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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|ISO standard for transcription of Thai}} {{IPA notice}} '''ISO 11940-2''' is an [[ISO]] standard for a simplified transcription of the Thai language into Latin characters. The full standard {{nobreak|ISO 11940-2:2007}} includes pronunciation rules and conversion tables of Thai consonants and vowels. It is a sequel to {{nobreak|[[ISO 11940]]}}, describing a way to transform its transliteration into a broad transcription. ==Principle== The standard {{nobreak|ISO 11940}} (to be renamed {{nobreak|11940-1}}) defines a strict and reversible transliteration of Thai orthography into Latin characters, by means of a host of diacritics. The result bears no resemblance to Thai pronunciation. The additional standard {{nobreak|ISO 11940-2}} describes a set of rules to transform the transliteration resulting from {{nobreak|ISO 11940}} based on Thai orthography into a broad transcription based on pronunciation, using only unadorned Latin letters. All information on vowel length and syllable tone is dropped, as well as the distinction between [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}}. The standard explicitly mentions that whenever the full pronunciation of each word is necessary or needed, conversion of long vowels can be devised and tone rules can be added to the system to achieve the full pronunciation of each word. However no rules are included how to achieve this. ===Features=== Although the standard is described as a procedure acting on the Thai orthography, the system is based on the pronunciation. Its rules can therefore be also described in terms of Thai phonology. Prominent features of {{nobreak|ISO 11940-2}} include: * uses only unmodified letters from the [[Latin alphabet]]; no [[diacritic]]s * spells all [[vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s using only vowel letters: ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ ** single letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ are [[monophthong|simple vowels]] with the same value as in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) ** [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] with trailing ⟨e⟩ are simple vowels, ⟨ae⟩, ⟨oe⟩, ⟨ue⟩ sound like {{IPA|/ɛ, ɤ, ɯ/}} respectively (and are perhaps chosen for their similarity to IPA [[Typographic ligature|ligature]]s: {{IPA|/æ, œ, ɯ/}}) ** digraphs with trailing ⟨a⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩ are [[diphthongs]], indicated by {{IPA|/a, j, w/}} respectively in IPA * uses [[consonant]]s as in IPA, except: ** uses ⟨c⟩ for {{IPA|/tɕ/}} ** digraphs with ⟨h⟩ (⟨ph⟩, ⟨th⟩, ⟨kh⟩, ⟨ch⟩) are [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] ({{IPA|/pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, tɕʰ/}}) consonants, to distinguish them from the separate unaspirated ⟨p⟩, ⟨t⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨c⟩ ({{IPA|/p, t, k, tɕ/}}) ** uses ⟨ng⟩ for {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, as in English ** uses ⟨y⟩ for {{IPA|/j/}}, as in English ** uses ⟨'⟩ for a [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, as occurs when a syllable starts with a vowel Transcription is according to pronunciation, not [[Thai orthography]], especially notable in final consonants. Vowels are transcribed in sequence as pronounced, not as written in Thai script. Implied vowels, which are not written in Thai script, are inserted as pronounced. Written silent letters are omitted. ==Result== The result of applying the rules described in the standard is almost identical to the transcription defined by the [[Royal Thai General System of Transcription]]. One exception is preceding a syllable initial vowel by ⟨'⟩, representing the Thai null consonant อ, obviating the need to insert a dash in some words to preserve syllable boundaries. The other exception is the retention of the aspiration characteristic of the [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|alveolo-palatal affricate]]. So while Thai ฉ, ช, and ฌ, are represented by ⟨ch⟩ as in RTGS, the Thai letter จ is written as ⟨c⟩. ==Details== ===Consonants=== ====Initials==== In each cell below, the first line indicates [[help:IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA), the second indicates the Thai characters in initial position (several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation). The third line shows the ISO 11940-2 rendering. {|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center ! colspan=2| ! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA|[m]}}<br>ม<br>m | style="background-color: #cfc" | {{IPA|[n]}}<br>ณ, น<br>n | | style="background-color: #fcc" | {{IPA|[ŋ]}}<br>ง<br>ng | |- ! rowspan=3| [[Stop consonant|Stop]] ! <small>[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]</small> | style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA|[p]}}<br>ป<br>p | style="background-color: #cfc" | {{IPA|[t]}}<br>ฏ, ต<br>t | style="background-color: #fcf" | {{IPA|[tɕ]}}<br>จ<br>c | style="background-color: #fcc" | {{IPA|[k]}}<br>ก<br>k | style="background-color: #ccc" | {{IPA|[ʔ]}}<br>อ<br>' |- ! <small>[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small> | style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA|[pʰ]}}<br>ผ, พ, ภ<br>ph | style="background-color: #cfc" | {{IPA|[tʰ]}}<br>ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ถ, ท, ธ<br>th | style="background-color: #fcf" | {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}<br>ฉ, ช, ฌ<br>ch | style="background-color: #fcc" | {{IPA|[kʰ]}}<br>ข, ฃ, ค, ฅ, ฆ<br>kh | |- ! <small>[[voiced consonant|voiced]]</small> | style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA|[b]}}<br>บ<br>b | style="background-color: #cfc" | {{IPA|[d]}}<br>ฎ, ด<br>d | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA|[f]}}<br>ฝ, ฟ<br>f | style="background-color: #ffc" | {{IPA|[s]}}<br>ซ, ศ, ษ, ส<br>s | | | style="background-color: #ccc" | {{IPA|[h]}}<br>ห, ฮ<br>h |- ! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | style="background-color: #cff" | {{IPA|[w]}}<br>ว<br>w | style="background-color: #cff" | {{IPA|[l]}}<br>ล, ฬ<br>l | style="background-color: #cff" | {{IPA|[j]}}<br>ญ, ย<br>y | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]] | | style="background-color: #cff" | {{IPA|[r]}}<br>ร<br>r | | | |} ====Finals==== Of the consonant letters, excluding the obsolete ฃ and ฅ, six (ฉ, ผ, ฝ, ห, อ, ฮ) cannot be used as a final and the other 36 collapse into a very small repertoire of possible final consonant sounds and corresponding Latin letters. The consonants ย and ว when used as finals, form diphthongs and triphthongs with the preceding vowel, and ISO 11940-2 uses the vowel letters ''i'' and ''o'' in such cases. {|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center ! ! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |- ! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]] | style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA|[m]}}<br>ม<br>m | style="background-color: #cfc" | {{IPA|[n]}}<br>ญ, ณ, น, ร, ล, ฬ<br>n | | style="background-color: #fcc" | {{IPA|[ŋ]}}<br>ง<br>ng |- ! [[Stop consonant|Stop]] | style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA|[p]}}<br>บ, ป, พ, ฟ, ภ<br>p | style="background-color: #cfc" | {{IPA|[t]}}<br>จ, ช, ซ, ฌ, ฎ, ฏ, ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ด, ต, ถ, ท, ธ, ศ, ษ, ส<br>t | | style="background-color: #fcc" | {{IPA|[k]}}<br>ก, ข, ค, ฆ<br>k |- ! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | style="background-color: #cff" | {{IPA|[w]}}<br>ว<br>o | | style="background-color: #cff" | {{IPA|[j]}}<br>ย<br>i | |} ===Vowels=== The basic vowels of the Thai language, from front to back and close to open, are given in the following table. The top entry in every cell is the symbol from the [[help:IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]], the second entry gives the spelling in the [[Thai alphabet]], where a dash (–) indicates the position of the initial consonant after which the vowel is pronounced. A second dash indicates that a final consonant must follow. The third line contains the ISO 11940 symbol used. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- !rowspan="3" | &nbsp; !colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]] !colspan="4" | [[Back vowel|Back]] |- class=small !colspan=2|unrounded !colspan=2|unrounded !colspan=2|rounded |- ! short || long ||short || long ||short || long |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Close vowel|Close]] |{{IPA|/i/}}<br/>&nbsp;-ิ&nbsp;  |{{IPA|/iː/}}<br/>&nbsp;-ี&nbsp; |{{IPA|/ɯ/}}<br/>&nbsp;-ึ&nbsp; |{{IPA|/ɯː/}}<br/>&nbsp;-ือ, -ื-&nbsp; |{{IPA|/u/}}<br/>&nbsp;-ุ&nbsp; |{{IPA|/uː/}}<br/>&nbsp;-ู&nbsp; |- | colspan="2" | i || colspan="2" | ue || colspan="2" | u |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] |{{IPA|/e/}}<br/>เ-ะ, เ-ะ- |{{IPA|/eː/}}<br/>เ- |{{IPA|/ɤ/}}<br/>เ-อะ, เ-ิ- |{{IPA|/ɤː/}}<br/>เ-อ, เ-ิ-, เ--<ref>When it has the final consonant ย</ref> |{{IPA|/o/}}<br/>โ-ะ, -- |{{IPA|/oː/}}<br/>โ- |- | colspan="2" | e || colspan="2" | oe || colspan="2" | o |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] |{{IPA|/ɛ/}}<br/>แ-ะ, แ-็- |{{IPA|/ɛː/}}<br/>แ- |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |{{IPA|/ɔ/}}<br/>เ-าะ, -็อ- |{{IPA|/ɔː/}}<br/>-อ, --<ref>When it has the final consonant ร</ref> |- | colspan="2" | ae || colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | o |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Open vowel|Open]] |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |{{IPA|/a/}}<br/>-ะ, -ั- |{{IPA|/aː/}}<br/>-า |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |- | colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | a || colspan="2" | |} Thai vowels come in [[vowel length|long-short pairs]], forming distinct [[phoneme]]s, but ISO 11940-2 represents both by the same symbol. Also the two phonemes IPA {{IPA|o}} and {{IPA|ɔ}} share a single Latin letter ''o''. The basic vowels can be combined into [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s. {|class="wikitable" |- !colspan="2"|Long !colspan="2"|Short !rowspan="2"|ISO<br>11940-2 |- !Thai !IPA !Thai !IPA |- |–าว |{{IPA|/aːw/}} |เ–า |{{IPA|/aw/}} | ao |- |เ–ว |{{IPA|/eːw/}} |เ–็ว |{{IPA|/ew/}} | eo |- |แ–ว |{{IPA|/ɛːw/}} |– |– | aeo |- |– |– |–ิว |{{IPA|/iw/}} | io |- |เ–ียว |{{IPA|/iaw/}} |– |– | iao |- |เ–ีย |{{IPA|/iːa/}} |เ–ียะ |{{IPA|/ia/}} | ia |- |–ัว, -ว- |{{IPA|/uːa/}} |–ัวะ |{{IPA|/ua/}} | ua |- |เ–ือ |{{IPA|/ɯːa/}} |เ–ือะ |{{IPA|/ɯa/}} | uea |- |–าย |{{IPA|/aːj/}} |ไ–<sup>*</sup>, ใ–<sup>*</sup>, ไ–ย, -ัย |{{IPA|/aj/}} | ai |- |–อย |{{IPA|/ɔːj/}} |– |– | rowspan="2" | oi |- |โ–ย |{{IPA|/oːj/}} |– |– |- |–ูย |{{IPA|/uːj/}} |–ุย |{{IPA|/uj/}} | ui |- |เ–ย |{{IPA|/ɤːj/}} |– |– | oei |- |–วย |{{IPA|/uaj/}} |– |– | uai |- |เ–ือย |{{IPA|/ɯaj/}} |– |– | ueai |} ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=29544 ISO 11940-2:2007, Transliteration of Thai characters into Latin characters; part 2: Simplified transcription of Thai language] {{ISO standards}} {{#related:ISO 11940}}{{#related:Romanization of Thai}}{{#related:Royal Thai General System of Transcription}} [[Category:ISO standards|#11940-2]] [[Category:ISO romanization|#11940-2]] [[Category:Romanization of Thai]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angbr_IPA" title="Template:Angbr IPA">Template:Angbr IPA</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Angbr_IPA&action=edit" title="Template:Angbr IPA">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hlist/styles.css" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">Template:Hlist/styles.css</a> (<a 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