CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91353d212a486028',cH: 'xDRAol3CKGbe8ljs6mIOcwx5wyKq7vudoEy7eTnRl.s-1739789660-1.2.1.1-yZpx0nVWW6YA1iERK_px3dsF3Oqhv.wLzqxZ4zT3gWGuh2OBsMTJJymSWabypCUy',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=negative%20space&__cf_chl_tk=t3vFRPYfADnCOt0VwV_J8fD9pTCCX0I9R35BbCF.B08-1739789660-1.0.1.1-sPk7_1f.NhwFoe3AViWwQcUc2BkktryPrIW3AOy_IdQ",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739789660',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=negative%20space&__cf_chl_f_tk=t3vFRPYfADnCOt0VwV_J8fD9pTCCX0I9R35BbCF.B08-1739789660-1.0.1.1-sPk7_1f.NhwFoe3AViWwQcUc2BkktryPrIW3AOy_IdQ",md: "1Io_IG5yhp7pxUMTiruhiqrKfALSDj6mcr4iOouCCKA-1739789660-1.2.1.1-vf_ZIpGNJD5Gmzb_MClkbuZv_92vb1IKyhVXuwSu1LCFWlF4oiWcF9ypyelsAifhIKLG0SIxrl5ZvR3.qOLKxFbqG1HSYDkXA6bcw_9IETWH2j0.Iduo3gXlEGstAUuw.jcXE4SMKFdvXtTizGEQYyChaeqODr.3J7jm2xMRTeA9il.6NpIrPTXEJErZywfFSE.UjWlRq9.uifk99DwbFde3ivfaKora09Y696irx28sfpX7ch3SguQnyYrar34srNQjy17ztb.z585P3g_2ElcywSLDHwC65mN6PnfrZGSamywaqXNZesAeSCVWVdlEZpcqSKVlow6x_FoJI9VJ2EOKQ9WyeUOAQlMqxm1X3BCxciHGPL2iok1nqvZ5dh7JDx7SThyBnd._IqCeu_1mddVN1kFdCP2GwBHEm1mvxNTsdEsyL2HsTM7CnrsrvVat83HIPS6.F6MLgmrTnCxylkySce6_lxtq1WJAO0kyr7G7jCjS9PEab4YEb2b3_NV0KdCGmu82N3t_3LYKwBAEX32edyBUv4Tt5GSLZap6lmhYfO5bhwVZcyDCKVwsDlNk54d2H3UTJYvDb12q3reNYsbIVDz1EUJjygzMmb3E8Z.B5gJ9zE8ieL1S6O9AXm28wYWt_o8XhpoNx6ckcTqABdGJO1wzpiooG3nWb2gNWy1v3BB2XrNXPj3ITvcYqCuSKkPx23N7rtAy3_15p3NW2hWDxYjpcv2Y7cv28ZBj48187V0Fr6h.c.yeRMlYWqOrKrfDbYT_MIoujX0VNjax6NcL.vdNTcIxbqnT25hsbCbAS0WJlbNTX1RjE1DcJYDwmAuz5nYzAJQqqifdFJDoMNM9ii5qwNdgB8WlqIFPlevhzXO1evbnjQ0MV95LRq.FlYcfEolaMJnzWZH8PcByvKmPzp4hdDL0Rq_HtjHvieuIHhigSviToMzlawumroqtn7QjsHylz5mJ9RXE4mbmT6Q2Bc_StK7e0sAHZHwVFnsNsviFY5MtWY4hHB9KhSkOY0W_YxRX_ivRbL5OXWNQm.ifYcYh_k.uJdwR7ZS0FZoAaonSgzG3qjgvVGAZUMCsOlLvWl8PdiVv1UlEJ5k6.dnFF6A5Gs6lkgbqWdMDRiiXrFnHgOP7zwMfbzXg4fskqTP0t.ZY.xMRmTaTZSGg_BKm0Y.0fZ_qAvUVaw.dljViUNThTD1igrs5qhWyE5GepBQzQdc3WYLzBcNGEi7l._zZL1mTTuSHK1rJALZzoBIPZiTUKqh.9EBCE.kbj6GdNO6.0heMeGrJlRWJT3BbZTQ535pDusujbAiChYCloXBEEXTQSoQEqdEkT1ZZRpsEeCpxN0ROtCrNuLtqH7_Hmh5uvF4ZXODz9ZaK1aHmX4OgjJNuJnQgN7a5eT8p72fu6iRPLKBq0ptXqZeK31mwLOAb.51m4H2ZFX9X4oekA.KzCbo45IEVaP.Lp8v14FaMJ.bp1qy5PAPNO.eHW65IBmTletSSBAKiPErNcOS8QwJlK73R8SGTJ4FQ4K8aR4QfxCIz4Z9gGTClhEQOxuZ6XKJfqOLooDcEMAlrZUXPHpkd1IR1KpmClr0bzKxq_NzKUu4eiFim_2A5_qcbUGllwXhRLnVWL6IWYiFUdpe_eYtSgVkgW2a_iVpW.l66BNntsymLTMY7NXITyCN9OqghhH5tDAWjtv8v7vCm1V36tP5GcH0XRMp2cqyEA9BFxOrqXBEjbG1ivEwruOMgIowm3xgabUNZqm8IWZpnzWyRCJGs4lRFco4fZwl4kIDxrx31pbITcyYmIpAeYlclr2vo9PE91xX9e0w2NXrYX0PnvgOUd_8cbx3D8TQ8CLA4horFKjUyq21FHw3l9thD9cwVJHAUTETHgJ3jnqo1ZyunCcP_XeGG9udgjP4oJHRDsbXnnnuBN2otfWk6crRy5oDOwFeYk1uRsOmJPN5WSNNA1xg",mdrd: "enYW3QBzEoM00geJ3I.cbhgin0sioRv8oQlouNQ0Yl0-1739789660-1.2.1.1-p.OC3Gqb0YT5Tfy2on6_2QmrUiaeLeegvrLX8SiqJSK4aWA8AeOjJMCcjefWKx9rGQCyVSqo22Fx8w5cRu.rio_jayALOAl8_OuKjwJ3ulcBTRKzgYbt601RhE0uUKXE7yNthYYIKj1ZiGu8KdeZteVEByvsRHjZi6LgdhSjpiTsnKmh1F9.fKAIXC6RPmPO2Of1I1dYGob7aTpQzQFCBnM8a2z5CVMnAf980X8X9hu6_JIarD.j2eP_D8jTNCu3ZpNfHkdxg3S_jPYeRoHtJaCcSWtweUL8cqxVuz2ennL50bmb7sr02JEpJsRsD8mbiaswBugWpsHcLaD8iMCs_ZP_tQmUqpwAvvsgMMqktaGndBkJ5AuZl0MmyZyryGXLhu22FA.7hCGXsBmLVYhUUjVH45R9osqvXtCLTf7GuON_bAMYpA3WOKtPlxI0_Pc8WJceAwNkVAFhzH2D2J659to6370qVjZwYbWAYwz4HgJ2D87AAjs6TgqUFmQiWVlmHvnx4XKUq0flS8WlFhkyWmNndK0sPO9kMhoq6N7aGVeqaphzHUGUBYn1B3Kf8XRmCbOsyx9_IhsKXfblLrDu4i7MuGxV0qoYR1Fgw1oZ9O7jgFvLhYt6PV93h46vF2O9ds5OuY8Yhv2YbG1VBtkhH4F18K1aqjDBWGmeU1s_zZAqOLcheqW8sm._eASOu4w.GI1_.KIUlE.0AjQ1pahP43M3GtMeqiCQozsovleYQytnQ6YTatk2aIu8LFRUuD8vHDh.PoNIAVBPsBhg_GpWZKWGFdjZFUFQXnybw94FblmXa_i7KGgDRwihgqMyv9FIHCjSc62GGhhPLMHYh1UYGv_ClYJa0nCVOI95roYXq2uwfNJQ4rN6jSlUXIrdb.iekiHAPnhtANd1JCoQX3Q4Xe5hHnw.oZQ.92TJqqaJiawugGZZpRo..bRbb58DYnAKGVWVJ1xacvD4R..Cfg34ahkoeQ6NJuh74xAEmiYKrLx4z1t.fxTQUV0raTojhkrZWcUHBTfnGF.GpXsfFPXymzjk_0TT5fec6PjtcQmIMqWoHad0LwTG0d2nqLsEDUtpvIu4Te6PcbHYwUGcKPkN9yDJmvmxFTf.H_SEJ8bx9u2nicCuBpydyWIfaVTDQo8OVpLSn2tvmwuk22ERb0H.kPqskgZcyF720LvVquU7tKobNFYeVQ9C3fejSP1Im0GwggqXgzBrwii6YA0AufENRV2UyjCnTX8bLQ7iAgnTZaeshMzj7X3lS3gUZ7rXftuRQ9k3SN5CcPiL9gZjK0RWilC_ts5ES1QYMVm6pq4OrKl8EnCv6C_7CAOe36eaZwSlAqA3LocEVjPEff56wsEMZD0NnYPwL0cp6UoIwMe2LLGohCPglR0hAkVnoUltod9ou2lA.xzHD685bUqtIM.PEJ4IoyLrDQBp4wSCIEo_kO2vsj17l__22TlBh5EARr3wPNZL1YU4EvuVzmhw2WOUdJfq_ymPn2Dg9J2fwH6KlXg0WKaSfaeBvNzmFZK9U30z8V1jYI42UNTDW.28cp.q4zdWW.293RueB5gxq8Ue0FGRG3RnEjsS2Aq9Z4ZixmuquezQR_h_b_55mzlaTWmgXkCgWUvRZkRywDu6Urw9Jyygt2ecyf_zUvwEe9c.ZijLwnLhG7p4XBFZY56Q69VBNhBEi4V0sR5GlsrwHk183YpHJOLJyQyIvHY21g3zHM8a.wRjca1XF6PlQpmVnFMFan0OuFtYWiAqkgPW0bsgLwiMT.H8VvO7O.2b_JbsldzmcLu35W.ECNVwwovHawXE6dV1jQQvWEOPgEqraFkZYSkitXxDgVkPfF67Vl1T249cZVpUQnPAOQAp7VOhVz_I3XCOOdFA5wM9YP0IkN18tOcBvz1v7COBzS5GKBeuyCQrp1SRx8wU5a7BAWgnPHlWNpMjKFBMNSeUGC_WtWCSdn2rJi7KGT3F9EUTt8wOmG08TY0oJeD_3EiEg8ar_Hdhvg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91353d212a486028';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=negative%20space&__cf_chl_rt_tk=t3vFRPYfADnCOt0VwV_J8fD9pTCCX0I9R35BbCF.B08-1739789660-1.0.1.1-sPk7_1f.NhwFoe3AViWwQcUc2BkktryPrIW3AOy_IdQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>