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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_key_role_of_the_proletariat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_key_role_of_the_proletariat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 The key role of the proletariat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_key_role_of_the_proletariat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 International revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Socialist democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uneven_and_combined_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uneven_and_combined_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Uneven and combined development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uneven_and_combined_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Socialist culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitional_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitional_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Transitional program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitional_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Scientific socialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_front_and_theory_of_fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_front_and_theory_of_fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 United front and theory of fascism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_front_and_theory_of_fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_ethics_and_morality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_ethics_and_morality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Political ethics and morality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_ethics_and_morality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trotskyism_and_the_1917_Russian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trotskyism_and_the_1917_Russian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Trotskyism and the 1917 Russian Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trotskyism_and_the_1917_Russian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Legend_of_Trotskyism"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Legend_of_Trotskyism""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 "Legend of Trotskyism" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Legend_of_Trotskyism"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_the_Fourth_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_the_Fourth_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Founding of the Fourth International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_the_Fourth_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trotskyist_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trotskyist_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Trotskyist movements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trotskyist_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Trotskyist movements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Trotskyist_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debated_comparison_with_Stalinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debated_comparison_with_Stalinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Debated comparison with Stalinism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debated_comparison_with_Stalinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Trotskyism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" > 59 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotsky%C8%89sme" title="Trotskyȉsme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Trotskyȉsme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotzkismus" title="Trotzkismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Trotzkismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تروتسكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تروتسكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trosquismu" title="Trosquismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Trosquismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotski%C3%A7ilik" title="Trotskiçilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Trotskiçilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Трацкізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трацкізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Троцкизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Троцкизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskiouriezh" title="Trotskiouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trotskiouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskisme" title="Trotskisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trotskisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trockismus" title="Trockismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trockismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotsc%C3%AFaeth" title="Trotscïaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trotscïaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskisme" title="Trotskisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trotskisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotzkismus" title="Trotzkismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trotzkismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskism" title="Trotskism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trotskism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Τροτσκισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τροτσκισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskismo" title="Trotskismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trotskismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trockiismo" title="Trockiismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trockiismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskismo" title="Trotskismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trotskismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="تروتسکیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تروتسکیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskisme" title="Trotskisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trotskisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskismo" title="Trotskismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Trotskismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%B8%A0%ED%82%A4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="트로츠키주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트로츠키주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Տրոցկիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրոցկիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trockizam" title="Trockizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trockizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskyisme" title="Trotskyisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Trotskyisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotsk%C3%ADismi" title="Trotskíismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Trotskíismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trockismo" title="Trockismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trockismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="טרוצקיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרוצקיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ტროცკიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტროცკიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Троцкизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Троцкизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trockizmas" title="Trockizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trockizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trockizmus" title="Trockizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trockizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskyisme" title="Trotskyisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Trotskyisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskisme" title="Trotskisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trotskisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%84%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="トロツキズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トロツキズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskisme" title="Trotskisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trotskisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskisme" title="Trotskisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trotskisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ٹراٹسکی ازم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹراٹسکی ازم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="تروتسکیزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تروتسکیزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trockizm" title="Trockizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trockizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskismo" title="Trotskismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trotskismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tro%C8%9Bkism" title="Troțkism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Troțkism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Троцкизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Троцкизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskismu" title="Trotskismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Trotskismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trotskyism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trockizmus" title="Trockizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Trockizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trockizem" title="Trockizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trockizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Троцкизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Троцкизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trockizam" title="Trockizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trockizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskilaisuus" title="Trotskilaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trotskilaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskism" title="Trotskism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trotskism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskismo" title="Trotskismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trotskismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tro%C3%A7kizm" title="Troçkizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Troçkizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Троцькізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Троцькізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ٹراٹسکی ازم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹراٹسکی ازم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%86%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%85" title="تروچكىزم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تروچكىزم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskismo" title="Trotskismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Trotskismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_Trotsky" title="Chủ nghĩa Trotsky – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa Trotsky" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="托洛茨基主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托洛茨基主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q181133#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyists&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyists">Trotskyists</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of Marxism developed by Leon Trotsky</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/440px-Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, after whom Trotskyism is named</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Trotskyism" title="Category:Trotskyism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trotskyism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the Fourth International"><img alt="Logo of the Fourth International" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg/80px-Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg/120px-Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg/160px-Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="919" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic_collectivism" title="Bureaucratic collectivism">Bureaucratic collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-class_alliance" title="Cross-class alliance">Cross-class alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deformed_workers%27_state" title="Deformed workers' state">Deformed workers' state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">Degenerated workers' state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entryism" title="Entryism">Entryism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_revolution_(Trotskyism)" title="Political revolution (Trotskyism)">Political revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitutionism" title="Substitutionism">Substitutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_demand" title="Transitional demand">Transitional demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">Uneven and combined development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_democracy" title="Union democracy">Union democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguard party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist#Theories" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabloism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pabloism">Pabloism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Martin Abern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Antonov-Ovseenko" title="Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko">Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bensa%C3%AFd" title="Daniel Bensaïd">Daniel Bensaïd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Blanco_(politician)" title="Hugo Blanco (politician)">Hugo Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Callinicos" title="Alex Callinicos">Alex Callinicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dowson" title="Ross Dowson">Ross Dowson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Hal Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Tony Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frank" title="Pierre Frank">Pierre Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Grant" title="Ted Grant">Ted Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Hallas" title="Duncan Hallas">Duncan Hallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hansen_(socialist)" title="Joseph Hansen (socialist)">Joseph Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Healy" title="Gerry Healy">Gerry Healy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Khan" title="Lal Khan">Lal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lambert" title="Pierre Lambert">Pierre Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livio_Maitan" title="Livio Maitan">Livio Maitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Ernest Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuel_Moreno" title="Nahuel Moreno">Nahuel Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_North_(socialist)" title="David North (socialist)">David North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Novack" title="George Novack">George Novack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Michel Pablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Preobrazhensky" title="Yevgeni Preobrazhensky">Yevgeni Preobrazhensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Sedov" title="Lev Sedov">Lev Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Max Shachtman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Smirnov_(politician)" title="Ivan Smirnov (politician)">Ivan Smirnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%A1_Thu_Th%C3%A2u" title="Tạ Thu Thâu">Tạ Thu Thâu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taaffe" title="Peter Taaffe">Peter Taaffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Woods_(political_theorist)" title="Alan Woods (political theorist)">Alan Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotsky%27s_military_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotsky's military writings">Trotsky's military writings</a> (1923-1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Course_(Trotsky_book)" title="New Course (Trotsky book)">New Course</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_October" title="Lessons of October">Lessons of October</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_on_China" title="Leon Trotsky on China">Leon Trotsky on China</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Revolution" title="History of the Russian Revolution">History of the Russian Revolution</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Revolution,_1931-1939_(Trotsky_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939 (Trotsky book)">The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939</a> (1931-1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a>(1931-40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_Agony_of_Capitalism_and_the_Tasks_of_the_Fourth_International" title="The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International">Transitional Program</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defence_of_Marxism_(book)" title="In Defence of Marxism (book)">In Defence of Marxism</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesis_of_Pulacayo" title="Thesis of Pulacayo">Thesis of Pulacayo</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stalinist_Legacy" title="The Stalinist Legacy">The Stalinist Legacy</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dilemmas_of_Lenin" title="The Dilemmas of Lenin">The Dilemmas of Lenin</a> (2017)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_rise_to_power" title="Joseph Stalin's rise to power">Joseph Stalin's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Declaration_of_46" title="The Declaration of 46">The Declaration of 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_Vietnam" title="Trotskyism in Vietnam">Trotskyism in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_of_Soviet_Oppositions" title="Bloc of Soviet Oppositions">Bloc of Soviet Oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Turn" title="French Turn">French Turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_general_strike_of_1934" title="Minneapolis general strike of 1934">Minneapolis general strike of 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Military_Policy" title="Proletarian Military Policy">Proletarian Military Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Intellectuals" title="New York Intellectuals">New York Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931969_Japanese_university_protests" title="1968–1969 Japanese university protests">1968–1969 Japanese university protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Hong_Kong_student_protests" title="1970s Hong Kong student protests">1970s Hong Kong student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_in_Liverpool" title="Militant in Liverpool">Militant in Liverpool</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">Current <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Workers%27_Left_(Greece)" title="Internationalist Workers' Left (Greece)">Internationalist Workers' Left (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">Lanka Sama Samaja Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">Lutte Ouvrière</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisation_of_Communist_Internationalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisation of Communist Internationalists (page does not exist)">Organisation of Communist Internationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Before_Profit" title="People Before Profit">People Before Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(Hong_Kong)" title="Socialist Action (Hong Kong)">Socialist Action (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(Australia)" title="Socialist Alternative (Australia)">Socialist Alternative (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(England_and_Wales)" title="Socialist Party (England and Wales)">Socialist Party (England and Wales)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Workers Party (UK)">Socialist Workers Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Pakistan" title="The Struggle Pakistan">The Struggle Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition" title="Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition">Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Cause_Party" title="Workers' Cause Party">Workers' Cause Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Left_Front" title="Workers' Left Front">Workers' Left Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Revolutionary_Party_(UK)" title="Workers Revolutionary Party (UK)">Workers Revolutionary Party (UK)</a></li></ul> <hr /> Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_India,_Ceylon_and_Burma" title="Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma">Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Group" title="International Marxist Group">International Marxist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a 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Троцкизм, Trotskizm) is the political ideology and branch of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> developed by Russian revolutionary and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> along with some other members of the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a>. Trotsky described himself as an <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Marxist">orthodox Marxist</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary Marxist</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a>–<a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> as well as a follower of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Engels">Frederick Engels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>. His relations with Lenin have been a source of intense historical debate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain20141–10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmVqvouA22IkCqdavidnorthindefenceoftrotsky_52–90]-4">[4]</a> However, on balance, scholarly opinion among a range of prominent <a href="/wiki/Historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Historians">historians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientists">political scientists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/E.H._Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="E.H. Carr">E.H. Carr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Lewin" title="Moshe Lewin">Moshe Lewin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Suny" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Suny">Ronald Suny</a>, Richard B. Day and <a href="/wiki/W._Bruce_Lincoln" title="W. Bruce Lincoln">W. Bruce Lincoln</a> was that Lenin’s desired “heir” would have been a <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective responsibility</a> in which Trotsky was placed in "an important role and within which <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> would be dramatically demoted (if not removed)".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Trotsky advocated for a <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralized</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BRILL-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker's control">worker's control of production</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> elected representation of Soviet <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">socialist parties</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015293-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1991218-10">[10]</a> mass <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978207–215-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> the tactic of a <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a> against <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> parties,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETicktin1992227-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> autonomy for artistic movements,<a href="#cite_note-Marxism_and_Literary_Criticism-15">[15]</a> voluntary <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivisation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilharz2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLfe-DwAAQBAJdqtrotskywidelyacknowledgedcollectivisationpgPT196_196–197]-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleontrotskyrevol0000rubepage160mode2upqforcedcollectivization_161]-17">[17]</a> a <a href="/wiki/The_Death_Agony_of_Capitalism_and_the_Tasks_of_the_Fourth_International" title="The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International">transitional program</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and socialist <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">internationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> He supported founding a <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> (as opposed to the "<a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_bourgeoisie" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie">dictatorship of the bourgeoisie</a>", which Marxists argue is a major component of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>) based on working-class self-emancipation and <a href="/wiki/Council_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Council democracy">council democracy</a>. Trotsky also adhered to <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a> and viewed this as a conscious expression of historical processes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky2019138-20">[20]</a> Trotskyists are <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">critical</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> as they oppose <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a> in favour of Trotsky's theory of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a>. Trotskyists criticize the <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> and anti-democratic current developed in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_under_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Union under Stalin">Soviet Union under Stalin</a>. Despite their ideological disputes, Trotsky and Lenin were close personally prior to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">London Congress of Social Democrats</a> in 1903 and during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Lenin and Trotsky were close ideologically and personally during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and its aftermath. Trotskyists and some others call Trotsky its "co-leader".<a href="#cite_note-21">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> This was also alluded to by Rosa Luxemburg.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Lenin himself never mentioned the concept of "Trotskyism" after Trotsky became a member of the Bolshevik party.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Trotsky was the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>'s paramount leader in the Revolutionary period's direct aftermath. Trotsky initially opposed some aspects of Leninism<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> but eventually concluded that unity between the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> was impossible and joined the Bolsheviks. Trotsky played a leading role with Lenin in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. Lenin and Trotsky were also both honorary presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015605-27">[26]</a> Trotskyists have traditionally drawn upon <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin's testament">Lenin's testament</a> and his alliance with Trotsky in 1922–23 against the <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Soviet bureaucracy</a> as primary evidence that Lenin sought to remove Stalin from the position of <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Various historians have also cited Lenin's proposal to appoint Trotsky <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Vice-Chairman of the Soviet Union</a> as further evidence that he intended Trotsky to be his successor as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid27JGzAoMLjoCdqVictorDanilovTrotskypgPA438_438]-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In 1927, Trotsky was purged from the Communist Party and Soviet politics. In October, by order of Stalin,<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a> Trotsky was removed from power and, in November, expelled from the <a href="/wiki/All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> (aka: VKP(b)). He was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Alma-Ata</a> (now Almaty) in January 1928 and then expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> in February 1929. As the head of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a>, Trotsky continued in exile to oppose what he termed the <a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">degenerated workers' state</a> in the USSR. On 20 August 1940, Trotsky was attacked in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mercader" title="Ramón Mercader">Ramón Mercader</a>, a Spanish-born <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> agent, and died the next day in a hospital. His murder is considered a political assassination. Almost all Trotskyists within the VKP(b) were executed in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purges</a> of 1937–1938, effectively removing all of Trotsky's internal influence in the USSR. <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> had come to power as head of the Communist Party in Ukraine, signing lists of other Trotskyists to be executed. Trotsky and the party of Trotskyists were still recognized as enemies of the USSR during Khrushchev's rule of the USSR after 1956.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Trotsky's <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a> was established in the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> in 1938 when Trotskyists argued that the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> or Third International had become irretrievably "lost to Stalinism" and thus incapable of leading the international working class to political power.<a href="#cite_note-transitional-36">[35]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> According to Trotsky, his programme could be distinguished from other Marxist theories by five key elements: <ul><li>Support for the strategy of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a> in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Two-stage_theory" title="Two-stage theory">two-stage theory</a> of his opponents.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></li> <li>Criticism of the post-1924 leadership of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and analysis of its features,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> after 1933, also support for <a href="/wiki/Political_revolution_(Trotskyism)" title="Political revolution (Trotskyism)">political revolution</a> in the USSR and what Trotskyists term the <a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">degenerated workers' states</a>.</li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a> in the advanced capitalist countries through working-class mass action.</li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">proletarian internationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></li> <li>Use of a transitional programme of demands that bridge between daily struggles of the working class and the maximal ideas of the socialist transformation of society.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></li></ul> On the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, Trotskyists are usually considered to be on the left. In the 1920s, they called themselves the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a>, although today's <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">left communism</a> is distinct and usually non-Bolshevik. The terminological disagreement can be confusing because different versions of a <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Left–right politics">left-right political spectrum</a> are used. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Revisionism">Anti-revisionists</a> consider themselves the ultimate leftists on a spectrum from communism on the left to imperialist capitalism on the right. However, given that <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> is often labelled rightist within the communist spectrum and <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">left communism</a> leftist, anti-revisionists' idea of the left is very different from that of left communism. Despite being Bolshevik-Leninist comrades during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, Trotsky and Stalin became enemies in the 1920s and, after that, opposed the legitimacy of each other's forms of Leninism. Trotsky was highly <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinism">critical of the Stalinist USSR</a> for suppressing democracy and the lack of adequate economic planning.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a> Overall, Trotsky and the Left-United Opposition factions advocated for rapid <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, voluntary collectivisation of agriculture, and the expansion of a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">worker's democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism" title="Category:Marxism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Engels_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels"><img alt="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/75px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/113px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/150px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="333" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_bibliography" title="Marxist bibliography">Theoretical works</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectics_of_Nature" title="Dialectics of Nature">Dialectics of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Notebooks" title="Philosophical Notebooks">Philosophical Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays_on_Marx%27s_Theory_of_Value" title="Essays on Marx's Theory of Value">Essays on Marx's Theory of Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Revolution" title="The Long Revolution">The Long Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Capital" title="Reading Capital">Reading Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" title="How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_and_the_City" title="Social Justice and the City">Social Justice and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women,_Race_and_Class" title="Women, Race and Class">Women, Race and Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_Oppression_of_Women" title="Marxism and the Oppression of Women">Marxism and the Oppression of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_and_Socialist_Strategy" title="Hegemony and Socialist Strategy">Hegemony and Socialist Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time,_Labor_and_Social_Domination" title="Time, Labor and Social Domination">Time, Labor and Social Domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Extremes" title="The Age of Extremes">The Age of Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Capitalism" title="The Origin of Capitalism">The Origin of Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)" title="Empire (Hardt and Negri book)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts" title="Late Victorian Holocausts">Late Victorian Holocausts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_the_World_Without_Taking_Power" title="Change the World Without Taking Power">Change the World Without Taking Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliban_and_the_Witch" title="Caliban and the Witch">Caliban and the Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Anthropocene" title="Capital in the Anthropocene">Capital in the Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology#Marxist_interpretation" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist philosophy of nature">Philosophy of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Philosophy in the Soviet Union">Philosophy in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Marxist ethics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">Capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">accumulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production#Marxism" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Falling profit-rate tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">Surplus product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">Base and superstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie#Marxist_theory" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour#Marxist_theory" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature" title="Marx's theory of human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">Immiseration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism#Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rift" title="Metabolic rift">Metabolic rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">State theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_historical_trajectory" title="Theory of historical trajectory">Theory of historical trajectory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Cultural analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Common variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Third-worldist</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness#Summary" title="History and Class Consciousness">Hegelian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Humanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Marxism" title="Open Marxism">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Marxism" title="Political Marxism">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Both</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_Marxism" title="Instrumental Marxism">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationist">Situationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory" title="List of contributors to Marxist theory">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Illich_Rubin" title="Isaak Illich Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Grossman" title="Henryk Grossman">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cox" title="Oliver Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghiri_Emmanuel" title="Arghiri Emmanuel">Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinton" title="William H. Hinton">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavaner_Sivanandan" title="Ambalavaner Sivanandan">Sivanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Kos%C3%ADk" title="Karel Kosík">Kosik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Liebman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Heller" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_(philosopher)" title="István Mészáros (philosopher)">Mészáros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Connor_(academic)" title="James O'Connor (academic)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mies" title="Maria Mies">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Nairn" title="Tom Nairn">Nairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Gonzalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bahro" title="Rudolf Bahro">Bahro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Poulantzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Harnecker" title="Marta Harnecker">Harnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Altvater" title="Elmar Altvater">Altvater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy" title="Michael Löwy">Löwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Vogel" title="Lise Vogel">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Easthope" title="Antony Easthope">Easthope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Berman" title="Marshall Berman">Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" title="Adam Przeworski">Przeworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._A._Cohen" title="G. A. Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Therborn" title="Göran Therborn">Therborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Ture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himani_Bannerji" title="Himani Bannerji">Bannerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Balibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz" title="Robert Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hartsock" title="Nancy Hartsock">Hartsock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Rowbotham" title="Sheila Rowbotham">Rowbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geras" title="Norman Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Massey_(geographer)" title="Doreen Massey (geographer)">Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cleaver" title="Harry Cleaver">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Panitch" title="Leo Panitch">Panitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Clarke_(sociologist)" title="Simon Clarke (sociologist)">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jessop" title="Bob Jessop">Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burawoy" title="Michael Burawoy">Burawoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Rose" title="Gillian Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Screpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1sp%C3%A1r_Mikl%C3%B3s_Tam%C3%A1s" title="Gáspár Miklós Tamás">Tamás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Hennessy" title="Rosemary Hennessy">Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costas_Douzinas" title="Costas Douzinas">Douzinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bellamy_Foster" title="John Bellamy Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradha_Ghandy" title="Anuradha Ghandy">Ghandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heinrich" title="Michael Heinrich">Heinrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Garc%C3%ADa_Linera" title="Álvaro García Linera">Linera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Minqi" title="Li Minqi">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Coulthard" title="Glen Coulthard">Coulthard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Malm" title="Andreas Malm">Malm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Seymour_(21st-century_writer)" title="Richard Seymour (21st-century writer)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Toscano" title="Alberto Toscano">Toscano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithi_Bhattacharya" title="Tithi Bhattacharya">Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Srnicek" title="Nick Srnicek">Srnicek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Horvat" title="Srećko Horvat">Horvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agon_Hamza" title="Agon Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipode_(journal)" title="Antipode (journal)">Antipode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_%26_Class" title="Capital & Class">Capital & Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_Nature_Socialism" title="Capitalism Nature Socialism">Capitalism Nature Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellations_(journal)" title="Constellations (journal)">Constellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique:_Journal_of_Socialist_Theory" title="Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory">Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Materialism_(journal)" title="Historical Materialism (journal)">Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediations_(journal)" title="Mediations (journal)">Mediations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_%26_Class" title="Race & Class">Race & Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rethinking_Marxism" title="Rethinking Marxism">Rethinking Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_%26_Society" title="Science & Society">Science & Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Register" title="Socialist Register">Socialist Register</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotskyportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Trotskyportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Trotsky</figcaption></figure> Until 1905, some revolutionaries<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx's theory of history">Marx's theory of history</a> posited that only a revolution in a European capitalist society would lead to a socialist one. According to this position, a socialist revolution could not occur in a backward, feudal country such as early 20th-century Russia when it had such a small and almost powerless capitalist class. In 1905, Trotsky formulated his theory of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a>, which later became a defining characteristic of Trotskyism. The theory of permanent revolution addressed how such feudal regimes were to be overthrown and how socialism could establish itself, given the lack of economic prerequisites. Trotsky argued that only the working class could overthrow feudalism and win the <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasantry</a>'s support in Russia. Furthermore, he argued that the Russian working class would not stop there. They would win their revolution against the weak capitalist class, establish a workers' state in Russia and appeal to the working class in the advanced capitalist countries worldwide. As a result, the global working class would come to Russia's aid, and socialism could develop worldwide. According to political scientist Baruch Knei-Paz, Trotsky’s theory of “permanent revolution” was grossly misrepresented by Stalin as <a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">defeatist</a> and adventurist during the succession struggle when in fact Trotsky encouraged revolutions in Europe but was not at any time proposing “reckless confrontations” with the capitalist world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978343-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitalist_or_bourgeois-democratic_revolution">Capitalist or bourgeois-democratic revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Capitalist or bourgeois-democratic revolution">edit</a>]</div> Revolutions in Britain in the 17th century and in France in 1789 abolished feudalism and established the essential requisites for the development of capitalism. Trotsky argued that these revolutions would not be repeated in Russia. In Results and Prospects, written in 1906, Trotsky outlines his theory in detail, arguing: "History does not repeat itself. However much one may compare the Russian Revolution with the Great French Revolution, the former can never be transformed into a repetition of the latter."<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolution of 1789">French Revolution of 1789</a>, France experienced what Marxists called a "<a href="/wiki/Bourgeois-democratic_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois-democratic revolution">bourgeois-democratic revolution</a>"—a regime was established wherein the bourgeoisie overthrew the existing French feudalistic system. The bourgeoisie then moved towards establishing a regime of democratic parliamentary institutions. However, while democratic rights were extended to the bourgeoisie, they were not generally extended to a universal franchise. The freedom for workers to organize unions or to strike was not achieved without considerable struggle. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passivity_of_the_bourgeoisie">Passivity of the bourgeoisie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Passivity of the bourgeoisie">edit</a>]</div> Trotsky argues that countries like Russia had no "enlightened, active" revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> which could play the same role, and the working class constituted a tiny minority. By the time of the European revolutions of 1848, "the bourgeoisie was already unable to play a comparable role. It did not want and was not able to undertake the revolutionary liquidation of the social system that stood in its path to power." The theory of permanent revolution considers that in many countries that are thought under Trotskyism to have not yet completed a bourgeois-democratic revolution, the capitalist class opposes the creation of any revolutionary situation. They fear stirring the working class into fighting for its revolutionary aspirations against their exploitation by capitalism. In Russia, the working class, although a small minority in a predominantly peasant-based society, was organised in vast factories owned by the capitalist class and into large working-class districts. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, the capitalist class found it necessary to ally with reactionary elements such as the essentially feudal landlords and, ultimately, the existing Czarist Russian state forces. This was to protect their ownership of their property—factories, banks, etc.—from expropriation by the revolutionary working class. Therefore, according to the theory of permanent revolution, the capitalist classes of economically backward countries are weak and incapable of carrying through revolutionary change. As a result, they are linked to and rely on the feudal landowners in many ways. Thus, Trotsky argues that because a majority of the branches of industry in Russia originated under the direct influence of government measures—sometimes with the help of government subsidies—the capitalist class was again tied to the ruling elite. The capitalist class was subservient to European capital.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_incapability_of_the_peasantry">The incapability of the peasantry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The incapability of the peasantry">edit</a>]</div> The theory of permanent revolution further considers that the <a href="/wiki/Peasantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasantry">peasantry</a> as a whole cannot take on the task of carrying through the revolution because it is dispersed in small holdings throughout the country and forms a heterogeneous grouping, including the rich peasants who employ rural workers and aspire to <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlordism</a> as well as the poor peasants who aspire to own more land. Trotsky argues: "All historical experience [...] shows that the peasantry are absolutely incapable of taking up an independent political role".<a href="#cite_note-Results_204–205-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_key_role_of_the_proletariat">The key role of the proletariat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The key role of the proletariat">edit</a>]</div> Trotskyists differ on the extent to which this is true today. However, even the most orthodox tend to recognise in the late twentieth century a new development in the revolts of the rural poor: the self-organising struggles of the landless, along with many other struggles that in some ways reflect the militant united, organised struggles of the working class, which to various degrees do not bear the marks of class divisions typical of the heroic peasant struggles of previous epochs. However, orthodox Trotskyists today still argue that the town- and city-based working-class struggle is central to the task of a successful socialist revolution linked to these struggles of the rural poor. They argue that the working class learns of the necessity to conduct a collective struggle, for instance, in trade unions, arising from its social conditions in the factories and workplaces; and that the collective consciousness it achieves as a result is an essential ingredient of the socialist reconstruction of society.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Trotsky himself argued that only the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> or working class were capable of achieving the tasks of that bourgeois revolution. In 1905, the working class in Russia, a generation brought together in vast factories from the relative isolation of peasant life, saw the result of its labour as a vast collective effort, also seeing the only means of struggling against its oppression in terms of a collective effort, forming workers councils (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a>) in the course of the revolution of that year. In 1906, Trotsky argued: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The factory system brings the proletariat to the foreground [...] The proletariat immediately found itself concentrated in tremendous masses, while between these masses and the autocracy there stood a capitalist bourgeoisie, very small in numbers, isolated from the "people", half-foreign, without historical traditions, and inspired only by the greed for gain.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Leon Trotsky, Results and Prospects<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></cite></div></blockquote> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Kirov_Plant" title="Kirov Plant">Putilov Factory</a> numbered 12,000 workers in 1900 and, according to Trotsky, 36,000 in July 1917.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Although only a tiny minority in Russian society, the proletariat would lead a revolution to emancipate the peasantry and thus "secure the support of the peasantry" as part of that revolution, on whose support it will rely.<a href="#cite_note-Results_204–205-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[note 2]</a> However, to improve their conditions, the working class must create a revolution of their own, which would accomplish the bourgeois revolution and establish a workers' state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_revolution">International revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International revolution">edit</a>]</div> Only fully developed capitalist conditions prepare the basis for socialism. According to <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">classical Marxism</a>, a revolution in peasant-based countries such as Russia ultimately prepares the ground for capitalism's development since the liberated peasants become small owners, producers, and traders. This leads to the growth of commodity markets, from which a new capitalist class emerges. Trotsky agreed that a new socialist state and economy in a country like Russia would not be able to hold out against the pressures of a hostile capitalist world and the internal pressures of its backward economy. Trotsky argued that the revolution must quickly spread to capitalist countries, bringing about a socialist revolution that must spread worldwide. In this way, the revolution is "permanent", moving out of necessity first, from the bourgeois revolution to the workers' revolution and from there uninterruptedly to European and worldwide revolutions. An <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">internationalist</a> outlook of permanent revolution is found in the works of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. The term "permanent revolution" is taken from a remark of Marx in his March 1850 Address: "it is our task", Marx said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[...] to make the revolution permanent until all the more or less propertied classes have been driven from their ruling positions, until the proletariat has conquered state power and until the association of the proletarians has progressed sufficiently far—not only in one country but in all the leading countries of the world—that competition between the proletarians of these countries ceases and at least the decisive forces of production are concentrated in the hands of the workers.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Karl Marx, Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a></cite></div></blockquote> His biographer, Isaac Deutscher, has explicitly contrasted his support for proletarian internationalism against his opposition to revolution by <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">conquest</a> as seen with his documented opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">war with Poland</a> in 1920, proposed armistice with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> and temperance with staging <a href="/wiki/British_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="British foreign policy in the Middle East">anti-British revolts</a> in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015472–473-54">[52]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vincent_Daniels" title="Robert Vincent Daniels">Robert Vincent Daniels</a> believed that the practical differences, in the domain of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">international policy</a>, between the Left Opposition and other factions had been exaggerated and he contended that Trotsky was no more prepared than other Bolshevik figures to risk <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> or for the loss of <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> opportunities despite his support for <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008195-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_democracy">Socialist democracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Socialist democracy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_democracy" title="Union democracy">Union democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workers_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers Control">Workers Control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Political_Tasks" title="Our Political Tasks">Our Political Tasks</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Course_(Trotsky_book)" title="New Course (Trotsky book)">New Course (Trotsky book)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/250px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/375px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/500px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet" title="Saint Petersburg Soviet">Soviet of Workers' Deputies of St. Petersburg</a> in 1905, Trotsky in the center. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> were an early example of a <a href="/wiki/Workers_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers council">workers council</a>.</figcaption></figure> Prior to the October Revolution, Trotsky had been part of an old <a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">radical democracy</a> which included both Left <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> and Left <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008181-56">[54]</a> His work, <a href="/wiki/Our_Political_Tasks" title="Our Political Tasks">Our Political Tasks</a>, published in 1904 reviewed issues related to party organisation, <a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">mass participation</a> and the potential dangers of <a href="/wiki/Substitutionism" title="Substitutionism">substitutionism</a> which he foresaw in a Leninist party model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978176–199-57">[55]</a> Trotsky would also assume a central role in the <a href="/wiki/1905_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 revolution">1905 revolution</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> and serve as the Chairman of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Delegates in which he wrote several proclamations urging for improved <a href="/wiki/Labour_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour rights">economic conditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Political rights">political rights</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike action</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist regime</a> on behalf of workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThatcher2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcU3yFMLm1voCdqtrotsky1905stpetersburgsovietpgPT39_38–40]-60">[58]</a> In 1917, he had proposed the election of a new Soviet <a href="/wiki/Presidium" title="Presidium">presidium</a> with other <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> parties on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015293-9">[9]</a> On the other hand, he had accepted the ban on rival parties in Moscow during the Russian Civil War due to their opposition to the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. Yet, he also opposed the extension of the ban to the Mensheviks in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015595-61">[59]</a> In 1922, Lenin allied with <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> against the party's growing <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">bureaucratisation</a> and the influence of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> In 1923, Trotsky and a number of <a href="/wiki/Old_Bolsheviks" title="Old Bolsheviks">Old Bolsheviks</a> who signed <a href="/wiki/The_Declaration_of_46" title="The Declaration of 46">The Declaration of 46</a> raised concerns to the Poliburo concerning intra-party democracy which shared similarities with Lenin's <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin#Declining_health_and_conflict_with_Stalin:_1920–1923" title="Vladimir Lenin">proposed party reforms</a> before his death. The signatories of the 46 letter expressed grievances related to the provincial conferences, party congresses and the election of committees. Separately, Trotsky would develop his views further with the publication of the <a href="/wiki/New_Course_(Trotsky_book)" title="New Course (Trotsky book)">New Course</a> in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> In 1927, Trotsky and the <a href="/wiki/United_Opposition_(Soviet_Union)" title="United Opposition (Soviet Union)">United Opposition</a> had argued for the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">industrial democracy</a> with their joint platform which demanded majority representation of workers in trade union congresses including the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Russian Congress of Soviets">All-Union Congress</a> and an increase of non-party workers to one-third of representation in these elected organs.<a href="#cite_note-Mehring_Books-68">[66]</a> They also supported legal protection for worker's right to criticise such as the right to make independent proposals. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Rogovin" title="Vadim Rogovin">Vadim Rogovin</a>, these proposals would have developed democracy in the sphere of <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">production</a> and facilitated the establishment of worker's control over economic management.<a href="#cite_note-Mehring_Books-68">[66]</a> Following Stalin's consolidation of power in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and static centralization of political power, Trotsky condemned the Soviet government's policies for lacking widespread democratic participation on the part of the population and for suppressing <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a> and democratic participation in the management of the economy. Because these authoritarian political measures were inconsistent with the organizational precepts of socialism, Trotsky characterized the Soviet Union as a deformed workers' state that would not be able to effectively transition to socialism. Ostensibly socialist states where democracy is lacking, yet the economy is largely in the hands of the state, are termed by <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">orthodox Trotskyist</a> theories as <a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">degenerated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deformed_workers%27_state" title="Deformed workers' state">deformed</a> workers' states and not socialist states.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Bureaucratic autocracy must give place to Soviet democracy. A restoration of the right of criticism, and a genuine freedom of elections, are necessary conditions for the further development of the country. This assumes a revival of freedom of Soviet parties, beginning with the party of Bolsheviks, and a resurrection of the trade unions. The bringing of democracy into industry means a radical revision of plans in the interests of toilers. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed, 1936<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a></cite> </div> In 1931, Trotsky <a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Revolution,_1931%E2%80%931939_(Trotsky_book)" title="The Spanish Revolution, 1931–1939 (Trotsky book)">wrote</a> a pamphlet on the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution</a> and called for the creation of worker’s juntas in emulation of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">elected soviets</a> as an expression of <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> organisation.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Trotsky stipulated the need for shared participation of the communist factions, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-syndicalists">anarcho-syndicalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">socialists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> In 1936, Trotsky argued in his work, <a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a>, for the restoration of the right of criticism in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic matters</a>, the revitalization of <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a> and free elections of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Soviet parties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1991218-10">[10]</a> Trotsky also argued that the excessive <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> under Stalin had undermined the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First five-year plan</a>. He noted that several engineers and economists who had created the plan were themselves later put on trial as "<a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">conscious wreckers</a> who had acted on the instructions of a foreign power".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhiCYS9Z3lDoCqtrotskytheengineersandeconomistswhocreatedthisplanwereafewyearslatersternlypunished_28]-74">[72]</a> Polish historian and biographer, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a>, viewed his inner-party reforms in 1923–24 as arguably the first act in the restoration of free Soviet institutions which the party had sought to establish in 1917 and the return of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">worker's democracy</a> which would correspond with a gradual dismantlement of the <a href="/wiki/One-party_system" class="mw-redirect" title="One-party system">single-party system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015674–676-75">[73]</a> At the same time, Deutscher noted that Trotsky's attitude towards democracy could be characterised as inconsistent and hesitant by opponents but this stemmed from a range of reasons such as the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">ill timing after the failed revolutions in the West</a> and controversies around party schisms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015674–676-75">[73]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/The_Death_Agony_of_Capitalism_and_the_Tasks_of_the_Fourth_International" title="The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International">Transitional Program</a>, which was drafted in 1938 during the founding congress of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a>, Trotsky reiterated the need for the legalization of the <a href="/wiki/Second_All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets_of_Workers%27_and_Soldiers%27_Deputies" title="Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies">Soviet parties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers control">worker's control of production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uneven_and_combined_development">Uneven and combined development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Uneven and combined development">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">Uneven and combined development</a></div> The concept of uneven and combined development derived from the political theories of Trotsky.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> This concept was developed in combination with the related theory of permanent revolution to explain the historical context of Russia. He would later elaborate on this theory to explain the specific laws of uneven development in 1930 and the conditions for a possible revolutionary scenario.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> According to biographer Ian Thatcher, this theory would be later generalised to "the entire history of mankind".<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Political scientists Emanuele Saccarelli and Latha Varadarajan valued his theory as a "signal contribution" to the discipline of <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>. They argued his theory presented "a specific understanding of capitalist development as "uneven", insofar as it systematically featured geographically divergent "advanced" and "backward" regions" across the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_culture">Socialist culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Socialist culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_Intellectuals" title="New York Intellectuals">New York Intellectuals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Faith merely promises to move mountains; but <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, which takes nothing ‘on faith’, is actually able to cut down mountains and move them. Up to now this was done for industrial purposes (mines) or for railways (tunnels); in the future this will be done on an immeasurably larger scale, according to a general industrial and <a href="/wiki/Artistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic">artistic</a> plan. Man will occupy himself with re-registering mountains and rivers, and will earnestly and repeatedly make improvements in <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Trotsky, Literature and Revolution, 1924<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a></cite> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a>, Trotsky examined aesthetic issues in relation to class and the Russian revolution. Soviet scholar Robert Bird considered his work as the "first systematic treatment of art by a Communist leader" and a catalyst for later, Marxist cultural and critical theories.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> He had also defended intellectual autonomy in relation to the Russian <a href="/wiki/Literary_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary movements">literary movements</a> and scientific theories such as <a href="/wiki/Freud%27s_psychoanalytic_theories" title="Freud's psychoanalytic theories">Freudian psychoanalytic theory</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein">Einstein</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a> during the succession period. However, these theories were increasingly marginalised during the Stalin era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015729–730-83">[81]</a> Trotsky would later co-author the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_for_an_Independent_Revolutionary_Art" title="Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art">Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art</a> with the endorsement of prominent artists <a href="/wiki/Andre_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Breton">Andre Breton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151474–1475-84">[82]</a> Trotsky's writings on literature such as his 1923 survey which advocated tolerance, limited censorship and respect for literary tradition had strong appeal to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Intellectuals" title="New York Intellectuals">New York Intellectuals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Trotsky presented a critique of contemporary literary movements such as <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> and emphasised a need of cultural autonomy for the development of a socialist culture. According to literary critic <a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a>, Trotsky recognised "like Lenin on the need for a socialist culture to absorb the finest products of bourgeois art".<a href="#cite_note-Marxism_and_Literary_Criticism-15">[15]</a> Trotsky himself viewed the proletarian culture as "temporary and transitional" which would provide the foundations for a culture above classes. He also argued that the pre-conditions for artistic creativity were economic well-being and emancipation from material constraints.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978289–301-86">[84]</a> Political scientist, Baruch Knei-Paz, characterised <a href="/wiki/The_Social_and_Political_Thought_of_Leon_Trotsky" title="The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky">his view</a> on the role of the party as transmitters of culture to the masses and raising the standards of education, as well as entry into the cultural sphere, but that the process of artistic creation in terms of language and presentation should be the domain of the practitioner. Knei-Paz also noted key distinctions between Trotsky's approach on cultural matters and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism#Stalin_era" title="Socialist realism">Stalin's policy in the 1930s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978289–301-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scissors_Crisis" title="Scissors Crisis">Scissors Crisis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_grain_procurement_crisis_of_1928" title="Soviet grain procurement crisis of 1928">Soviet grain procurement crisis of 1928</a></div> Trotsky was an early proponent of economic planning since 1923 and favored an accelerated pace of industrialization.<a href="#cite_note-Twiss-87">[85]</a> In 1921, he had also been a prominent supporter of <a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">Gosplan</a> as a newly established body and called for the strengthening of its formal responsibilities to support a balanced level of economic reconstruction after the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015587-88">[86]</a> Lenin and <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> members had also proposed he served as deputy chairman with a focus on economic matters related to the either <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Labor_and_Defence#New_name,_new_role" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Labor and Defence">STO</a>, Gosplan or the Council of National Economy.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Trotsky had urged economic <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralisation</a> between the state, <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a> regions and factories to counter structural inefficiency and the problem of bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-BRILL-6">[6]</a> He had proposed the principles underlying the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">N.E.P.</a> in 1920 to the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> to mitigate urgent economic matters arising from war communism. He would later reproach Lenin privately about the delayed government response in 1921-1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015507–508,_585-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleontrotskyrevol0000rubepage160mode2upqforcedcollectivization_161]-17">[17]</a> However, his position also differed from the majority of Soviet leaders at the time who fully supported the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Economic policy">New Economic policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Twiss-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Comparatively, Trotsky believed that planning and N.E.P should develop within a mixed framework until the socialist sector gradually superseded the private industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015646-93">[91]</a> He found allies among a circle of economic theorists and administrators which included <a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Preobrazhensky" title="Yevgeni Preobrazhensky">Evgenii Preobazhensky</a> along <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgy Pyatakov</a>, deputy chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_National_Economy" title="Supreme Soviet of the National Economy">Council of the National Economy</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a592-94">[92]</a> and had more broadly the support of many party <a href="/wiki/Intellectuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectuals">intellectuals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Trotsky had specified the need for the "overall guidance in planning i.e. the systematic co-ordination of the fundamental sectors of the state economy in the process of adapting to the present market" and urged for a national plan<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> alongside currency stabilization.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> He also rejected the Stalinist conception of industrialisation which favoured <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>. Rather, he proposed the use of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a> as an accelerator and to direct investments by means of a system of comparative <a href="/wiki/Coefficients" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficients">coefficients</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The problem of agriculture is a much more complicated one, and there is nothing surprising in this to the Marxian mind. The change from the system of small individual peasant holdings to socialist methods of land cultivation is only conceivable after a number of consecutive stages of progress in technical science in economics and culture. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">-Trotsky on the need for a gradual and scientific <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">socialization</a> of agriculture in “<a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a>”, 1926.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></cite> </div> Trotsky and the Left Opposition developed a number of economic proposals in response to the <a href="/wiki/Scissor_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Scissor crisis">scissor crisis</a> which had undermined relations between the workers and peasants in 1923–1924. This included a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive tax</a> on the wealthier sections of populations such as the <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/NEPmen" class="mw-redirect" title="NEPmen">NEPmen</a> alongside an equilibrium of the import-export balance to access accumulated reserves to purchase machinery from abroad to increase the pace of industrialization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel199562-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> The policy was later adopted by members of the United Opposition which also advocated a programme of rapid industrialization during the debates of 1924 and 1927. The United Opposition proposed a progressive tax on wealthier peasants, the encouragement of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural cooperatives">agricultural cooperatives</a> and the formation of collective farms on a voluntary basis.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Trotsky as president of the <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a> commission along with members of the Opposition bloc had also put forward an electrification plan which involved the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Hydroelectric_Station" title="Dnieper Hydroelectric Station">Dnieprostroi dam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Sheila Fitzpatrick</a>, the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the Left Opposition on such matters as <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> In exile, Trotsky maintained that the disproportions and imbalances which became characteristic of Stalinist planning in the 1930s such as the underdeveloped <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumer base</a> along with the priority focus on <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> were due to a number of avoidable problems. He argued that the industrial drive had been enacted under more severe circumstances, several years later and in a less rational manner than originally conceived by the Left Opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151141-106">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Ernest Mandel</a> argued the economic programme of Trotsky differed from the forced <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">policy of collectivisation</a> implemented by Stalin after 1928 due to the levels of brutality associated with its enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel199559-107">[105]</a> Notably, Trotsky sought to raise taxation on wealthier farmers and encourage farm labourers along with poor peasants to form collective farms on a voluntary basis in conjunction with the allocation of state resources to agricultural <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizers">fertilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit" title="Credit">credit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agronomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronomic">agronomic</a> assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151130-108">[106]</a> In 1932–33, Trotsky insisted upon the need for mass participation in the operationalisation of the planned economy:<blockquote>"Insoluble without the daily experience of millions, without their critical review of their own collective experience, without their expression of their needs and demands and could not be carried out within the confines of the official sanctums.... even if the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> consisted of seven universal geniuses, of seven Marxes, or seven Lenins, it will still be unable, all on its own, with all its creative imagination, to assert command over the <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> of 170 million people".<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a></blockquote> British <a href="/wiki/Cybernetician" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybernetician">cybernetician</a> <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer">Stafford Beer</a> who worked on a <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralized</a> form of economic planning, <a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a> from 1970 to 1973, was reported to have read and been influenced by Trotsky's critique of the <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Soviet bureaucracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> The economic platform of a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> combined with an authentic <a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">worker's democracy</a> as originally advocated by Trotsky has constituted the programme of the Fourth International and the modern Trotskyist movement.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitional_program">Transitional program</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transitional program">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Transitional_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="The Transitional Program">The Transitional Program</a></div> Trotsky drafted the transitional programme as a programmatic document for the founding congress of the Fourth International in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-Pathfinder_Press-112">[110]</a> He explicitly emphasised the core need for the programme::<blockquote> "It is explicitly necessary to help the masses in the process of the daily struggle to find the bridge between present demands and the socialist program of the revolution. This bridge should include a system of transitional demands, stemming from today's conditions and from today's consciousness of wide layers of the working class and unalterably leading to one final conclusion: the conquest of power by the proletariat".<a href="#cite_note-Pathfinder_Press-112">[110]</a></blockquote> The transitional programme features three types of proposals for action. This includes democratic demands such as <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">the right of unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>; immediate demands which are concerned with everyday struggles such as <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal pay">wage increases</a> and transitional demands which are directed at the capitalist system such as <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">worker's control of production</a> .<a href="#cite_note-Pathfinder_Press-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_socialism">Scientific socialism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scientific socialism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> We must give a scientific explanation of society, and clearly explain it to the masses.That is the difference between Marxism and reformism. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Trotsky on the transitional program of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a></cite> </div> In his collection of texts, <a href="/wiki/In_Defence_of_Marxism_(book)" title="In Defence of Marxism (book)">In Defence of Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> defended the <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical method</a> of scientific socialism during the factional schisms within the American Trotskyist movement during 1939–40. Trotsky viewed dialectics as an essential method of analysis to discern the class nature of the Soviet Union. Specifically, he described scientific socialism as the "conscious expression of the unconscious historical process".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky201931,_68–70,_138-114">[112]</a> According to Daniels, Trotsky conceived historical revolutions as a long, interrelated process of political and social struggle which undergo various stages with national and international dimensions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels200883–92-115">[113]</a> Prior to his expulsion from the Soviet Union, Trotsky had encouraged <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> studies with the use of Marxist methods for social and historical development. He also insisted on the need for a <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_freedom" title="Intellectual freedom">freedom of science</a>, including theoretical research, in 1925 for socially useful purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978476–495-116">[114]</a> Trotsky defended <a href="/wiki/Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein">Einstein</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a> in Soviet intellectual circles but this became an anathema during the Stalin era and was only rehabilitated following the latter's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher201530-117">[115]</a> In line with the scientific outlook of Marxist philosophy, Trotsky placed a heavy emphasis on science to alleviate the level of backwardness among the Soviet masses. Concurrently, he viewed socialism as a progressive struggle for <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, culture and morality in which science should be given the maximum scope for development.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> In 1918, he had supported <a href="/wiki/Taylorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylorism">Taylorism</a> along with Lenin as a means of scientifically managing industries with the support of foreign engineers.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Multiple historians have stressed the <a href="/wiki/Technocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Technocratic">technocratic</a> nature of his governance proposals compared to Stalin and Bukharin with a higher reliance on "bourgeois" experts and specialists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_a3pAgAAQBAJdqtrotsky27ssovietunionwouldhavebeenfarmoretechnocraticpgPA118_118]-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008189-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Trotskyists have emphasised the dialectical relationship between <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(science)" title="Objectivity (science)">objective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Material_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Material conditions">material conditions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity and objectivity">subjective factors</a> such as party, leadership in understanding the nature of change in historical events.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_front_and_theory_of_fascism">United front and theory of fascism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United front and theory of fascism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fascism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Fascism.png" decoding="async" width="183" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Leon Trotsky's original pamphlet "<a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>: What it is and how to fight it" argued for the tactical method of a united front to counter the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> At a time when hundreds of thousands and millions of workers, especially in Germany, are departing from Communism, in part to fascism and in the main into the camp of indifferentism, thousands and tens of thousands of Social Democratic workers, under the impact of the self-same defeat, are evolving into the left, to the side of Communism. There cannot, however, even be talk of their accepting the hopelessly discredited Stalinist leadership. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Trotsky's writings on the challenge of Stalinism and fascism in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a></cite> </div> Trotsky was a central figure in the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> during its first four congresses. During this time, he helped to generalize the strategy and tactics of the Bolsheviks to newly formed Communist parties across Europe and further afield. From 1921 onwards, the <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a>, a method of uniting revolutionaries and reformists in the common struggle while winning some of the workers to revolution, was the central tactic put forward by the Comintern after the defeat of the German revolution. After he was exiled and politically marginalized by Stalinism, Trotsky continued to argue for a united front against fascism in Germany and Spain. According to Joseph Choonara of the British <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Workers Party (UK)">Socialist Workers Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/International_Socialism_(magazine)" title="International Socialism (magazine)">International Socialism</a>, his articles on the united front represent an essential part of his political legacy.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Trotsky also formulated a theory of fascism based on a dialectical interpretation of events to analyze the manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> and the early emergence of Nazi Germany from 1930 to 1933.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Marxist theorist and economist <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Ticktin" title="Hillel Ticktin">Hillel Ticktin</a> argued that his political strategy and approach to fascism such as the emphasis on an organisational bloc between the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">German Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social-Democratic party</a> during the interwar period would very likely have prevented <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Weimar_parties_fail_to_halt_Nazis" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">from ascending to political power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETicktin1992227-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_ethics_and_morality">Political ethics and morality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Political ethics and morality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> A means can be justified only by its end. But the end in turn needs to be justified. From the Marxist point of view, which expresses the historical interests of the proletariat, the end is justified if it leads to increasing the power of man over nature and to the abolition of the power of man over man. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Trotsky's writings on "The Dialectical Interpedence of Ends and Means".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978559-127">[125]</a></cite> </div> In 1938, Trotsky had written <a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours</a> which consisted of <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical polemics</a> in response to criticisms around his actions concerning the <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a> and wider questions posed around the perceived, "<a href="/wiki/Amorality" title="Amorality">amoral</a>" methods of the Bolsheviks. Critics believed these methods seemed to emulate the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Maxim_(philosophy)" title="Maxim (philosophy)">maxim</a> that the "<a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">ends justifies the means</a>". Trotsky argued that Marxism situated the foundation of morality as a product of society to <a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">serve social interests</a> rather than “"eternal moral truths" proclaimed by institutional religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978556–560-128">[126]</a> On the other hand, he regarded it as farcical to assert that an end could justify any criminal means and viewed this to be a distorted representation of the Jesuit maxim. Instead, Trotsky believed that the means and ends frequently “exchanged places” as when <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> is sought by the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> as an instrument to actualize socialism. He also viewed revolution to be deducible from the <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">laws of the development</a> and primarily the <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> but this did not mean all means are permissible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978556–560-128">[126]</a> Fundamentally, Trotsky argued that ends "rejects" means which are incompatible with itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151482-129">[127]</a> In other words, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> cannot be furthered through <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stalin_School_of_Falsification" title="The Stalin School of Falsification">deceit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's cult of personality">the worship of leaders</a> but through honesty and integrity as essential elements of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> morality in dealing with the working masses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151482-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Leninism" title="Category:Leninism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0px;background:#B60000; font-size:200%; font-weight:normal; color:#B60000"><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;padding-top:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_portrait.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lenin_portrait.svg/75px-Lenin_portrait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lenin_portrait.svg/113px-Lenin_portrait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lenin_portrait.svg/150px-Lenin_portrait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga#Theories_and_beliefs" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordigism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">Right communism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">Workerism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">Dual power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_aristocracy" title="Labor aristocracy">Labor aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidationism" title="Liquidationism">Liquidationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberation_(Marxism)" title="National liberation (Marxism)">National liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_defeatism" title="Revolutionary defeatism">Revolutionary defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_situation" title="Revolutionary situation">Revolutionary situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bubnov" title="Andrei Bubnov">Andrei Bubnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Sokolnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigori Sokolnikov">Grigori Sokolnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Development_of_Capitalism_in_Russia" title="The Development of Capitalism in Russia">The Development of Capitalism in Russia</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism_and_Empirio-criticism" title="Materialism and Empirio-criticism">Materialism and Empirio-criticism</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Proletarian_Revolution_and_the_Renegade_Kautsky" title="The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky">The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Left-Wing%22_Communism:_An_Infantile_Disorder" title=""Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder">"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism:_Introduction_to_the_Study_of_Leninism" title="Leninism: Introduction to the Study of Leninism">Leninism: Introduction to the Study of Leninism</a> (1925)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">2nd Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Conference" title="Prague Conference">Prague Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union#Early_years_(1898–1924)" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">RSDLP (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">History of Soviet Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">Anti-religious campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin">Death and funeral of Lenin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_rise_to_power" title="Joseph Stalin's rise to power">Joseph Stalin's rise to power</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Trotzki_1900_in_Sibirien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Leo_Trotzki_1900_in_Sibirien.jpg/220px-Leo_Trotzki_1900_in_Sibirien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Leo_Trotzki_1900_in_Sibirien.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky in exile in Siberia, 1900</figcaption></figure> According to Trotsky, the term "Trotskyism" was coined by <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a> (sometimes transliterated as Paul Miliukoff), the ideological leader of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets)</a> in Russia. Milyukov waged a bitter war against Trotskyism "as early as 1905".<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Trotsky was elected chairman of the <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Soviet">St. Petersburg Soviet</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>. He pursued a policy of <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a> at a time when other socialist trends advocated a transition to a "bourgeois" (capitalist) regime to replace the essentially feudal Romanov state. This year, Trotsky developed the theory of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a>, as it later became known (see below). In 1905, Trotsky quotes from a postscript to a book by Milyukov, The Elections to the Second State Duma, published no later than May 1907: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Those who reproach the Kadets with failure to protest at that time, by organising meetings, against the "revolutionary illusions" of Trotskyism and the relapse into <a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a>, simply do not understand [...] the mood of the democratic public at meetings during that period.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pavel Milyukov, The Elections to the Second State Duma<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Milyukov suggests that the mood of the "democratic public" was in support of Trotsky's policy of the overthrow of the Romanov regime alongside a workers' revolution to overthrow the capitalist owners of industry, support for strike action and the establishment of democratically elected <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a> or "soviets". This differed from variations of <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council Communism</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_Communist_Party" title="German Communist Party">Germany</a> due to the Russian Peasantry and the role they have in overall <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a> including Trotskyism compared to the role they have in Council Communism <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trotskyism_and_the_1917_Russian_Revolution">Trotskyism and the 1917 Russian Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Trotskyism and the 1917 Russian Revolution">edit</a>]</div> During his leadership of the Russian revolution of 1905, Trotsky argued that once it became clear that the Tsar's army would not come out in support of the workers, it was necessary to retreat before the armed might of the state in as good an order as possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971217_ff-132">[130]</a> In 1917, Trotsky was again elected chairman of the Petrograd soviet, but this time soon came to lead the <a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a>, which had the allegiance of the Petrograd garrison and carried through the October 1917 insurrection. Stalin wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">All practical work in connection with the organisation of the uprising was done under the immediate direction of Comrade Trotsky, the President of the Petrograd Soviet. It can be stated with certainty that the Party is indebted primarily and principally to Comrade Trotsky for the rapid going over of the garrison to the side of the Soviet and the efficient manner in which the work of the Military Revolutionary Committee was organized. The principal assistants of Comrade Trotsky were Comrades Antonov and Podvoisky.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Joseph Stalin, <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a>, November 6, 1918<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a></cite></div></blockquote> As a result of his role in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the theory of permanent revolution was embraced by the young Soviet state until 1924. The Russian revolution of 1917 was marked by two revolutions: the relatively spontaneous February 1917 revolution and the 25 October 1917 seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, who had gained the leadership of the Petrograd soviet. Before the February 1917 Russian revolution, Lenin had formulated a slogan calling for the "democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry", but after the February revolution, through his April Theses, Lenin instead called for "all power to the Soviets". Nevertheless, Lenin continued to emphasise (as did Trotsky) the classical Marxist position that the peasantry formed a basis for the development of capitalism, not socialism.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Also, before February 1917, Trotsky had not accepted the importance of a Bolshevik-style organisation. Once the February 1917 Russian revolution had broken out, Trotsky admitted the importance of a Bolshevik organisation and joined the Bolsheviks in July 1917. Although many, like Stalin, saw Trotsky's role in the October 1917 Russian revolution as central, Trotsky wrote that without Lenin and the Bolshevik Party, the October revolution of 1917 would not have taken place. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg/220px-19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg/330px-19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg/440px-19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Kamenev</a> celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution</figcaption></figure> Other Bolshevik figures such as <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Lunacharsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moisei_Uritsky" title="Moisei Uritsky">Moisei Uritsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Manuilsky" title="Dmitry Manuilsky">Dmitry Manuilsky</a> agreed that Lenin's influence on the Bolshevik party was decisive but the October insurrection was carried out according to Trotsky's, not to Lenin's plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151283-135">[133]</a> As a result, since 1917, Trotskyism as a political theory has been fully committed to a Leninist style of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralist</a> party organisation, which Trotskyists argue must not be confused with the party organisation as it later developed under Stalin. Trotsky had previously suggested that Lenin's method of organisation would lead to a dictatorship. However, it is essential to emphasise that after 1917, orthodox Trotskyists argue that the loss of democracy in the USSR was caused by the failure of the revolution to spread internationally and the consequent wars, isolation, and imperialist intervention, not the Bolshevik style of organisation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> After the majority of the petrograd Soviet passed into the hands of the Bolsheviks, [Trotsky] was elected its chairman and in that position organized and led the insurrection of October 25. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Lenin on the organization of the October Revolution, Vol.XIV of the Collected Works.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a></cite> </div> Lenin's outlook had always been that the Russian revolution would need to stimulate a Socialist revolution in Western Europe so that this European socialist society would come to the aid of the Russian revolution and enable Russia to advance towards socialism. Lenin stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We have stressed in a good many written works, in all our public utterances, and in all our statements in the press that [...] the socialist revolution can triumph only on two conditions. First, if it is given timely support by a socialist revolution in one or several advanced countries.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Vladimir Lenin, Speech at Tenth Congress of the RCP(B)<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a></cite></div></blockquote> This outlook matched Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution precisely. Trotsky's permanent revolution had foreseen that the working class would not stop at the bourgeois democratic stage of the revolution but proceed towards a workers' state, as happened in 1917. The Polish Trotskyist <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a> maintains that in 1917, Lenin changed his attitude toward Trotsky's theory of Permanent Revolution, and after the October revolution, it was adopted by the Bolsheviks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher1966285-138">[136]</a> Lenin was met with initial disbelief in April 1917. Trotsky argues that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[...] up to the outbreak of the February revolution and for a time after Trotskyism did not mean the idea that it was impossible to build a socialist society within the national boundaries of Russia (which "possibility" was never expressed by anybody up to 1924 and hardly came into anybody's head). Trotskyism meant the idea that the Russian proletariat might win the power in advance of the Western proletariat, and that in that case it could not confine itself within the limits of a democratic dictatorship but would be compelled to undertake the initial socialist measures. It is not surprising, then, that the April theses of Lenin were condemned as Trotskyist.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Leon Trotsky, History of the Russian Revolution<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Legend_of_Trotskyism"">"Legend of Trotskyism"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: "Legend of Trotskyism"">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leon_Trotsky.JPG/220px-Leon_Trotsky.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leon_Trotsky.JPG/330px-Leon_Trotsky.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leon_Trotsky.JPG/440px-Leon_Trotsky.JPG 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>"Bolshevik freedom" with nude of Trotsky in a Polish propaganda poster, Polish–Soviet War (1920)</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/The_Stalin_School_of_Falsification" title="The Stalin School of Falsification">The Stalin School of Falsification</a>, Trotsky argues that what he calls the "legend of Trotskyism" was formulated by <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> in collaboration with Stalin in 1924 in response to the criticisms Trotsky raised of Politburo policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher1966293-140">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a> argues: "The urge to silence Trotsky, and all criticism of the Politburo, was in itself a crucial factor in Stalin's rise to power".<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> During 1922–1924, Lenin suffered a series of strokes and became increasingly incapacitated. In <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">a document</a> dictated before his death in 1924 while describing Trotsky as "distinguished not only by his exceptional abilities—personally he is, to be sure, the most able man in the present Central Committee" and also maintaining that "his non-Bolshevik past should not be held against him", Lenin criticized him for "showing excessive preoccupation with the purely administrative side of the work" and also requested that Stalin be removed from his position of General Secretary, but his notes remained suppressed until 1956.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Zinoviev and Kamenev broke with Stalin in 1925 and joined Trotsky in 1926 in what was known as the <a href="/wiki/United_Opposition_(Soviet_Union)" title="United Opposition (Soviet Union)">United Opposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971[httpwwwmarxistsorgarchivetrotsky1937ssfsf07htm_89]-143">[141]</a> In 1926, Stalin allied with <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, who led the campaign against "Trotskyism". In The Stalin School of Falsification, Trotsky quotes Bukharin's 1918 pamphlet, From the Collapse of Czarism to the Fall of the Bourgeoisie, which was re-printed in 1923 by the party publishing house, Proletari. Bukharin explains and embraces Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution in this pamphlet: "The Russian proletariat is confronted more sharply than ever before with the problem of the international revolution ... The grand total of relationships which have arisen in Europe leads to this inevitable conclusion. Thus, the permanent revolution in Russia is passing into the European proletarian revolution". Yet it is common knowledge, Trotsky argues, that three years later in 1926 "Bukharin was the chief and indeed the sole theoretician of the entire campaign against 'Trotskyism', summed up in the struggle against the theory of the permanent revolution."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971[httpwwwmarxistsorgarchivetrotsky1937ssfsf06htm_78]-144">[142]</a> Trotsky wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> grew in influence throughout the 1920s, attempting to reform the Communist Party, but in 1927 Stalin declared "civil war" against them: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">During the first ten years of its struggle, the Left Opposition did not abandon the program of ideological conquest of the party for that of conquest of power against the party. Its slogan was: reform, not revolution. The bureaucracy, however, even in those times, was ready for any revolution in order to defend itself against a democratic reform. <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>In 1927, when the struggle reached an especially bitter stage, Stalin declared at a session of the Central Committee, addressing himself to the Opposition: "Those cadres can be removed only by civil war!" What was a threat in Stalin's words became, thanks to a series of defeats of the European proletariat, a historic fact. The road of reform was turned into a road of revolution.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Leon Trotsky, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1991279-145">[143]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Internationally, Trotsky's opposition and criticism of the ruling troika received support from several, Central Committee members of foreign communist parties. This included <a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_(Ukraine)" title="Council of People's Commissars (Ukraine)">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukraine Sovnarkom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Souvarine" title="Boris Souvarine">Boris Souvarine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> and the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland" title="Communist Party of Poland">Polish Communist Party</a> which was led by prominent theoreticians such as <a href="/wiki/Maksymilian_Horwitz" title="Maksymilian Horwitz">Maksymilian Horwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Koszutska" title="Maria Koszutska">Maria Koszutska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Warski" title="Adolf Warski">Adolf Warski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> The defeat of the European working class led to further isolation in Russia and further suppression of the Opposition. Trotsky argued that the "so-called struggle against 'Trotskyism' grew out of the bureaucratic reaction against the October Revolution [of 1917]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971xxxiiiForeword_to_the_Russian_edition-147">[145]</a> He responded to the one-sided civil war with his Letter to the Bureau of Party History (1927), contrasting what he claimed to be the falsification of history with the official history of just a few years before. He further accused Stalin of derailing the Chinese revolution and causing the massacre of the Chinese workers: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the year 1918, Stalin, at the very outset of his campaign against me, found it necessary, as we have already learned, to write the following words: <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><blockquote>"All the work of practical organization of the insurrection was carried out under the direct leadership of the Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, comrade Trotsky..." (Stalin, Pravda, 6 November 1918)</blockquote> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>With full responsibility for my words, I am now compelled to say that the cruel massacre of the Chinese proletariat and the Chinese Revolution at its three most important turning points, the strengthening of the position of the trade union agents of British imperialism after the <a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">General Strike of 1926</a>, and, finally, the general weakening of the position of the Communist International and the Soviet Union, the party owes principally and above all to Stalin.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Leon Trotsky, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky197187-148">[146]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Trotsky was sent into internal exile, and his supporters were jailed. For instance, Victor Serge first "spent six weeks in a cell" after a visit at midnight, then 85 days in an inner <a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a> cell, most of it in solitary confinement. He details the jailings of the Left Opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Serge_1973-149">[147]</a> However, the Left Opposition worked secretly within the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-Serge_1973-149">[147]</a> Trotsky was eventually exiled to Turkey and moved to France, Norway and finally Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher1966381-150">[148]</a> After 1928, the various Communist Parties worldwide expelled Trotskyists from their ranks. Most Trotskyists defend the economic achievements of the planned economy in the USSR during the 1920s and 1930s, despite the "misleadership" of the Soviet bureaucracy and what they claim to be the loss of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Trotskyists claim that in 1928 inner party democracy and soviet democracy, which was at the foundation of Bolshevism,<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> had been destroyed within the various Communist Parties. Anyone who disagreed with the party line was labelled a Trotskyist and even a <a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">fascist</a>. In 1937, Stalin again unleashed what Trotskyists say was a <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">political terror</a> against their Left Opposition and many of the remaining <a href="/wiki/Old_Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bolshevik">Old Bolsheviks</a> (those who had played vital roles in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in 1917) in the face of increased opposition, particularly in the army.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_the_Fourth_International">Founding of the Fourth International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Founding of the Fourth International">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entryism" title="Entryism">Entryism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin,_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/220px-Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/330px-Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/440px-Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and soldiers in Petrograd</figcaption></figure> Trotsky founded the <a href="/wiki/International_Left_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="International Left Opposition">International Left Opposition</a> in 1930. It was meant to be an opposition group within the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>, but anyone who joined or was suspected of joining the ILO was immediately expelled from the Comintern. The ILO, therefore, concluded that opposing <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> from within the communist organizations controlled by Stalin's supporters had become impossible, so new organizations had to be formed. In 1933, the ILO was renamed the International Communist League (ICL), which formed the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a>, founded in Paris in 1938. Trotsky said that only the Fourth International, based on Lenin's theory of the vanguard party, could lead the world revolution and that it would need to be built in opposition to the capitalists and the Stalinists. Trotsky argued that the defeat of the German working class and the coming to power of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in 1933 was due in part to the mistakes of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a> policy of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> and that the subsequent failure of the Communist Parties to draw the correct lessons from those defeats showed that they were no longer capable of reform and a new international organisation of the working class must be organised. The <a href="/wiki/Transitional_demand" title="Transitional demand">transitional demand</a> tactic had to be a key element. At the time of the founding of the Fourth International in 1938, Trotskyism was a mass political current in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and slightly later <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. There was also a substantial Trotskyist movement in China which included the founding father of the Chinese communist movement, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a>, amongst its number. Wherever Stalinists gained power, they prioritised hunting down Trotskyists and treated them as the worst enemies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Fourth International suffered repression and disruption through the Second World War. Isolated from each other and faced with political developments quite unlike those anticipated by Trotsky, some Trotskyist organizations decided that the USSR could no longer be called a <a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">degenerated workers' state</a> and withdrew from the Fourth International. After 1945, Trotskyism was smashed as a mass movement in Vietnam and marginalised in many other countries. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V_A_Antonov-Ovseenko.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/V_A_Antonov-Ovseenko.jpeg/170px-V_A_Antonov-Ovseenko.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/V_A_Antonov-Ovseenko.jpeg/255px-V_A_Antonov-Ovseenko.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/V_A_Antonov-Ovseenko.jpeg/340px-V_A_Antonov-Ovseenko.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Antonov-Ovseenko" title="Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko">Antonov-Ovseenko</a> was the first former Trotskyist to be posthumously <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">rehabilitated</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/International_Secretariat_of_the_Fourth_International" class="mw-redirect" title="International Secretariat of the Fourth International">International Secretariat of the Fourth International</a> (ISFI) organised an international conference in 1946 and then World Congresses in 1948 and 1951 to assess the expropriation of the capitalists in Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia, the threat of a Third World War and the tasks of revolutionaries. The Eastern European Communist-led governments, which came into being after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> without a social revolution, were described by a resolution of the 1948 congress as presiding over capitalist economies.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> By 1951, the Congress had concluded that they had become "deformed workers' states". As the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> intensified, the ISFI's 1951 World Congress adopted theses by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Michel Pablo</a> that anticipated an international civil war. Pablo's followers considered that the Communist Parties, under pressure from the real workers' movement, could escape Stalin's manipulations and follow a revolutionary orientation. The 1951 Congress argued that Trotskyists should start to conduct systematic work inside those Communist Parties, followed by the majority of the working class. However, the ISFI's view that the Soviet leadership was counterrevolutionary remained unchanged. The 1951 Congress argued that the USSR took over these countries because of the military and political results of World War II and instituted nationalized property relations only after its attempts at placating capitalism failed to protect those countries from the threat of incursion by the West. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_(17086177105).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_%2817086177105%29.jpg/220px-Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_%2817086177105%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_%2817086177105%29.jpg/330px-Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_%2817086177105%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_%2817086177105%29.jpg/440px-Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_%2817086177105%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/West_German_student_movement" title="West German student movement">West German student movement</a> in 1968</figcaption></figure> Pablo began expelling many people who disagreed with his thesis and did not want to dissolve their organizations within the Communist Parties. For instance, he expelled most of the French section and replaced its leadership. As a result, the opposition to Pablo eventually rose to the surface, with the Open Letter to Trotskyists of the World, by <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a>. The Fourth International split in 1953 into two public factions. Several sections of the International established the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International" title="International Committee of the Fourth International">International Committee of the Fourth International</a> (ICFI) as an alternative centre to the International Secretariat, in which they felt a <a href="/wiki/Marxist_revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist revisionism">revisionist</a> faction led by Michel Pablo had taken power and recommitted themselves to the Lenin-Trotsky Theory of the Party and Trotsky's theory of Permanent Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> From 1960, led by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">U.S Socialist Workers Party</a>, many ICFI sections began the reunification process with the IS, but factions split off and continued their commitment to the ICFI.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> Today, national parties committed to the ICFI call themselves the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Socialist Equality Party (disambiguation)">Socialist Equality Party</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trotskyist_movements">Trotskyist movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Trotskyist movements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Trotskyist_organizations_by_country" title="List of Trotskyist organizations by country">List of Trotskyist organizations by country</a></div> Trotskyists believe that <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> regimes will lead to the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">degenerated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deformed_workers%27_state" title="Deformed workers' state">deformed workers' state</a>, where the capitalist elite have been replaced by an unaccountable bureaucratic elite and there is no true democracy or workers' control of industry.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> In particular, American Trotskyist <a href="/wiki/David_North_(socialist)" title="David North (socialist)">David North</a> noted that the generation of <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">bureaucrats</a> that rose to power under Stalin's tutelage presided over the <a href="/wiki/Stagnation_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Stagnation of the Soviet Union">stagnation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">breakdown</a> of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010172–173-158">[156]</a> In contemporary English language usage, an advocate of Trotsky's ideas is often called a "Trotskyist". Trotskyists are derogatorily referred to as "Trotskyites" or "Trots", especially by Stalinist critics of Trotskyism.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</a>]</div> Trotskyism has influenced some recent major social upheavals, particularly in Latin America. The <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers%27_Party_(Bolivia)" title="Revolutionary Workers' Party (Bolivia)">Bolivian Trotskyist party</a> (Partido Obrero Revolucionario, POR) became a mass party in the late 1940s and early 1950s and, together with other groups, played a central role during and immediately after the period termed the <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_revolution#The_Bolivian_national_revolution_(1952–64)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian revolution">Bolivian National Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1991-160">[158]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In Brazil, as an officially recognised platform or faction of the PT until 1992, the Trotskyist Movimento Convergência Socialista (CS), which founded the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="United Socialist Workers' Party">United Socialist Workers' Party</a> (PSTU) in 1994, saw a number of its members elected to national, state and local legislative bodies during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_Liberty_Party" title="Socialism and Liberty Party">Socialism and Liberty Party</a> (PSOL) presidential candidate in the 2006 general elections, <a href="/wiki/Helo%C3%ADsa_Helena_(politician)" title="Heloísa Helena (politician)">Heloísa Helena</a>, is a Trotskyist member of the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers Party (Brazil)">Workers Party of Brazil</a> (PT), a legislative deputy in Alagoas, and in 1999 was elected to the Federal Senate. Expelled from the PT in December 2003, she helped found PSOL, in which various Trotskyist groups play a prominent role. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcha_de_la_Resistencia_2017_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Marcha_de_la_Resistencia_2017_24.jpg/220px-Marcha_de_la_Resistencia_2017_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Marcha_de_la_Resistencia_2017_24.jpg/330px-Marcha_de_la_Resistencia_2017_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Marcha_de_la_Resistencia_2017_24.jpg/440px-Marcha_de_la_Resistencia_2017_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Left_Front" title="Workers' Left Front">Workers' Left Front</a> in Argentina in December 2017</figcaption></figure> In Argentina, the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Revolutionary_Party_(Argentina)" title="Workers' Revolutionary Party (Argentina)">Workers' Revolutionary Party</a> (Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores, PRT) lay in the merger of two leftist organizations in 1965, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_and_Popular_Amerindian_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutionary and Popular Amerindian Front (page does not exist)">Revolutionary and Popular Amerindian Front</a> (Frente Revolucionario Indoamericano Popular, FRIP) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker%27s_Word&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Worker's Word (page does not exist)">Worker's Word</a> (Palabra Obrera, PO). In 1968, the PRT adhered to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a>, based in Paris. That same year, a related organisation was founded in Argentina, the ERP (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Argentina)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)">People's Revolutionary Army</a>), which became South America's most powerful rural guerrilla movement during the 1970s. The PRT left the Fourth International in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a>, the Argentine military regime suppressed both the PRT and the ERP. ERP commander <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Santucho" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto Santucho">Roberto Santucho</a> was killed in July 1976. Owing to the ruthless repression, PRT showed no signs of activity after 1977. During the 1980s in Argentina, the Trotskyist party founded in 1982 by <a href="/wiki/Nahuel_Moreno" title="Nahuel Moreno">Nahuel Moreno</a>, MAS (Movimiento al Socialismo, <a href="/wiki/Movimiento_al_Socialismo_(Argentina)" title="Movimiento al Socialismo (Argentina)">Movement for Socialism</a>), claimed to be the "largest Trotskyist party" in the world before it broke into many different fragments in the late 1980s, including the present-day <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Socialist_Movement_(Argentina)" title="Workers' Socialist Movement (Argentina)">Workers' Socialist Movement</a> (MST), <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Argentina)" title="Socialist Workers' Party (Argentina)">Socialist Workers' Party</a> (PTS), Nuevo MAS, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_(Argentina)" title="Socialist Left (Argentina)">Socialist Left</a> (IS), <a href="/wiki/Self-determination_and_Freedom" title="Self-determination and Freedom">Self-determination and Freedom</a> (AyL, which is not outspoken Trotskyist) etc. In 1989, an electoral front with the Communist Party and MRS called Izquierda Unida ("<a href="/wiki/United_Left_(Argentina)" title="United Left (Argentina)">United Left</a>") retrieved 3.49% of the vote, representing 580,944 voters.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> Today, the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Argentina)" title="Workers' Party (Argentina)">Workers' Party</a> (Partido Obrero) in Argentina has an electoral base in <a href="/wiki/Salta_Province" title="Salta Province">Salta Province</a> in the far north, particularly in the city of Salta itself; and has become the third political force in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Tucum%C3%A1n_Province" title="Tucumán Province">Tucumán</a>, also in the north; and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Province,_Argentina" title="Santa Cruz Province, Argentina">Santa Cruz</a>, in the south. This party later founded with other Trotskyist groups the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Left_Front" title="Workers' Left Front">Workers' Left Front</a> which is represented in parliament. Venezuelan president <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> declared himself a Trotskyist during the swearing-in of his cabinet two days before his inauguration on 10 January 2007.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Venezuelan Trotskyist organizations do not regard Chávez as a Trotskyist, with some describing him as a bourgeois nationalist.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> In contrast, others consider him an honest revolutionary leader who made significant mistakes due to his lack of a Marxist analysis.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> They fear, in a word, that <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Soviet America</a> will become the counterpart of what they have been told Soviet Russia looks like. Actually American soviets will be as different from the Russian soviets as the United States of President Roosevelt differs from the Russian Empire of Czar Nicholas II. Yet communism can come in America only through revolution, just as independence and democracy came in America. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Trotsky on If American Should Go Communist in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a></cite> </div> The development of the American Trotskyism movement emerged with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America (CLA)</a>, then as the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States (WPUS)</a> and briefly as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party (SP) of America</a> before beginning in 1938 as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party (SWP)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlancWaldBreitman201639-168">[166]</a> According to historian Paul Le Blanc, <a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James Cannon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Max Shachtman</a> were the most influential leaders of early US Trotskyism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlancWaldBreitman201654-169">[167]</a> Trotsky engaged with members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="American Socialist Workers Party">American Socialist Workers Party</a> on reaching the Black population. He had correspondence with <a href="/wiki/C.L.R._James" class="mw-redirect" title="C.L.R. James">C.L.R. James</a> on the question of <a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">self-determination</a> and expressed support for Black Americans seeking equal rights and an autonomous state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirson1992184–190-170">[168]</a> In 1953 there was a major split in the Fourth International between the <a href="/wiki/International_Secretariat_of_the_Fourth_International" class="mw-redirect" title="International Secretariat of the Fourth International">International Secretariat of the Fourth International (ISFI)</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Michel Pablo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International" title="International Committee of the Fourth International">International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI)</a> led iniatially by <a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James Cannon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">SWP</a>. While a decade later in 1963 the majority of the SWP reunited with Pablo's supporters, a minority group persisted in their independence and criticisms of what they deemed to be the ISFI's abandonment of Permanent Revolution and their promotion of Stalinst regimes and parties. This group that remained loyal to the ICFI would go on to become the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Equality Party (US)">Socialist Equality Party (US)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> There is also another North American national section of the ICFI in Canada, also known as the Socialist Equality Party. There is a Trotskyist-influenced caucus within the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a>, Reform and Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_South_Africa" title="Trotskyism in South Africa">Trotskyism in South Africa</a></div> Trotsky had advocated for national self-determination for the black population in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. In response to the programmatic document of the South African Left Opposition, he wrote in 1935:<a href="#cite_note-Trotsky_as_Alternative-173">[171]</a> <blockquote>"We must accept decisively and without any reservation the complete and unconditional right of the blacks to independence. Only on the basis of a mutual struggle against the domination of the white exploiters can the solidarity of black and white toilers be cultivated and strengthened".<a href="#cite_note-Trotsky_as_Alternative-173">[171]</a></blockquote> The Left Opposition in South Africa had criticised the Stalinist <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> for advocating a <a href="/wiki/Two-stage_theory" title="Two-stage theory">two-stage</a> theory in which a bourgeois-democratic republic would precede a socialist transformation of the society. Through the 1930s, the first viable black trade unions in <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_(province)" title="Transvaal (province)">Transvaal</a> were established by Trotskyists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirson1992177–181-174">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Movement_(Nigeria)" title="Democratic Socialist Movement (Nigeria)">Democratic Socialist Movement (Nigeria)</a> exists in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, it was founded in 1986 among a confederation of labour and student socialists. It is affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Workers%27_International_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for a Workers' International (2019)">Committee for a Workers' International</a>, of which it is the second largest section.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lsspoffice.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lsspoffice.JPG/220px-Lsspoffice.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lsspoffice.JPG/330px-Lsspoffice.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lsspoffice.JPG/440px-Lsspoffice.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">LSSP</a> main office in <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> In China, various left opposition groups in the late 1920s sought to engage Trotsky against the Comintern policy of support for the Kuomintang.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> In 1931, at Trotsky's urging, the various factions united in the Communist League of China, adopting Trotsky's document "The Political Situation in China and the Task of the Bolshevik-Leninist Opposition". Prominent members include <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Fanxi" title="Wang Fanxi">Wang Fanxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Qichang_(Trotskyist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen Qichang (Trotskyist)">Chen Qichang</a>. The League was persecuted by the Nationalist government and by the Chinese Communist Party.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>, then a Comintern agent in southern China, reported that "everyone united to fight the Japanese except the Trotskyists. These traitors . . . adopted the 'resolution': 'In the war against the Japanese, our position is clear: those who wanted the war and have illusions about the Kuomintang government, those concretely have committed treason. The union between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang is nothing but conscious treason'. And other ignominies of this kind." The Trotskyists were to be "crushed".<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> In 1949, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of China">Revolutionary Communist Party of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 中國革命共產黨; RCP) fled to Hong Kong. Since 1974, the party has been legally active as October Review, its official publication.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> In French Indochina during the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Trotskyism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Trotskyism">Vietnamese Trotskyism</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%A1_Thu_Th%C3%A2u" title="Tạ Thu Thâu">Tạ Thu Thâu</a>, was a significant current, particularly in Saigon, Cochinchina.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> In 1929, in the French Left Opposition La Vérité, Ta Thu Thau condemned the Comintern for leading Chinese Communists (in 1927) to "the graveyard" through its support for the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>. The "'<a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>-ist' synthesis of democracy, nationalism and socialism" was "a kind of nationalist mysticism". In Indochina, it could only obscure "the concrete class relationships, and the real, organic liaison between the indigenous bourgeoisie and French imperialism," in the light of which the call for independence is "mechanical and formalistic". "A revolution based on the organisation of the proletarian and peasant masses is the only one capable of liberating the colonies ... The question of independence must be bound up with that of the proletarian socialist revolution."<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> For a period in the 1930s, Ta Thu Thau's Struggle group, centred around the newspaper <a href="/wiki/La_Lutte_(newspaper)" title="La Lutte (newspaper)">La Lutte</a>, was sufficiently strong to induce "Stalinists" (members of the then <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a>) to collaborate with the Trotskyists in support of labour and peasant struggles, and in the presentation of a common Workers Slate for Saigon municipal, and Cochinchina Council, elections. Ta Thu Thau was captured and executed by the Communist-front Viet Minh in September 1945. Many, if not most, of his fellow luttuers were subsequently killed, caught between the Viet Minh and the French effort at colonial reconquest.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> In Sri Lanka, a group of Trotskyists (known as the "T Group"), including South Asia's pioneer Trotskyist, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gunawardena" title="Philip Gunawardena">Philip Gunawardena</a>, who had been active in Trotskyist politics in Europe, and his colleague <a href="/wiki/N._M._Perera" title="N. M. Perera">N. M. Perera</a>, were instrumental in the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">Lanka Sama Samaja Party</a> (LSSP) in 1935. It expelled its pro-Moscow wing in 1940, becoming a Trotskyist-led party. In 1942, following the escape of the leaders of the LSSP from a <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> prison, a unified <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_India,_Ceylon_and_Burma" title="Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma">Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma</a> (BLPI) was established in India, bringing together the many Trotskyist groups in the subcontinent. The BLPI was active in the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a> and the labour movement, capturing the second oldest union in India. Its high point was when it led the strikes which followed the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a>. After the war, the Sri Lanka section split into the Lanka Sama Samaja Party and the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Samasamaja_Party" title="Bolshevik Samasamaja Party">Bolshevik Samasamaja Party</a> (BSP). In the general election of 1947, the LSSP became the main opposition party, winning ten seats, the BSP winning a further 5. It joined the Trotskyist Fourth International after fusion with the BSP in 1950 and led a general strike (<a href="/wiki/Hartal_1953" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartal 1953">Hartal</a>) in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-Ervin-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> In 1964, the LSSP joined a coalition government with <a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a>, with three members, NM Perera, <a href="/wiki/Cholomondeley_Goonewardene" title="Cholomondeley Goonewardene">Cholomondeley Goonewardene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anil_Moonesinghe" title="Anil Moonesinghe">Anil Moonesinghe</a>, brought into the new cabinet. This led to the expulsion of the party from the Fourth International. A section of the LSSP split to form the LSSP (Revolutionary) and joined the Fourth International after the LSSP proper was expelled. The LSSP (Revolutionary) later split into factions led by <a href="/wiki/Bala_Tampoe" title="Bala Tampoe">Bala Tampoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Samarakkody" title="Edmund Samarakkody">Edmund Samarakkody</a>. Another faction, the "Sakthi" Group, led by <a href="/wiki/V._Karalasingham" title="V. Karalasingham">V. Karalasingham</a>, rejoined the LSSP in 1966. In 1968, another faction of the LSSP (Revolutionary), led by Keerthi Balasooriya split, to form the Revolutionary Communist League – more commonly known as the "Kamkaru Mawatha Group", after the name of their publication – and joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International" title="International Committee of the Fourth International">International Committee of the Fourth International</a> (ICFI). In 1996, the group changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Socialist Equality Party (Sri Lanka)">Socialist Equality Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> In 2024 with assistance from European comrades, particularly in France, many of who fled the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a> a historic Tamil translation of Trotsky’s <a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a> was published, accompanied with public meetings for the book’s launch.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> In 1974, a secret faction of the LSSP, allied to the <a href="/wiki/Militant_(Trotskyist_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant (Trotskyist group)">Militant</a> group in the United Kingdom, emerged. In 1977, this faction was expelled and formed the <a href="/wiki/Nava_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Nava Sama Samaja Party">Nava Sama Samaja Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Nanayakkara" title="Vasudeva Nanayakkara">Vasudeva Nanayakkara</a>. In India, the BLPI fractured. In 1948, at the Fourth International's request, the party's rump dissolved into the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Socialist_Party" title="Congress Socialist Party">Congress Socialist Party</a> as an exercise in <a href="/wiki/Entryism" title="Entryism">entryism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ervin-183">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, Stalinist-directed NKVD oversaw purges of anti-Stalinist elements in the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Republican">Republican</a> forces including <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> factions.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Notable cases involved the execution of <a href="/wiki/Andreu_Nin" title="Andreu Nin">Andreu Nin</a>, former government minister in <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Catalonia" title="Revolutionary Catalonia">Revolutionary Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jose_Robles" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Robles">Jose Robles</a>, a left-wing academic and translator along with many members of the Trotskyist-aligned <a href="/wiki/POUM" title="POUM">POUM</a> faction.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> In Britain during the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Entryism" title="Entryism">entryist</a> <a href="/wiki/Militant_(Trotskyist_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant (Trotskyist group)">Militant</a> group operated within the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> with three members of parliament and effective control of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_City_Council" title="Liverpool City Council">Liverpool City Council</a>. Described by journalist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crick" title="Michael Crick">Michael Crick</a> as "Britain's fifth most important political party" in 1986,<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> it played a prominent role in the 1989–1991 anti-poll tax movement, which was widely thought to have led to the downfall of British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> The most enduring of several Trotskyist parties in Britain has been the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Workers Party (UK)">Socialist Workers Party</a>, formerly the International Socialists (IS). Its founder <a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Tony Cliff</a> rejected the orthodox Trotskyist view of the USSR as a "deformed worker's state". Communist-party regimes were "state capitalist".<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The SWP has helped found several organisations through which they have sought to exert influence over the broader left, such as the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Nazi_League" title="Anti-Nazi League">Anti-Nazi League</a> in the late 1970s and the <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_War_Coalition" title="Stop the War Coalition">Stop the War Coalition</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> It also allied with <a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respect_Party" title="Respect Party">Respect</a>, whose dissolution in 2007 caused an internal crisis in the SWP. A more serious internal crisis, leading to a significant decline in the party's membership, emerged in 2013. Allegations of rape and sexual assault made against a leading party member<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> developed into a dispute over the practice of democratic centralism (defended by the party's international secretary <a href="/wiki/Alex_Callinicos" title="Alex Callinicos">Alex Callinicos</a>).<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dungavel3_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dungavel3_%28cropped%29.JPG/250px-Dungavel3_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dungavel3_%28cropped%29.JPG/375px-Dungavel3_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dungavel3_%28cropped%29.JPG/500px-Dungavel3_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>Scottish TUSC members protesting against the <a href="/wiki/Dungavel_Immigration_Removal_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungavel Immigration Removal Centre">Dungavel Detention Centre</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition" title="Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition">Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition</a> (TUSC) was formed in 2010 between the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(England_and_Wales)" title="Socialist Party (England and Wales)">Socialist Party</a>, the SWP and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Resistance">Socialist Resistance</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Rail,_Maritime_and_Transport_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers">RMT</a> union, has participated in several general elections.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> The TUSC stood 40 candidates at the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 United Kingdom general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> In April 2019, a 1970s splinter from IS made headlines when three former members of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(UK,_1978)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1978)">Revolutionary Communist Party</a> campaigned in the European Parliamentary election as candidates for the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Walker,_2019-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> and a fourth, <a href="/wiki/Munira_Mirza" title="Munira Mirza">Munira Mirza</a>, was appointed head of the Number 10 <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street" title="Downing Street">Downing Street</a> policy unit by the new Conservative Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> The RCP's rejection of the SWP's critical engagement with the Labour Party and trade unions had morphed into embracing right-wing libertarian positions.<a href="#cite_note-Walker,_2019-202">[200]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Ireland)" title="Socialist Party (Ireland)">Socialist Party</a> in Ireland was formed in 1996 by members who had been expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a> in 1989 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Dick_Spring" title="Dick Spring">Dick Spring</a>. It achieved electoral success at the <a href="/wiki/1997_Irish_general_election" title="1997 Irish general election">1997 general election</a> with the election of <a href="/wiki/Joe_Higgins_(politician)" title="Joe Higgins (politician)">Joe Higgins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin_West_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Dublin West (Dáil constituency)">Dublin West</a>. The Socialist Party has been part of electoral alliances such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Left_Alliance" title="United Left Alliance">United Left Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Ireland)" title="Solidarity (Ireland)">Solidarity</a> and <a href="/wiki/People_Before_Profit%E2%80%93Solidarity" title="People Before Profit–Solidarity">People Before Profit–Solidarity</a>. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit">[update]</a>, it is represented at a national level by <a href="/wiki/Mick_Barry_(Irish_politician)" title="Mick Barry (Irish politician)">Mick Barry</a>, a TD for <a href="/wiki/Cork_North-Central_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Cork North-Central (Dáil constituency)">Cork North-Central</a>. It contests <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Elections in Northern Ireland">elections in Northern Ireland</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Cross-Community_Labour_Alternative" title="Cross-Community Labour Alternative">Cross-Community Labour Alternative</a>. In Portugal's <a href="/wiki/2015_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="2015 Portuguese legislative election">October 2015 parliamentary election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Left_Bloc_(Portugal)" title="Left Bloc (Portugal)">Left Bloc</a> won 550,945 votes, translating into 10.19% of the expressed votes and 19 (out of 230) deputados (members of parliament).<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Although founded by several leftist tendencies, it still expresses much of the Trotskyist thought upheld and developed by its former leader, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lou%C3%A7%C3%A3" title="Francisco Louçã">Francisco Louçã</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, there are some Trotskyist organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Tendency" title="International Socialist Tendency">International Socialist Tendency</a>'s section (Revolutionary Workers' Socialist Party), <a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_for_the_Refoundation_of_the_Fourth_International" title="Coordinating Committee for the Refoundation of the Fourth International">Coordinating Committee for the Refoundation of the Fourth International</a>'s section (Revolutionary Workers' Party), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_Revolution_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permanent Revolution Movement (page does not exist)">Permanent Revolution Movement</a> (SDH), Socialism Magazine (sympathizers of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International" title="International Committee of the Fourth International">International Committee of the Fourth International</a>) who in 2022 were officially recognized as the ICFI's section in Turkey under the name Sosyalist Eşitlik Grubu (Socialist Equality Group),<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> and several small groups. In Russia on 23 February 2018, the centenary of the formation of the Red Army under the leadership of Leon Trotsky, a group named the Young Guard of Bolshevik Leninists (YGBL) was formed. They made contact with the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International" title="International Committee of the Fourth International">International Committee of the Fourth International</a> shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and has since declared its solidarity with the ICFI and intention to become its official section in Russia as well as throughout the former USSR.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> On 25 April 2024 a leading Ukrainian member of the YGBL, Bogdan Syrotiuk, was arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service of Ukraine</a> on charges of being a Russian agent and undermining the territorial integrity of Ukraine, claims that the ICFI and <a href="/wiki/David_North_(socialist)" title="David North (socialist)">David North (socialist)</a>, chairman of the International Editorial Board of the <a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Web_Site" title="World Socialist Web Site">World Socialist Web Site</a>, have completely rejected and say are the “latest example of the Zelensky regime’s brutal repression of left wing movements whose opposition to the war is finding a growing response within the Ukrainian working class”.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> <dl><dt>France</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_Turn" title="French Turn">French Turn</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manif_Paris_2005-11-19_dsc06344_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manif_Paris_2005-11-19_dsc06344_cropped.jpg/220px-Manif_Paris_2005-11-19_dsc06344_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manif_Paris_2005-11-19_dsc06344_cropped.jpg/330px-Manif_Paris_2005-11-19_dsc06344_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manif_Paris_2005-11-19_dsc06344_cropped.jpg/440px-Manif_Paris_2005-11-19_dsc06344_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_League_(France)" title="Revolutionary Communist League (France)">LCR</a> protesters marching in a workforce demonstration in favour of public services and against privatization</figcaption></figure> The French section of the Fourth International was the Internationalist Communist Party (PCI). In 1952 the party split when the Fourth International removed its Central Committee and split again when in 1953, the Fourth International itself divided. Further divisions occurred over which independence faction to support in the Algerian War. In 1967, the rump of the PCI renamed itself the "<a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Organisation" title="Internationalist Communist Organisation">Internationalist Communist Organisation</a>" (Organisation Communiste Internationaliste, OCI). It proliferated during the May 1968 student demonstrations but was banned alongside other far-left groups, such as the Gauche prolétarienne (Proletarian Left). Members temporarily reconstituted the group as the Trotskyist Organisation but soon obtained a state order permitting the reformation of the OCI. By 1970, the OCI was able to organise a 10,000-strong youth rally. The group also gained a strong base in trade unions. However, further splits and disintegration followed. In <a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002</a>, three trotskyist candidates ran in the election. <a href="/wiki/Arlette_Laguiller" title="Arlette Laguiller">Arlette Laguiller</a> of Workers' Struggle (<a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">Lutte Ouvrière</a>) got 5.72%, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Besancenot" title="Olivier Besancenot">Olivier Besancenot</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_League_(France)" title="Revolutionary Communist League (France)">Revolutionary Communist League</a> (Ligue communiste révolutionnaire) got 4.25% and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gluckstein" title="Daniel Gluckstein">Daniel Gluckstein</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party (France)">Workers' Party</a> (Parti des Travailleurs) got 0.47%. In 2016 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_M%C3%A9lenchon" title="Jean-Luc Mélenchon">Jean-Luc Mélenchon</a>, formerly of the ICO, launched the left-wing political platform <a href="/wiki/La_France_Insoumise" title="La France Insoumise">La France Insoumise</a> (Unbowed France), subsequently endorsed by several parties, including his own <a href="/wiki/Left_Party_(France)" title="Left Party (France)">Left Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a>. In the 2017 French Presidential Election, he received 19% in the first round. In the same election, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Poutou" title="Philippe Poutou">Philippe Poutou</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Anticapitalist_Party" title="New Anticapitalist Party">New Anticapitalist Party</a>, into which the Revolutionary Communist League dissolved itself in 2008, won 1.20% of the vote. The only openly Trotskyist candidate, <a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Arthaud" title="Nathalie Arthaud">Nathalie Arthaud</a> of Workers' Struggle, won 0.64% of the vote. In November 2016 a long-standing sympathizing group of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International" title="International Committee of the Fourth International">International Committee of the Fourth International</a> held a founding congress to establish themselves as a full section of the ICFI. As part of the congress international delegates of the ICFI ratified their membership as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Equality_Party_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialist Equality Party (France) (page does not exist)">Socialist Equality Party (France)</a>, or Parti de l'égalité socialiste (PES) in French.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> PES includes a number of members of Sri Lankan origin who sought asylum in France due to the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a>, some of whom were members of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Socialist Equality Party (Sri Lanka)">Socialist Equality Party (Sri Lanka)</a> or its predecessor organization, the Revolutionary Communist League, at the time of their flight while many were won to Trotskyism during their exile.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> These Sri Lankan PES members played a leading role in making a historic translation of Trotsky’s seminal work, <a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a>, into Tamil in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: International">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socialist_Alternative_Protest1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Socialist_Alternative_Protest1.jpg/220px-Socialist_Alternative_Protest1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Socialist_Alternative_Protest1.jpg/330px-Socialist_Alternative_Protest1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Socialist_Alternative_Protest1.jpg/440px-Socialist_Alternative_Protest1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a> members in the United States at an antiwar march in 2007</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_(Post-Reunification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth International (Post-Reunification)">Fourth International</a> derives from the 1963 reunification of the two public factions into which the Fourth International split in 1953: the <a href="/wiki/International_Secretariat_of_the_Fourth_International" class="mw-redirect" title="International Secretariat of the Fourth International">International Secretariat of the Fourth International</a> (ISFI) and some sections of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International" title="International Committee of the Fourth International">International Committee of the Fourth International</a> (ICFI). It is often referred to as the United Secretariat of the Fourth International, the name of its leading committee before 2003. The USFI retains sections and sympathizing organizations in over 50 countries, including France's <a href="/wiki/Ligue_Communiste_Revolutionnaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligue Communiste Revolutionnaire">Ligue Communiste Revolutionnaire</a> (LCR) and sections in Portugal, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International" title="International Committee of the Fourth International">International Committee of the Fourth International</a> maintains its independent organization and publishes the <a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Web_Site" title="World Socialist Web Site">World Socialist Web Site</a>. They have full sections in the US, UK, Canada, Germany, France, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and Australia with sympathizing groups in Russia, Ukraine, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Croatia, Ireland, and other countries. The <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Workers%27_International_(1974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for a Workers' International (1974)">Committee for a Workers' International</a> (CWI) was founded in 1974 and has sections in over 35 countries. Before 1997, most organisations affiliated with the CWI sought to build an entrist Marxist wing within the large <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> parties. The CWI has adopted a range of tactics, including working with trade unions, but in some cases working within or supporting other parties, endorsing <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016">2016 U.S. Democratic Party nomination</a> and encouraging him to run independently.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> In France, the LCR is rivalled by <a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">Lutte Ouvrière</a>, the French section of the <a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Union" title="Internationalist Communist Union">Internationalist Communist Union</a> (UCI), with small sections in a handful of other countries. It focuses its activities, whether propaganda or intervention, on the industrial proletariat. The Committee for a Marxist International (CMI) founders claims they were expelled from the CWI when the CWI abandoned <a href="/wiki/Entryism" title="Entryism">entryism</a>. The CWI claims they left, and no expulsions were carried out. In 2006, it became the International Marxist Tendency (IMT). CMI/IMT groups continue the policy of entering mainstream social democratic, communist or radical parties. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_International" title="Revolutionary Communist International">Revolutionary Communist International</a> (RCI) since 2024, it is headed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Woods_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Woods (politician)">Alan Woods</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Trotskyist_internationals" title="List of Trotskyist internationals">list of Trotskyist internationals</a> shows that there are a large number of other multinational tendencies that stand in the tradition of Leon Trotsky. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debated_comparison_with_Stalinism">Debated comparison with Stalinism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Debated comparison with Stalinism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist Left">Anti-Stalinist Left</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Declaration_of_46" title="The Declaration of 46">The Declaration of 46</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Course_(Trotsky_book)" title="New Course (Trotsky book)">New Course (Trotsky book)</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stalin_School_of_Falsification" title="The Stalin School of Falsification">The Stalin School of Falsification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stalin:_An_Appraisal_of_the_Man_and_His_Influence" title="Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence">Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Stalin_and_Leon_Trotsky_at_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Joseph_Stalin_and_Leon_Trotsky_at_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_funeral.jpg/220px-Joseph_Stalin_and_Leon_Trotsky_at_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Joseph_Stalin_and_Leon_Trotsky_at_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_funeral.jpg/330px-Joseph_Stalin_and_Leon_Trotsky_at_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Joseph_Stalin_and_Leon_Trotsky_at_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_funeral.jpg/440px-Joseph_Stalin_and_Leon_Trotsky_at_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Kalinin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> bearing the coffin of <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a> on 22 July 1926. Trotsky can be seen over Kalinin's left shoulder.</figcaption></figure> Some Western historians have regarded Trotsky as a forerunner to Stalinism and centred this notion on his record during the period of <a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">war communism</a> which included practices such as the <a href="/wiki/Labor_army" title="Labor army">militarization of labour</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008194–195-215">[213]</a> Criticism has also been levied at his support for <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a> to detain <a href="/wiki/War_prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="War prisoners">war prisoners</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis-11">[11]</a> Other historians such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Robert Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Volkogonov" title="Dmitri Volkogonov">Dmitri Volkogonov</a>, N.A. Vasetskii and Alter Litvin contend that Trotsky shared the same <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> strand of thought as Stalin and would not have represented a radically different USSR.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThatcher2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcU3yFMLm1voCqvolkogonovpgPT91_1–30]-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> Concerning the ideological differences between the varieties of <a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a> that are Stalinism and Trotskyism, novelist <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The fact that Trotskyists are everywhere a persecuted minority, and that the accusation usually made against them, i.e. of collaborating with the <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">Fascists</a>, is obviously false, creates an impression that Trotskyism is intellectually and morally superior to Communism; but it is doubtful whether there is much difference.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a></blockquote> However, literary critic <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Meyers" title="Jeffrey Meyers">Jeffrey Meyers</a> who reviewed the political allegories in Orwell’s work stated that: <blockquote>"Orwell ignores the fact that Trotsky passionately opposed <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Stalin’s dictatorship from 1924 to 1940</a>, which featured <a href="/wiki/Siberian" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian">Siberian</a> prison camps, the deliberately created <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine famine">Ukraine famine</a> and the massive slaughter during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purges" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Purges">Moscow Purge Trials of 1937</a>.”<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> “With all the greater frankness can I state how, in my view, the Soviet government should act in case of a fascist upheaval in Germany. In their place, I would, at the very moment of receiving telegraphic news of this event, sign a <a href="/wiki/Mobilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobilisation">mobilisation</a> order calling up several age groups. In the face of a mortal enemy, when the logic of the situation points to inevitable war, it would be irresponsible and unpardonable to give that enemy time to establish himself, to consolidate his positions, to conclude alliances… and to work out the plan to attack..” </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Trotsky describing the military measures he would have taken in place of Stalin to counter the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151192–1193-222">[220]</a></cite> </div> Meyers further added that Orwell drew on the views of a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> combatant to reinforce his arguments. In contrast, Meyers cited <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher's</a> biographical account of Trotsky which presented him to be a much more civilised figure than Stalin and suggested that he would not have <a href="/wiki/Case_of_the_Trotskyist_Anti-Soviet_Military_Organization" title="Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization">purged the Red Army generals</a> or millions of Soviet citizens.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Sheila Fitzpatrick</a> has also questioned the premise of historical inevitability presented by <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> critics such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Robert Service</a> in that the Soviet Union would have experienced the same "totalitarian <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a> under Trotskyist rule". Fitzpatrick suggested it was implausible that Trotsky like Stalin would have launched an <a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">anti-semitic campaign</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> or initiated the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purges</a>. Rather, she inferred that Trotsky would presumably have provided good <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> during the Second World War but may have struggled to maintain party cohesion as seen during the succession struggle after 1924.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Moreover, several scholars such as Richard B.Day, <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Rogovin" title="Vadim Rogovin">Vadim Rogovin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vincent_Daniels" title="Robert Vincent Daniels">Robert Vincent Daniels</a> along with Western <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a> have considered Trotsky to have represented a more <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist Left">alternative</a> to Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008189–198-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> In particular, emphasis has been drawn to his activities in the pre-Civil War period and as leader of the Left Opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008189–198-225">[223]</a> Proponents of this view have specified further differences with Stalinism, which emerged during the succession struggle, over <a href="/wiki/Intragroup_conflict" title="Intragroup conflict">intraparty democracy</a>, autonomy of the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality#Soviet_Union" title="Cult of personality">dogmatization of Leninist orthodoxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> Mandel and Deutscher maintain that his intra-party reforms from 1923-1926 would have revitalised party democratization, <a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">mass participation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_self-management" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker's self-management">worker's self-management</a> and eventually a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party">multi-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">socialist democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015674–678,_826-232">[230]</a> Trotsky also opposed the policy of <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">forced collectivisation</a> under Stalin and favoured a <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">voluntary</a>, gradual approach towards <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">agricultural production</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilharz1987171-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleontrotskyrevol0000rubepage160mode2upqforcedcollectivization_161]-17">[17]</a> with greater tolerance for the rights of Soviet Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015637-234">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> Daniels viewed Trotsky and the Left Opposition as a <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist Left">critical alternative</a> to the Stalin-<a href="/wiki/Bukharin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukharin">Bukharin</a> majority in a number of areas. He also stated that the Left Opposition would have prioritised <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> but never contemplated the "<a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">violent uprooting</a>" employed by Stalin and contrasted most directly with Stalinism on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">party democratization and bureaucratization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> Other figures such as <a href="/wiki/The_Social_and_Political_Thought_of_Leon_Trotsky" title="The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky">Baruch Knei-Paz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Victor Serge</a> acknowledge some affinities with Stalinism in regards to the use of coercion but have also recognised clear differences between Trotsky and Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978298–299-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural field</a>, Knei-Paz highlighted their contrasting attitudes towards matters such as the <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences">sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978289–301-86">[84]</a> According to Knei-Paz, it does not seem <a href="/wiki/Credibility" title="Credibility">credible</a> that Trotsky would have treated <a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">culture and society</a> with the same total, brutal disregard as Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978286,_289–301-239">[237]</a> He also argued that Trotsky sought <a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">far-reaching economic, commercial relations with European countries</a> which was at variance with the <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a> and harsher measures pursued under Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978289–301-86">[84]</a> In the view of Knei-Paz, the most discernible difference between Trotsky and Stalin was their respective approaches towards <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">international affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978300–301-240">[238]</a> In this matter, Trotsky firmly adhered to the notion that socialism in Russia as “<a href="/wiki/Underdevelopment" title="Underdevelopment">backward society</a>” was dependent on revolution in the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978300–301-240">[238]</a> Biographer Geoffrey Swain believed that the Soviet Union under the leadership of Trotsky would have been more <a href="/wiki/Technocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Technocratic">technocratic</a> as he would have made far more use of "<a href="/wiki/Technicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Technicians">bourgeois experts</a>" the <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">planning process</a> and inferred this from his conduct during the Civil War along with his writings in the early 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_a3pAgAAQBAJdqtrotsky27ssovietunionwouldhavebeenfarmoretechnocraticpgPA118_118]-120">[118]</a> Swain also expressed the view that the Soviet Union under Trotsky would certainly have been <a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Joseph_Stalin" title="Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin">a less terrorised society</a> yet was critical of his military methods <a href="/wiki/Barrier_troops" title="Barrier troops">in relation to desertion</a> and hostage taking during the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP-ahAwAAQBAJdqtrotskylessterrorisedsocietypgPA3_3,_211]-241">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego_rivera_Commies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diego_rivera_Commies.jpg/250px-Diego_rivera_Commies.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diego_rivera_Commies.jpg/375px-Diego_rivera_Commies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diego_rivera_Commies.jpg/500px-Diego_rivera_Commies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a> mural (<a href="/wiki/Man,_Controller_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Controller of the Universe">Man, Controller of the Universe</a>) depicts Trotsky with <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels">Engels</a> as a true champion of the workers' struggle</figcaption></figure> In post-exile, Trotsky challenged claims from American socialist <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a> that the Soviet Union would have been no better under his leadership. Trotsky countered that it was not a question of <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personalities</a> but opposing, <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social interests</a> represented by the <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_working_class" class="mw-redirect" title="The working class">the working class</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978434–435-242">[240]</a> More specifically, Trotsky attributed the cessation of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Decree" title="Soviet Decree">progressive gains</a> of the October revolution, the mass purge in conjunction with the intransigent foreign policy as seen in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> to the interests of the bureaucracy rather than the socialist proletariat and Bolshevik tradition.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> He asserted that <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> under Stalinism would not have emerged under his variant of Bolshevism along with far less excesses.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978434–436-245">[243]</a> Comparatively, he viewed his interpretation of Marxism to represent a <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> regeneration of the Soviet Union against the Stalinist <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">bureaucracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978434–436-245">[243]</a> Separately, Trotsky would defend his military decisions as necessary and argued that had draconian measures rather than excess "magnanimity" been shown to opponents at the start of the October Revolution then Russia would have experienced far less human casualties.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> He made a historical comparison between his military endeavours with <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln's</a> ruthlessness during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151482–1483-247">[245]</a> Deutscher drew attention to the fact that Trotsky preferred to exchange <a href="/wiki/Hostages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostages">hostages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners">prisoners</a> rather than execute them. He recounts that Trotsky had released <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov" title="Pyotr Krasnov">General Krasnov</a> on parole in 1918 after the <a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a> during the initial stage of the Civil War but the general would take up arms against the Soviets shortly again afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015339–340-248">[246]</a> Trotskyist <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">theoreticians</a> have disputed the view that the Stalinist dictatorship was a natural outgrowth of the Bolsheviks' actions as most of the original, central committee members from 1917 were later eliminated by Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Novack" title="George Novack">George Novack</a> stressed the initial efforts by the Bolsheviks to form a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party">multi-party</a> government with the <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist_Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Socialist Revolutionaries">Left Socialist Revolutionaries</a> and bring other parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> into political <a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">legality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> Upon the Menshevik walkout from the Soviet congress, Trotsky released a number of arrested, socialist ministers of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional government</a> from prison, at the request of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Julius Martov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Tony Cliff</a> argued the Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary coalition government dissolved the Constituent Assembly due to a number of reasons. They cited the outdated voter-rolls which did not acknowledge the split among the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Revolutionary">Socialist Revolutionary</a> party and the assemblies conflict with the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Russian Congress of Soviets">Congress of the Soviets</a> as an alternative democratic structure.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> Trotskyism has been criticised from various directions. In 1935, <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/Moissaye_Joseph_Olgin" title="Moissaye Joseph Olgin">Moissaye J. Olgin</a> argued that Trotskyism was "the enemy of the working class" and "should be shunned by anybody who has sympathy for the revolutionary movement of the exploited and oppressed the world over."<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> The African American Marxist–Leninist <a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a>, who spent much time in the USSR during the 1920s and 1930s, stated that although he had been somewhat interested in Trotsky's ideas when he was young, he came to see it as "a disruptive force on the fringes of the international revolutionary movement" which eventually developed into "a counter-revolutionary conspiracy against the Party and the Soviet state". He continued to put forward his following belief: <blockquote>Trotsky was not defeated by bureaucratic decisions or Stalin's control of the Party apparatus—as his partisans and Trotskyite historians claim. He had his day in court and finally lost because his whole position flew in the face of Soviet and world realities. He was doomed to defeat because his ideas were incorrect and failed to conform to objective conditions, as well as the needs and interests of the Soviet people.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a></blockquote> Other figures associated with Marxism–Leninism criticized Trotskyist political theory, including <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Debray" title="Régis Debray">Régis Debray</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> said that "Even though at one time Trotskyism represented an erroneous position, but a position in the field of political ideas, Trotskyism became during the following years a vulgar instrument of imperialism and reaction."<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> Polish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Leszek Kołakowski</a> wrote: "Both Trotsky and Bukharin were emphatic in their assurances that forced labour was an organic part of the new society."<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Beilharz" title="Peter Beilharz">Peter Beilharz</a> was critical of Trotskyism and viewed it as the most complete expression of <a href="/wiki/Jacobinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobinism">Jacobinism</a>. Although, Beiharz acknowledged that Trotsky had opposed Jacobinism as a young democrat but in his view had extended the tradition during the period of <a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">war communism</a> and through his ideological defence of terror.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilharz20191–15-259">[257]</a> On the other hand, historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Le_Blanc_(historian)" title="Paul Le Blanc (historian)">Paul Le Blanc</a> found Beilharz's historical comparisons between Trotsky and earlier Jacobin figures to be unconvincing and suggested his analogies were more centred in rhetoric rather than in analysis due to his blurring of ideological concepts.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Left_communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Left communists">left communists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Paul Mattick</a>, claim that the October Revolution was totalitarian from the start. Therefore, Trotskyism has no fundamental differences from <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> in practice or theory.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> French historian and Trotskyist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Broue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Broue">Pierre Broue</a> rejected this form of criticism and characterised it in the following way:<blockquote>"The theory according to which Stalin and Trotsky were two rival wild beasts [which] is useful for historians serving those in power: the establishment of an equivalence between Stalinism and Trotskyism aids the idea of a continuity from Bolshevism and Leninism to Stalinism and strengthens a regime which fears revolutionary sentiments".<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a></blockquote> British historian Christian Høgsbjerg believed that the academic literature and wider criticisms of Trotskyist organisations had minimised its historical role in building wider social movements. Høgsbjerg stressed the key role of British Trotskyists in various movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Solidarity_Campaign" title="Vietnam Solidarity Campaign">Vietnam Solidarity Campaign</a> (1966–71), the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Nazi_League" title="Anti-Nazi League">Anti-Nazi League</a> (1977–81), the <a href="/wiki/All_Britain_Anti-Poll_Tax_Federation" title="All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation">Anti Poll Tax</a> Federation (1989–91) and the <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_War_Coalition" title="Stop the War Coalition">Stop the War Coalition</a> (2001).<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Macdonald" title="Dwight Macdonald">Dwight Macdonald</a> broke with Trotsky and left the Trotskyist <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a> by raising the question of the <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a>, which Trotsky, as leader of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Red_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Red Army">Soviet Red Army</a>, and the other Bolsheviks had brutally repressed. He then moved towards <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Politic-265">[263]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] The Lithuanian-American anarchist <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> raised a similar critique of Trotsky's role in the events around the Kronstadt rebellion. In her essay "Trotsky Protests Too Much", she says: "I admit, the dictatorship under Stalin's rule has become monstrous. That does not, however, lessen the guilt of Leon Trotsky as one of the actors in the revolutionary drama of which Kronstadt was one of the bloodiest scenes".<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> Trotsky defended the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in his essay "Hue and Cry over Kronstadt". He would also argue that the attitudes and social composition of the Kronstadt sailors had changed over the course of the Civil War. Trotsky further argued that the isolated location of the naval fortress would have enabled financial funding to flow between Kronstadt and <a href="/wiki/White_army" class="mw-redirect" title="White army">White army</a> emigres.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> Separately, he would also argue that he and Lenin had intended to lift the ban on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">opposition parties</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Revolutionaries">Socialist Revolutionaries</a> as soon as the economic and social conditions of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> had improved after the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015528-269">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/29px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/38px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Marxism">Marxism</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic communism">Democratic communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Far-left politics in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_International" title="Fifth International">Fifth International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_and_the_politics_of_economic_isolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Trotsky and the politics of economic isolation">Leon Trotsky and the politics of economic isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_bibliography" title="Leon Trotsky bibliography">Leon Trotsky bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_revolution_(Trotskyism)" title="Political revolution (Trotskyism)">Political revolution (Trotskyism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Camp">Third Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Turn" title="French Turn">French Turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_South_Africa" title="Trotskyism in South Africa">Trotskyism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_and_Political_Thought_of_Leon_Trotsky" title="The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky">The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_Vietnam" title="Trotskyism in Vietnam">Trotskyism in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_of_the_Trotskyist_Anti-Soviet_Military_Organization" title="Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization">Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="World socialism">World socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Opposition_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="United Opposition (disambiguation)">United Opposition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Lenin and Trotsky were "co-leaders" of the 1917 Russian Revolution. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Trotsky adds that the revolution must raise the cultural and political consciousness of the peasantry. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTraverso2021" class="citation book cs1">Traverso, Enzo (19 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=de1DEAAAQBAJ">Revolution: An Intellectual History</a>. Verso Books. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83976-333-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83976-333-5"><bdi>978-1-83976-333-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution%3A+An+Intellectual+History&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2021-10-19&rft.isbn=978-1-83976-333-5&rft.aulast=Traverso&rft.aufirst=Enzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dde1DEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackledge2006" class="citation journal cs1">Blackledge, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20099925">"Leon Trotsky's Contribution to the Marxist Theory of History"</a>. Studies in East European Thought. 58 (1): 1–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11212-005-3677-z">10.1007/s11212-005-3677-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20099925">20099925</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85504744">85504744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+East+European+Thought&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%27s+Contribution+to+the+Marxist+Theory+of+History&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-31&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85504744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20099925%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11212-005-3677-z&rft.aulast=Blackledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20099925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain20141–10-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain20141–10_3-0">^</a> <a href="#Swain2014b">Swain 2014</a>, pp. 1–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmVqvouA22IkCqdavidnorthindefenceoftrotsky_52–90]-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmVqvouA22IkCqdavidnorthindefenceoftrotsky_52–90]_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorth2010">North 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mVqvouA22IkC&q=david+north+in+defence+of+trotsky">52–90</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanc2015" class="citation book cs1">Blanc, Paul Le (15 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMCkCQAAQBAJ&dq=Paul+le+blanc+swain+heir&pg=PT14">Leon Trotsky</a>. Reaktion Books. pp. 1–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-471-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-471-7"><bdi>978-1-78023-471-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=1-30&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-471-7&rft.aulast=Blanc&rft.aufirst=Paul+Le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMCkCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPaul%2Ble%2Bblanc%2Bswain%2Bheir%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRILL-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwiss2014" class="citation book cs1">Twiss, Thomas M. 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BRILL. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8"><bdi>978-90-04-26953-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+the+Problem+of+Soviet+Bureaucracy&rft.pages=105-106&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26953-8&rft.aulast=Twiss&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o2fAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bdecentralized%2Bplanning%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiles2023" class="citation book cs1">Wiles, Peter (14 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHAIEQAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+legalization+of+soviet+parties+worker+control+of+production&pg=PA31">The Soviet Economy on the Brink of Reform: Essays in Honor of Alec Nove</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-88190-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-88190-5"><bdi>978-1-000-88190-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Economy+on+the+Brink+of+Reform%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Alec+Nove&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft.isbn=978-1-000-88190-5&rft.aulast=Wiles&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHAIEQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Blegalization%2Bof%2Bsoviet%2Bparties%2Bworker%2Bcontrol%2Bof%2Bproduction%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/germany/1931/310820.htm">"Leon Trotsky: Workers' Control of Production (1931)"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+Workers%27+Control+of+Production+%281931%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2Fgermany%2F1931%2F310820.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015293-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015293_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015293_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1991218-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky1991218_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky1991218_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrotsky1991">Trotsky 1991</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiles2023" class="citation book cs1">Wiles, Peter (14 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHAIEQAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+concentration+camp+stalinism&pg=PA25">The Soviet Economy on the Brink of Reform: Essays in Honor of Alec Nove</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 25–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-88190-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-88190-5"><bdi>978-1-000-88190-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Economy+on+the+Brink+of+Reform%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Alec+Nove&rft.pages=25-40&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft.isbn=978-1-000-88190-5&rft.aulast=Wiles&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHAIEQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bconcentration%2Bcamp%2Bstalinism%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978207–215-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978207–215_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnei-Paz1978">Knei-Paz 1978</a>, pp. 207–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel2020" class="citation book cs1">Mandel, Ernest (5 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVmcEAAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+as+alternative+mandel&pg=PT80">Trotsky as Alternative</a>. 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href="#cite_ref-Marxism_and_Literary_Criticism_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marxism_and_Literary_Criticism_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEagleton2013" class="citation book cs1">Eagleton, Terry (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7k8t09BbIQC&q=trotsky+literature+and+revolution+socialist+realism">Marxism and Literary Criticism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-94783-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-94783-6"><bdi>978-1-134-94783-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+Literary+Criticism&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.isbn=978-1-134-94783-6&rft.aulast=Eagleton&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7k8t09BbIQC%26q%3Dtrotsky%2Bliterature%2Band%2Brevolution%2Bsocialist%2Brealism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilharz2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLfe-DwAAQBAJdqtrotskywidelyacknowledgedcollectivisationpgPT196_196–197]-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilharz2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLfe-DwAAQBAJdqtrotskywidelyacknowledgedcollectivisationpgPT196_196–197]_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeilharz2019">Beilharz 2019</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lfe-DwAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+widely+acknowledged+collectivisation&pg=PT196">196–197</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBeilharz2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleontrotskyrevol0000rubepage160mode2upqforcedcollectivization_161]-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleontrotskyrevol0000rubepage160mode2upqforcedcollectivization_161]_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleontrotskyrevol0000rubepage160mode2upqforcedcollectivization_161]_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubenstein2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleontrotskyrevol0000rubepage160mode2upqforcedcollectivization_161]_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubenstein2011">Rubenstein 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leontrotskyrevol0000rube/page/160/mode/2up?q=forced+collectivization">161</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Revolution+in+the+Young+Marx&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-931859-19-6&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6wy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgSrvmQeZyhoC%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Btransitional%2Bprogram%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1992" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Michael (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/131248">"Trotsky and His Interpreters; or, Will the Real Leon Trotsky Please Stand up?"</a>. The Russian Review. 51 (1): 84–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F131248">10.2307/131248</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/131248">131248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Trotsky+and+His+Interpreters%3B+or%2C+Will+the+Real+Leon+Trotsky+Please+Stand+up%3F&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-102&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F131248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F131248%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F131248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky2019138-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky2019138_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrotsky2019">Trotsky 2019</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408194140/https://www.icl-fi.org/english/wv/archives/oldsite/2004/RCP-823.htm">"Revolutionary Communist Party: Revolutionary in Name Only"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Workers_Vanguard" title="Workers Vanguard">Workers Vanguard</a>. 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The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of The Fourth International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+Agony+of+Capitalism+and+the+Tasks+of+The+Fourth+International&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel2020" class="citation book cs1">Mandel, Ernest (5 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVmcEAAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+as+alternative+mandel&pg=PT80">Trotsky as Alternative</a>. Verso Books. pp. 32–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78960-701-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78960-701-7"><bdi>978-1-78960-701-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+as+Alternative&rft.pages=32-66&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78960-701-7&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVmcEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bas%2Balternative%2Bmandel%26pg%3DPT80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1927/opposition/index.htm">"Leon Trotsky: Platform of the Joint Opposition (1927)"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+Platform+of+the+Joint+Opposition+%281927%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1927%2Fopposition%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan1934" class="citation web cs1">O'Callaghan, Einde (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/ni/vol01/no04/marx.htm">"A Letter on Russia by Karl Marx"</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Letter+on+Russia+by+Karl+Marx&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Einde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Fnewspape%2Fni%2Fvol01%2Fno04%2Fmarx.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978343-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978343_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnei-Paz1978">Knei-Paz 1978</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1962) [1931]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1931/tpr/rp03.htm">Results and Prospects</a>. New Park publications. p. 184 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Results+and+Prospects&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=New+Park+publications&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1931%2Ftpr%2Frp03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1962) [1931]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1931/tpr/rp01.htm">Results and Prospects</a>. New Park publications. pp. 174–177 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Results+and+Prospects&rft.pages=174-177&rft.pub=New+Park+publications&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1931%2Ftpr%2Frp01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Results_204–205-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Results_204–205_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Results_204–205_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1962) [1931]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1931/tpr/rp05.htm">Results and Prospects</a>. New Park publications. pp. 204–205 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Results+and+Prospects&rft.pages=204-205&rft.pub=New+Park+publications&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1931%2Ftpr%2Frp05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Many would put, for instance, the Committee for a Workers' International in this category of orthodox Trotskyists. See for instance <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013213331/http://socialistworld.net/eng/2007/09/27che.html">"Che Guevara: A revolutionary fighter"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistworld.net/eng/2007/09/27che.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Che+Guevara%3A+A+revolutionary+fighter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialistworld.net%2Feng%2F2007%2F09%2F27che.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1962) [1931]. Results and Prospects. New Park publications. p. 183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Results+and+Prospects&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=New+Park+publications&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/hrr/ch24.htm">"July Days: Preparation and beginning"</a>. The History of the Russian Revolution. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. p. 519 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=July+Days%3A+Preparation+and+beginning&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=519&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1930%2Fhrr%2Fch24.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngels1850" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (March 1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/communist-league/1850-ad1.htm">"Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League"</a>. Retrieved 6 June 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+of+the+Central+Committee+to+the+Communist+League&rft.date=1850-03&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Engels%2C+Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1847%2Fcommunist-league%2F1850-ad1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015472–473-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015472–473_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, pp. 472–473. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008195-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008195_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaniels2008">Daniels 2008</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008181-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008181_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaniels2008">Daniels 2008</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978176–199-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978176–199_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnei-Paz1978">Knei-Paz 1978</a>, pp. 176–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> "A prolific writer and a spellbinding orator, he was a central figure in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the October Revolution of 1917, the organizer and leader of the Red Army in the Russian Civil War, the heir apparent to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, and the arch enemy and then vanquished foe of Joseph Stalin in the succession struggle after Lenin's death".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatenaude2017" class="citation book cs1">Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017). "Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6"><bdi>978-1-108-21041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Trotsky+and+Trotskyism%22+in+The+Cambridge+History+of+Communism%3A+Volume+1%2C+World+Revolution+and+Socialism+in+One+Country+1917%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.isbn=978-1-108-21041-6&rft.aulast=Patenaude&rft.aufirst=Betrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> "He emerged from the revolution having acquired an enormous degree of popularity, whereas neither Lenin nor Martov had effectively gained any at all"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lunachar/works/silhouet/trotsky.htm">"Anatoly Lunacharsky: Revolutionary Silhouettes (1923)"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Anatoly+Lunacharsky%3A+Revolutionary+Silhouettes+%281923%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flunachar%2Fworks%2Fsilhouet%2Ftrotsky.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThatcher2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcU3yFMLm1voCdqtrotsky1905stpetersburgsovietpgPT39_38–40]-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThatcher2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcU3yFMLm1voCdqtrotsky1905stpetersburgsovietpgPT39_38–40]_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThatcher2005">Thatcher 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cU3yFMLm1voC&dq=trotsky+1905+st+petersburg+soviet&pg=PT39">38–40</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015595-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015595_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, p. 595. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMccauley2014" class="citation book cs1">Mccauley, Martin (4 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cbKAgAAQBAJ&dq=the+soviet+union+1917+1991+lenin+trotsky+bloc+1922&pg=PA59">The Soviet Union 1917-1991</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90179-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90179-2"><bdi>978-1-317-90179-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+1917-1991&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft.isbn=978-1-317-90179-2&rft.aulast=Mccauley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7cbKAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthe%2Bsoviet%2Bunion%2B1917%2B1991%2Blenin%2Btrotsky%2Bbloc%2B1922%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2003" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgubj5z1XUcC&dq=lenin+trotsky+bloc+1922+stalin&pg=PA63">The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921-1929</a>. Verso. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-446-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-446-5"><bdi>978-1-85984-446-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+Unarmed%3A+Trotsky+1921-1929&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-446-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmgubj5z1XUcC%26dq%3Dlenin%2Btrotsky%2Bbloc%2B1922%2Bstalin%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKort2015" class="citation book cs1">Kort, Michael G. (18 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BHaWGEZA5zMC">The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2845-9"><bdi>978-0-7656-2845-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Colossus%3A+History+and+Aftermath&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2845-9&rft.aulast=Kort&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBHaWGEZA5zMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov1996" class="citation book cs1">Volkogonov, Dmitriĭ Antonovich (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FdqOQgAACAAJ">Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary</a>. HarperCollins. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255272-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255272-1"><bdi>978-0-00-255272-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+The+Eternal+Revolutionary&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255272-1&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri%C4%AD+Antonovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFdqOQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV.L.Lenin" class="citation book cs1">V.L.Lenin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/dec/21.htm">"To L. D. Trotsky", 13 December 1922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22To+L.+D.+Trotsky%22%2C+13+December+1922&rft.au=V.L.Lenin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1922%2Fdec%2F21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. Mehring Books. pp. 155–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6"><bdi>978-1-893638-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=155-182&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-97-6&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehring_Books-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mehring_Books_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehring_Books_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. Mehring Books. pp. 418–419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6"><bdi>978-1-893638-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=418-419&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-97-6&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Trotsky, Leon (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1935/02/ws-therm-bon.htm">"The Workers' State, Thermidor and Bonapartism"</a>. New International. 2 (4): 116–122. "Trotsky argues that the Soviet Union was, at that time, a "deformed workers' state" or degenerated workers' state, and not a socialist republic or state, because the "bureaucracy wrested the power from the hands of mass organizations," thereby necessitating only political revolution rather than a completely new social revolution, for workers' political control (i.e. state democracy) to be reclaimed. He argued that it remained, at base, a workers' state because the capitalists and landlords had been expropriated". Retrieved 27 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2012" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (15 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uTrCAgAAQBAJ&dq=this+assumes+a+revival+of+freedom+of+soviet+parties+trotsky+revolution+betrayed&pg=PT209">The Revolution Betrayed</a>. Courier Corporation. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-11983-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-11983-0"><bdi>978-0-486-11983-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+Betrayed&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft.isbn=978-0-486-11983-0&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuTrCAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthis%2Bassumes%2Ba%2Brevival%2Bof%2Bfreedom%2Bof%2Bsoviet%2Bparties%2Btrotsky%2Brevolution%2Bbetrayed%26pg%3DPT209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1973" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BocizgEACAAJ">The Spanish Revolution, 1931–39</a>. Pathfinder Press. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-273-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-273-8"><bdi>978-0-87348-273-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Revolution%2C+1931%E2%80%9339&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Pathfinder+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-87348-273-8&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBocizgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1973" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BocizgEACAAJ">The Spanish Revolution, 1931–39</a>. Pathfinder Press. pp. 97–98, 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-273-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-273-8"><bdi>978-0-87348-273-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Revolution%2C+1931%E2%80%9339&rft.pages=97-98%2C+122-123&rft.pub=Pathfinder+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-87348-273-8&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBocizgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1931/04/spain.htm">"Leon Trotsky: Ten Commandments of the Spanish Communist (April 1931)"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+Ten+Commandments+of+the+Spanish+Communist+%28April+1931%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1931%2F04%2Fspain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhiCYS9Z3lDoCqtrotskytheengineersandeconomistswhocreatedthisplanwereafewyearslatersternlypunished_28]-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhiCYS9Z3lDoCqtrotskytheengineersandeconomistswhocreatedthisplanwereafewyearslatersternlypunished_28]_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrotsky1991">Trotsky 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hiCYS9Z3lDoC&q=trotsky+the+engineers+and+economists+who+created+this+plan+were+a+few+years+later+sternly+punished">28</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015674–676-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015674–676_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015674–676_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, pp. 674–676. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiles2023" class="citation book cs1">Wiles, Peter (14 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHAIEQAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+legalization+of+soviet+parties+worker+control+of+production&pg=PA31">The Soviet Economy on the Brink of Reform: Essays in Honor of Alec Nove</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-88190-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-88190-5"><bdi>978-1-000-88190-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Economy+on+the+Brink+of+Reform%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Alec+Nove&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft.isbn=978-1-000-88190-5&rft.aulast=Wiles&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHAIEQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Blegalization%2Bof%2Bsoviet%2Bparties%2Bworker%2Bcontrol%2Bof%2Bproduction%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckVaradarajan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Peck, Jamie; Varadarajan, Latha (6 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0721">"Uneven Regional Development"</a>. International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118786352.wbieg0721">10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0721</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470659632" title="Special:BookSources/9780470659632"><bdi>9780470659632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Geography%3A+People%2C+the+Earth%2C+Environment+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Uneven+Regional+Development&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118786352.wbieg0721&rft.isbn=9780470659632&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft.au=Varadarajan%2C+Latha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F9781118786352.wbieg0721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tMqiDwAAQBAJ&q=Trotsky+uneven+and+combined+development">Cultures of Uneven and Combined Development: From International Relations to World Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. 8 July 2019. pp. 1–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38473-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38473-6"><bdi>978-90-04-38473-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+Uneven+and+Combined+Development%3A+From+International+Relations+to+World+Literature&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38473-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtMqiDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DTrotsky%2Buneven%2Band%2Bcombined%2Bdevelopment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_D._Thatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian D. Thatcher">Thatcher, Ian D.</a> (1991). "Uneven and combined development". Revolutionary Russia. 4 (2): 237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546549108575572">10.1080/09546549108575572</a>. <q>Talk of uneven development becomes dominant in Trotskii's writings from 1927 onwards. From this date, whenever the law is mentioned, the claim consistently made for it is that 'the entire history of mankind is governed by the law of uneven development'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revolutionary+Russia&rft.atitle=Uneven+and+combined+development&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546549108575572&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaccarelliVaradarajan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Saccarelli, Emanuele; Varadarajan, Latha (7 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/gsc/configurable/content/journals$002fgscj$002faop$002farticle-10.1332-CBXB8720$002farticle-10.1332-CBXB8720.xml">"Leon Trotsky and the political conundrum of international relations"</a>. Global Social Challenges Journal. -1 (aop): 105–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1332%2FCBXB8720">10.1332/CBXB8720</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259805358">259805358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Social+Challenges+Journal&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky+and+the+political+conundrum+of+international+relations&rft.volume=-1&rft.issue=aop&rft.pages=105-126&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1332%2FCBXB8720&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259805358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Saccarelli&rft.aufirst=Emanuele&rft.au=Varadarajan%2C+Latha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbristoluniversitypressdigital.com%2Fgsc%2Fconfigurable%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%24002fgscj%24002faop%24002farticle-10.1332-CBXB8720%24002farticle-10.1332-CBXB8720.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2005" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG-981usVQEC&dq=man+will+occupy+himself+with+re+registering+mountains+and+rivers+and+will+earnestly+and+repeatedly+make+improvements+in+nature&pg=PA204">Literature and Revolution</a>. Haymarket Books. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931859-16-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931859-16-5"><bdi>978-1-931859-16-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+and+Revolution&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-931859-16-5&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMG-981usVQEC%26dq%3Dman%2Bwill%2Boccupy%2Bhimself%2Bwith%2Bre%2Bregistering%2Bmountains%2Band%2Brivers%2Band%2Bwill%2Bearnestly%2Band%2Brepeatedly%2Bmake%2Bimprovements%2Bin%2Bnature%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bird, Robert (1 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11212-018-9304-6">"Culture as permanent revolution: Lev Trotsky's Literature and Revolution"</a>. Studies in East European Thought. 70 (2): 181–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11212-018-9304-6">10.1007/s11212-018-9304-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0948">1573-0948</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207809829">207809829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+East+European+Thought&rft.atitle=Culture+as+permanent+revolution%3A+Lev+Trotsky%27s+Literature+and+Revolution&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-193&rft.date=2018-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207809829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-0948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11212-018-9304-6&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11212-018-9304-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015729–730-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015729–730_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, pp. 729–730. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151474–1475-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151474–1475_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, pp. 1474–1475. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatenaude2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017). "Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism. Vol. 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941R. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6"><bdi>978-1-108-21041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Trotsky+and+Trotskyism%22+in+The+Cambridge+History+of+Communism&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.isbn=978-1-108-21041-6&rft.aulast=Patenaude&rft.aufirst=Betrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978289–301-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978289–301_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978289–301_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978289–301_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978289–301_86-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnei-Paz1978">Knei-Paz 1978</a>, pp. 289–301. </li> <li id="cite_note-Twiss-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Twiss_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twiss_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwiss2014" class="citation book cs1">Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o2fAwAAQBAJ&dq=Trotsky+economic+planning+1923&pg=PA135">Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy</a>. BRILL. pp. 88–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8"><bdi>978-90-04-26953-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+the+Problem+of+Soviet+Bureaucracy&rft.pages=88-113&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26953-8&rft.aulast=Twiss&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o2fAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Beconomic%2Bplanning%2B1923%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015587-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015587_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, p. 587. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouds2019" class="citation book cs1">Douds, Lara (22 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yf5aEAAAQBAJ&dq=on+lenin%27s+initiative+trotsky+deputy&pg=PA165">Inside Lenin's Government: Ideology, Power and Practice in the Early Soviet State</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-12649-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-12649-7"><bdi>978-1-350-12649-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Lenin%27s+Government%3A+Ideology%2C+Power+and+Practice+in+the+Early+Soviet+State&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2019-08-22&rft.isbn=978-1-350-12649-7&rft.aulast=Douds&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYf5aEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Don%2Blenin%2527s%2Binitiative%2Btrotsky%2Bdeputy%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetty2013" class="citation book cs1">Getty, J. Arch (27 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RaYzAAAAQBAJ&dq=Lenin+Trotsky+chairman+gosplan+1923&pg=PA53">Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16929-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16929-4"><bdi>978-0-300-16929-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practicing+Stalinism%3A+Bolsheviks%2C+Boyars%2C+and+the+Persistence+of+Tradition&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16929-4&rft.aulast=Getty&rft.aufirst=J.+Arch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRaYzAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLenin%2BTrotsky%2Bchairman%2Bgosplan%2B1923%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015507–508,_585-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015507–508,_585_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, pp. 507–508, 585. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1973" class="citation book cs1">Day, Richard B. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGx-pzsksksC&dq=Trotsky+economic+planning+1923&pg=PA109">Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52436-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52436-0"><bdi>978-0-521-52436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky+and+the+Politics+of+Economic+Isolation&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52436-0&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGx-pzsksksC%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Beconomic%2Bplanning%2B1923%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015646-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015646_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, p. 646. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a592-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015a592_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015a">Deutscher 2015a</a>, pp. 592. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDeutscher2015a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov2008" class="citation book cs1">Volkogonov, Dmitri (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2BNwaOW1VgEC">Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-729166-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-729166-3"><bdi>978-0-00-729166-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+The+Eternal+Revolutionary&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008-06&rft.isbn=978-0-00-729166-3&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2BNwaOW1VgEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wdc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/russian/id/8044/">"Trotsky: The Single Economic Plan"</a>. wdc.contentdm.oclc.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wdc.contentdm.oclc.org&rft.atitle=Trotsky%3A+The+Single+Economic+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwdc.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Frussian%2Fid%2F8044%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNove2012" class="citation book cs1">Nove, Alec (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NWn4BbCEH6gC&dq=Trotsky+economic+planning+1923&pg=PA89">Socialism, Economics and Development (Routledge Revivals)</a>. Routledge. pp. 89–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-58266-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-58266-0"><bdi>978-1-136-58266-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism%2C+Economics+and+Development+%28Routledge+Revivals%29&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-58266-0&rft.aulast=Nove&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNWn4BbCEH6gC%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Beconomic%2Bplanning%2B1923%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGueullette1992" class="citation book cs1">Gueullette, Agota (1992). Trotsky and foreign economic relations. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds). Edinburgh University Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+foreign+economic+relations.+Brotherstone%2C+Terence%3B+Dukes%2C+Paul%2C%28eds%29&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Gueullette&rft.aufirst=Agota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2012" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (16 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKRxnF5qB1IC">Towards Socialism Or Capitalism?</a>. Routledge. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-62338-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-62338-4"><bdi>978-0-415-62338-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+Socialism+Or+Capitalism%3F&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft.isbn=978-0-415-62338-4&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKRxnF5qB1IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel199562-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel199562_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandel1995">Mandel 1995</a>, p. 62. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMandel1995 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/ilo/1923-lo/index.htm">"Documents of the 1923 opposition"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Documents+of+the+1923+opposition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Fdocument%2Filo%2F1923-lo%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2014" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Tom (14 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rjWtAgAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+progressive+tax+left+opposition&pg=PT67">Industrialisation in the Non-Western World</a>. Routledge. pp. 1–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90133-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90133-4"><bdi>978-1-317-90133-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrialisation+in+the+Non-Western+World&rft.pages=1-150&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.isbn=978-1-317-90133-4&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrjWtAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bprogressive%2Btax%2Bleft%2Bopposition%26pg%3DPT67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1970" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Edward Hallett (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WbobAAAAIAAJ&q=Trotsky+electrification">A History of Soviet Russia</a>. Baltimore, Md. : Penguin Books. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Soviet+Russia&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Baltimore%2C+Md.+%3A+Penguin+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hallett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWbobAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DTrotsky%2Belectrification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2023" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (2 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MioAEAAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+electrification+offering+the+peasant+a+gramophone+instead+of+a+cow&pg=PT58">My Life</a>. Wellred Books. pp. 1–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life&rft.pages=1-50&rft.pub=Wellred+Books&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMioAEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Belectrification%2Boffering%2Bthe%2Bpeasant%2Ba%2Bgramophone%2Binstead%2Bof%2Ba%2Bcow%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzpatrick, Sheila (22 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n08/sheila-fitzpatrick/the-old-man">"The Old Man"</a>. London Review of Books. 32 (8). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Old+Man&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv32%2Fn08%2Fsheila-fitzpatrick%2Fthe-old-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151141-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151141_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, p. 1141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel199559-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel199559_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandel1995">Mandel 1995</a>, p. 59. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMandel1995 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151130-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151130_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, p. 1130. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1972" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUo8AAAAIAAJ&q=even%20if%20the%20Politburo%20consisted%20of%20seven%20universal%20geniuses,%20of%20seven%20Marxes,%20or%20seven%20Lenins,%20it%20will%20still%20be%20unable,%20all%20on%20its%20own,%20with%20all%20its%20creative%20imagination,%20to%20assert%20command%20over%20the%20economy%20of%20170%20million%20people">Writings of Leon Trotsky. [Edited by George Breitman and Evelyn Reed: 1932-33</a>. Merit Publishers. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writings+of+Leon+Trotsky.+%5BEdited+by+George+Breitman+and+Evelyn+Reed%3A+1932-33&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Merit+Publishers&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUo8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Deven%2520if%2520the%2520Politburo%2520consisted%2520of%2520seven%2520universal%2520geniuses%2C%2520of%2520seven%2520Marxes%2C%2520or%2520seven%2520Lenins%2C%2520it%2520will%2520still%2520be%2520unable%2C%2520all%2520on%2520its%2520own%2C%2520with%2520all%2520its%2520creative%2520imagination%2C%2520to%2520assert%2520command%2520over%2520the%2520economy%2520of%2520170%2520million%2520people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> "Beer also read Trotsky and found inspiration in Trotsky's critique of the Soviet bureaucracy".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedina2014" class="citation book cs1">Medina, Eden (10 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBC3AgAAQBAJ&dq=Stafford+beer+Trotsky&pg=PA292">Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile</a>. MIT Press. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52596-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52596-1"><bdi>978-0-262-52596-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cybernetic+Revolutionaries%3A+Technology+and+Politics+in+Allende%27s+Chile&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52596-1&rft.aulast=Medina&rft.aufirst=Eden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVBC3AgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DStafford%2Bbeer%2BTrotsky%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1989" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Wolfgang (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FCyCDv9QswC&dq=trotskyists+planned+economy+workers+democracy+programme&pg=PR9">Solidarity in Poland, 1980-1981 and the Perspective of Political Revolution</a>. Mehring Books. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929087-30-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929087-30-6"><bdi>978-0-929087-30-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solidarity+in+Poland%2C+1980-1981+and+the+Perspective+of+Political+Revolution&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-929087-30-6&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FCyCDv9QswC%26dq%3Dtrotskyists%2Bplanned%2Beconomy%2Bworkers%2Bdemocracy%2Bprogramme%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pathfinder_Press-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pathfinder_Press_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pathfinder_Press_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pathfinder_Press_112-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1977" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rL8gAQAAIAAJ&q=the+transitional+program+trotsky">The Transitional Program for Socialist Revolution: Including The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International</a>. Pathfinder Press. pp. 38–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-524-1"><bdi>978-0-87348-524-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transitional+Program+for+Socialist+Revolution%3A+Including+The+Death+Agony+of+Capitalism+and+the+Tasks+of+the+Fourth+International&rft.pages=38-40&rft.pub=Pathfinder+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-87348-524-1&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrL8gAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Btransitional%2Bprogram%2Btrotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1977" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rL8gAQAAIAAJ&q=the+transition+program+for+socialist+revolution">The Transitional Program for Socialist Revolution: Including The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International</a>. Pathfinder Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-524-1"><bdi>978-0-87348-524-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transitional+Program+for+Socialist+Revolution%3A+Including+The+Death+Agony+of+Capitalism+and+the+Tasks+of+the+Fourth+International&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Pathfinder+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-87348-524-1&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrL8gAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Btransition%2Bprogram%2Bfor%2Bsocialist%2Brevolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky201931,_68–70,_138-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky201931,_68–70,_138_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrotsky2019">Trotsky 2019</a>, pp. 31, 68–70, 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels200883–92-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels200883–92_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaniels2008">Daniels 2008</a>, pp. 83–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978476–495-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978476–495_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnei-Paz1978">Knei-Paz 1978</a>, pp. 476–495. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher201530-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher201530_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan2018" class="citation book cs1">Sheehan, Helena (23 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-udOEAAAQBAJ&dq=trotskyists+science+and+technology+emphasis&pg=PA172">Marxism and the Philosophy of Science: A Critical History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78663-426-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78663-426-9"><bdi>978-1-78663-426-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+the+Philosophy+of+Science%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft.isbn=978-1-78663-426-9&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-udOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotskyists%2Bscience%2Band%2Btechnology%2Bemphasis%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2020" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Thomas P. (21 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjfnDwAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+scientific+experts&pg=PA257">American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870-1970</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 255–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77290-5"><bdi>978-0-226-77290-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Genesis%3A+A+Century+of+Invention+and+Technological+Enthusiasm%2C+1870-1970&rft.pages=255-256&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2020-05-21&rft.isbn=978-0-226-77290-5&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZjfnDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bscientific%2Bexperts%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_a3pAgAAQBAJdqtrotsky27ssovietunionwouldhavebeenfarmoretechnocraticpgPA118_118]-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_a3pAgAAQBAJdqtrotsky27ssovietunionwouldhavebeenfarmoretechnocraticpgPA118_118]_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_a3pAgAAQBAJdqtrotsky27ssovietunionwouldhavebeenfarmoretechnocraticpgPA118_118]_120-1">b</a> <a href="#Swain2014a">Swain 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_a3pAgAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky%27s+soviet+union+would+have+been+far+more+technocratic&pg=PA118">118</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008189-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008189_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaniels2008">Daniels 2008</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandle2003" class="citation book cs1">Sandle, Mark (16 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UO2OAgAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+modernist+industrialist+technocratic&pg=PT253">A Short History Of Soviet Socialism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 151–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-36639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-36639-1"><bdi>978-1-135-36639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+Of+Soviet+Socialism&rft.pages=151-171&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-16&rft.isbn=978-1-135-36639-1&rft.aulast=Sandle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUO2OAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bmodernist%2Bindustrialist%2Btechnocratic%26pg%3DPT253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Grant" title="Ted Grant">Grant, Ted</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LAPaDwAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+objective+subjective+factors&pg=PT227">History of British Trotskyism</a>. Wellred Books. pp. 1–282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+British+Trotskyism&rft.pages=1-282&rft.pub=Wellred+Books&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLAPaDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bobjective%2Bsubjective%2Bfactors%26pg%3DPT227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nH5KwgEACAAJ">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a>. Pathfinder Press. pp. 555–556. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-136-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-136-6"><bdi>978-0-87348-136-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+Against+Fascism+in+Germany&rft.pages=555-556&rft.pub=Pathfinder+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-87348-136-6&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnH5KwgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Joseph Choonara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=397&issue=117">"The United Front"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107230355/http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=397&issue=117">Archived</a> 7 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Socialism_(magazine)" title="International Socialism (magazine)">International Socialism</a>, 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWistrich1976" class="citation journal cs1">Wistrich, Robert S. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260195">"Leon Trotsky's Theory of Fascism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a>. 11 (4): 157–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947601100409">10.1177/002200947601100409</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260195">260195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140420352">140420352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%27s+Theory+of+Fascism&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=157-184&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140420352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260195%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947601100409&rft.aulast=Wistrich&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978559-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978559_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnei-Paz1978">Knei-Paz 1978</a>, p. 559. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978556–560-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978556–560_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978556–560_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnei-Paz1978">Knei-Paz 1978</a>, pp. 556–560. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151482-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151482_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151482_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, p. 1482. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1971). My Life. Harmondsworth: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 230 & 294.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pages=230+%26+294&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilyukov" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov, Pavel</a>. The elections to the second state Duma. pp. 91–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+elections+to+the+second+state+Duma&rft.pages=91-92&rft.aulast=Milyukov&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988">, is quoted by <a href="#Trotsky1971b">Trotsky 1971</a>, pp. 176, 295 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971217_ff-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971217_ff_132-0">^</a> <a href="#Trotsky1971b">Trotsky 1971</a>, pp. 217 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> This summary of Trotsky's role in 1917, written by Stalin for Pravda, November 6, 1918, was quoted in Stalin's book The October Revolution issued in 1934, but it was expunged in Stalin's Works released in 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, V. I.</a> (1965) [30 October 1919]. "Economics and Politics in the era of the dictatorship of the proletariat". Lenin Collected Works. Vol. 30. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. p. 109. <q>Peasant farming continues to be... an extremely broad and very sound, deep-rooted basis for capitalism, a basis on which capitalism persists or arises anew in a bitter struggle against communism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Economics+and+Politics+in+the+era+of+the+dictatorship+of+the+proletariat&rft.btitle=Lenin+Collected+Works&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151283-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151283_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, p. 1283. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1962" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rv9oAAAAMAAJ&q=%E2%80%9CAfter+the+majority+of+the+petrograd+Soviet+passed+into+the+hands+of+the+Bolsheviks,+%5BTrotsky%5D+was+elected+its+chairman+and+in+that+position+organized+and+led+the+insurrection+of+October+25">The Stalin School of Falsification</a>. Pioneer Publishers. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalin+School+of+Falsification&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Pioneer+Publishers&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drv9oAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259CAfter%2Bthe%2Bmajority%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpetrograd%2BSoviet%2Bpassed%2Binto%2Bthe%2Bhands%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBolsheviks%2C%2B%255BTrotsky%255D%2Bwas%2Belected%2Bits%2Bchairman%2Band%2Bin%2Bthat%2Bposition%2Borganized%2Band%2Bled%2Bthe%2Binsurrection%2Bof%2BOctober%2B25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, V. I.</a> (1965) [15 March 1921]. "Report on the substitution of a tax in kind for the surplus-grain appropriation system, Tenth Congress". Collected Works. Vol. 32. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. p. 215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+substitution+of+a+tax+in+kind+for+the+surplus-grain+appropriation+system%2C+Tenth+Congress&rft.btitle=Collected+Works&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988">, This speech, of course, introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP), which was intended to reinforce the basis of the second of the two conditions Lenin mentions in the quote, the support of the peasantry for the workers' state. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher1966285-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher1966285_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher1966">Deutscher 1966</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/hrr/ch16.htm">History of the Russian Revolution</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. p. 332 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1930%2Fhrr%2Fch16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher1966293-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher1966293_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher1966">Deutscher 1966</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges1997" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (1997). A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924. <a href="/wiki/Pimlico" title="Pimlico">Pimlico</a>. p. 802.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+Tragedy%3A+The+Russian+Revolution+1891%E2%80%931924&rft.pages=802&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, V. I.</a> (1965). Collected Works. Vol. 36. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. pp. 593–598. <q>Stalin is too rude and this defect [...] becomes intolerable in a Secretary-General. That is why I suggest that the comrades think about a way of removing Stalin from that post [...] it is a detail which can assume decisive importance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Works&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=593-598&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971[httpwwwmarxistsorgarchivetrotsky1937ssfsf07htm_89]-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971[httpwwwmarxistsorgarchivetrotsky1937ssfsf07htm_89]_143-0">^</a> <a href="#Trotsky1971a">Trotsky 1971</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1937/ssf/sf07.htm">89</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971[httpwwwmarxistsorgarchivetrotsky1937ssfsf06htm_78]-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971[httpwwwmarxistsorgarchivetrotsky1937ssfsf06htm_78]_144-0">^</a> <a href="#Trotsky1971a">Trotsky 1971</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1937/ssf/sf06.htm">78</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1991279-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky1991279_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrotsky1991">Trotsky 1991</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. <a href="/wiki/Mehring_Books" title="Mehring Books">Mehring Books</a>. pp. 139, 249, 268–269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6"><bdi>978-1-893638-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=139%2C+249%2C+268-269&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-97-6&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971xxxiiiForeword_to_the_Russian_edition-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky1971xxxiiiForeword_to_the_Russian_edition_147-0">^</a> <a href="#Trotsky1971a">Trotsky 1971</a>, p. xxxiii, Foreword to the Russian edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky197187-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky197187_148-0">^</a> <a href="#Trotsky1971a">Trotsky 1971</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-Serge_1973-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Serge_1973_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serge_1973_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerge1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge, Victor</a> (1973). From Lenin to Stalin. Pathfinder. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Lenin+to+Stalin&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Pathfinder&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Serge&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher1966381-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher1966381_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher1966">Deutscher 1966</a>, p. 381. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1971). Revolution Betrayed. Pathfinder. pp. 5–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+Betrayed&rft.pages=5-32&rft.pub=Pathfinder&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, V. I.</a> (1965). "How to organise competition". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/dec/25.htm">Collected Works</a>. Vol. 26. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. p. 409 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <q>One of the most important tasks today, if not the most important, is to develop this independent initiative of the workers, and of all working and exploited people generally.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+to+organise+competition&rft.btitle=Collected+Works&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1917%2Fdec%2F25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vadim_Rogovin" title="Vadim Rogovin">Rogovin, Vadim</a> (1998). 1937: Stalin's Year of Terror. <a href="/wiki/Mehring_Books" title="Mehring Books">Mehring Books</a>. p. 374.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1937%3A+Stalin%27s+Year+of+Terror&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988">. Also see the chapter 'Trotskyists in the camps': "A new, young generation of Trotskyists had grown up in the Soviet Union...lots of them go to their deaths crying 'Long live Trotsky!' " Until this research became available after the fall of the Soviet Union, little was known about the strength of the Trotskyists within the Soviet Union. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/fi/1938-1949/fi-2ndcongress/1948-congress02.htm">"The USSR and Stalinism"</a>. December 1948 – January 1949. Retrieved 6 June 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+USSR+and+Stalinism&rft.date=1948-12%2F1949-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Fdocument%2Ffi%2F1938-1949%2Ffi-2ndcongress%2F1948-congress02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon" class="citation web cs1">Cannon, James P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/cannon/works/1967/party.htm">"The Revolutionary Party & Its Role in the Struggle for Socialism"</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Revolutionary+Party+%26+Its+Role+in+the+Struggle+for+Socialism&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fcannon%2Fworks%2F1967%2Fparty.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_North_(socialist)" title="David North (socialist)">North, David</a> (2008). The Heritage We Defend. <a href="/wiki/Mehring_Books" title="Mehring Books">Mehring Books</a>. pp. Sections 131–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929087-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929087-00-9"><bdi>978-0-929087-00-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+We+Defend&rft.pages=Sections+131-140&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-929087-00-9&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaaffe1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taaffe" title="Peter Taaffe">Taaffe, Peter</a> (October 1995). "Preface, and Trotsky and the Collapse of Stalinism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialistparty.org.uk/militant/">The Rise of Militant</a>. Bertrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0906582473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0906582473"><bdi>978-0906582473</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021217071256/https://www.socialistparty.org.uk/militant/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2002. <q>The Soviet bureaucracy and Western capitalism rested on mutually antagonistic social systems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface%2C+and+Trotsky+and+the+Collapse+of+Stalinism&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Militant&rft.pub=Bertrams&rft.date=1995-10&rft.isbn=978-0906582473&rft.aulast=Taaffe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialistparty.org.uk%2Fmilitant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2010172–173-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth2010172–173_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorth2010">North 2010</a>, pp. 172–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Trotskyism". Collins Dictionary and Thesaurus. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trotskyism&rft.btitle=Collins+Dictionary+and+Thesaurus&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1991-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander1991_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1991">Alexander 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartido_Socialista_dos_Trabalhadores_Unificado" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="United Socialist Workers' Party">Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores Unificado</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813203758/http://www.pstu.org.br/partido_historia.asp">"Um pouco de nossa história"</a> [A little bit of our history]. Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores Unificado (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pstu.org.br/partido_historia.asp">the original</a> on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Partido+Socialista+dos+Trabalhadores+Unificado&rft.atitle=Um+pouco+de+nossa+hist%C3%B3ria&rft.au=Partido+Socialista+dos+Trabalhadores+Unificado&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pstu.org.br%2Fpartido_historia.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPRT_Argentina._Junta_de_Coordinación_Revolucionaria_(JCR)1973" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Revolutionary_Party_(Argentina)" title="Workers' Revolutionary Party (Argentina)">PRT Argentina. Junta de Coordinación Revolucionaria (JCR)</a> (August 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivochile.com/America_latina/JCR/PRT_A/doc_de_PRT/prtde0006.pdf">"Por qué nos separamos de la IV Internacional"</a> [Why we separated from the IV International] (PDF) (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011030600/http://www.archivochile.com/America_latina/JCR/PRT_A/doc_de_PRT/prtde0006.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Por+qu%C3%A9+nos+separamos+de+la+IV+Internacional&rft.date=1973-08&rft.au=PRT+Argentina.+Junta+de+Coordinaci%C3%B3n+Revolucionaria+%28JCR%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archivochile.com%2FAmerica_latina%2FJCR%2FPRT_A%2Fdoc_de_PRT%2Fprtde0006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120706185905/http://towsa.com/andy/totalpais/1989d.html">"Atlas Electoral de Andy Tow"</a> [Electoral atlas of Andy Tow] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://towsa.com/andy/totalpais/1989d.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atlas+Electoral+de+Andy+Tow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftowsa.com%2Fandy%2Ftotalpais%2F1989d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinarich2007" class="citation news cs1">Malinarich, Nathalie (10 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6246219.stm">"Chavez accelerates on path to socialism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 19 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Chavez+accelerates+on+path+to+socialism&rft.date=2007-01-10&rft.aulast=Malinarich&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F6246219.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010152457/http://www.jir.org.ve/article.php3?id_article=211">"Declaración Polãtica de la JIR, como Fracción Pública del PRS, por una real independencia de clase (Extractos) – Juventud de Izquierda Revolucionaria"</a> [Political Declaration of the JIR, as a Public Fraction of the PRS, for a real class independence (Excerpts) – Juventud de Izquierda Revolucionaria] (in Spanish). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n08/sheila-fitzpatrick/the-old-man">the original</a> on 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Old+Man&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv32%2Fn08%2Fsheila-fitzpatrick%2Fthe-old-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008189–198-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008189–198_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels2008189–198_225-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaniels2008">Daniels 2008</a>, pp. 189–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2013" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Vincent (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s71uK9sB27AC&dq=Trotsky+alternative+historians&pg=PA101">A History of Russian Economic Thought</a>. Routledge. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26191-8"><bdi>978-1-134-26191-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russian+Economic+Thought&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.isbn=978-1-134-26191-8&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds71uK9sB27AC%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Balternative%2Bhistorians%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. <a href="/wiki/Mehring_Books" title="Mehring Books">Mehring Books</a>. pp. 1–15, 497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6"><bdi>978-1-893638-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=1-15%2C+497&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-97-6&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay_B.2023" class="citation book cs1">Day B., Richard (14 June 2023). Wiles, Peter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHAIEQAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+legalization+of+soviet+parties+worker+control+of+production&pg=PA31">"Trotsky on Dialectics of Democratic Control" in The Soviet Economy on the Brink of Reform: Essays in Honor of Alec Nove</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 1–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-88190-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-88190-5"><bdi>978-1-000-88190-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Trotsky+on+Dialectics+of+Democratic+Control%22+in+The+Soviet+Economy+on+the+Brink+of+Reform%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Alec+Nove&rft.pages=1-37&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft.isbn=978-1-000-88190-5&rft.aulast=Day+B.&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHAIEQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Blegalization%2Bof%2Bsoviet%2Bparties%2Bworker%2Bcontrol%2Bof%2Bproduction%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1996" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Murray E. G. (September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08935699608685496">"Revisiting Trotsky: Reflections on the Stalinist Debacle and Trotskyism as Alternative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rethinking_Marxism" title="Rethinking Marxism">Rethinking Marxism</a>. 9 (3): 40–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08935699608685496">10.1080/08935699608685496</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0893-5696">0893-5696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rethinking+Marxism&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Trotsky%3A+Reflections+on+the+Stalinist+Debacle+and+Trotskyism+as+Alternative&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=40-67&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08935699608685496&rft.issn=0893-5696&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Murray+E.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F08935699608685496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaccarelli2008" class="citation book cs1">Saccarelli, Emanuele (28 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8GSAgAAQBAJ&q=trotsky+gramsci">Gramsci and Trotsky in the Shadow of Stalinism: The Political Theory and Practice of Opposition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-89980-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-89980-6"><bdi>978-1-135-89980-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramsci+and+Trotsky+in+the+Shadow+of+Stalinism%3A+The+Political+Theory+and+Practice+of+Opposition&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-135-89980-6&rft.aulast=Saccarelli&rft.aufirst=Emanuele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8GSAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtrotsky%2Bgramsci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel2020" class="citation book cs1">Mandel, Ernest (5 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVmcEAAAQBAJ&dq=socialist+democracy+internal+union+democracy+mandel&pg=PT118">Trotsky as Alternative</a>. Verso Books. pp. 84–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78960-701-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78960-701-7"><bdi>978-1-78960-701-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+as+Alternative&rft.pages=84-86&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78960-701-7&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVmcEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsocialist%2Bdemocracy%2Binternal%2Bunion%2Bdemocracy%2Bmandel%26pg%3DPT118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015674–678,_826-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015674–678,_826_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, pp. 674–678, 826. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilharz1987171-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilharz1987171_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeilharz1987">Beilharz 1987</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015637-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015637_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, p. 637. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1939/04/ukraine.html">"Leon Trotsky: Problem of the Ukraine (1939)"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+Problem+of+the+Ukraine+%281939%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1939%2F04%2Fukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaniels2008">Daniels 2008</a>, pp. 195, 396: "While Trotsky was strongly biased toward industrial development, there is little basis to suppose that he would have adopted Stalin’s forcible collectivization, slapdash economic planning, anti expert campaigns, or cultural know-nothingism. Neither Trotsky nor Bukharin would have pursued anything like Stalin’s pseudo-revolutionary '<a href="/wiki/Third_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third period">third period</a>' foreign policy and his connivance in the advent of Hitler, another product of his political manoeuvring against the Bukharinists." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978298–299-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978298–299_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnei-Paz1978">Knei-Paz 1978</a>, pp. 298–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerge2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge, Victor</a> (8 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zgqahLS2NFwC&q=Victor+serge+Trotsky">Memoirs of a Revolutionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa_Press" title="University of Iowa Press">University of Iowa Press</a>. p. xxx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60938-018-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60938-018-2"><bdi>978-1-60938-018-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+a+Revolutionary&rft.pages=xxx&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=2002-11-08&rft.isbn=978-1-60938-018-2&rft.aulast=Serge&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzgqahLS2NFwC%26q%3DVictor%2Bserge%2BTrotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978286,_289–301-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978286,_289–301_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnei-Paz1978">Knei-Paz 1978</a>, pp. 286, 289–301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978300–301-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978300–301_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978300–301_240-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnei-Paz1978">Knei-Paz 1978</a>, pp. 300–301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP-ahAwAAQBAJdqtrotskylessterrorisedsocietypgPA3_3,_211]-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP-ahAwAAQBAJdqtrotskylessterrorisedsocietypgPA3_3,_211]_241-0">^</a> <a href="#Swain2014b">Swain 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-ahAwAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+less+terrorised+society&pg=PA3">3, 211</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978434–435-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978434–435_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnei-Paz1978">Knei-Paz 1978</a>, pp. 434–435. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1937/08/stalinism.htm">"Leon Trotsky: Stalinism and Bolshevism (August 1937)"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+Stalinism+and+Bolshevism+%28August+1937%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1937%2F08%2Fstalinism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1937/08/stalinism.htm">"Leon Trotsky: Stalinism and Bolshevism (August 1937)"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+Stalinism+and+Bolshevism+%28August+1937%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1937%2F08%2Fstalinism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978434–436-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978434–436_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnei-Paz1978434–436_245-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnei-Paz1978">Knei-Paz 1978</a>, pp. 434–436. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2009" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dDiFNXLNPDEC&dq=trotsky+hostage+taking&pg=PA376">Stalin's Terror of 1937-1938: Political Genocide in the USSR</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mehring_Books" title="Mehring Books">Mehring Books</a>. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-04-4"><bdi>978-1-893638-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Terror+of+1937-1938%3A+Political+Genocide+in+the+USSR&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-04-4&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdDiFNXLNPDEC%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bhostage%2Btaking%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151482–1483-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher20151482–1483_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, pp. 1482–1483. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015339–340-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015339–340_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, pp. 339–340. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2017" class="citation web cs1">Grant, Alex (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxist.com/top-10-lies-about-the-bolshevik-revolution-part-one.htm">"Top 10 lies about the Bolshevik Revolution"</a>. In Defence of Marxism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+Defence+of+Marxism&rft.atitle=Top+10+lies+about+the+Bolshevik+Revolution&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxist.com%2Ftop-10-lies-about-the-bolshevik-revolution-part-one.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovack1971" class="citation book cs1">Novack, George (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLMgAQAAIAAJ">Democracy and Revolution</a>. Pathfinder. pp. 307–347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-192-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-192-2"><bdi>978-0-87348-192-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Revolution&rft.pages=307-347&rft.pub=Pathfinder&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-87348-192-2&rft.aulast=Novack&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLMgAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher, Isaac</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.507702/page/335/mode/1up?view=theater">The Prophet Armed Trotsky 1879-1921 (1954)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 330–336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+Armed+Trotsky+1879-1921+%281954%29&rft.pages=330-336&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.507702%2Fpage%2F335%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliff" class="citation web cs1">Cliff, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1978/lenin3/ch03.html">"Revolution Besieged. The Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly)"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Revolution+Besieged.+The+Dissolution+of+the+Constituent+Assembly%29&rft.aulast=Cliff&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fcliff%2Fworks%2F1978%2Flenin3%2Fch03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlgin1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moissaye_Joseph_Olgin" title="Moissaye Joseph Olgin">Olgin, Moissaye J.</a> (1935). "Fourteen". Trotskyism: Counter-Revolution in Disguise. New York: Workers Library Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fourteen&rft.btitle=Trotskyism%3A+Counter-Revolution+in+Disguise&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Workers+Library+Publishers&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Olgin&rft.aufirst=Moissaye+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywood1978" class="citation book cs1">Haywood, Harry (1978). "Trotsky's Day in Court". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/haywood/black-bolshevik/ch06.htm">Black Bolshevik: Autobiography of an Afro-American Communist</a>. Chicago: Liberator Press. Retrieved 24 April 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trotsky%27s+Day+in+Court&rft.btitle=Black+Bolshevik%3A+Autobiography+of+an+Afro-American+Communist&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Liberator+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fhaywood%2Fblack-bolshevik%2Fch06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebray1967" class="citation book cs1">Debray, Régis (1967). Revolution in a Revolution?. Monthly Review Press. pp. 35–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+a+Revolution%3F&rft.pages=35-45&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Debray&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowder1937" class="citation book cs1">Browder, Earl (1937). What is Communism. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Marxist+Roots+of+Stalinism&rft.btitle=Is+God+Happy%3F+Selected+Essays&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82akowski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilharz20191–15-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilharz20191–15_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeilharz2019">Beilharz 2019</a>, pp. 1–15. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBeilharz2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanc2015" class="citation book cs1">Blanc, Paul Le (15 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMCkCQAAQBAJ&q=paul+le+blanc+trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>. Reaktion Books. pp. 1–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-471-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-471-7"><bdi>978-1-78023-471-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=1-15&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-471-7&rft.aulast=Blanc&rft.aufirst=Paul+Le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMCkCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpaul%2Ble%2Bblanc%2Btrotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattick1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Mattick, Paul</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/mattick-paul/1947/bolshevism-stalinism.htm">Bolshevism and Stalinism</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolshevism+and+Stalinism&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Mattick&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmattick-paul%2F1947%2Fbolshevism-stalinism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroue1992" class="citation book cs1">Broue, Pierre (1992). "Trotsky: a biographer's problems". In Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul (eds.). The Trotsky Reappraisal. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trotsky%3A+a+biographer%27s+problems&rft.btitle=The+Trotsky+Reappraisal&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Broue&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHøgsbjerg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Høgsbjerg, Christian (18 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525203955/https://isj.org.uk/trotskyology/">"Trotskyology: A review of John Kelly, Contemporary Trotskyism: Parties, Sects and Social Movements in Britain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="International Socialism">International Socialism</a> (160). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isj.org.uk/trotskyology/">the original</a> on 25 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialism&rft.atitle=Trotskyology%3A+A+review+of+John+Kelly%2C+Contemporary+Trotskyism%3A+Parties%2C+Sects+and+Social+Movements+in+Britain&rft.issue=160&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft.aulast=H%C3%B8gsbjerg&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisj.org.uk%2Ftrotskyology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Mattson" title="Kevin Mattson">Mattson, Kevin</a> (2002). Intellectuals in Action: The Origins of the New Left and Radical Liberalism, 1945–1970. University Park, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_University_Press" title="Penn State University Press">Penn State University Press</a>. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectuals+in+Action%3A+The+Origins+of+the+New+Left+and+Radical+Liberalism%2C+1945%E2%80%931970&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Mattson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Politic-265"><a href="#cite_ref-Politic_265-0">^</a> Memoirs of a Revolutionist: Essays in Political Criticism (1960). This was later republished with the title Politics Past. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=650">"Trotsky Protests Too Much"</a>. RevoltLib. 25 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trotsky+Protests+Too+Much&rft.pub=RevoltLib&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revoltlib.com%2F%3Fid%3D650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/01/kronstadt.htm">"Leon Trotsky: Hue and Cry Over Kronstadt (1938)"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+Hue+and+Cry+Over+Kronstadt+%281938%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1938%2F01%2Fkronstadt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/01/kronstadt.htm">"Hue and Cry Over Kronstadt"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hue+and+Cry+Over+Kronstadt&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1938%2F01%2Fkronstadt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015528-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutscher2015528_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2015">Deutscher 2015</a>, p. 528. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Alexander" title="Robert J. Alexander">Alexander, Robert J.</a> (1991). International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Trotskyism%2C+1929%E2%80%931985%3A+A+Documented+Analysis+of+the+Movement&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeilharz1987" class="citation book cs1">Beilharz, Peter (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hpc9AAAAIAAJ&q=peter+beilharz+trotsky+trotskyism+and+transition+to+socialism+pdf">Trotsky, Trotskyism and the Transition to Socialism</a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3995-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3995-5"><bdi>978-0-7099-3995-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%2C+Trotskyism+and+the+Transition+to+Socialism&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-3995-5&rft.aulast=Beilharz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhpc9AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpeter%2Bbeilharz%2Btrotsky%2Btrotskyism%2Band%2Btransition%2Bto%2Bsocialism%2Bpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlancWaldBreitman2016" class="citation book cs1">Blanc, Paul Le; Wald, Alan; Breitman, George (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0G7DQAAQBAJ">Trotskyism in the United States: Historical Essays and Reconsiderations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-753-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-753-2"><bdi>978-1-60846-753-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotskyism+in+the+United+States%3A+Historical+Essays+and+Reconsiderations&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60846-753-2&rft.aulast=Blanc&rft.aufirst=Paul+Le&rft.au=Wald%2C+Alan&rft.au=Breitman%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0G7DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Vincent_Daniels" title="Robert Vincent Daniels">Daniels, Robert V.</a> (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27JGzAoMLjoC">The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3"><bdi>978-0-300-13493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13493-3&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JGzAoMLjoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher, Isaac</a> (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky">The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5"><bdi>978-1-78168-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-721-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGznDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaac%2Bdeutscher%2Btrotsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher, Isaac</a> (1966). Stalin. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirson1992" class="citation book cs1">Hirson, Baruch (1992). "Trotsky and Black nationalism". In Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul (eds.). The Trotsky Reappraisal. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trotsky+and+Black+nationalism&rft.btitle=The+Trotsky+Reappraisal&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Hirson&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnei-Paz1978" class="citation book cs1">Knei-Paz, Baruch (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialpoliticalt0000knei/page/300/mode/2up?q=proletarian+culture">The social and political thought of Leon Trotsky</a>. Oxford [Eng.]: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827233-5"><bdi>978-0-19-827233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+social+and+political+thought+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEng.%5D&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-827233-5&rft.aulast=Knei-Paz&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialpoliticalt0000knei%2Fpage%2F300%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dproletarian%2Bculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_North_(socialist)" title="David North (socialist)">North, David</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mVqvouA22IkC">In Defense of Leon Trotsky</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mehring_Books" title="Mehring Books">Mehring Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-05-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-05-1"><bdi>978-1-893638-05-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defense+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-05-1&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmVqvouA22IkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Rubenstein, Joshua (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leontrotskyrevol0000rube/page/160/mode/2up?q=forced+collectivization">Leon Trotsky: a revolutionary's life</a>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13724-8"><bdi>978-0-300-13724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+a+revolutionary%27s+life&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13724-8&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleontrotskyrevol0000rube%2Fpage%2F160%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dforced%2Bcollectivization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Swain2014a" class="citation book cs1">Swain, Geoffrey (24 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_a3pAgAAQBAJ">Trotsky and the Russian Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81278-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81278-4"><bdi>978-1-317-81278-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81278-4&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_a3pAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Swain2014b" class="citation book cs1">Swain, Geoffrey (22 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Im2hAwAAQBAJ">Trotsky: Profiles in Power</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86875-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86875-0"><bdi>978-1-317-86875-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+Profiles+in+Power&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86875-0&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIm2hAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_D._Thatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian D. Thatcher">Thatcher, Ian D.</a> (27 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cU3yFMLm1voC">Trotsky</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-57214-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-57214-4"><bdi>978-1-134-57214-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-06-27&rft.isbn=978-1-134-57214-4&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcU3yFMLm1voC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTicktin1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hillel_Ticktin" title="Hillel Ticktin">Ticktin, Hillel</a> (1992). "Trotsky's political economy of capitalism". In Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul (eds.). The Trotsky Reappraisal. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trotsky%27s+political+economy+of+capitalism&rft.btitle=The+Trotsky+Reappraisal&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Ticktin&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Trotsky1971a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1971) [1937]. <a href="/wiki/The_Stalin_School_of_Falsification" title="The Stalin School of Falsification">The Stalin School of Falsification</a>. Pathfinder. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalin+School+of+Falsification&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Pathfinder&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"> (Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1937/ssf/">Marxists Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Trotsky1971b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1971). 1905. <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Books" title="Pelican Books">Pelican Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1905&rft.pub=Pelican+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hiCYS9Z3lDoC">The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it Going?</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mehring_Books" title="Mehring Books">Mehring Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929087-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929087-48-1"><bdi>978-0-929087-48-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+Betrayed%3A+What+is+the+Soviet+Union+and+where+is+it+Going%3F&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-929087-48-1&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhiCYS9Z3lDoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2019" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (25 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r52JwwEACAAJ">In Defence of Marxism</a>. Wellred Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913026-03-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-913026-03-5"><bdi>978-1-913026-03-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defence+of+Marxism&rft.pub=Wellred+Publications&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft.isbn=978-1-913026-03-5&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr52JwwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Callinicos" title="Alex Callinicos">Callinicos, Alex</a>. Trotskyism (Concepts in Social Thought) University of Minnesota Press, 1990.</li> <li>Fields, Belden. Trotskyism and Maoism: Theory and Practice in France and the United States Praeger Publishers, 1989.</li> <li>Deutscher, Isaac. Stalin: a Political Biography, 1949.</li> <li>Marot, John. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/11/leon-trotsky-october-revolution-paul-le-blanc-stalinism/">Assessing Trotsky"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>, 7 November 2010.</li> <li>Rosmer, Alfred. Trotsky and the Origins of Trotskyism. Republished by Francis Boutle Publishers, now out of print.</li> <li>Slaughter, Cliff. Trotskyism Versus Revisionism: A Documentary History (multivolume work, now out of print).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWistrich1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wistrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Wistrich">Wistrich, Robert S.</a> (1982). Trotsky: Fate of a Revolutionary. New York: Stein & Day. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8128-2774-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8128-2774-0"><bdi>0-8128-2774-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+Fate+of+a+Revolutionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Stein+%26+Day&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8128-2774-0&rft.aulast=Wistrich&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrotskyism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trotskyism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leon_Trotsky" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leon_Trotsky" title="Template:Leon Trotsky"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leon_Trotsky" title="Template talk:Leon Trotsky"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leon_Trotsky" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leon Trotsky"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leon_Trotsky" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_bibliography" title="Leon Trotsky bibliography">Leon Trotsky bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Political_Tasks" title="Our Political Tasks">Our Political Tasks</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution_(Trotsky_book)" title="Our Revolution (Trotsky book)">Our Revolution</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_(book)" title="1905 (book)">1905</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Permanent_Revolution_and_Results_and_Prospects" title="The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects">The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotsky%27s_Military_Writings" title="Trotsky's Military Writings">Trotsky's Military Writings</a> (1923-1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Course_(Trotsky_book)" title="New Course (Trotsky book)">New Course</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_October" title="Lessons of October">Lessons of October</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_on_China" title="Leon Trotsky on China">Leon Trotsky on China</a> (1925-1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Trotsky_autobiography)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Life (Trotsky autobiography)">My Life</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Permanent_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="The Permanent Revolution">The Permanent Revolution</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Revolution" title="History of the Russian Revolution">History of the Russian Revolution</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stalin_School_of_Falsification" title="The Stalin School of Falsification">The Stalin School of Falsification</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_Agony_of_Capitalism_and_the_Tasks_of_the_Fourth_International" title="The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International">The Transitional Program</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin:_An_Appraisal_of_the_Man_and_His_Influence" title="Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence">Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence</a> (1938–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writings_of_Leon_Trotsky" title="Writings of Leon Trotsky">Writings of Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Revolution,_1931-1939_(Trotsky_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939 (Trotsky book)">The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939</a> (1931-1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a> (1931-1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defence_of_Marxism_(book)" title="In Defence of Marxism (book)">In Defence of Marxism (book)</a> (1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_exile_of_Trotsky" title="First exile of Trotsky">First exile of Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotsky%27s_train" title="Trotsky's train">Trotsky's train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Committee_for_the_Defense_of_Leon_Trotsky" title="American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky">American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo_Museum" title="Frida Kahlo Museum">The Blue House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_Dedicated_to_Leon_Trotsky" title="Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky">Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_House_Museum" title="Leon Trotsky House Museum">Leon Trotsky House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Trotsky" title="The Ballad of Trotsky">The Ballad of Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trotskyist_internationals" title="List of Trotskyist internationals">List of Trotskyist internationals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mercader" title="Ramón Mercader">Ramón Mercader</a> (assassin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Kameneva" title="Olga Kameneva">Olga Kameneva</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Sedov" title="Lev Sedov">Lev Sedov</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Sedov" title="Sergei Sedov">Sergei Sedov</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Sedova" title="Natalia Sedova">Natalia Sedova</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Sokolovskaya" title="Aleksandra Sokolovskaya">Aleksandra Sokolovskaya</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Volkova" title="Zinaida Volkova">Zinaida Volkova</a> (daughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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