Orchestrating queries with Airflow

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href="/docs/kafka-storage-plugin/">Kafka Storage Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/azure-blob-storage-plugin/">Azure Blob Storage Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/druid-storage-plugin/">Druid Storage Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/http-storage-plugin/">HTTP Storage Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/elasticsearch-storage-plugin/">ElasticSearch Storage Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/splunk-storage-plugin/">Splunk Storage Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/cassandra-storage-plugin/">Cassandra Storage Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/dropbox-storage-plugin/">Dropbox Storage Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/google-sheets-storage-plugin/">Google Sheets Storage Plugin</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a href="javascript: void(0);">ODBC/JDBC Interfaces</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/interfaces-introduction/">Interfaces Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/using-the-jdbc-driver/">Using the JDBC Driver</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/using-jdbc-with-squirrel-on-windows/">Using JDBC with SQuirreL on Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Installing the ODBC Driver</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/installing-the-driver-on-linux/">Installing the Driver on Linux</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/installing-the-driver-on-mac-os-x/">Installing the Driver on Mac OS X</a></li> <li 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the ODBC Connection</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Using Drill Explorer</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/drill-explorer-introduction/">Drill Explorer Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/connecting-drill-explorer-to-data/">Connecting Drill Explorer to Data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/browsing-data-and-defining-views/">Browsing Data and Defining Views</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Using Drill with BI Tools</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/using-drill-with-bi-tools-introduction/">Using Drill with BI Tools Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/tableau-examples/">Tableau Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/using-microstrategy-analytics-with-apache-drill/">Using MicroStrategy Analytics with Apache Drill</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/using-tibco-spotfire-desktop-with-drill/">Using Tibco Spotfire Desktop with Drill</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/configuring-tibco-spotfire-server-with-drill/">Configuring Tibco Spotfire Server with Drill</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/using-qlik-sense-with-drill/">Using Qlik Sense with Drill</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/using-apache-drill-with-tableau-10-2/">Using Apache Drill with Tableau 10.2</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/using-apache-drill-with-tableau-9-desktop/">Using Apache Drill with Tableau 9 Desktop</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/using-apache-drill-with-tableau-9-server/">Using Apache Drill with Tableau 9 Server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/using-information-builders-webfocus-with-apache-drill/">Using Information Builders’ WebFOCUS with Apache Drill</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/configuring-jreport-with-drill/">Configuring JReport with Drill</a></li> </ul> </ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Query Data</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/query-data-introduction/">Query Data Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Querying a File System</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/querying-a-file-system-introduction/">Querying a File System Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/querying-avro-files/">Querying Avro Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/querying-json-files/">Querying JSON Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/querying-parquet-files/">Querying Parquet Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/querying-plain-text-files/">Querying Plain Text Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/querying-directories/">Querying Directories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/querying-sequence-files/">Querying Sequence Files</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/querying-hbase/">Querying HBase</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Querying Complex Data</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/querying-complex-data-introduction/">Querying Complex Data Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/sample-data-donuts/">Sample Data: Donuts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/selecting-flat-data/">Selecting Flat Data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/using-sql-functions-clauses-and-joins/">Using SQL Functions, Clauses, and Joins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/selecting-nested-data-for-a-column/">Selecting Nested Data for a Column</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/selecting-multiple-columns-within-nested-data/">Selecting Multiple Columns Within Nested Data</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/querying-hive/">Querying Hive</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/querying-the-information-schema/">Querying the INFORMATION SCHEMA</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Querying Indexes</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/querying-indexes-introduction/">Querying Indexes Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/queries-that-qualify-for-index-based-query-plans/">Queries that Qualify for Index-Based Query Plans</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/types-of-indexes/">Types of Indexes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/index-selection/">Index Selection</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/designing-indexes-for-your-queries/">Designing Indexes for Your Queries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/configuring-index-planning/">Configuring Index Planning</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/verifying-index-use/">Verifying Index Use</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/querying-system-tables/">Querying System Tables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/monitoring-and-canceling-queries-in-the-drill-web-ui/">Monitoring and Canceling Queries in the Drill Web UI</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Performance Tuning</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Drill Metastore</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/using-drill-metastore/">Using Drill Metastore</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/drill-iceberg-metastore/">Drill Iceberg Metastore</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/rdbms-metastore/">RDBMS Metastore</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/mongo-metastore/">Mongo Metastore</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/performance-tuning-introduction/">Performance Tuning Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Partition Pruning</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/partition-pruning-introduction/">Partition Pruning Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/how-to-partition-data/">How to Partition Data</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/asynchronous-parquet-reader/">Asynchronous Parquet Reader</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/optimizing-parquet-metadata-reading/">Optimizing Parquet Metadata Reading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/parquet-filter-pushdown/">Parquet Filter Pushdown</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/hive-metadata-caching/">Hive Metadata Caching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/choosing-a-storage-format/">Choosing a Storage Format</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Query Plans and Tuning</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/query-plans-and-tuning-introduction/">Query Plans and Tuning Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/join-planning-guidelines/">Join Planning Guidelines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/guidelines-for-optimizing-aggregation/">Guidelines for Optimizing Aggregation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/modifying-query-planning-options/">Modifying Query Planning Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/sort-based-and-hash-based-memory-constrained-operators/">Sort-Based and Hash-Based Memory-Constrained Operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/enabling-query-queuing/">Enabling Query Queuing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/throttling/">Throttling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/controlling-parallelization-to-balance-performance-with-multi-tenancy/">Controlling Parallelization to Balance Performance with Multi-Tenancy</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Identifying Performance Issues</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/query-plans/">Query Plans</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/query-profiles/">Query Profiles</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Performance Tuning Reference</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/query-profile-column-descriptions/">Query Profile Column Descriptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/physical-operators/">Physical Operators</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/monitoring-metrics/">Monitoring Metrics</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Log and Debug</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/log-and-debug-introduction/">Log and Debug Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/error-messages/">Error Messages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/modify-logback-xml/">Modify logback.xml</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/review-the-java-stack-trace/">Review the Java Stack Trace</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/query-audit-logging/">Query Audit Logging</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a href="javascript: void(0);">SQL Reference</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/sql-reference-introduction/">SQL Reference Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Data Types</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/supported-data-types/">Supported Data Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/date-time-and-timestamp/">Date, Time, and Timestamp</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/handling-different-data-types/">Handling Different Data Types</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/lexical-structure/">Lexical Structure</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/operators/">Operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">SQL Functions</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/about-sql-function-examples/">About SQL Function Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/math-and-trig/">Math and Trig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/statistical/">Statistical</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/data-type-conversion/">Data Type Conversion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/data-type-functions/">Data Type Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/date-time-functions-and-arithmetic/">Date/Time Functions and Arithmetic</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/string-manipulation/">String Manipulation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/aggregate-and-aggregate-statistical/">Aggregate and Aggregate Statistical</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/functions-for-handling-nulls/">Functions for Handling Nulls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/phonetic-functions/">Phonetic Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/string-distance-functions/">String Distance Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/cryptography-functions/">Cryptography Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/sql-dialect-compatibility-functions/">SQL dialect compatibility functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/gis-functions/">GIS functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/time-series-analysis-functions/">Time Series Analysis Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/ip-networking-functions/">IP Networking functions</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">SQL Window Functions</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/sql-window-functions-introduction/">SQL Window Functions Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/aggregate-window-functions/">Aggregate Window Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/ranking-window-functions/">Ranking Window Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/value-window-functions/">Value Window Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/sql-window-functions-examples/">SQL Window Functions Examples</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Nested Data Functions</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/nested-data-limitations/">Nested Data Limitations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/flatten/">FLATTEN</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/kvgen/">KVGEN</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/repeated-count/">REPEATED_COUNT</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/repeated-contains/">REPEATED_CONTAINS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/list-creation-functions/">COLLECT_LIST</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/query-directory-functions/">Query Directory Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">SQL Commands</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/supported-sql-commands/">Supported SQL Commands</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/analyze-table-refresh-metadata/">ANALYZE TABLE REFRESH METADATA</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/analyze-table-compute-statistics/">ANALYZE TABLE COMPUTE STATISTICS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/set/">SET</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/refresh-table-metadata/">REFRESH TABLE METADATA</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/reset/">RESET</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/alter-system/">ALTER SYSTEM</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/create-or-replace-schema/">CREATE OR REPLACE SCHEMA</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/create-table-as-ctas/">CREATE TABLE AS (CTAS)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/create-temporary-table-as-cttas/">CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE AS (CTTAS)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/create-function-using-jar/">CREATE FUNCTION USING JAR</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/partition-by-clause/">PARTITION BY Clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/create-view/">CREATE VIEW</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/describe/">DESCRIBE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/drop-function-using-jar/">DROP FUNCTION USING JAR</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/drop-table/">DROP TABLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/drop-view/">DROP VIEW</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/explain/">EXPLAIN</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/lateral-join/">LATERAL Join</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/select/">SELECT</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/select-list/">SELECT List</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/from-clause/">FROM Clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/group-by-clause/">GROUP BY Clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/having-clause/">HAVING Clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/limit-clause/">LIMIT Clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/offset-clause/">OFFSET Clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/order-by-clause/">ORDER BY Clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/set-operators/">Set Operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/where-clause/">WHERE Clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/with-clause/">WITH Clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/show-databases-and-show-schemas/">SHOW DATABASES and SHOW SCHEMAS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/show-files/">SHOW FILES</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/show-tables/">SHOW TABLES</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/use/">USE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/pivot-operators/">Pivot Operators</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">SQL Conditional Expressions</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/case/">CASE</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/reserved-keywords/">Reserved Keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/sql-extensions/">SQL Extensions</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Data Sources and File Formats</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/data-sources-and-file-formats-introduction/">Data Sources and File Formats Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/hive-to-drill-data-type-mapping/">Hive-to-Drill Data Type Mapping</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/deploying-and-using-a-hive-udf/">Deploying and Using a Hive UDF</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/parquet-format/">Parquet Format</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/logfile-plugin/">Logfile Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/json-data-model/">JSON Data Model</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/text-files-csv-tsv-psv/">Text Files: CSV, TSV, PSV</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/sequence-files/">Sequence Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/httpd-format-plugin/">HTTPD Format Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/image-metadata-format-plugin/">Image Metadata Format Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/syslog-format-plugin/">Syslog Format Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/ltsv-format-plugin/">LTSV Format Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/spss-format-plugin/">SPSS Format Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/esri-shapefile-format-plugin/">ESRI Shapefile Format Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/excel-format-plugin/">Excel Format Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/hdf5-format-plugin/">HDF5 Format Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/ms-access-format-plugin/">Microsoft Access Format Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/xml-format-plugin/">XML Format Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/iceberg-format-plugin/">Iceberg Format Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/delta-lake-format-plugin/">Delta Lake Format Plugin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/sas-format-plugin/">SAS Format Plugin</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Develop Custom Functions</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/develop-custom-functions-introduction/">Develop Custom Functions Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/developing-a-simple-function/">Developing a Simple Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/tutorial-develop-a-simple-function/">Tutorial: Develop a Simple Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/developing-an-aggregate-function/">Developing an Aggregate Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Adding Custom Functions to Drill</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/adding-custom-functions-to-drill-introduction/">Adding Custom Functions to Drill Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/manually-adding-custom-functions-to-drill/">Manually Adding Custom Functions to Drill</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/creating-custom-authenticators/">Creating Custom Authenticators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/dynamic-udfs/">Dynamic UDFs</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/using-custom-functions-in-queries/">Using Custom Functions in Queries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/custom-function-interfaces/">Custom Function Interfaces</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/troubleshooting/">Troubleshooting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Developer Information</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">REST API</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/rest-api-introduction/">REST API Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/submitting-queries-from-the-rest-api-when-impersonation-is-enabled-and-authentication-is-disabled/">Submitting Queries from the REST API when Impersonation is Enabled and Authentication is Disabled</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/use-postman-to-run-sql-queries-on-drill-data-sources/">Use Postman to Run SQL Queries on Drill Data Sources</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: void(0);">Develop Drill</a></li> <ul style="display: none"> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/compiling-drill-from-source/">Compiling Drill from Source</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="/docs/useful-information-for-drill-developers/">Useful Information for Drill Developers</a></li> </ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a href="javascript: 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class="edit-link" href="https://github.com/apache/drill-site/blob/master/_docs/en/tutorials/080-orchestrating-queries-with-airflow.md" target="_blank"></a> <div class="int_title left"> <h1>Orchestrating queries with Airflow</h1> </div>  <div class="int_text" align="left"> This tutorial walks through the development of an Apache Airflow DAG that implements a basic ETL process using Apache Drill. We’ll install Airflow into a Python virtualenv using pip before writing and testing our new DAG. Consult the <a href="https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/installation.html">Airflow installation documentation</a> for more information about installing Airflow. I’ll be issuing commands using a shell on a Debian Linux machine in this tutorial but it should be possible with a little translation to follow along on other platforms. <h2 id="prerequisites">Prerequisites</h2> <ol> <li>A Python >= 3.6 installation, including pip and optionally virtualenv.</li> <li>A Drill installation where you have access to run queries and add new storage providers. I’ll be running an embedded mode Drill 1.19.</li> </ol> <h2 id="optional-set-up-a-virtualenv">(Optional) Set up a virtualenv</h2> Create and activate a new virtualenv called “airflow”. If needed, adjust the Python interpreter path and virtualenv target path arguments for your environment. <div class="language-sh highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>VIRT_ENV_HOME=~/.local/lib/virtualenv virtualenv -p /usr/bin/python3 $VIRT_ENV_HOME/airflow . $VIRT_ENV_HOME/airflow/activate </code></pre></div></div> <h2 id="install-airflow">Install Airflow</h2> If you’ve read their installation guide, you’ll have seen that the Airflow project provides constraints files that pin its Python package dependencies to known-good versions. In many cases things work fine without constraints but, for the sake of reproducibility, we’ll apply the constraints file applicable to our Python version using the script they provide for the purpose. <div class="language-sh highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>AIRFLOW_VERSION=2.1.2 PYTHON_VERSION="$(python --version | cut -d " " -f 2 | cut -d "." -f 1-2)" CONSTRAINT_URL="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/constraints-${AIRFLOW_VERSION}/constraints-${PYTHON_VERSION}.txt" pip install "apache-airflow==${AIRFLOW_VERSION}" --constraint "${CONSTRAINT_URL}" pip install apache-airflow-providers-apache-drill </code></pre></div></div> <h2 id="initialise-airflow">Initialise Airflow</h2> We’re just experimenting here so we’ll have Airflow set up a local SQLite database and add an admin user for ourselves. <div class="language-sh highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code># Optional: change Airflow's data dir from the default of ~/airflow export AIRFLOW_HOME=~/Development/airflow mkdir -p ~/Development/airflow # Create a new SQLite database for Airflow airflow db init # Add an admin user airflow users create \ --username admin \ --firstname FIRST_NAME \ --lastname LAST_NAME \ --role Admin \ --email admin@example.org \ --password admin </code></pre></div></div> <h2 id="configure-a-drill-connection">Configure a Drill connection</h2> At this point we should have a working Airflow installation. Fire up the web UI with <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">airflow webserver</code> and browse to http://localhost:8080. Click on Admin -> Connections and add a new Drill connection called <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">drill_tutorial</code>, setting configuration according to your Drill environment. If you’re using embedded mode Drill locally like I am, then you’ll want the following config. <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Setting</th> <th>Value</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Conn Id</td> <td>drill_tutorial</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Conn Type</td> <td>Drill</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Host</td> <td>localhost</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Port</td> <td>8047</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Extra</td> <td>{“dialect_driver”: “drill+sadrill”, “storage_plugin”: “dfs”}</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Note that the sqlalchemy-drill dialect and driver information must be specified in the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">Extra</code> field. See <a href="https://github.com/JohnOmernik/sqlalchemy-drill">the sqlalchemy-drill documentation</a> for more information about its configuration. After you’ve saved the new connection you can shut the Airflow web UI down with ctrl+c. <h2 id="explore-the-source-data">Explore the source data</h2> If you’ve developed ETLs before you know that you can’t build anything until you’ve come to grips with the source data. Let’s obtain a sample of the first 1m rows from the source take a look. <div class="language-sh highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>curl -s https://data.cdc.gov/api/views/vbim-akqf/rows.csv\?accessType\=DOWNLOAD | pv -lSs 1000000 > /tmp/cdc_covid_cases.csvh </code></pre></div></div> You can replace <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">pv -lSs 1000000</code> above with <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">head -n1000000</code>, or just drop it if you don’t mind fetching the whole file. Downloading the CSV file with a web browser will also get the job done. Note that for a default Drill installation, saving with the file extension <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">.csvh</code> does matter for what follows because it will set the option <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">extractHeader = true</code> when this CSV file is queried, something that the SQL code to come relies on. It’s time to break out Drill. Instead of dumping my entire interactive SQL session here, I’ll just list relevant queries that I ran and the corresponding observations that I made. <div class="language-sql highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>select * from dfs.tmp.`cdc_covid_case.csvh`; -- 1. In date fields, the empty string '' can be converted to SQL NULL -- 2. Age groups can be split into two numerical fields, with the final -- group being unbounded above. select age_group, count() from dfs.tmp.`cdc_covid_case.csvh` group by age_group; select sex, count() from dfs.tmp.`cdc_covid_case.csvh` group by sex; select race_ethnicity_combined, count() from dfs.tmp.`cdc_covid_case.csvh` group by race_ethnicity_combined; -- 3. The string 'Missing' can be transformed to SQL NULL -- 4. I should really uncover what the difference between 'NA' and 'Missing' is -- but for this tutorial 'NA' is going to transformed to NULL too -- 5. race_ethnicity_combined could possibly be split into two fields but we'll -- leave it as is for this tutorial. select hosp_yn, count() from dfs.tmp.`cdc_covid_case.csvh` group by hosp_yn; -- 6. In addition to 'Missing, indicator variables have three possible values -- so they cannot be transformed to nullable booleans </code></pre></div></div> So… this is what it feels like to be a data scientist 😆! Jokes aside, we learned a lot of neccesary stuff pretty quickly there and it’s easy to see that we could have carried on for a long way, testing ranges, casts and regexps and even creating reports if we didn’t reign ourselves in. Let’s skip forward to the ETL statement I ended up creating after exploring. <h2 id="develop-a-ctas-create-table-as-select-etl">Develop a CTAS (Create Table As Select) ETL</h2> <div class="language-sql highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>drop table if exists dfs.tmp.cdc_covid_cases; create table dfs.tmp.cdc_covid_cases as with missing2null as ( select nullif(cdc_case_earliest_dt, '') cdc_case_earliest_dt, nullif(cdc_report_dt, '') cdc_report_dt, nullif(pos_spec_dt, '') pos_spec_dt, nullif(onset_dt, '') onset_dt, case when current_status not in ('Missing', 'NA') then current_status end current_status, case when sex not in ('Missing', 'NA') then sex end sex, case when age_group not in ('Missing', 'NA') then age_group end age_group, case when race_ethnicity_combined not in ('Missing', 'NA') then race_ethnicity_combined end race_ethnicity_combined, case when hosp_yn not in ('Missing', 'NA') then hosp_yn end hosp_yn, case when icu_yn not in ('Missing', 'NA') then icu_yn end icu_yn, case when death_yn not in ('Missing', 'NA') then death_yn end death_yn, case when medcond_yn not in ('Missing', 'NA') then medcond_yn end medcond_yn from dfs.tmp.`cdc_covid_cases.csvh`), age_parse as ( select *, regexp_replace(age_group, '([0-9]+)[ \-\+]+([0-9]*) Years', '$1') age_min_incl, regexp_replace(age_group, '([0-9]+)[ \-\+]+([0-9]*) Years', '$2') age_max_excl from missing2null) select cast(cdc_case_earliest_dt as date) cdc_case_earliest_dt, cast(cdc_report_dt as date) cdc_report_dt, cast(pos_spec_dt as date) pos_spec_dt, cast(onset_dt as date) onset_dt, current_status, sex, age_group, cast(age_min_incl as float) age_min_incl, 1 + cast(case when age_max_excl = '' then 'Infinity' else age_max_excl end as float) age_max_excl, race_ethnicity_combined, hosp_yn, icu_yn, death_yn, medcond_yn from age_parse; </code></pre></div></div> That’s a substantial SQL statement but it covers a fair amount of transformation work and takes us all the way to an output of one (or more) Parquet files, efficient and clean representations of our dataset that are well suited for analytical or ML work. Consider what we have not done to get this far. <ul> <li>We have no configuration hidden in the checkboxes and wizards of an ETL package,</li> <li>we have not had to add another language to the SQL we used to explore and test trasformations at the outset and</li> <li>we have not worried about performance or how to parallelise our data flow because we’ve left that aspect to Drill.</li> </ul> In addition, while I’ve yet to hear of SQL winning a language beauty contest, our ETL code feels obvious, self-contained and maintainable. I’d have no qualms with reviewing a line-by-line diff of this code to isolate a change after a hiatus of months or years, nor any with pointing a SQL-conversant colleague at it with little or even no introduction. The veteran coder knows that these mundane advantages can swing an extended campaign. To complete this step, save the CTAS script above into a new file at <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">$AIRFLOW_HOME/dags/cdc_covid_cases.drill.sql</code>. The double file extension is just a little convention I use to indicate both the dialect and the language of my SQL scripts, and entirely optional if it’s not to your taste. <h2 id="develop-an-airflow-dag">Develop an Airflow DAG</h2> The definition of our DAG will reside in a single Python script. The complete listing of that script follows immediately, with my commentary continuing as inline source code comments. You should save this script to a new file at <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">$AIRFLOW_HOME/dags/drill-tutorial.py</code>. <div class="language-python highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>''' Uses the Apache Drill provider to transform, load and report from COVID case data downloaded from the website of the CDC. Data source citation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Response. COVID-19 Case Surveillance Public Data Access, Summary, and Limitations. https://data.cdc.gov/Case-Surveillance/COVID-19-Case-Surveillance-Public-Use-Data/vbim-akqf ''' from datetime import timedelta from airflow import DAG # We'll use a PythonOperator to stage COVID-19 CSV file from the CDC web site from airflow.operators.python import PythonOperator # We'll use DrillOperators to kick off queries against the COVID-19 data from airflow.providers.apache.drill.operators.drill import DrillOperator from airflow.utils.dates import days_ago # We can assume requests is present because sqlalchemy-drill requires it import requests # These args will get passed on to each operator # You can override them on a per-task basis during operator initialization default_args = { 'owner': 'Joe Public', 'depends_on_past': False, 'email': ['joe@public.com'], 'email_on_failure': False, 'email_on_retry': False, 'retries': 1, 'retry_delay': timedelta(minutes=5), } def stage_from_www(src_url, tgt_path): ''' Uses the Requests lib to GET case surveillance data from CDC to a local path. If you're in a distributed environment you'll want to replace the local filesystem with HDFS, S3, etc. Another option is to configure Drill's HTTP storage plugin to fetch the data directly from the source. ''' resp = requests.get( src_url, stream=True # don't buffer big datasets in memory ) with open(tgt_path) as f: f.write(resp.content) with DAG( 'drill_tutorial', default_args=default_args, description='Drill tutorial that loads COVID-19 case data from the CDC.', schedule_interval=timedelta(weeks=2), # source is updated every two weeks start_date=days_ago(0), ) as dag: # Use this module's docstring for DAG's documentation (visible in the web UI) dag.doc_md = __doc__ # First task is a PythonOperator to GET the CSV data from the CDC website stage_from_www_task = PythonOperator( task_id='stage_from_www', python_callable=stage_from_www, op_kwargs= { 'src_url': 'https://data.cdc.gov/api/views/vbim-akqf/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD', 'tgt_path': '/tmp/cdc_covid_cases.csvh' } ) stage_from_www.doc = 'Download COVID case CSV data from the CDC using ' \ 'an HTTP GET' # Second task is a DrillOperator the executes our CTAS ETL from an external # script. It's also possible to specify inline SQL, and to split this # multi-statement SQL script across tasks e.g. if you prefer to have # the inital DROP TABLE be a separate task. ctas_etl_task = DrillOperator( drill_conn_id='drill_tutorial', task_id='ctas_etl', sql='cdc_covid_cases.drill.sql' ) ctas_etl_task.doc = 'Recreate dfs.tmp.cdc_covid_cases using CTAS' # Third task is a DrillOperator that produces a daily case count report. # We just write the report back out to dfs.tmp as human-readable CSV, but # you should imagine using Airflow to route and deliver it in any number # of ways. daily_count_report_task = DrillOperator( drill_conn_id='drill_tutorial', task_id='drill_report', sql=''' set `store.format` = 'csv'; drop table if exists dfs.tmp.cdc_daily_counts; create table dfs.tmp.cdc_daily_counts as select cdc_case_earliest_dt, count(*) as case_count from dfs.tmp.cdc_covid_cases group by cdc_case_earliest_dt order by cdc_case_earliest_dt; ''' ) daily_count_report_task.doc = 'Report daily case counts to CSV' # Specify the edges of the DAG, i.e. the task dependencies stage_from_www_task >> ctas_etl_task >> daily_count_report_task age_parse; </code></pre></div></div> <h2 id="manually-launch-the-airflow-dag">Manually launch the Airflow DAG</h2> You can harmlessly test the Python syntax of a DAG script by running it through the interpreter. <div class="language-sh highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>python3 $AIRFLOW_HOME/dags/drill-tutorial.py </code></pre></div></div> If all is well Python will exit without errors and you can proceed to ensure that your Drillbit is running, then launch a test run of you DAG using airflow. <div class="language-sh highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>airflow dags test drill_tutorial $(date +%Y-%m-%d) </code></pre></div></div> After a delay while the COVID case dataset is downloaded to your machine you should start to see all of the queries executed on Drill logged to your console by sqlalchemy-drill. The DAG execution should have produced two outputs. <ol> <li>A Parquet dataset at <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">$TMPDIR/cdc_covid_cases</code> at the individual case grain.</li> <li>A CSV daily surveilled case count report at <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">$TMPDIR/cdc_daily_counts</code>.</li> </ol> Try some OLAP in Drill with the first and take a look at the second in a spreadsheet or text editor. Congratulations, you built an ETL using Apache Airflow and Apache Drill! <h2 id="next-steps">Next steps</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/1.10.1/scheduler.html">Read about Airflow scheduling</a> and run the scheduler as a daemon to have your job run automatically.</li> <li>Try adapting the DAG here to work with other data sources. If you have databases, files and web services in your own environment those will be natural choices, otherwise you can look around online for more public datasets and APIs.</li> <li>Instead of replacing the target dataset, try adding new partitions to an existing dataset by aiming CTAS at date-labelled subdirectories.</li> <li>Keep an eye out for data crunching steps in existing workflows, including those which are not strictly ETL pipelines, where Drill could shoulder some of the load.</li> </ul> Thanks for joining us for this tutorial and happy Drilling! <div class="doc-nav"> <a href="/docs/analyzing-data-using-window-functions/">← Analyzing Data Using Window Functions</a><a href="/docs/about-the-mapr-sandbox/">About the MapR Sandbox →</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" class="mw"> <div class="wrapper"> Copyright © 2012-2025 The Apache Software Foundation, licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. 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Orchestrating queries with Airflow - Apache Drill