicas pro-actively. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Membership and failure detection</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gossip_protocol" title="Gossip protocol">Gossip-based membership protocol</a> and failure detection</td> <td>Avoids having a centralized registry for storing membership and node liveness information, preserving symmetry. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamo_(storage_system)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amazon published the paper on Dynamo, but never released its implementation. The index layer of <a href="/wiki/Amazon_S3" title="Amazon S3">Amazon S3</a> implements and extends many core features of Dynamo. Since then, several implementations have been created based on the paper. The paper also inspired many other <a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a> database implementations, such as <a href="/wiki/Apache_Cassandra" title="Apache Cassandra">Apache Cassandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Voldemort" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Voldemort">Project Voldemort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riak" title="Riak">Riak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-readwrite-2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readwrite-2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamo_(storage_system)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_data_store" title="Distributed data store">Distributed data store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured storage">Structured storage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamo_(storage_system)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-decandia-2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-decandia-2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-decandia-2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-decandia-2007_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDecandiaHastorunJampaniKakulapati2007" class="citation book cs1">Decandia, G.; Hastorun, D.; Jampani, M.; Kakulapati, G.; Lakshman, A.; Pilchin, A.; Sivasubramanian, S.; Vosshall, P.; Vogels, W. (2007). "Dynamo: Amazon's Highly Available Key-value Store". <i>Proceedings of twenty-first ACM SIGOPS symposium on Operating systems principles - SOSP '07</i>. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1294261.1294281">10.1145/1294261.1294281</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781595935915" title="Special:BookSources/9781595935915"><bdi>9781595935915</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221033483">221033483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dynamo%3A+Amazon%27s+Highly+Available+Key-value+Store&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+twenty-first+ACM+SIGOPS+symposium+on+Operating+systems+principles+-+SOSP+%2707&rft.pages=205&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221033483%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1294261.1294281&rft.isbn=9781595935915&rft.aulast=Decandia&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Hastorun%2C+D.&rft.au=Jampani%2C+M.&rft.au=Kakulapati%2C+G.&rft.au=Lakshman%2C+A.&rft.au=Pilchin%2C+A.&rft.au=Sivasubramanian%2C+S.&rft.au=Vosshall%2C+P.&rft.au=Vogels%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamo+%28storage+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-readwrite-2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-readwrite-2012_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-readwrite-2012_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://readwrite.com/2012/01/18/amazon-enters-the-nosql-market">Amazon Takes Another Pass at NoSQL with DynamoDB</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2012/01/amazon-dynamodb.html">Amazon DynamoDB – a Fast and Scalable NoSQL Database Service Designed for Internet Scale Applications</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleppmann2017" class="citation book cs1">Kleppmann, Martin (April 2, 2017). <i>Designing Data-Intensive Applications</i> (1 ed.). O'Reilly Media. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1449373320" title="Special:BookSources/978-1449373320"><bdi>978-1449373320</bdi></a>. <q>Dynamo is not available to users outside of Amazon. Confusingly, AWS offers a hosted database product called DynamoDB, which uses a completely different architecture: it is based on single-leader replication.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+Data-Intensive+Applications&rft.pages=177&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2017-04-02&rft.isbn=978-1449373320&rft.aulast=Kleppmann&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamo+%28storage+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamo_(storage_system)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2007/10/amazons_dynamo.html">Amazon's Dynamo</a> (2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/old/content/2007/10/amazon-reveals-its-distributed-storage-dynamo.ars">Amazon reveals its distributed storage: Dynamo</a> (2007)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A9.com" title="A9.com">A9.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AbeBooks" title="AbeBooks">AbeBooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Clinic" title="Amazon Clinic">Amazon Clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Games" title="Amazon Games">Amazon Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Helix_Games" title="Double Helix Games">Double Helix Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Lab126" title="Amazon Lab126">Amazon Lab126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Pharmacy" title="Amazon Pharmacy">Amazon Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Robotics" title="Amazon Robotics">Amazon Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_University_Esports" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon University Esports">Amazon University Esports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Labs" title="Annapurna Labs">Annapurna Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audible_(service)" title="Audible (service)">Audible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blink_Home" title="Blink Home">Blink Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_Labs" title="Body Labs">Body Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_Depository" title="Book Depository">Book Depository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookFinder.com" title="BookFinder.com">BookFinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ComiXology" title="ComiXology">ComiXology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Freevee" title="Amazon Freevee">Freevee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmazonFresh" class="mw-redirect" title="AmazonFresh">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodreads" title="Goodreads">Goodreads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodreads_Choice_Awards" title="Goodreads Choice Awards">Goodreads Choice Awards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphiq" title="Graphiq">Graphiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMDb#IMDbPro" title="IMDb">IMDbPro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_Systems" title="Kuiper Systems">Kuiper Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1Life_Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="1Life Healthcare">One Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PillPack" title="PillPack">PillPack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(company)" title="Ring (company)">Ring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neighbors_(app)" title="Neighbors (app)">Neighbors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopbop" title="Shopbop">Shopbop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq.com">Souq.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woot" title="Woot">Woot.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zappos" title="Zappos">Zappos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoox_(company)" title="Zoox (company)">Zoox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cloud<br />computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Web Services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Machine_Image" title="Amazon Machine Image">AMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Aurora" title="Amazon Aurora">Amazon Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AWS_Elastic_Beanstalk" title="AWS Elastic Beanstalk">Beanstalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_CloudFront" title="Amazon CloudFront">CloudFront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">DynamoDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Block_Store" title="Amazon Elastic Block Store">EBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">EC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_File_System" title="Amazon Elastic File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_ElastiCache" title="Amazon ElastiCache">ElastiCache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_MapReduce" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Elastic MapReduce">EMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Glacier">Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AWS_Glue" title="AWS Glue">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AWS_Lambda" title="AWS Lambda">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Lightsail" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Lightsail">Lightsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Mechanical_Turk" title="Amazon Mechanical Turk">MTurk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Neptune" title="Amazon Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Product_Advertising_API" title="Amazon Product Advertising API">Product Advertising API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Relational_Database_Service" title="Amazon Relational Database Service">RDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Redshift" title="Amazon Redshift">Redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rekognition" title="Amazon Rekognition">Rekognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Route_53" title="Amazon Route 53">Route 53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_S3" title="Amazon S3">S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_SageMaker" title="Amazon SageMaker">SageMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">SES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Simple_Notification_Service" title="Amazon Simple Notification Service">SNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_SimpleDB" title="Amazon SimpleDB">SimpleDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Simple_Queue_Service" title="Amazon Simple Queue Service">SQS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Virtual_Private_Cloud" title="Amazon Virtual Private Cloud">VPC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)#Website" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon.com</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_China" title="Amazon China">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Alexa" title="Amazon Alexa">Alexa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Appstore" title="Amazon Appstore">Appstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Digital_Game_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Digital Game Store">Digital Game Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_OS" title="Fire OS">Fire OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Kindle Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Luna" title="Amazon Luna">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Pay" title="Amazon Pay">Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime" title="Amazon Prime">Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_miniTV" title="Amazon miniTV">Amazon miniTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MX_Player" title="MX Player">MX Player</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Key" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Prime Music">Prime Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Now" title="Prime Now">Prime Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Pantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Prime Pantry">Prime Pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Prime Video</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_on_Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Sports on Amazon Prime Video">Sports</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Marketplace" title="Amazon Marketplace">Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Music" title="Amazon Music">Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wondery" title="Wondery">Wondery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Silk" title="Amazon Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)#AmazonWireless" title="Amazon (company)">Wireless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Astro" title="Amazon Astro">Astro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Echo" title="Amazon Echo">Echo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Echo_Show" title="Amazon Echo Show">Show</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Echo_Buds" title="Amazon Echo Buds">Echo Buds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Fire" title="Amazon Fire">Fire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_HD" title="Fire HD">Fire HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_HDX" title="Fire HDX">Fire HDX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV" title="Amazon Fire TV">Fire TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV#Fire_TV_Stick" title="Amazon Fire TV">Stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-Click" title="1-Click">1-Click</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obidos_(software)" title="Obidos (software)">Obidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Lumberyard" title="Amazon Lumberyard">Lumberyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Games" title="Amazon Games">Amazon Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Publishing" title="Amazon Publishing">Amazon Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Breakthrough_Novel_Award" title="Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award">Breakthrough Novel Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon%27s_Best_Books_of_the_Year" title="Amazon's Best Books of the Year">Best Books of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios" title="Amazon MGM Studios">Amazon MGM Studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Pictures" title="Orion Pictures">Orion Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_International_Pictures" title="American International Pictures">American International Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM%2B" title="MGM+">MGM+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Direct_Publishing" title="Kindle Direct Publishing">Kindle Direct Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YES_Network" title="YES Network">YES Network</a> (15%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Fresh" title="Amazon Fresh">Amazon Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Go" title="Amazon Go">Amazon Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market" title="Whole Foods Market">Whole Foods Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Air" title="Amazon Air">Amazon Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Air" title="Amazon Prime Air">Amazon Prime Air</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/43_Things" title="43 Things">43 Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askville" title="Askville">Askville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amapedia" title="Amapedia">Amapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Books" title="Amazon Books">Amazon Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amie_Street" title="Amie Street">Amie Street</a> (<a href="/wiki/Songza" title="Songza">Songza</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDNow" title="CDNow">CDNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Dash" title="Amazon Dash">Dash buttons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Dash#Barcode_scanner" title="Amazon Dash">Dash wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diapers.com" title="Diapers.com">Diapers.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Photography_Review" title="Digital Photography Review">Digital Photography Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Drive" title="Amazon Drive">Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endless.com" title="Endless.com">Endless.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Phone" title="Fire Phone">Fire Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexcycle" title="Lexcycle">Lexcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquavista" title="Liquavista">Liquavista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LivingSocial" title="LivingSocial">LivingSocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LoveFilm" title="LoveFilm">LoveFilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Holdings" title="MGM Holdings">MGM Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobipocket" title="Mobipocket">Mobipocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetAll" title="PlanetAll">PlanetAll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_Entertainment" title="Reflexive Entertainment">Reflexive Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellaband" title="Sellaband">Sellaband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelfari" title="Shelfari">Shelfari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TenMarks_Education,_Inc." title="TenMarks Education, Inc.">TenMarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Truck" title="Treasure Truck">Treasure Truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withoutabox" title="Withoutabox">Withoutabox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Litigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazon.com,_Inc._v._Barnesandnoble.com,_Inc." title="Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc.">Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazon.com_Inc_v_Canada_(Commissioner_of_Patents)" title="Amazon.com Inc v Canada (Commissioner of Patents)">Amazon.com Inc v Canada (Commissioner of Patents)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FTC_v._Amazon" title="FTC v. Amazon">FTC v. Amazon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Light" title="Amazon Light">Amazon Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Banana_Stand" title="Community Banana Stand">Community Banana Stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Amazon" title="Criticism of Amazon">Criticism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amazon_tax" title="Amazon tax">tax</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Fishbowl" title="Amazon Fishbowl">Fishbowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Amazon" title="History of Amazon">History of Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibraryThing" title="LibraryThing">LibraryThing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amazon_brands" title="List of Amazon brands">List of Amazon brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amazon_products_and_services" title="List of Amazon products and services">List of Amazon products and services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Amazon" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon">List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Locker" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Locker">Locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacKenzie_Scott" title="MacKenzie Scott">MacKenzie Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistically_improbable_phrase" title="Statistically improbable phrase">Statistically improbable phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Vine" title="Amazon Vine">Vine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_worker_organization" title="Amazon worker organization">Worker organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Essential_Workers" title="Congress of Essential Workers">Congress of Essential Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Labor_Union" title="Amazon Labor Union">Amazon Labor Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Amazon_(company)" title="Category:Amazon (company)">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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