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If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. 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It originated in the United States in the early 20th century when the country industrialized and companies sought [[scientific management]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Andreas Kaplan: A school is "a building that has four walls…with tomorrow inside": Toward the reinvention of the business school | doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.010 | journal=Business Horizons| s2cid=158794290 }}</ref> MBA programs in the United States typically require completing about forty to sixty semester [[credit hour]]s, much higher than the thirty semester credit hours typically required for other US master's degrees that cover some of the same material. The UK-based [[Association of MBAs]] accreditation requires "the equivalent of at least 1,800 hours of learning effort", equivalent to 45 US semester credit hours or 90 European [[ECTS credits]], the same as a standard UK master's degree. [[Educational accreditation|Accreditation]] bodies for business schools and MBA programs ensure consistency and quality of education. Business schools in many countries offer programs tailored to full-time, part-time, [[corporate title|executive]] (abridged coursework typically occurring on nights or weekends) and [[distance learning]] students, many with specialized concentrations. An "Executive MBA", or EMBA, is a degree program similar to an MBA program that is specifically structured for and targeted towards corporate executives and senior managers who are already in the workforce.<ref>{{cite web|author=Article Sources |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/executive-mba.asp |title=Executive MBA (EMBA) Definition |publisher=Investopedia.com |date=2021-05-21 |accessdate=2022-01-02}}</ref> ==History== In 1900, the [[Tuck School of Business]] was founded at [[Dartmouth College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tuck.dartmouth.edu/about/history/|title=Tuck School of Business History|work=Tuck.dartmouth.edu|access-date=26 July 2013|archive-date=3 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903181244/http://www.tuck.dartmouth.edu/about/history|url-status=dead}}</ref> offering the first [[advanced degree]] in business: the Master of Science in Commerce, a predecessor of the MBA.<ref name="Stabile2007">{{cite book|author=Donald Stabile|title=Economics, Competition and Academia: An Intellectual History of Sophism Versus Virtue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQNI7BUvYs4C&pg=PA101|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84720-716-6|pages=101–}}</ref> The first MBA was launched eight years later, at the [[Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration]], with 15 faculty members, 33 regular students and 47 special students.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kaplan | first1 = Andreas | year = 2014 | title = European management and European business schools: Insights from the history of business schools | journal = European Management Journal | volume = 32| issue = 4 | pages = 529–534| doi = 10.1016/j.emj.2014.03.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hbs.edu/about/history.html|title=History – About Us – Harvard Business School|work=Hbs.edu|access-date=26 July 2013}}</ref> Its first-year curriculum was based on [[Frederick Winslow Taylor]]’s theory of scientific management. The number of MBA students at Harvard increased quickly, from 80 in 1908, over 300 in 1920, and 1,070 in 1930.<ref name="Leach 1993 288">{{cite book|last=Leach|first=William|title=Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture|year=1993|publisher=Pantheon Books|location=New York|page=288|isbn=9780307761149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHZ6UAudSiUC&pg=PA288}}</ref> At this time, only American universities offered MBAs, although business schools offering other qualifications had existed in Europe since the 18th century.<ref name="Leach 1993 288"/><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/103237320400900304|title=The Portuguese School of Commerce, 1759-1844: a reflection of the "Enlightenment"|author1=Lúcia Lima Rodrigues|author2= Delfina Gomes|author3=Russell Craig|volume =9|issue =3|journal=Accounting History|pages=53–71|year=2004}}</ref> Other milestones include: * 1943: First Executive MBA (EMBA) program for working professionals at the [[University of Chicago Booth School of Business]].<ref>[http://www.chicagobooth.edu/about/facts.aspx Key Facts | The University of Chicago Booth School of Business] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118101919/http://www.chicagobooth.edu/about/facts.aspx |date=18 November 2012 }}. Chicagobooth.edu. Retrieved on 26 July 2013.</ref> * 1950: First MBA outside of the United States, in Canada ([[Ivey Business School]] at [[The University of Western Ontario]]),<ref>[http://www.ivey.ca/about/history.htm Richard Ivey School of Business] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515014548/http://ivey.ca/about/history.htm |date=15 May 2010 }} page showing awarding of first MBA in 1950, one year ahead of the University of Pretoria's claim</ref> followed by the [[University of Pretoria]] in South Africa in 1951.<ref>[http://www.gsm.up.ac.za/why.htm University of Pretoria] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923231554/http://www.gsm.up.ac.za/why.htm |date=23 September 2006 }} page claiming to have awarded the first MBA outside of America</ref> * 1953: First MBA offered at an Asian school at the [[Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management]] in Calcutta.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 24, 2017|first=Somdatta|last=Basu|title=Country's oldest B-school, IISWBM, to become a university|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/countrys-oldest-b-school-iiswbm-to-become-a-univ/articleshow/60812042.cms|access-date=2021-04-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> * 1957: First MBA in Europe, and the first one-year MBA, offered by [[INSEAD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f1gmat.com/business-school-profiles/insead-mba|title=Insead MBA|website=www.f1gmat.com}}</ref><ref name=Differences>{{cite web|url=https://poetsandquants.com/2023/12/01/the-7-key-differences-between-us-and-european-mba-programs/?pq-category=sponsored-blogs|title=The 7 Key Differences Between US And European MBA Programs |author= Caroline Diarte Edwards|date=1 December 2023|access-date=20 August 2023}}</ref> * 1963: First MBA program offered in the Spanish-speaking world by [[Universidad ESAN|ESAN]]- Graduate School of Business in Perú (South America), under the direction of the [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]], United States. Sponsored by the [[USAID]]- United States Agency for International Development, at the request of former President [[John F. Kennedy]], which organizes the main business schools in the United States to study and explore the possibilities of developing management education projects in Latin America. Thus, on July 25, 1963, la Escuela de Administración de Negocios para Graduados-[[Universidad ESAN|ESAN]] was founded, within the framework of an agreement between the governments of Peru and the United States to offer the Master's program in Business Administration for interested applicants from all over Latin America.<ref>{{cite book |title=An academic adventure : the founding of ESAN|last=Coleman|first=Alan|location=ESAN Cendoc|year=2006}}</ref> * 1963: First MBA offered in Korea by Korea University Business School (KUBS).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kubs.korea.ac.kr/en|title=Korea University Business School|website=kubs.korea.ac.kr|access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Korea University Business School |url=https://biz.korea.ac.kr/eng/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=biz.korea.ac.kr |language=en}}</ref> * 1994: First online executive MBA program at [[Athabasca University]] (Canada).<ref>{{cite web | title=Athabasca University |url=http://www.athabascau.ca/aboutau/history.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-03-25 |title=MBAs Online: Going the Distance |url=https://www.bcbusiness.ca/industries/general/mbas-online-going-the-distance/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=BC Business |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Accreditation== Globally, the three most important accreditations of MBA programs and business schools are the [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] ((AACSB), [[Association of MBA]]s (AMBA), and the [[EFMD Quality Improvement System]] (EQUIS), with holding all three of these being known as [[triple accreditation]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/Business-Schools-post-Covid-19-A-Blueprint-for-Survival/Kaplan/p/book/9781032381046|title=Business Schools Post-COVID-19: A Blueprint for Survival|publisher=Routledge|pages=62–64|author=Andreas Kaplan|date=7 June 2023}}</ref> Of these, AMBA offers programmatic accreditation for MBAs and other graduate degrees, while the others take a broader view, offering accreditation of the school rather than the MBA program (EFMD also offers programmatic accreditation, separately from EQUIS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.associationofmbas.com/business-schools/accreditation/|title=What is Association of MBAs accreditation?|access-date=16 March 2024|website=Association of MBAs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Business Accreditation|url=https://www.aacsb.edu/educators/accreditation/business-accreditation/aacsb-business-accreditation-standards|access-date=16 March 2024|website=AACSB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.efmdglobal.org/accreditations/business-schools/equis/|title=EQUIS|website=EFMD Global|access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref> ===United States=== [[Business school]] or MBA program accreditation by external agencies provides students and employers with an independent view of the school or program's quality, as well as whether the curriculum meets specific quality standards. Currently the three major accrediting bodies in the United States are: * [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] (AACSB) * [[Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs]] (ACBSP) * [[International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education]] (IACBE)<ref>{{Cite journal | ssrn=2144954 | first1 = Kyle E. | last1 = Brink | first2 = Clair | last2 = Smith | title = A Comparison of AACSB, ACBSP, and IACBE Accredited U.S. Business Programs: An Institutional Resource Perspective | journal = Business Education & Accreditation | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages=1–15 | date = 2012 }}</ref> All of these groups also accredit schools outside the U.S. The [[ACBSP]] and the [[IACBE]] are themselves recognized in the United States by the [[Council for Higher Education Accreditation]] (CHEA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chea.org/programmatic-accrediting-organizations|title=CHEA Directory of Programmatic Accrediting Organizations}} Retrieved 23 July 2018</ref> MBA programs with specializations for students pursuing careers in healthcare management also eligible for accreditation by the [[Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education]] (CAHME). U.S. MBA programs may also be accredited at the institutional level. Bodies that accredit institutions as a whole include: * [[Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools]] (MSA) * [[New England Association of Schools and Colleges]] (NEASC) * [[Higher Learning Commission]] (HLC) * [[Distance Education Accrediting Commission]] (DEAC) * [[Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities]] (NWCCU) * [[Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]] (SACS) * [[Western Association of Schools and Colleges]] (WASC)<ref>{{cite web |last = Koenig |first = Ann |author2 = Lofstad, Rolf |title = Higher Education Accreditation in the United States |publisher = EAIE Conference |date = 18 September 2004 |url = http://www.eaie.org/pdf/torino/205.pdf |archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061102102633/http://www.eaie.org/pdf/torino/205.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2 November 2006 }}</ref> ==United States== ===Programs=== Full-time MBA programs normally take place over two academic years (i.e. approximately 18 months of term time). For example, in the Northern Hemisphere, they often begin in late August or early September of year one and continue until May or June of year two, with a three to four-month summer break in between years one and two. Students enter with a reasonable amount of prior real-world work experience and take classes during weekdays like other university students. A typical full-time, accelerated, part-time, or modular MBA requires 60 credits (600 class hours) of graduate work. Accelerated MBA programs are a variation of the two-year programs. They involve a higher course load with more intense class and examination schedules and are usually condensed into one year. They usually have less downtime during the program and between semesters. For example, there is no three to four-month summer break, and between semesters there might be seven to ten days off rather than three to five weeks vacation. Accelerated programs typically have a lower cost than full-time two-year programs. Part-time MBA programs normally hold classes on weekday evenings after normal working hours, or on weekends. Part-time programs normally last three years or more. The students in these programs typically consist of working professionals, who take a light course load for a longer period of time until the graduation requirements are met. Evening (second shift) MBA programs are full-time programs that normally hold classes on weekday evenings, after normal working hours, or on weekends for a duration of two years. The students in these programs typically consist of working professionals, who can not leave their work to pursue a full-time regular shift MBA. Most second shift programs are offered at universities in India. Modular MBA programs are similar to part-time programs, although typically employing a lock-step curriculum with classes packaged together in blocks lasting from one to three weeks. {{Anchor|Executive MBA (EMBA)}} Executive (part-time) MBA (EMBA) programs developed to meet the educational needs of managers and executives, allowing students to earn an MBA (or another business-related graduate degree) in two years or less while working full-time. Participants come from every type and size of organization – profit, nonprofit, government – representing a variety of industries. EMBA students typically have a higher level of work experience, often 10 years or more, compared to other MBA students. In response to the increasing number of EMBA programs offered, The Executive MBA Council was formed in 1981 to advance executive education. Full-time executive MBA programs are a new category of full-time one year MBA programs aimed at professionals with approximately five years or more. They are primarily offered in countries like India where the two-year MBA program is targeted at fresh graduates with no experience or minimal experience. These full-time executive MBA programs are similar to one year MBA programs offered by schools like Insead and [[International Institute for Management Development|IMD]]. [[Distance learning]] MBA programs hold classes off-campus. These programs can be offered in a number of different formats: [[correspondence course]]s by [[postal mail]] or email, non-interactive [[broadcast video]], pre-recorded video, live [[teleconference]] or [[videoconference]], offline or online computer courses. Many schools offer these programs. [[Blended learning]] programs combine distance learning with face-to-face instruction.<ref>{{cite web|author=de l'Etraz, Paris |title=What Can an Online Program Do for You? |url=http://www.aacsb.edu/publications/Archives/NovDec10/34-39%20F-Online%20Program.pdf |date=1 November 2009 |publisher=BizEd Magazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924040945/http://www.aacsb.edu/publications/Archives/NovDec10/34-39%20F-Online%20Program.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2014 }}</ref> These programs typically target working professionals who are unable to attend traditional part-time programs.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Hebert-Maccaro | title=Blended MBA Programs: An Optimized Form of Learning | url=http://www.wpi.edu/academics/business/info/learning/images/pedagogy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127165803/http://www.wpi.edu/academics/business/info/learning/images/pedagogy.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-27 |url-status=live | date=8 September 2011 | publisher=Worcester Polytechnic Institute}}</ref> MBA dual degree programs combine an MBA with others (such as an MS, MA, [[Master of Engineering|MEng]], or a [[Juris Doctor|JD]], etc.) to let students cut costs (dual programs usually cost less than pursuing two degrees separately), save time on education and to tailor the business education courses to their needs. This is generally achieved by allowing core courses of one program to count as electives in the other. Some business schools offer programs in which students can earn both a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[business administration]] and an MBA in five years. [[Mini-MBA]] is a term used by many non-profit and [[for-profit]] institutions to describe a [[training]] regimen focused on the fundamentals of business. In the past, Mini-MBA programs have typically been offered as non-credit bearing courses that require less than 100 hours of total learning. However, due to the criticisms of these certificates, many schools have now shifted their programs to offer courses for full credit so that they may be applied towards a complete traditional MBA degree. This is to allow students to verify business-related coursework for employment purposes and still allow the option to complete a full-time MBA degree program at a later period if they elect to do so. ===Admissions criteria=== Many programs base their [[University and college admission|admission]] decisions on a combination of undergraduate [[Grading in education|grade point average]], academic transcripts, entrance exam scores (for example, the GMAT or the GRE test score), a résumé containing significant work experience, essays, letters of recommendation, group discussions, and personal interviews. Some schools are also interested in extracurricular activities, community service activities, or volunteer work and how the student can improve the school's diversity and contribute to the student body as a whole. The [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT) is the most prominently used entrance exam for admissions into MBA programs. The [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) is also accepted by almost all MBA programs in order to fulfill any entrance exam requirement they may have.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Kitroeff, Natalie |title=Almost All Business Schools Now Accept the GRE|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-10-20/gre-at-business-school-most-mba-programs-now-accept-the-gre-too |date=20 October 2014|magazine=Bloomberg Business}}</ref> Some schools do not weigh entrance exam scores as heavily as other criteria, and some programs do not require entrance exam scores for admission. In order to achieve a diverse class, business schools also consider the target male-female ratio and local-international student ratios. In rare cases, some MBA degrees do not require students to have an undergraduate degree and will accept significant management experience in lieu of an undergraduate degree. In the UK, for example, a [[Higher National Diploma]] (HND) or even [[Higher National Certificate]] (HNC) is acceptable in some programs. Depending on the program, type and duration of work experience can be a critical admissions component for many MBA programs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why You Should Work Before Pursuing an MBA|url=http://www.bangalorean.co.in/2013/06/why-you-should-work-before-pursuing-mba.html|work=Bangalorean|access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref> Many top-tier programs require five or more years of work experience for admission.<ref>{{cite web |author=MBAapplicant.com |title=Number 5 – YOUR WORK EXPERIENCE |url=http://www.mbaapplicant.com/5_experience.htm |date=31 July 2009 |publisher=MBA Applicant.com |access-date=14 April 2010 |archive-date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402035409/http://www.mbaapplicant.com/5_experience.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=SMU Cox|title=Part Time MBA Programs – Side By Side Comparison |url=http://www.cox.smu.edu/web/guest/side-by-side-comparison |date=19 January 2010 |publisher=SMU Cox School of Business}}</ref> MBA admissions [[Consulting firm|consulting services]] have been increasingly used by prospective MBA applicants to improve their chances of admission. They are most common in the U.S., with as many as one-quarter of applicants using these services in 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murray |first=Seb |date=2017-10-18 |title=Are MBA admissions consultants worth their fees? |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/02bece04-aa79-11e7-ab66-21cc87a2edde |access-date=2023-08-05}}</ref> though they have been gaining popularity elsewhere, including India<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-10-28 |title=Handholding the hopefuls |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/handholding-the-hopefuls-15464-2010-10-28 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Business Today |language=en|first=Anusha|last=Subramanian}}</ref> and Canada. [[Consultant|Consultants]] can provide basic coaching including help with program selection, mock interviews, and essay proofreading, though some will provide other services like writing essays from scratch. The use of consulting services is frowned upon by many business schools' admissions committees, and applications can be hurt by looking like they were written with a consultant, such as by having a high level of writing compared to the candidate's speech or not appearing unique. Some also express concern that they give an unfair advantage to students who can afford the services' high costs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Silverman |first=Rachel Emma|title=Looking for an Edge: M.B.A. applicants are turning to pricey consultants to help them navigate the daunting admissions process |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2729708834/ |url-access=subscription |access-date= August 5, 2023 |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=October 6, 2011 |location=New York, N.Y. |page=B5 |language=en |id={{ProQuest|2729708834}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lawrence |first=Diana |title=Consultants provide a boost: But recruiters fear divide between hopefuls who can afford service and those who can't |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038106119 |url-access=subscription |access-date= August 5, 2023 |work=[[Toronto Star]] |date=September 6, 2012 |location=Toronto, Ont. |page=M.4 |language=en |id={{ProQuest|1038106119}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title="It's Almost Like…Admitting An Impostor" |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-06-03/its-almost-like-dmitting-an-impostor|url-access = subscription|last=Porter|first=Jane|date=June 4, 2007|access-date=2023-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111022728/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-06-03/its-almost-like-dmitting-an-impostor |archive-date= Jan 11, 2024 }}</ref> ===Content=== In general, MBA programs are structured around core courses - an essentially standard curriculum <ref name="Core Courses"/><ref name="MFT-MBA Test Description"/> - and elective courses that may allow for a subject specialty or concentration.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |website=[[Graduate Management Admission Council|GMAC]] |url=http://www.mba.com/schools-and-programs/evaluating-schools/curriculum-and-course-selection.aspx |title=Curriculum and Course Selection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123014950/http://www.mba.com/schools-and-programs/evaluating-schools/curriculum-and-course-selection.aspx |archive-date=23 January 2013 }}</ref> Thus, in the program's first year (or part), students acquire both a working knowledge of management functions and the analytical skills required for these, while in the second year (part), students pursue elective courses, which may count towards a specialization. (Topics in [[business ethics]] may be included at the generalist or specialist level.) After the first year, many full-time students seek [[internship]]s. The degree culminates with coursework in [[business strategy]], the program [[Capstone course|capstone]]. A [[dissertation]] or [[Project#School and university|major project]] is usually a degree requirement after the completion of coursework. Many MBA programs end with a comprehensive exit examination; see below. For Executive MBA programs, the core curriculum is generally similar, but may seek to leverage the strengths associated with the more seasoned and professional profile of the student body, emphasizing leadership, and drawing more from the specific experience of the individual students.<ref>"[http://www.rutgers.edu.sg/emba-program/executive-mba-emba-vs-traditional-mba-full-timepart-time Executive MBA vs. MBA – What’s the difference?]", Rutgers Business School Asia Pacific.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive MBA vs MBA: the difference |url=https://www.insead.edu/m-programmes/MBA-vs-EMBA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205120311/https://www.insead.edu/m-programmes/MBA-vs-EMBA |archive-date=Dec 5, 2022 |website=INSEAD}}</ref> Programs are designed such that students gain exposure to theory and practice alike.<ref>See for example: [http://www.hbs.edu/mba/academic-experience/Pages/the-hbs-case-method.aspx "The HBS case-method", Harvard Business School]; [http://www.chicagobooth.edu/about/chicago-approach "The Chicago Approach", The University of Chicago Booth School of Business] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213193013/http://www.chicagobooth.edu/about/chicago-approach |date=13 February 2014 }}); {{cite web |url=http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/programmes/mba/learning/practical-learning/ |title=Practical Learning |website=Cambridge Judge Business School |postscript=; |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612200422/http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/programmes/mba/learning/practical-learning/ |archive-date= Jun 12, 2016 }} [http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/programs/mba/academic-experience "Academic Experience in the MBA Program", Stanford Graduate School of Business].</ref> Courses include lectures, case studies, and team projects; the mix though, will differ by school<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ronaldyeaple/2012/07/09/is-the-mba-case-method-passe/|title=Is the MBA Case Method Passé?|first=Ronald|last=Yeaple|website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref> and [[#Programs|by format]]. Theory is covered in the classroom setting by [[professor|academic faculty]], and is reinforced through the [[case method]], placing the student in the role of the decision maker. Similar to real world business situations, cases include both constraints and incomplete information. Practical learning (field immersion) often comprises [[management consulting|consulting projects]] with real clients, and is generally undertaken in teams (or "syndicates").<ref>{{cite web |title=MBA Consulting Projects |url=https://www.darden.virginia.edu/mba/academics/experiential-learning/consulting/ |website=Darden School of Business UVA |access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> The practical elements (as well as the case studies) often involve [[Clinical professor|external practitioners]]—sometimes business executives—supporting the teaching from academic faculty. (See {{slink|Business school#Case_studies}} and [[Business school#Other approaches|§ Other approaches]]; and, generally, {{slink|Business education#Postgraduate education}}.) {|class="wikitable floatright" | width="400" |- style="text-align:center;" |colspan="3" | MBA Course Structure |- | rowspan="4" | Core |- | Analytical || Accounting, [[Economics education#Business degrees|economics for management]], [[organizational behavior]], [[Business mathematics#Postgraduate|quantitative analysis]] ([[operations research]] and [[business statistics]]). |- | Functional || [[Financial management]], [[human resource management]], [[marketing management]], [[operations management]]. |- | Ethics || [[Business ethics]], [[corporate social responsibility]], [[corporate governance]]. |- | Electives |colspan="2" | Common broad electives include: [[entrepreneurship]], [[international business]], [[management information systems]], [[business law]], [[market research]], [[organizational design]], [[negotiations]], [[international finance]], [[project management]], managing non-profits and [[real estate investing]]. Additionally, many other elective options of a more specialized nature are offered by various institutions. |- | rowspan="2" | Capstone | Strategy ||[[Strategic management]] and [[leadership|business leadership]]. |- | Research|| [[Research methodology]] and [[dissertation]] / [[Project#School_and_university|major project]]. |} {|class="wikitable floatright" | width="400" |- style="text-align:center;" || Common MBA Specializations/Concentrations |- |[[Accounting]], [[entrepreneurship]], [[finance]] (including [[corporate finance]] and [[investment management]]), [[international business]], [[health administration|healthcare administration]], [[human resources]], [[management information systems]], [[management science]], [[marketing]], [[operations management]], [[organizational design]], [[project management]], [[real estate]], [[risk management]] and [[strategic management|strategy]], among others. |} As outlined, courses begin with underlying topics<ref name="Core Courses">See: {{cite web |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]] |url=http://www.aacsb.edu/accreditation/business/standards/aol/standard15.asp |title=Standard 15: Management of Curricula |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315163825/http://www.aacsb.edu/accreditation/business/standards/aol/standard15.asp |archive-date=15 March 2013 |postscript=; |work=Business Accreditation Standards }} {{cite web |url-status=dead |website=[[Association of MBAs|AMBA]] |url=http://www.mbaworld.com/accreditationcriteria |title=Accreditation Criteria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202000925/http://www.mbaworld.com/accreditationcriteria |archive-date=2 February 2013 |postscript=;}} {{cite web |website=[[Educational Testing Service|ETS]] |url=http://www.ets.org/mft/about/content/mba |title=Major Field Tests: Master of Business Administration (MBA) Degree |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625174428/http://www.ets.org/mft/about/content/mba |archive-date= Jun 25, 2022 }}</ref> and then progress to more advanced functional topics where these are applied; see aside. The analytic skills required for management are usually covered initially. The accounting course(s) may treat [[financial accounting|financial]] and [[management accounting]] separately or in one hybrid course. Financial accounting deals mainly in the interpretation (and preparation) of financial statements while management accounting deals mainly in the analysis of internal results. The economics course covers [[managerial economics]], a technical course that mainly focuses on product pricing as influenced by microeconomic theory, and aggregate-or [[macroeconomics]], which deals with topics like the banking system, the money supply, and inflation. [[Operations Research]] and statistics are sometimes combined as "Managerial Decision-Making" or "[[Business mathematics#Postgraduate|Quantitative Decision-Making]]"; organizational behavior and human resource management may similarly be combined. In many programs, applicants with appropriate background may be exempt from various analytical courses. With these as underpin, the course then covers the core management functions, and, in turn, allows students to select from further advanced topics as appropriate. Some programs treat the curricula here in two parts: the first course provides an overview, while the second revisits the subject in-depth (perhaps as specializations); alternatively, the first addresses short-term, tactical problems, while the second addresses long-term, strategic problems (e.g., "Financial Management I" might cover [[working capital management]], while part II covers [[Corporate finance#Investment and project valuation|capital investment decisions]]). An [[Information systems]] / [[Information technology|technology]] course is increasingly included as a core functional course rather than an elective. Ethics training is often delivered with coursework in corporate social responsibility and corporate governance. Note that - generally - courses here, although technical in scope, are, ultimately, oriented toward corporate management. (For example, the principal finance course may cover the technicalities of financial instrument valuation and [[Capital market|capital raising]], but does so from the perspective of [[managerial finance]], as opposed to [[investment banking]].) Technically-oriented courses, if offered, will be via a specialization. Programs may also include coursework-based training in the skills needed at senior levels of management: [[soft skills]], such as (general) leadership and negotiation; hard skills, such as [[spreadsheets]] and project management; [[Outline of thought#Creative processes|thinking skills]] such as [[innovation]] and creativity. Training in areas such as [[multiculturalism]] and corporate social responsibility is similarly included. Company visits (including overseas travel), and guest lectures or seminars with CEOs and [[Business guru|management personalities]] may also be included. These, with the core subjects, provide the graduate with breadth, while the specialty courses provide depth. For the business strategy component, the degree capstone, the focus is on finding [[competitive advantage]] and the long-term positioning and management of the entity as a whole. Here, the key functional areas are thus synthesized to an overall view; the strategy course depicts how the various sub-disciplines integrate to tell one continuous story, with each discipline complementing the others. Corresponding training in [[entrepreneurial leadership|business leadership]] may also be scheduled and participation in a [[business simulation]] or [[business game|game]] is also a common degree requirement. "Strategy" may be offered as a sequence of courses, beginning in the first part (formulation) and culminating in the second (execution), or as a single intensive course, offered during the second part. Some programs offer a specialization in "strategy", others in [[management consulting]] which substantially addresses the same issues. The MBA dissertation (or thesis in some universities) will, in general, comprise the following in some combination:<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kangis | first1 = Peter | last2 = Carman | first2 = Robert | title = Research, Knowledge and Method: the purpose and role of MBA dissertation | url = http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/bmaf/documents/publications/ijme/vol1no2/kangis_purpose_of_mba_dissert.pdf | journal = The International Journal of Management Education | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | access-date = 29 January 2014 | archive-date = 17 June 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120617021928/http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/bmaf/documents/publications/IJME/Vol1no2/Kangis_Purpose_of_MBA_Dissert.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> a [[literature review|discussion of the literature]], providing a critical review and structuring of what is known on a given topic, to address a specific problem; a [[case study]] that goes beyond simple description, containing the analysis of hitherto unpublished material; a test of the application or limitations of some known principle or technique in a particular situation, and/or suggested modifications. As an alternative to the dissertation, some programs instead allow for a [[Project#School_and_university|major project]].<ref name="degree.net"/> Here (part-time) students will address a problem current in their organization; particularly in programs with an [[action learning]] orientation, these may be practically oriented.<ref name="degree.net">[http://www.degree.net/resources/degree-level/mba-degree-guide_201002182375.html MBA degree-guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122033820/http://www.degree.net/resources/degree-level/mba-degree-guide_201002182375.html |date=22 January 2013 }}, degree.net</ref> Most MBA programs require additional course work in research methodology, preceding the dissertation or project. Some programs allow that the research component as a whole may be substituted with additional elective coursework. ====Exit examination==== Many MBA programs culminate in a [[Comprehensive examination|comprehensive exit examination]]. The national [[standardized exam]] known as the [[Major Field Test for Master of Business Administration|Major Field Test for MBAs]] (MFT-MBA) has been administered in the MBA programs of over 300 U.S. universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/acdg_mba.pdf |title=2013 Major Field Test Comparative Data Guide: Major Field Test for Master of Business Administration (MBA) |publisher=Educational Testing Service |access-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122194137/http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/acdg_mba.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2014 }}</ref> The MFT-MBA aims to assess skills, knowledge, and reasoning ability within the domain of standard MBA curriculum.<ref name="MFT-MBA Test Description">{{cite web |url=http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/mft_mba_flyer.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705102904/http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/mft_mba_flyer.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-05 |url-status=live |title=The Major Field Test for MBA |publisher=Educational Testing Service |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> It is administered by [[Educational Testing Service]]. Another prominent option for comprehensive exit exams is the Common Professional Component Comprehensive Exam for MBAs (CPC COMP Exam for MBAs) owned by Peregrine Academic Services.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.peregrineacademics.com/media.ashx/exam-summary-business-compgraduatefinal29oct2014.pdf |title=Business Administration CPC-Based COMP Exam Summary: Masters Level |publisher=Peregrine Academic Services |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002244/https://www.peregrineacademics.com/media.ashx/exam-summary-business-compgraduatefinal29oct2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many programs choose to administer their own in-house exam rather than a standardized test. ===Honor societies=== Honor societies recognize individuals for high achievement in MBA programs. These honor societies include: * [[Beta Gamma Sigma]] - membership requires one to be in the top 20% of their program's class after completing half of the program.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.betagammasigma.org/about/invitation-process | title =Invitation Process| website =Beta Gamma Sigma | access-date =10 April 2018}}</ref> * [[Delta Mu Delta]] - membership requires one to be in the top 20% of their program's class and have a GPA of at least 3.6 after completing half of the program.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://deltamudelta.org/faqs/criteria-membership/ | title =FAQ: What are the criteria for membership? | website =Delta Mu Delta | access-date =10 April 2018}}</ref> * Financial Management Association - membership requires one to have a 3.5 overall GPA, or a 3.5 GPA in finance and finance-related courses, after completing half of the program.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.fma.org/national-honor-society | title =National Honor Society | website =Financial Management Association | access-date =10 April 2018}}</ref> * T10 - membership requires one to have scored in the top 10% in the country on a national comprehensive MBA exam.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.t10mba.com/admission | title =Membership Admission Requirements | website =T10 MBA | publisher =T10 | access-date =10 April 2018}}</ref> ===Careers=== An MBA prepares individuals for many types of careers. According to a survey by the Graduate Management Admissions Council, 64% of year 2012 MBA graduates used their MBA to change careers.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Zlomek |first=Erin |title=More MBA Grads Are Switching Careers as Job Market Improves |magazine=Businessweek |date=20 August 2014 |url=http://businessweek.com/articles/2013-04-18/more-mba-grads-are-switching-careers-as-job-market-improves |access-date=20 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824113842/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-04-18/more-mba-grads-are-switching-careers-as-job-market-improves |archive-date=24 August 2014 }}</ref> Some of the more common jobs an MBA prepares one for include: * Business analyst or strategist * Business development analyst, associate, or manager * Market research analyst * Managing Director (of a department) * Investment banker * Entrepreneur/founder * Financial analyst, associate, or manager * Management consultant * Marketing associate, analyst, or manager * Portfolio manager * Healthcare administrator, analyst, or manager * Project analyst or strategist * Product analyst, associate, or manager * Program analyst, associate, or manager * Operations analyst, associate, or manager<ref>{{cite web |url=http://salisbury.edu/careerservices/Students/GraduateMajors/MBA.html |title=What Can You do With a Graduate Degree in Business(MBA)? |publisher=Salisbury University |access-date=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821150045/http://www.salisbury.edu/careerservices/Students/GraduateMajors/MBA.html |archive-date=21 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://umuc.edu/business/careers/ |title=Business and Management Careers |publisher=University of Maryland University College |access-date=20 August 2014}}</ref> ==Africa== ''[[Financial Times]]'', in its Executive Education Rankings for 2012, included five African business schools. ===Nigeria=== In [[Nigeria]], business schools administered as colleges within the traditional universities offer a variety of MBA programs. In addition, a few standalone business schools allied with foreign business schools exist in Nigeria. ===South Africa=== {{See also|List of business schools in South Africa}} In [[South Africa]], South Africa's Council on Higher Education (CHE) completed an extensive re-accreditation of MBA degrees offered in the country in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mba.co.za/article.aspx?s=46&a=2188|title=MBA.co.za - Re-accreditation raises the standards of South Africa's MBA|website=www.mba.co.za}}</ref> ===Ghana=== In [[Ghana]], business schools of the traditional universities run a variety of MBA programs. Foreign accredited institutions offer MBA degrees by distance learning in Ghana.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} ===Kenya=== {{See also|Education in Kenya}} MBA programs in [[Kenya]] are offered in many public and private universities. Students choose to specialize in one of the following areas: accounting, finance, entrepreneurship, insurance, and human resources. The course takes four semesters of about four months each. ==Asia== {{main|List of business schools in Asia}} International MBA programs are acquiring brand value in Asia. For example, while a foreign MBA is still preferred in the [[Philippines]], many students are now studying at one of many "Global MBA" English language programs being offered. English-only MBA programs are also offered in [[Hong Kong]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], and [[Thailand]]. For international students who want a different experience, many Asian programs offer scholarships and discounted tuition to encourage an international environment in the classroom. Rankings have been published for Asia Pacific schools by ''[[Asia Inc.]]'', which is a regional business magazine with distribution worldwide. The importance of MBA education in [[China]] has risen, too.<ref>Alon, Ilan and John R. McIntyre, eds. (2005), Business and Management Education in China: Transition, Pedagogy and Training, Singapore: World Scientific.</ref> ===Bangladesh===  There are now more than 50 business schools in Bangladesh offering the MBA, predominantly targeting graduates without any work experience. Most MBAs are two years full-time. Sensibly there is little use of GMAT. The Business Schools conduct their own admission tests instead although the rationale for this instead of providing introductory courses and certifications is unclear. Classes are taught in English. === China === In 1990, the Academic Degrees Office of the State Council formally approved the establishment of MBA degrees and piloted MBA education. In 1991, the Academic Degrees Office of the State Council approved 9 domestic colleges and universities to carry out MBA education pilot work. Since then, mainland [[China]] has successively approved more institutions for MBA education training unit. At present, a total of 229 colleges and universities have opened MBA programs in the system, with a total of more than 500 programs.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} ===India===  {{See also|List of MBA schools in India}} In [[India]], MBA degree is a 2-year postgraduate qualification designed to equip students with advanced business skills and knowledge. It typically covers a wide range of subjects including finance, marketing, human resources, operations, and strategy. One can get MBA degree offline as well as offline. There are many business schools and colleges in [[India]] offering two-year MBA or PGDM programs accredited by [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] or [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]. The [[Indian Institutes of Management]] is among the world's most selective schools according to Bloomberg magazine.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Erin Zlomek|title=India's IIM-A, the World's Toughest B-School to Get Into|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2013-04-18/indias-iim-a-the-worlds-toughest-b-school-to-get-into|access-date=4 May 2015|magazine=Bloomberg Business|date=18 April 2013}}</ref> They offer MBA degrees. There are 20 IIMs in total.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/7-new-iims-to-get-permanent-campus/articleshow/65692333.cms|title=7 new IIMs to get permanent campus by June 2021|date=5 September 2018|access-date=18 August 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> ===Japan===  In [[Japan]], two business schools offer an accredited MBA degree (AACSB, AMBA, or EQUIS). The concept of an MBA is still not considered mainstream as traditional companies still perceive that knowledge and learning with respect to business and management can only be effectively gained through experience and not within a classroom. In fact, some companies have been known to place recent MBA recipients in unrelated fields, or try to re-acclimate their Japanese employees who have spent years overseas earning the degree. As a consequence, academic institutions in Japan are attempting to reinvent the perception of the MBA degree, by taking into account the local corporate culture.<ref>{{cite news|author=The New York Times | title=M.B.A.s in Japan Struggle for Respect | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/25/education/25iht-RieducJapan.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 | date=24 November 2010 | newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Malaysia===  In Malaysia, the MBA degree is highly valued by employers for its emphasis on practical skills and strategic thinking. It is often seen as a pathway to career advancement and increased earning potential. Admission requirements for MBA programs in Malaysia typically include a bachelor's degree from a recognized institution, relevant work experience, and sometimes, standardized test scores such as the GMAT or GRE. Both public and private universities offer MBA and EMBA degrees. Most MBAs are in full-time and part-time modes. All MBA degrees are fully conducted in English. === Nepal === In recent years, universities in [[Nepal]] are providing both general MBA for freshers and Executive MBA for working professionals. Apart from this, there is distance learning center that are providing online MBA course assosicated with abroad universities.<ref>{{cite web |title=MBA through Open Learning and its benefits |url=https://ica.edu.np/blogs/mba-through-open-learning-and-its-benefits |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=International Center for Academics}}</ref> ===Pakistan===  [[Pakistan]] first offered an MBA program outside the United States in 1955 in collaboration with the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in [[Philadelphia]]. Now in Pakistan, there are 187 Universities/Institutes which are recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, offering MBA programs to students and professionals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070324/saturday/main1.htm|title=The Tribune - Magazine section - Saturday Extra|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref> ===Singapore===  [[Singapore]] has different MBA programs of high standing. The 3 national universities in Singapore have top MBA programs; [[Singapore Management University]] has [[triple accreditation]], [[National University of Singapore]] is top 20 in the world according to the [[Financial Times]] MBA ranking<ref>{{cite news |first1=Andrew |last1=Jack |first2=Jonathan |last2=Moules |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8ff04e7e-f95c-46a3-96c8-df7054c408ec |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8ff04e7e-f95c-46a3-96c8-df7054c408ec |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=FT Global MBA ranking 2021: Europe tops table but US dominates |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |location=London |date= 7 February 2021|accessdate=2022-06-25}}</ref> and [[Nanyang Business School]] is ranked top 100 regarding [[The Economist]]. In addition, many international institutions such as [[INSEAD]], [[ESSEC Business School|ESSEC]], [[EDHEC Business School|EDHEC]] and others have a campus in Singapore where MBA programs, among others, are offered. === South Korea === Korean universities offer full-time and part-time MBA programs that usually consist of a two-year curriculum. The first MBA program was offered in 1963 by Korea University Business School (KUBS). In 2007, the Korean Government established "BK21," a project that supports Korean universities in order to develop their competitiveness in the global MBA market. Korea University Business School topped the evaluation of BK21 professional business graduate schools for six consecutive years. In the meantime, only two universities in Korea ranked in the "2015 Global Top 100 Executive MBA (EMBA) Rankings" conducted by UK ''Financial Times''. [[Korea University Business School]] and [[Yonsei University]] ranked 27th and 45th worldwide, respectively. == Europe == {{main|List of business schools in Europe}} ===History=== In 1957, [[INSEAD]] ({{Lang|fr|Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires}}, or European Institute of Business Administration) became the first European university to offer an MBA degree, and also pioneered the one-year (12-month) degree that has become standard across Europe.<ref name=Differences/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Kaplan A.: European Management and European Business Schools: Insights from the History of Business Schools, European Management Journal, 2014 | doi=10.1016/j.emj.2014.03.006 | volume=32 | journal=European Management Journal | pages=529–534}}</ref> This was followed by [[Antwerp Management School]] (postgraduate program in business management) in 1959<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antwerpmanagementschool.be/en/about-ams/history| title=History|website=Antwerp Management School|access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> and by [[ESADE Business School]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esade.edu/en/about-us/history|title=Esade History|access-date=20 August 2024|website=ESADE}}</ref> [[Michael Smurfit Graduate School of Business|University Culture Dublin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smurfitschool.ie/aboutus/whoweare/ourhistory/|title=History|website=UCD Michael Smurfit Graduate Business School, Smurfit Executive|access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> and [[Trinity Business School, Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College Dublin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcd.ie/business/programmes/mba/|title=The Trinity MBA|website=Trinity Business School|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> in 1964. Also in 1964, [[IESE Business School]] launched the first two-year MBA in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iese.edu/about/history/|title=A story worth telling.|website=IESE|access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> Following the Franks Report in the UK in 1963, a number of British business schools were established in the 1960s offering MBA courses (initially called MSc courses at most institutions until rebranded in the 1970s), mostly at the new [[plate glass university|plate glass universities]] and former [[College of advanced technology (United Kingdom)|colleges of advanced technology]] that had become universities since 1960.<ref name=Lock>{{cite journal|last=Lock|first=Andrew R.|journal=Higher Education| volume= 31| issue= 2 |date=March 1996| pages= 165–185|jstor=3447883|title= The Future of the MBA in the UK|doi=10.1007/BF02390443 |s2cid=144903186 }}</ref> The two major schools set up by the UK government as a direct result of the report were [[London Business School]], which offered an MBA from 1966, and [[Manchester Business School]], which opened in 1965 but did not offer an MBA until 1967.<ref name=Lock/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fifty.mbs.ac.uk/#!/memories/joining-the-first-ever-mba-class|title=Joining the first ever MBA class |author=Alan Topalian|website=Alliance Manchester Business School|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> Both of these were two year courses, despite Franks' recommendation to pursue one-year master's degrees, and were initially called MScs rather than MBAs. The first course to actually bear the title of MBA was the 12-month course launched by the [[Strathclyde Business School|University of Strathclyde]] in 1966.<ref name=Lock/> Many other 12-month master's courses also started in the 1960s, including at [[Aston Business School|Aston]] (as a diploma until 1975),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiJeS9TFIpYC&pg=PA90|title= The History of UK Business and Management Education|author=Allan P.O. Williams|page=90|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|date=6 September 2010|isbn= 978-1-84950-780-6}}</ref> [[University of Bradford School of Management|Bradford]] (1968),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yorkshiretimes.co.uk/article/University-School-Celebrates-60-Years-In-Business|title= University School Celebrates 60 Years In Business|work=Yorkshire Times|date=30 September 2023}}</ref> [[Bayes Business School|City]] (1966),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueuHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|title=The Rise of Cass Business School:The Journey to World-Class: 1966 Onwards|author=A. Williams |date= 7 February 2006|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK| page=4isbn=9780230624818|isbn=978-0-230-62481-8 }}</ref> [[Cranfield School of Management|Cranfield]] (1968),<ref name=Lock/> [[Durham University Business School|Durham]] (1967)<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://reed.dur.ac.uk/xtf/view?docId=bookreader/DU_Warden/warden66/wr1966METSfile.xml#page/26/mode/1up|chapter=Business School|pages=20–23|title=Report by the Vice-chancellor and Warden for the year 1966-67|publisher=Durham University|date=1967}}</ref> and [[Warwick Business School|Warwick]] (1968).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiJeS9TFIpYC&pg=PA92|title= The History of UK Business and Management Education|author=Allan P.O. Williams|pages=92–93|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|date=6 September 2010|isbn= 978-1-84950-780-6}}</ref> Elsewhere, MBAs were launched at the [[Vlerick Business School|KU Leuven]] in 1968;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vlerick.com/en/about-vlerick/history|title= Our history – Vlerick Business School|accessdate=26 July 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217013754/http://www.vlerick.com/en/about-vlerick/history|archive-date=2013-02-17}}</ref> and at the [[HEC School of Management]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hec.edu/en/overview/who-we-are/our-history|title=Our History|website=HEC Paris|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>  The [[Association of MBAs]] was established in Britain in 1967 as the Business Graduates Association. It started accrediting British MBAs in 1983, expanding this to cover international schools and distance learning MBAs in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amba-bga.com/history-heritage|title=Our history and heritage|website=AMBA-BGA|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> Twelve UK business schools formed the Conference of University Management Schools (now the Chartered Association of Business Schools) in 1971.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueuHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108|title=The Rise of Cass Business School:The Journey to World-Class: 1966 Onwards|author=A. Williams |date= 7 February 2006|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|pages=107–108|isbn=9780230624818 }}</ref> The [[European Foundation for Management Development]] was founded in 1972 to promote management education in Europe, and had 193 members by 1973. It established the [[EFMD Quality Improvement System]] accreditation for business schools in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.efmdglobal.org/about-efmd-global/|title=About EFMD|website=EFMD|at=Our History|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> ===Austria===  In [[Austria]], MBA programs of [[private university|private universities]] have to be accredited by the Austrian Accreditation Council (''Österreichischer Akkreditierungsrat''). State-run universities have no accreditation requirements, however, some of them voluntarily undergo accreditation procedures by independent bodies. There are also MBA programs of non-academic business schools, who are entitled by the Austrian government to offer these programs until the end of 2012 (''Lehrgang universitären Charakters''). Some non-academic institutions cooperate with state-run universities to ensure the legality of their degrees. ===Czech Republic===  In the [[Czech Republic]], the first meeting of the Association of the Czech MBA Schools (CAMBAS) was held in January 1999. The association is housed within the Centre for Doctoral and Managerial Studies of UEP, Prague. All of the founding members of the association to have their MBA programs accredited by partner institutions in the [[United Kingdom]] or the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The university of Finance and administration Prague|url=http://www.shortcoursesportal.eu/universities/1176/the-university-of-finance-and-administration-prague.html#tab:about|journal=Shortcoursesportal.eu}}</ref> ===Finland=== In [[Finland]], Master of Business Administration degrees are awarded by business schools of [[Aalto University]], [[Hanken School of Economics|Hanken]], [[Turku School of Economics|University of Turku]], [[University of Vaasa]] and [[University of Oulu]]. In Finnish this degree is called ''kauppatieteiden maisteri''. Universities of applied sciences award degrees which in Finnish are called ''tradenomi (YAMK)'' but use the same English title "Master of Business Administration" as the ones awarded by business schools. Both degrees are recognized as higher education degrees in Finland, yet only the business school graduates are typically referred as "masters".{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} ===France and French-speaking countries===  In [[France]] and the [[Francophone]] countries, including [[Belgium]], [[Canada]], [[Monaco]], and [[Switzerland]], the MBA degree programs at the public accredited schools are similar to those offered in the [[Anglosphere|Anglo-Saxon]] countries. Most French Business Schools are accredited by the [[Conférence des Grandes écoles]]. ===Germany===  [[Germany]] was one of the last Western countries to adopt an MBA degree. In 1998, the ''Hochschulrahmengesetz'' (Higher Education Framework Act), a German federal law regulating higher education including the types of degrees offered, was modified to permit German universities to offer master's degrees. The traditional German degree in business administration was the [[Diplom]] in ''Betriebswirtschaft'' (Diplom-Kaufmann/Diplom-Kauffrau), But since 1999, bachelor's and master's degrees have gradually replaced the traditional degrees due to the [[Bologna process]]. Most German business schools now offer an MBA. Most [[States of Germany|German states]] require that MBA degrees have to be accredited by one of the six agencies officially recognized by the German ''Akkreditierungsrat''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akkreditierungsrat.de/index.php?id=44&L=1|work=Akkreditierungsrat.de|title=Accreditation Council}}</ref> (accreditation council), the German counterpart to the American [[Council for Higher Education Accreditation|CHEA]]. The busiest of these six agencies (with respect to MBA degrees) is the Foundation for International Business Administration Accreditation (FIBAA). All universities themselves have to be institutionally accredited by the state (''staatlich anerkannt''). ===Italy===  In [[Italy]], MBA programs at public accredited schools are similar to those offered elsewhere in Europe. Italian Business Schools are accredited by EQUIS and by ASFOR. ===Poland===  There are several MBA programs offered in [[Poland]]. Some of these are run as partnerships with European, American, or Canadian Universities. Others rely on their own faculty and enrich their courses by inviting visiting lecturers. Several MBA programs in Poland are also offered in English. ===Portugal===  Several business schools offer highly ranked MBA programs in [[Portugal]]. Portuguese MBA programs are increasingly internationally oriented, being taught in English. ===Spain===  [[Spain]] has a long history in offering MBA programs with three MBA programs frequently being ranked in the Top 25 worldwide by several international rankings. Spanish MBAs are culturally diverse and taught in English. ===Switzerland===  Several schools in [[Switzerland]] offer an MBA as full-time, part-time, and executive education programs. Some business schools offer MBA programs with specializations such as Finance and Healthcare, technology management, and others. As a country with four different national languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/specials/switzerland_how_to/daily_life/Languages.html?cid=29177618|title=SwissInfo.ch|access-date=15 May 2014}}</ref> Switzerland offers most of its programs in English to attract international students to the country. ===Ukraine===  Recently MBA programs appeared in [[Ukraine]], where there are now about twenty schools of business offering a variety of MBA programs. Three of these are subsidiaries of European schools of business, while the remaining institutions are independent. Ukrainian MBA programs are concentrated mainly on particulars of business and management in Ukraine. For example, 2/3 of all case studies are based on real conditions of Ukrainian companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbastrategy.ua/content/view/1078/312/lang,Eng/|title=MBA in Ukraine - MBA, GMAT, TOEFL, IELTS, бизнес-школы, Pre-MBA, бизнес образование.|website=www.mbastrategy.ua}}</ref> ===United Kingdom===  The [[United Kingdom]]-based [[Association of MBAs]] (AMBA) was established in 1967 and is an active advocate for MBA degrees. The association's accreditation service is internationally recognized for all MBA, DBA, and [[Masters in Business and Management (MBM)]] programs. AMBA also offers the only professional membership association for MBA students and graduates. UK MBA programs typically consist of a set number of taught courses plus a dissertation or project. AMBA accreditation requires "the equivalent of at least 1,800 hours of learning effort", the same as a standard UK master's degree.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.associationofmbas.info/app/uploads/2022/11/AMBA_MBA-Criteria-June-2022_24pp_rev2.pdf|title=MBA Accreditation Criteria|website=AMBA|access-date=20 August 2024|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qaa.ac.uk/docs/qaa/quality-code/master's-degree-characteristics-statement.pdf|title=Characteristics Statement: Master's Degree|website=[[Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education|QAA]]|access-date=20 August 2024|page=9|date=February 2020}}</ref> ==Oceania== ===Australia===  {{main|List of business schools in Australia}} In [[Australia]], 42 Australian business schools offer the MBA degree (16 are AACSB, AMBA or EQUIS accredited<ref>{{cite web|title=Accredited Business Schools in Australia|url=http://www.mba.today/schools/australia|website=MBA Today}}</ref>). Universities differentiate themselves by gaining international accreditation and focusing on national and international rankings. Most MBAs are one to two years full-time. There is little use of GMAT, and instead, each educational institution specifies its own requirements, which normally entails several years of management-level work experience as well as proven academic skills.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.infozee.com/channels/mba/australia/mba-australia.htm | title=Business Schools in Australia (MBA) | publisher=INFOZEE | access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> [[Graduate Management Association of Australia]] carries out ratings for Australian MBAs and annually publishes [[Australian MBA Star Ratings]]. The Financial Review Boss carries out biennial rankings of Australian MBAs.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.afr.com/it-pro/boss-2013-mbaranking-the-table-20131010-j0en3 | title=Boss 2013 MBA Ranking: the table | work=AFR Boss | date=12 September 2013 | access-date=26 April 2015 |author1=Uther, Beverley |author2=Suchy, Martin|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150426021738/http://www.afr.com/it-pro/boss-2013-mbaranking-the-table-20131010-j0en3|archive-date=2015-04-26 }}</ref> ===New Zealand===  In [[New Zealand]], most universities offer MBA classes, typically through part-time arrangement or evening classes. Only two universities offer full-time programs to international students, the [[University of Otago]] (Otago MBA) and [[Auckland University of Technology]] (AUT). The Otago MBA is the longer established of the two, offering a 240 points program while AUT MBA is a 180-point program. ==Program rankings== {{See also|List of United States business school rankings|Australian MBA Star Ratings}} Since 1967, publications have ranked MBA programs using various methods.<ref name="MRN">{{cite journal|last1=Schatz |first1=Martin |title=What's Wrong With MBA Ranking Surveys? |journal=Management Research News |year=1993 |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=15–18 |url=http://officialmbaguide.org/whatswrong.php |access-date=22 July 2011 |doi=10.1108/eb028322 |last2=Crummer |first2=Roy E. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412110850/http://officialmbaguide.org/whatswrong.php |archive-date=12 April 2013 }}</ref> The ''[[Gourman Report]]'' (1967–1997) did not disclose criteria or ranking methods,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chronicle.com/free/v44/i11/11a00101.htm|title= A Self-Published College Guide Goes Big-Time, and Educators Cry Foul |accessdate= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071215111105/http://chronicle.com/free/v44/i11/11a00101.htm |archive-date=2007-12-15}}</ref> and these reports were criticized for reporting statistically impossible data, such as no ties among schools, narrow gaps in scores with no variation in gap widths, and ranks of nonexistent departments.<ref>[[Bedeian, Arthur G.]] [http://www.siop.org/tip/backissues/tipjan02/07bedeian.aspx Caveat Emptor: The Gourman Report]. ''The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist'' (June 2002).</ref> In 1977 ''The Carter Report'' ranked MBA programs based on the number of academic articles published by faculty, the ''Ladd & Lipset Survey'' ranked business schools based on faculty surveys, and ''MBA Magazine'' ranked schools based on votes cast by business school deans.<ref name="MRN" /> Today, publications by the [[Aspen Institute]], ''[[Business Week]]'', ''[[The Economist]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Forbes]]'', [[Quacquarelli Symonds]], ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', and the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' make their own rankings of MBA programs. Schools' ranks can vary across publications, as the methodologies for rankings differ among publications: * The [[Aspen Institute]] publishes the ''Beyond Grey Pinstripes'' rankings which are based on the integration of social and environmental stewardship into university curriculum and faculty research. Rankings from a small sample of well-known schools are calculated on the amount of [[sustainability]] coursework made available to students (20%), amount of student exposure to relevant material (25%), amount of coursework focused on stewardship by for-profit corporations (30%), and relevant faculty research (25%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beyondgreypinstripes.org/about/methodology.cfm|title=Methodology|access-date=18 June 2011|publisher=Beyond Grey Pinstripes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718165449/http://beyondgreypinstripes.org/about/methodology.cfm|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2011 survey and ranking include data from 150 universities.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Samuelson|first=Judy|title=The Business of Education: Why change-minded MBA candidates turn to the Institute before they pick a business school|journal=The Aspen Idea|date=Summer 2011|pages=66–67|url=http://www.aspencbe.org/documents/AspenIdea_Pinstripes.Summer%202011_p66-67.pdf|access-date=18 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712011811/http://www.aspencbe.org/documents/AspenIdea_Pinstripes.Summer%202011_p66-67.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2011}}</ref> * ''Business Week''{{'}}s rankings are based on student surveys, a survey of corporate recruiters, and an intellectual capital rating.<ref name=BW>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/content/apr2006/bs20060420_4380.htm#MBA1|title=MBA Rankings: Updated October 2006|access-date=18 December 2007|publisher=The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.|work=Businessweek|archive-date=24 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224141053/http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/content/apr2006/bs20060420_4380.htm#MBA1|url-status=dead}}</ref> * The [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], published in ''The Economist'', surveys both business schools (80%) and students and recent graduates (20%). Ranking criteria include GMAT scores, employment and salary statistics, class options, and student body demographics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mba.eiu.com/site_info.asp?info_name=wmba_rank_method|title=Rankings methodology|access-date=19 December 2007|publisher=The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited}}</ref> The Economist withdrew from the MBA rankings business after releasing its 2022 ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://poetsandquants.com/2022/07/13/breaking-amid-withering-criticism-the-economist-kills-its-mba-ranking/|title=Amid Withering Criticism, The Economist Kills Its MBA Ranking|date=13 July 2022 }}</ref> * ''Financial Times'' uses survey responses from alumni who graduated three years prior to the ranking and information from business schools. Salary and employment statistics are weighted heavily.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/39626150-ad5a-11db-8709-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=991cbd66-9258-11da-977b-0000779e2340.html|title=How to read the rankings: How the raw data are processed|access-date=25 December 2007|date=29 January 2007|work=The Financial Times |author=Milton, Ursula|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217140636/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/39626150-ad5a-11db-8709-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=991cbd66-9258-11da-977b-0000779e2340.html |archive-date=17 December 2007}}</ref> * ''Forbes'' considers only the return of investment five years after graduation. MBA alumni are asked about their salary, the tuition fees of their MBA program, and other direct costs as well as opportunity costs involved. Based on this data, a final "5-year gain" is calculated and determines the MBA ranking position.<ref name="Forbes 'The Best Business Schools'">{{cite news|title=Forbes 'The Best Business Schools'|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/08/03/the-best-business-schools/|access-date=3 August 2011|date=3 August 2011}}</ref> * [[Quacquarelli Symonds]] ''QS Global 200 Business Schools Report'' compiles regional rankings of business schools around the world. Ranks are calculated using a two-year moving average of points assigned by employers who hire MBA graduates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topmba.com/mba-rankings/global-200-business-schools-report/survey-sample-and-methodology/ |title=Global Business Schools Report Methodology}}</ref> * ''U.S. News & World Report'' incorporates responses from deans, program directors, and senior faculty about the academic quality of their programs as well as the opinions of hiring professionals. The ranking is calculated through a weighted formula of quality assessment (40%), placement success (35%), and student selectivity (25%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/about/08biz_meth_brief.php|title=Business Methodology|access-date=18 December 2007|work=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> * ''UT-Dallas Top 100 Business School Research Rankings'' ranks business schools on the research faculty publish, similar to ''The Carter Report'' of the past.<ref name="Does The World Need Another B-School Ranking?">{{cite web|title=The UTD Top 100 Business School Research Rankings: Research Ranking Overview|url=http://jindal.utdallas.edu/the-utd-top-100-business-school-research-rankings//|publisher=UT Dallas|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref> * The ''Wall Street Journal'', which stopped ranking full-time MBA programs in 2007, based its rankings on skill and behavioral development that may predict career success, such as social skills, teamwork orientation, ethics, and analytic and problem-solving abilities.<ref name="How the Rankings were Compiled">{{cite news|title=How the Rankings were Compiled|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204251404574344784066900244|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=22 July 2011|date=16 September 2009}}</ref> The ranking of MBA programs has been discussed in articles and on academic websites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caution and Controversy |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |url=http://www.library.uiuc.edu/edx/rankoversy.htm |access-date=6 September 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026081654/http://www.library.uiuc.edu/edx/rankoversy.htm |archive-date=26 October 2007 }}</ref> Critics of ranking methodologies maintain that any published rankings should be viewed with caution for the following reasons:<ref name="MRN" /> * Rankings exhibit intentional selection bias as they limit the surveyed population to a small number of MBA programs and ignore the majority of schools, many with excellent offerings. * Ranking methods may be subject to personal biases and statistically flawed methodologies (especially methods relying on subjective interviews of hiring managers, students, or faculty). * Rankings use no objective measures of program quality. * The same list of schools appears in each ranking with some variation in ranks, so a school ranked as number 1 in one list may be number 17 in another list. * Rankings tend to concentrate on representing MBA schools themselves, but some schools offer MBA programs of different qualities and yet the ranking will only rely upon information from the full-time program (e.g., a school may use highly reputable faculty to teach a daytime program, but use adjunct faculty in its evening program or have drastically lower admissions criteria for its evening program than for its daytime program). * A high rank in a national publication tends to become a [[self-fulfilling prophecy]]. * Some leading business schools including Harvard, INSEAD, Wharton and [[MIT Sloan School of Management|Sloan]] provide limited cooperation with certain ranking publications due to their perception that rankings are misused.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hemel |first=Daniel J |title=HBS Blocks Media Access to Students |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |date=12 April 2004 |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=358753 |access-date=29 January 2008|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911152840/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2004/4/12/hbs-blocks-media-access-to-students/|archive-date=2012-09-11}}</ref> One study found that ranking MBA programs by a combination of graduates' starting salaries and average student GMAT score can approximately duplicate the top 20 list of the national publications, and concluded that a truly objective ranking would use objective measures of program quality and be individualized to the needs of each prospective student.<ref name="MRN" /> National publications have recognized the value of rankings against different criteria and now offer lists ranked different ways: by salary, GMAT score of students, selectivity, and so forth. While useful, these rankings have yet to meet the critique that rankings are not tailored to individual needs, that they use an incomplete population of schools, may fail to distinguish between the different MBA program types offered by each school, or rely on subjective interviews. ==Criticism== Articles have been written about public perceptions of the crisis, ranging from schools' acknowledgment of issues with the training students receive<ref name="retrain"/><ref name="overhaul"/> to criticisms of the MBA's role in society.<ref>{{cite magazine | author=Stewart, Matthew | title=RIP, MBA | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2009/03/26/rip-mba.html | date=25 March 2009 | magazine=Slate}}</ref><ref name="Parker 2018">{{cite web | last=Parker | first=Martin | title=Why we should bulldoze the business school | website=the Guardian | date=27 April 2018 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/apr/27/bulldoze-the-business-school | access-date=24 May 2018|quote=There are 13,000 business schools on Earth. That’s 13,000 too many. And I should know – I’ve taught in them for 20 years}}</ref> After the [[Great Recession]], the media{{who|date=June 2021}} raised questions about the value and content of business school programs. Prior to the [[2007–2008 financial crisis]], graduates had reportedly tended to go into finance after receiving their degrees.<ref name="retrain">{{cite news|author=Holland, Kelley | title=Is It Time to Retrain B-Schools? | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/15/business/15school.html | date=14 March 2009 | newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> As financial professionals are widely seen as responsible for the global economic meltdown, anecdotal evidence suggests new graduates are choosing different career paths.<ref>{{cite news|author=Stossel, John | title=The New Normal | publisher=ABC News | newspaper=20/20 | date=19 June 2009}}</ref> Deans at top business schools have also acknowledged that media and public perception of the MBA degree shifted as a result of the [[Great Recession]].<ref name="overhaul">{{cite news | author=Bradshaw, Della | title=Deans fight crisis fires with MBA overhaul | url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a2353870-53c4-11de-be08-00144feabdc0.html | date=18 June 2009 | newspaper=Financial Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101205019/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a2353870-53c4-11de-be08-00144feabdc0.html | archive-date=1 January 2011 | access-date=21 July 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==See also== ===Related graduate business degrees=== {{see|Business education#Postgraduate education}} * [[Master of Accountancy]] (MAcc or MAcy) / Master of Professional Accountancy (MPA, or MPAcc), a postgraduate degree in accounting * [[Master of Business Communication]] (MBC) * [[Master of Commerce]] (MCom or MComm), a postgraduate business degree usually focused on a particular area * [[Master of Economics]] (M.Econ./M.Ec.) * [[Master of Enterprise]] (MEnt), a postgraduate, technology & enterprise-based qualification * [[Master of Bioscience Enterprise]] (MBioEnt), a postgraduate degree focused on the commercialization of biotechnology * [[Master of Finance]] (MFin), a postgraduate degree in finance * [[Master of Health Administration]] (MHA), a postgraduate health administration degree * [[Master of International Business]] (MIB), a postgraduate degree focused on International Business * [[Master of Management]] (MM), a postgraduate business degree * [[Master of Science in Management]] (MSM), a postgraduate business management degree * [[Master of Marketing Research]] (MMR) a postgraduate degree focusing on research in the field of marketing * [[Master of Nonprofit Organizations]] (MNO or MNPO), the postgraduate degree for philanthropy and [[voluntary sector]] professionals * [[Master of Public Administration]] (MPA), a postgraduate public administration degree * [[Master of Social Science]] (MSS), a postgraduate degree * [[Master of Project Management]] (MSPM or MPM), a postgraduate project management degree * [[Masters of Management: Co-operatives and Credit Unions]], a post-graduate degree for co-operative and credit union managers * [[Green MBA|Master in Sustainable Business]] (MSB) * [[Master of Real Estate]] (MScRE), a postgraduate degree focusing on real estate. * [[Master of Information Management]] (MIM), a postgraduate degree focusing on information management. ====Executive==== * [[Executive Master of Science in Business Administration]] (Executive MScBA), a postgraduate degree focusing advanced-level conceptual foundation in a student's chosen field such as operational excellence in the biotech/pharma industry. ====Doctoral==== * [[Doctor of Business Administration]] (DBA), a doctorate in business administration * [[Doctor of Management]] (D.M.) * [[PhD in Management]] (PhD), a business doctoral degree * [[Doctor of Philosophy|D.Phil]] in Management (D.Phil), a doctorate in business * [[Engineering Doctorate]] (EngD), A professional doctorate in the UK involving a management thesis and taught MBA courses ===Other=== {{wikiversity}} {{Portal|Business}} * [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] * [[MBA Games]] * [[Outline of business management]] {{-}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Further reading == * {{Cite journal | last1 = Patterson | first1 = Sarah E. | last2 = Damaske | first2 = Sarah | last3 = Sheroff | first3 = Christen | title = Gender and the MBA: differences in career trajectories, institutional support, and outcomes | journal = [[Gender & Society]] | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 310–332 | doi = 10.1177/0891243217703630 | pmid = 29706689 | pmc = 5915327 | date = June 2017 }} * {{Citation | last1 = Silbiger | first1 = Steven | title = The 10 Day MBA }} {{Prone to spam|date=July 2013}}  {{Management}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Master's degrees|Business Administration, Master]] [[Category:Business qualifications]] [[Category:Management education]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a 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