CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: energy absorbers</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: energy absorbers"> <meta name="keywords" content="energy absorbers"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="energy absorbers" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="energy absorbers"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 8402</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: energy absorbers</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8402</span> Engineering Optimization of Flexible Energy Absorbers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Hedayati">Reza Hedayati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meysam%20Jahanbakhshi"> Meysam Jahanbakhshi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Elastic energy absorbers which consist of a ring-liked plate and springs can be a good choice for increasing the impact duration during an accident. In the current project, an energy absorber system is optimized using four optimizing methods Kuhn-Tucker, Sequential Linear Programming (SLP), Concurrent Subspace Design (CSD), and Pshenichny-Lim-Belegundu-Arora (PLBA). Time solution, convergence, Programming Length and accuracy of the results were considered to find the best solution algorithm. Results showed the superiority of PLBA over the other algorithms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Concurrent%20Subspace%20Design%20%28CSD%29" title="Concurrent Subspace Design (CSD)">Concurrent Subspace Design (CSD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuhn-Tucker" title=" Kuhn-Tucker"> Kuhn-Tucker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pshenichny-Lim-Belegundu-Arora%20%28PLBA%29" title=" Pshenichny-Lim-Belegundu-Arora (PLBA)"> Pshenichny-Lim-Belegundu-Arora (PLBA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sequential%20Linear%20Programming%20%28SLP%29" title=" Sequential Linear Programming (SLP)"> Sequential Linear Programming (SLP)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23842/engineering-optimization-of-flexible-energy-absorbers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23842.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">399</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8401</span> The Effect of Degraded Shock Absorbers on the Safety-Critical Stationary and Non-Stationary Lateral Dynamics of Passenger Cars</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tobias%20Schramm">Tobias Schramm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%BCnther%20Prokop"> Günther Prokop</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The average age of passenger cars is rising steadily around the world. Older vehicles are more sensitive to the degradation of chassis components. A higher age and a higher mileage of passenger cars correlate with an increased failure rate of vehicle shock absorbers. The most common degradation mechanism of vehicle shock absorbers is the loss of oil and gas. It is not yet fully understood how the loss of oil and gas in twin-tube shock absorbers affects the lateral dynamics of passenger cars. The aim of this work is to estimate the effect of degraded twin-tube shock absorbers of passenger cars on their safety-critical lateral dynamics. A characteristic curve-based five-mass full vehicle model and a semi-physical phenomenological shock absorber model were set up, parameterized and validated. The shock absorber model is able to reproduce the damping characteristics of vehicle twin-tube shock absorbers with oil and gas loss for various excitations. The full vehicle model was used to simulate stationary cornering and steering wheel angle step maneuvers on road classes A to D. The simulations were carried out in a realistic parameter space in order to demonstrate the influence of various vehicle characteristics on the effect of degraded shock absorbers. As a result, it was shown that degraded shock absorbers have a negative effect on the understeer gradient of vehicles. For stationary lateral dynamics, degraded shock absorbers for high road excitations reduce the maximum lateral accelerations. Degraded rear axle shock absorbers can change the understeer gradient of a vehicle in the direction of oversteer. Degraded shock absorbers also lead to increased rolling angles. Furthermore, degraded shock absorbers have a major impact on driving stability during steering wheel angle steps. Degraded rear axle shock absorbers, in particular, can lead to unstable handling. Especially the tire stiffness, the unsprung mass and the stabilizer stiffness influence the effect of degraded shock absorbers on the lateral dynamics of passenger cars. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=driving%20dynamics" title="driving dynamics">driving dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title=" numerical simulation"> numerical simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title=" road safety"> road safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shock%20absorber%20degradation" title=" shock absorber degradation"> shock absorber degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stationary%20and%20nonstationary%20lateral%20dynamics." title=" stationary and nonstationary lateral dynamics."> stationary and nonstationary lateral dynamics.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194638/the-effect-of-degraded-shock-absorbers-on-the-safety-critical-stationary-and-non-stationary-lateral-dynamics-of-passenger-cars" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194638.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">8</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8400</span> An Ab Initio Study of Delafossite Transparent Conductive Oxides Cu(In, Ga)O2 and Absorbers Films Cu(In, Ga)S2 in Solar-Cell</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mokdad%20Sakhri">Mokdad Sakhri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Youcef%20Bouhadda"> Youcef Bouhadda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thin film chalcopyrite technology is thus nowadays a solid candidate for photovoltaic cells. The currently used window layer for the solar cell Cu(In,Ga)S2 is our interest point in this work. For this purpose, we have performed a first-principles study of structural, electronic and optical properties for both delafossite transparent conductive oxides Cu (In, Ga)O2 and absorbers films Cu(In,Ga)S2. The calculations have been carried out within the local density functional (LDA) and generalized gradient approximations (GGA) combined with the hubbard potential using norm-conserving pseudopotentials and a plane-wave basis with ABINIT code. We have found the energy gap is :1.6, 2.53, 3.6, 3.8 eV for CuInS2, CuGaS2, CuInO2 and CuGaO2 respectively. The results are in good agreement with experimental results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ABINIT%20code" title="ABINIT code">ABINIT code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DFT" title=" DFT"> DFT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electronic%20and%20optical%20properties" title=" electronic and optical properties"> electronic and optical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar-cell%20absorbers" title=" solar-cell absorbers"> solar-cell absorbers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delafossite%20transparent%20conductive%20oxides" title=" delafossite transparent conductive oxides"> delafossite transparent conductive oxides</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18909/an-ab-initio-study-of-delafossite-transparent-conductive-oxides-cuin-gao2-and-absorbers-films-cuin-gas2-in-solar-cell" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18909.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">568</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8399</span> Electromagnetic Radiation Absorbers on the Basis of Fibrous Materials with the Content of Allotropic Carbon Forms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20S.%20%20Belousova">Elena S. Belousova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20V.%20Boiprav"> Olga V. Boiprav</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A technique for incorporating particles of allotropic forms of carbon into a fibrous material has been developed. It can be used for the manufacture of composite electromagnetic radiation absorbers. The frequency characteristics of electromagnetic radiation reflection and transmission coefficients in the microwave range of absorbers on the basis of powdered carbon black, activated carbon, shungite, graphite, manufactured in accordance with the developed technique, have been studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon" title="carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphite" title=" graphite"> graphite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electromagnetic%20radiation%20absorber" title=" electromagnetic radiation absorber"> electromagnetic radiation absorber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shungite" title=" shungite"> shungite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121253/electromagnetic-radiation-absorbers-on-the-basis-of-fibrous-materials-with-the-content-of-allotropic-carbon-forms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121253.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8398</span> Mode-Locked Fiber Laser Using Charcoal and Graphene Saturable Absorbers to Generate 20-GHz and 50-GHz Pulse Trains, Respectively</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashiq%20Rahman">Ashiq Rahman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunil%20Thapa"> Sunil Thapa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shunyao%20Fan"> Shunyao Fan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niloy%20K.%20Dutta"> Niloy K. Dutta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A 20-GHz and a 50-GHz pulse train are generated using a fiber ring laser setup that incorporates Rational Harmonic Mode Locking. Two separate experiments were carried out using charcoal nanoparticles and graphene nanoparticles acting as saturable absorbers to reduce the pulse width generated from rational harmonic mode-locking (RHML). Autocorrelator trace shows that the pulse width is reduced from 5.6-ps to 3.2-ps using charcoal at 20-GHz, and to 2.7-ps using graphene at 50-GHz repetition rates, which agrees with the simulation findings. Numerical simulations have been carried out to study the effect of varying the linear and nonlinear absorbance parameters of both absorbers on output pulse widths. Experiments closely agree with the simulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber%20optics" title="fiber optics">fiber optics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber%20lasers" title=" fiber lasers"> fiber lasers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mode%20locking" title=" mode locking"> mode locking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saturable%20absorbers" title=" saturable absorbers"> saturable absorbers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157130/mode-locked-fiber-laser-using-charcoal-and-graphene-saturable-absorbers-to-generate-20-ghz-and-50-ghz-pulse-trains-respectively" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157130.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8397</span> Experimental Investigation of Folding of Rubber-Filled Circular Tubes on Energy Absorption Capacity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MohammadSadegh%20SaeediFakher">MohammadSadegh SaeediFakher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jafar%20Rouzegar"> Jafar Rouzegar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Assaee"> Hassan Assaee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research, mechanical behavior and energy absorption capacity of empty and rubber-filled brazen circular tubes under quasi-static axial loading are investigated, experimentally. The brazen tubes were cut out of commercially available brazen circular tubes with the same length and diameter. Some of the specimens were filled with rubbers with three different shores and also, an empty tube was prepared. The specimens were axially compressed between two rigid plates in a quasi-static process using a Zwick testing machine. Load-displacement diagrams and energy absorption of the tested tubes were extracted from experimental data. The results show that filling the brazen tubes with rubber causes those to absorb more energy and the energy absorption of specimens are increased by increasing the shore of rubbers. In comparison to the empty tube, the first fold for the rubber-filled tubes occurs at lower load and it can be concluded that the rubber-filled tubes are better energy absorbers than the empty tubes. Also, in contrast with the empty tubes, the tubes that were filled with lower rubber shore deform asymmetrically. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axial%20compression" title="axial compression">axial compression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quasi-static%20loading" title=" quasi-static loading"> quasi-static loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=folding" title=" folding"> folding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorbers" title=" energy absorbers"> energy absorbers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rubber-filled%20tubes" title=" rubber-filled tubes"> rubber-filled tubes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19152/experimental-investigation-of-folding-of-rubber-filled-circular-tubes-on-energy-absorption-capacity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19152.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">430</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8396</span> Reflection Performance of Truncated Pyramidal and Truncated Wedge Microwave Absorber Using Sugarcane Bagasse (SCB) </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liyana%20Zahid">Liyana Zahid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Fareq%20Abd%20Malek"> Mohd Fareq Abd Malek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ee%20Meng%20Cheng"> Ee Meng Cheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei%20Wen%20Liu"> Wei Wen Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeng%20Seng%20Lee"> Yeng Seng Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Nadeem%20Iqbal"> Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fwen%20Hoon%20Wee"> Fwen Hoon Wee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the parameters that affect the performance of microwave absorbers is the shape of the absorbers. This paper shows the performance (reflection loss) of truncated pyramidal and truncated wedge microwave absorbers in the range frequency between 8.2 to 12.4 GHz (X-Band) in simulation. The material used is sugarcane bagasse (SCB) which is one of the new materials that used to fabricate the microwave absorber. The complex permittivity was measured using Agilent dielectric probe technique. The designs were simulated using CST Microwave Studio Software. The reflection losses between these two shapes were compared. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave%20absorber" title="microwave absorber">microwave absorber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reflection%20loss" title=" reflection loss"> reflection loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sugarcane%20bagasse%20%28SCB%29" title=" sugarcane bagasse (SCB)"> sugarcane bagasse (SCB)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X-Band" title=" X-Band"> X-Band</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1457/reflection-performance-of-truncated-pyramidal-and-truncated-wedge-microwave-absorber-using-sugarcane-bagasse-scb" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1457.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8395</span> Design and Analysis for a 4-Stage Crash Energy Management System for Railway Vehicles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ziwen%20Fang">Ziwen Fang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianran%20Wang"> Jianran Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hongtao%20Liu"> Hongtao Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weiguo%20Kong"> Weiguo Kong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kefei%20Wang"> Kefei Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qi%20Luo"> Qi Luo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haifeng%20Hong"> Haifeng Hong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A 4-stage crash energy management (CEM) system for subway rail vehicles used by Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) in the USA is developed in this paper. The 4 stages of this new CEM system include 1) energy absorbing coupler (draft gear and shear bolts), 2) primary energy absorbers (aluminum honeycomb structured box), 3) secondary energy absorbers (crush tube), and 4) collision post and corner post. A sliding anti-climber and a fixed anti-climber are designed at the front of the vehicle cooperating with the 4-stage CEM to maximize the energy to be absorbed and minimize the damage to passengers and crews. In order to investigate the effectiveness of this CEM system, both finite element (FE) methods and crashworthiness test have been employed. The whole vehicle consists of 3 married pairs, i.e., six cars. In the FE approach, full-scale railway car models are developed and different collision cases such as a single moving car impacting a rigid wall, two moving cars into a rigid wall, two moving cars into two stationary cars, six moving cars into six stationary cars and so on are investigated. The FE analysis results show that the railway vehicle incorporating this CEM system has a superior crashworthiness performance. In the crashworthiness test, a simplified vehicle front end including the sliding anti-climber, the fixed anti-climber, the primary energy absorbers, the secondary energy absorber, the collision post and the corner post is built and impacted to a rigid wall. The same test model is also analyzed in the FE and the results such as crushing force, stress, and strain of critical components, acceleration and velocity curves are compared and studied. FE results show very good comparison to the test results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=railway%20vehicle%20collision" title="railway vehicle collision">railway vehicle collision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20energy%20management%20design" title=" crash energy management design"> crash energy management design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crashworthiness%20test" title=" crashworthiness test"> crashworthiness test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92478/design-and-analysis-for-a-4-stage-crash-energy-management-system-for-railway-vehicles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92478.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8394</span> An Investigation on the Energy Absorption of Sandwich Panels With Aluminium Foam Core under Perforation Test</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minoo%20Tavakoli">Minoo Tavakoli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mojtaba%20Zebarjad"> Mojtaba Zebarjad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Golestanipour"> Golestanipour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Metallic sandwich structures with aluminum foam core are good energy absorbers. In this paper, perforation test were carried out on different samples to study energy absorption. In the experiments, effect of several parameters, i.e. skin thickness and thickness of foam core, on the energy absorption, delamination zone of back faces and deformation strain(φ) are discussed. Results show that increasing plates thickness will results in more absorbed energy and delamination. Moreover, thickening foam core has the same effect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sandwich%20panel" title="sandwich panel">sandwich panel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminium%20foam" title=" aluminium foam"> aluminium foam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perforation" title=" perforation"> perforation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorption" title=" energy absorption"> energy absorption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15966/an-investigation-on-the-energy-absorption-of-sandwich-panels-with-aluminium-foam-core-under-perforation-test" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15966.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">423</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8393</span> Advanced Energy Absorbers Used in Blast Resistant Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martina%20Drdlov%C3%A1">Martina Drdlová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michal%20Frank"> Michal Frank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radek%20%C5%98%C3%ADdk%C3%BD"> Radek Řídký</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaroslav%20Buchar"> Jaroslav Buchar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Josef%20Kr%C3%A1tk%C3%BD"> Josef Krátký</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main aim of the presented experiments is to improve behaviour of sandwich structures under dynamic loading, such as crash or explosion. This paper describes experimental investigation on the response of new advanced materials to low and high velocity load. Blast wave energy absorbers were designed using two types of porous lightweight raw particle materials based on expanded glass and ceramics with dimensions of 0.5-1 mm, combined with polymeric binder. The effect of binder amount on the static and dynamic properties of designed materials was observed. Prism shaped specimens were prepared and loaded to obtain physico-mechanical parameters – bulk density, compressive and flexural strength under quasistatic load, the dynamic response was determined using Split Hopkinson Pressure bar apparatus. Numerical investigation of the material behaviour in sandwich structure was performed using implicit/explicit solver LS-Dyna. As the last step, the developed material was used as the interlayer of blast resistant litter bin, and it´s functionality was verified by real field blast tests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blast%20energy%20absorber" title="blast energy absorber">blast energy absorber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SHPB" title=" SHPB"> SHPB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expanded%20glass" title=" expanded glass"> expanded glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expanded%20ceramics" title=" expanded ceramics"> expanded ceramics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26570/advanced-energy-absorbers-used-in-blast-resistant-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26570.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">458</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8392</span> The Effects of Spatial Dimensions and Relocation and Dimensions of Sound Absorbers in a Space on the Objective Parameters of Sound</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Kavraz">Mustafa Kavraz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigated the differences in the objective parameters of sound depending on the changes in the lengths of the lateral surfaces of a space and on the replacement of the sound absorbers that are placed on these surfaces. To this end, three models of room were chosen. The widths and heights of these rooms were the same but the lengths of the rooms were changed. The smallest room was 8 m. wide and 10 m. long. The lengths of the other two rooms were 15 m. and 20 m. For each model, the differences in the objective parameters of sound were determined by keeping all the material in the space intact and by changing only the positions of the sound absorbers that were placed on the walls. The sound absorbers that were used on the walls were of two different sizes. The sound absorbers that were placed on the walls were 4 m and 8 m. long and story-height (3 m.). In all model room types, the sound absorbers were placed on the long walls in three different ways: at the end of the long walls where the long walls meet the front wall; at the end of the long walls where the long walls meet the back wall; and in the middle part of the long walls. Except for the specially placed sound absorbers, the ground, wall and ceiling surfaces were covered with three different materials. There were no constructional elements such as doors and windows on the walls. On the surfaces, the materials specified in the Odeon 10 material library were used as coating material. Linoleum was used as flooring material, painted plaster as wall coating material and gypsum boards as ceiling covering (2 layers with a total of 32 mm. thickness). These were preferred due to the fact that they are the commonly used materials for these purposes. This study investigated the differences in the objective parameters of sound depending on the changes in the lengths of the lateral surfaces of a space and on the replacement of the sound absorbers that are placed on these surfaces. To this end, three models of room were chosen. The widths and heights of these rooms were the same but the lengths of the rooms were changed. The smallest room was 8 m. wide and 10 m. long. The lengths of the other two rooms were 15 m. and 20 m. For each model, the differences in the objective parameters of sound were determined by keeping all the material in the space intact and by changing only the positions of the sound absorbers that were placed on the walls. The sound absorbers that were used on the walls were of two different sizes. The sound absorbers that were placed on the walls were 4 m and 8 m. long and story-height (3 m.). In all model room types, the sound absorbers were placed on the long walls in three different ways: at the end of the long walls where the long walls meet the front wall; at the end of the long walls where the long walls meet the back wall; and in the middle part of the long walls. Except for the specially placed sound absorbers, the ground, wall and ceiling surfaces were covered with three different materials. There were no constructional elements such as doors and windows on the walls. On the surfaces, the materials specified in the Odeon 10 material library were used as coating material. Linoleum was used as flooring material, painted plaster as wall coating material and gypsum boards as ceiling covering (2 layers with a total of 32 mm. thickness). These were preferred due to the fact that they are the commonly used materials for these purposes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sound%20absorber" title="sound absorber">sound absorber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=room%20model" title=" room model"> room model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=objective%20parameters%20of%20sound" title=" objective parameters of sound"> objective parameters of sound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jnd" title=" jnd"> jnd</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35097/the-effects-of-spatial-dimensions-and-relocation-and-dimensions-of-sound-absorbers-in-a-space-on-the-objective-parameters-of-sound" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35097.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8391</span> Nonlinear Passive Shunt for Electroacoustic Absorbers Using Nonlinear Energy Sink</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diala%20Bitar">Diala Bitar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20Gourdon"> Emmanuel Gourdon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claude%20H.%20%20Lamarque"> Claude H. Lamarque</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manuel%20Collet"> Manuel Collet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Acoustic absorber devices play an important role reducing the noise at the propagation and reception paths. An electroacoustic absorber consists of a loudspeaker coupled to an electric shunt circuit, where the membrane is playing the role of an absorber/reflector of sound. Although the use of linear shunt resistors at the transducer terminals, has shown to improve the performances of the dynamical absorbers, it is nearly efficient in a narrow frequency band. Therefore, and since nonlinear phenomena are promising for their ability to absorb the vibrations and sound on a larger frequency range, we propose to couple a nonlinear electric shunt circuit at the loudspeaker terminals. Then, the equivalent model can be described by a 2 degrees of freedom system, consisting of a primary linear oscillator describing the dynamics of the loudspeaker membrane, linearly coupled to a cubic nonlinear energy sink (NES). The system is analytically treated for the case of 1:1 resonance, using an invariant manifold approach at different time scales. The proposed methodology enables us to detect the equilibrium points and fold singularities at the first slow time scales, providing a predictive tool to design the nonlinear circuit shunt during the energy exchange process. The preliminary results are promising; a significant improvement of acoustic absorption performances are obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electroacoustic%20absorber" title="electroacoustic absorber">electroacoustic absorber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple-time-scale%20with%20small%20finite%20parameter" title=" multiple-time-scale with small finite parameter"> multiple-time-scale with small finite parameter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20energy%20sink" title=" nonlinear energy sink"> nonlinear energy sink</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20passive%20shunt" title=" nonlinear passive shunt"> nonlinear passive shunt</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82596/nonlinear-passive-shunt-for-electroacoustic-absorbers-using-nonlinear-energy-sink" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82596.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8390</span> Investigation of Multiple Dynamic Vibration Absorbers' Performance in Overhead Transmission Lines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pedro%20F.%20D.%20Oliveira">Pedro F. D. Oliveira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rangel%20S.%20Maia"> Rangel S. Maia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aline%20S.%20Paula"> Aline S. Paula</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As the electric energy consumption grows, the necessity of energy transmission lines increases. One of the problems caused by an oscillatory response to dynamical loads (such as wind effects) in transmission lines is the cable fatigue. Thus, the dynamical behavior of transmission cables understanding and its control is extremely important. The socioeconomic damage caused by a failure in these cables can be quite significant, from large economic losses to energy supply interruption in large regions. Dynamic Vibration Absorbers (DVA) are oscillatory elements used to mitigate the vibration of a primary system subjected to harmonic excitation. The positioning of Stockbridge (DVA for overhead transmission lines) plays an important role in mitigating oscillations of transmission lines caused by airflows. Nowadays, the positioning is defined by technical standards or commercial software. The aim of this paper is to conduct an analysis of multiple DVAs performances in cable conductors of overhead transmission lines. The cable is analyzed by a finite element method and the model is calibrated by experimental results. DVAs performance is analyzed by evaluating total cable energy, and a study of multiple DVAs positioning is conducted. The results are compared to the existing regulations showing situations where proper positioning, different from the standard, can lead to better performance of the DVA. Results also show situations where the use of multiple DVAs is appropriate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamical%20vibration%20absorber" title="dynamical vibration absorber">dynamical vibration absorber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overhead%20transmission%20lines" title=" overhead transmission lines"> overhead transmission lines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20dynamics" title=" structural dynamics"> structural dynamics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104551/investigation-of-multiple-dynamic-vibration-absorbers-performance-in-overhead-transmission-lines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104551.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8389</span> Coil-Over Shock Absorbers Compared to Inherent Material Damping</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carina%20Emminger">Carina Emminger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Umut%20D.%20Cakmak"> Umut D. Cakmak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evrim%20Burkut"> Evrim Burkut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rene%20Preuer"> Rene Preuer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ingrid%20Graz"> Ingrid Graz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zoltan%20Major"> Zoltan Major</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Damping accompanies us daily in everyday life and is used to protect (e.g., in shoes) and make our life more comfortable (damping of unwanted motion) and calm (noise reduction). In general, damping is the absorption of energy which is either stored in the material (vibration isolation systems) or changed into heat (vibration absorbers). In case of the last, the damping mechanism can be split in active, passive, as well as semi-active (a combination of active and passive). Active damping is required to enable an almost perfect damping over the whole application range and is used, for instance, in sport cars. In contrast, passive damping is a response of the material due to external loading. Consequently, the material composition has a huge influence on the damping behavior. For elastomers, the material behavior is inherent viscoelastic, temperature, and frequency dependent. However, passive damping is not adjustable during application. Therefore, it is of importance to understand the fundamental viscoelastic behavior and the dissipation capability due to external loading. The objective of this work is to assess the limitation and applicability of viscoelastic material damping for applications in which currently coil-over shock absorbers are utilized. Coil-over shock absorbers are usually made of various mechanical parts and incorporate fluids within the damper. These shock absorbers are well-known and studied in the industry, and when needed, they can be easily adjusted during their product lifetime. In contrary, dampers made of – ideally – a single material are more resource efficient, have an easier serviceability, and are easier manufactured. However, they lack of adaptability and adjustability in service. Therefore, a case study with a remote-controlled sport car was conducted. The original shock absorbers were redesigned, and the spring-dashpot system was replaced by both an elastomer and a thermoplastic-elastomer, respectively. Here, five different formulations of elastomers were used, including a pure and an iron-particle filled thermoplastic poly(urethan) (TPU) and blends of two different poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS). In addition, the TPUs were investigated as full and hollow dampers to investigate the difference between solid and structured material. To get comparative results each material formulation was comprehensively characterized, by monotonic uniaxial compression tests, dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DTMA), and rebound resilience. Moreover, the new material-based shock absorbers were compared with spring-dashpot shock absorbers. The shock absorbers were analyzed under monotonic and cyclic loading. In addition, an impact loading was applied on the remote-controlled car to measure the damping properties in operation. A servo-hydraulic high-speed linear actuator was utilized to apply the loads. The acceleration of the car and the displacement of specific measurement points were recorded while testing by a sensor and high-speed camera, respectively. The results prove that elastomers are suitable in damping applications, but they are temperature and frequency dependent. This is a limitation in applicability of viscous material damper. Feasible fields of application may be in the case of micromobility, like bicycles, e-scooters, and e-skateboards. Furthermore, the viscous material damping could be used to increase the inherent damping of a whole structure, e.g., in bicycle-frames. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damper%20structures" title="damper structures">damper structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=material%20damping" title=" material damping"> material damping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PDMS" title=" PDMS"> PDMS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TPU" title=" TPU"> TPU</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153969/coil-over-shock-absorbers-compared-to-inherent-material-damping" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153969.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8388</span> Effects of Free-Hanging Horizontal Sound Absorbers on the Cooling Performance of Thermally Activated Building Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Marcos%20Dom%C3%ADnguez">L. Marcos Domínguez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nils%20Rage"> Nils Rage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ongun%20B.%20Kazanci"> Ongun B. Kazanci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bjarne%20W.%20Olesen"> Bjarne W. Olesen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thermally Activated Building Systems (TABS) have proven to be an energy-efficient solution to provide buildings with an optimal indoor thermal environment. This solution uses the structure of the building to store heat, reduce the peak loads, and decrease the primary energy demand. TABS require the heated or cooled surfaces to be as exposed as possible to the indoor space, but exposing the bare concrete surfaces has a diminishing effect on the acoustic qualities of the spaces in a building. Acoustic solutions capable of providing optimal acoustic comfort and allowing the heat exchange between the TABS and the room are desirable. In this study, the effects of free-hanging units on the cooling performance of TABS and the occupants’ thermal comfort was measured in a full-scale TABS laboratory. Investigations demonstrate that the use of free-hanging sound absorbers are compatible with the performance of TABS and the occupant’s thermal comfort, but an appropriate acoustic design is needed to find the most suitable solution for each case. The results show a reduction of 11% of the cooling performance of the TABS when 43% of the ceiling area is covered with free-hanging horizontal sound absorbers, of 23% for 60% ceiling coverage ratio and of 36% for 80% coverage. Measurements in actual buildings showed an increase of the room operative temperature of 0.3 K when 50% of the ceiling surface is covered with horizontal panels and of 0.8 to 1 K for a 70% coverage ratio. According to numerical simulations using a new TRNSYS Type, the use of comfort ventilation has a considerable influence on the thermal conditions in the room; if the ventilation is removed, then the operative temperature increases by 1.8 K for a 60%-covered ceiling. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic%20comfort" title="acoustic comfort">acoustic comfort</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20core%20activation" title=" concrete core activation"> concrete core activation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=full-scale%20measurements" title=" full-scale measurements"> full-scale measurements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermally%20activated%20building%20systems" title=" thermally activated building systems"> thermally activated building systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TRNSys" title=" TRNSys"> TRNSys</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57228/effects-of-free-hanging-horizontal-sound-absorbers-on-the-cooling-performance-of-thermally-activated-building-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57228.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8387</span> The Effect of Degraded Shock Absorbers on the Safety-Critical Tipping and Rolling Behaviour of Passenger Cars</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tobias%20Schramm">Tobias Schramm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%BCnther%20Prokop"> Günther Prokop</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Germany, the number of road fatalities has been falling since 2010 at a more moderate rate than before. At the same time, the average age of all registered passenger cars in Germany is rising continuously. Studies show that there is a correlation between the age and mileage of passenger cars and the degradation of their chassis components. Various studies show that degraded shock absorbers increase the braking distance of passenger cars and have a negative impact on driving stability. The exact effect of degraded vehicle shock absorbers on road safety is still the subject of research. A shock absorber examination as part of the periodic technical inspection is only mandatory in very few countries. In Germany, there is as yet no requirement for such a shock absorber examination. More comprehensive findings on the effect of degraded shock absorbers on the safety-critical driving dynamics of passenger cars can provide further arguments for the introduction of mandatory shock absorber testing as part of the periodic technical inspection. The specific effect chains of untripped rollover accidents are also still the subject of research. However, current research results show that the high proportion of sport utility vehicles in the vehicle field significantly increases the probability of untripped rollover accidents. The aim of this work is to estimate the effect of degraded twin-tube shock absorbers on the safety-critical tipping and rolling behaviour of passenger cars, which can lead to untripped rollover accidents. A characteristic curve-based five-mass full vehicle model and a semi-physical phenomenological shock absorber model were set up, parameterized and validated. The shock absorber model is able to reproduce the damping characteristics of vehicle twin-tube shock absorbers with oil and gas loss for various excitations. The full vehicle model was validated with steering wheel angle sinus sweep driving maneuvers. The model was then used to simulate steering wheel angle sine and fishhook maneuvers, which investigate the safety-critical tipping and rolling behavior of passenger cars. The simulations were carried out in a realistic parameter space in order to demonstrate the effect of various vehicle characteristics on the effect of degraded shock absorbers. As a result, it was shown that degraded shock absorbers have a negative effect on the tipping and rolling behavior of all passenger cars. Shock absorber degradation leads to a significant increase in the observed roll angles, particularly in the range of the roll natural frequency. This superelevation has a negative effect on the wheel load distribution during the driving maneuvers investigated. In particular, the height of the vehicle's center of gravity and the stabilizer stiffness of the vehicles has a major influence on the effect of degraded shock absorbers on the overturning and rolling behaviour of passenger cars. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title="numerical simulation">numerical simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety-critical%20driving%20dynamics" title=" safety-critical driving dynamics"> safety-critical driving dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=suspension%20degradation" title=" suspension degradation"> suspension degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tipping%20and%20rolling%20behavior%20of%20passenger%20cars" title=" tipping and rolling behavior of passenger cars"> tipping and rolling behavior of passenger cars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20shock%20absorber" title=" vehicle shock absorber"> vehicle shock absorber</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194629/the-effect-of-degraded-shock-absorbers-on-the-safety-critical-tipping-and-rolling-behaviour-of-passenger-cars" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194629.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">10</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8386</span> Design of Speed Bump Recognition System Integrated with Adjustable Shock Absorber Control</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming-Yen%20Chang">Ming-Yen Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheng-Hung%20Ke"> Sheng-Hung Ke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research focuses on the development of a speed bump identification system for real-time control of adjustable shock absorbers in vehicular suspension systems. The study initially involved the collection of images of various speed bumps, and rubber speed bump profiles found on roadways. These images were utilized for training and recognition purposes through the deep learning object detection algorithm YOLOv5. Subsequently, the trained speed bump identification program was integrated with an in-vehicle camera system for live image capture during driving. These images were instantly transmitted to a computer for processing. Using the principles of monocular vision ranging, the distance between the vehicle and an approaching speed bump was determined. The appropriate control distance was established through both practical vehicle measurements and theoretical calculations. Collaboratively, with the electronically adjustable shock absorbers equipped in the vehicle, a shock absorber control system was devised to dynamically adapt the damping force just prior to encountering a speed bump. This system effectively mitigates passenger discomfort and enhances ride quality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adjustable%20shock%20absorbers" title="adjustable shock absorbers">adjustable shock absorbers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20recognition" title=" image recognition"> image recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monocular%20vision%20ranging" title=" monocular vision ranging"> monocular vision ranging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ride" title=" ride"> ride</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175109/design-of-speed-bump-recognition-system-integrated-with-adjustable-shock-absorber-control" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175109.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">66</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8385</span> Modeling and Design of a Solar Thermal Open Volumetric Air Receiver </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piyush%20Sharma">Piyush Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laltu%20Chandra"> Laltu Chandra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20S.%20Ghoshdastidar"> P. S. Ghoshdastidar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajiv%20Shekhar"> Rajiv Shekhar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Metals processing operations such as melting and heat treatment of metals are energy-intensive, requiring temperatures greater than 500oC. The desired temperature in these industrial furnaces is attained by circulating electrically-heated air. In most of these furnaces, electricity produced from captive coal-based thermal power plants is used. Solar thermal energy could be a viable heat source in these furnaces. A retrofitted solar convective furnace (SCF) concept, which uses solar thermal generated hot air, has been proposed. Critical to the success of a SCF is the design of an open volumetric air receiver (OVAR), which can heat air in excess of 800oC. The OVAR is placed on top of a tower and receives concentrated solar radiation from a heliostat field. Absorbers, mixer assembly, and the return air flow chamber (RAFC) are the major components of an OVAR. The absorber is a porous structure that transfers heat from concentrated solar radiation to ambient air, referred to as primary air. The mixer ensures uniform air temperature at the receiver exit. Flow of the relatively cooler return air in the RAFC ensures that the absorbers do not fail by overheating. In an earlier publication, the detailed design basis, fabrication, and characterization of a 2 kWth open volumetric air receiver (OVAR) based laboratory solar air tower simulator was presented. Development of an experimentally-validated, CFD based mathematical model which can ultimately be used for the design and scale-up of an OVAR has been the major objective of this investigation. In contrast to the published literature, where flow and heat transfer have been modeled primarily in a single absorber module, the present study has modeled the entire receiver assembly, including the RAFC. Flow and heat transfer calculations have been carried out in ANSYS using the LTNE model. The complex return air flow pattern in the RAFC requires complicated meshes and is computational and time intensive. Hence a simple, realistic 1-D mathematical model, which circumvents the need for carrying out detailed flow and heat transfer calculations, has also been proposed. Several important results have emerged from this investigation. Circumferential electrical heating of absorbers can mimic frontal heating by concentrated solar radiation reasonably well in testing and characterizing the performance of an OVAR. Circumferential heating, therefore, obviates the need for expensive high solar concentration simulators. Predictions suggest that the ratio of power on aperture (POA) and mass flow rate of air (MFR) is a normalizing parameter for characterizing the thermal performance of an OVAR. Increasing POA/MFR increases the maximum temperature of air, but decreases the thermal efficiency of an OVAR. Predictions of the 1-D mathematical are within 5% of ANSYS predictions and computation time is reduced from ~ 5 hours to a few seconds. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorbers" title="absorbers">absorbers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixer%20assembly" title=" mixer assembly"> mixer assembly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20volumetric%20air%20receiver" title=" open volumetric air receiver"> open volumetric air receiver</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=return%20air%20flow%20chamber" title=" return air flow chamber"> return air flow chamber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20thermal%20energy" title=" solar thermal energy"> solar thermal energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86752/modeling-and-design-of-a-solar-thermal-open-volumetric-air-receiver" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86752.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8384</span> Vibration Mitigation in Partially Liquid-Filled Vessel Using Passive Energy Absorbers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maor%20Farid">Maor Farid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oleg%20Gendelman"> Oleg Gendelman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The following study deals with fluid vibration of a liquid in a partially filled vessel under periodic ground excitation. This external excitation might lead to hidraulic impact applied on the vessel inner walls. In order to model these sloshing dynamic regimes, several equivalent mechanical models were suggested in the literature, such as series of pendula or mass-spring systems that are able to impact the inner tank walls. In the following study, we use the latter methodology, use parameter values documented in literature corresponding to cylindrical tanks and consider structural elasticity of the tank. The hydraulic impulses are modeled by the high-exponent potential function. Additional system parameters are found with the help of Finite-Element (FE) analysis. Model-driven stress assessment method is developed. Finally, vibration mitigation performances of both tuned mass damper (TMD) and nonlinear energy sink (NES) are examined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20energy%20sink%20%28NES%29" title="nonlinear energy sink (NES)">nonlinear energy sink (NES)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduced-order%20modelling" title=" reduced-order modelling"> reduced-order modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20sloshing" title=" liquid sloshing"> liquid sloshing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibration%20mitigation" title=" vibration mitigation"> vibration mitigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibro-impact%20dynamics" title=" vibro-impact dynamics"> vibro-impact dynamics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83537/vibration-mitigation-in-partially-liquid-filled-vessel-using-passive-energy-absorbers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83537.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8383</span> Bidirectional Pendulum Vibration Absorbers with Homogeneous Variable Tangential Friction: Modelling and Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emiliano%20Matta">Emiliano Matta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Passive resonant vibration absorbers are among the most widely used dynamic control systems in civil engineering. They typically consist in a single-degree-of-freedom mechanical appendage of the main structure, tuned to one structural target mode through frequency and damping optimization. One classical scheme is the pendulum absorber, whose mass is constrained to move along a curved trajectory and is damped by viscous dashpots. Even though the principle is well known, the search for improved arrangements is still under way. In recent years this investigation inspired a type of bidirectional pendulum absorber (BPA), consisting of a mass constrained to move along an optimal three-dimensional (3D) concave surface. For such a BPA, the surface principal curvatures are designed to ensure a bidirectional tuning of the absorber to both principal modes of the main structure, while damping is produced either by horizontal viscous dashpots or by vertical friction dashpots, connecting the BPA to the main structure. In this paper, a variant of BPA is proposed, where damping originates from the variable tangential friction force which develops between the pendulum mass and the 3D surface as a result of a spatially-varying friction coefficient pattern. Namely, a friction coefficient is proposed that varies along the pendulum surface in proportion to the modulus of the 3D surface gradient. With such an assumption, the dissipative model of the absorber can be proven to be nonlinear homogeneous in the small displacement domain. The resulting homogeneous BPA (HBPA) has a fundamental advantage over conventional friction-type absorbers, because its equivalent damping ratio results independent on the amplitude of oscillations, and therefore its optimal performance does not depend on the excitation level. On the other hand, the HBPA is more compact than viscously damped BPAs because it does not need the installation of dampers. This paper presents the analytical model of the HBPA and an optimal methodology for its design. Numerical simulations of single- and multi-story building structures under wind and earthquake loads are presented to compare the HBPA with classical viscously damped BPAs. It is shown that the HBPA is a promising alternative to existing BPA types and that homogeneous tangential friction is an effective means to realize systems provided with amplitude-independent damping. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amplitude-independent%20damping" title="amplitude-independent damping">amplitude-independent damping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=homogeneous%20friction" title=" homogeneous friction"> homogeneous friction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pendulum%20nonlinear%20dynamics" title=" pendulum nonlinear dynamics"> pendulum nonlinear dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20control" title=" structural control"> structural control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibration%20resonant%20absorbers" title=" vibration resonant absorbers"> vibration resonant absorbers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93327/bidirectional-pendulum-vibration-absorbers-with-homogeneous-variable-tangential-friction-modelling-and-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93327.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8382</span> Development of Al Foam by a Low-Cost Salt Replication Method for Industrial Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Soni">B. Soni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Biswas"> S. Biswas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Metal foams of Al find diverse applications in several industrial sectors such as in automotive and sports equipment industry as impact, acoustic and vibration absorbers, the aerospace industry as structural components in turbines and spatial cones, in the naval industry as low frequency vibration absorbers, and in construction industry as sound barriers inside tunnels, as fire proof materials and structure protection systems against explosions and even in heat exchangers, orthopedic components, and decorative items. Here, we report on the development of Al foams by a low cost and convenient technique of salt replication method with efficient control over size, geometry and distribution of the pores. Sodium bicarbonate was used as the foaming agent to form the porous refractory salt pattern. The mixed refractory salt slurry was microwave dried followed by sintering for selected time periods. Molten Al was infiltrated into the salt pattern in an inert atmosphere at a pressure of 2 bars. The final products were obtained by leaching out the refractory salt pattern. Mechanical properties of the derived samples were studied with a universal testing machine. The results were analyzed in correlation with their microstructural features evaluated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal%20foam" title="metal foam">metal foam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al" title=" Al"> Al</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salt%20replication%20method" title=" salt replication method"> salt replication method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22450/development-of-al-foam-by-a-low-cost-salt-replication-method-for-industrial-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22450.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8381</span> High Efficiency Solar Thermal Collectors Utilization in Process Heat: A Case Study of Textile Finishing Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en%20A.%20%C3%87ift%C3%A7io%C4%9Flu">Gökçen A. Çiftçioğlu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Ne%C5%9Fet%20Kad%C4%B1rgan"> M. A. Neşet Kadırgan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Figen%20Kad%C4%B1rgan"> Figen Kadırgan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solar energy, since it is available every day, is seen as one of the most valuable renewable energy resources. Thus, the energy of sun should be efficiently used in various applications. The most known applications that use solar energy are heating water and spaces. High efficiency solar collectors need appropriate selective surfaces to absorb the heat. Selective surfaces (Selektif-Sera) used in this study are applied to flat collectors, which are produced by a roll to roll cost effective coating of nano nickel layers, developed in Selektif Teknoloji Co. Inc. Efficiency of flat collectors using Selektif-Sera absorbers are calculated in collaboration with Institute for Solar Technik Rapperswil, Switzerland. The main cause of high energy consumption in industry is mostly caused from low temperature level processes. There is considerable effort in research to minimize the energy use by renewable energy sources such as solar energy. A feasibility study will be presented to obtain the potential of solar thermal energy utilization in the textile industry using these solar collectors. For the feasibility calculations presented in this study, textile dyeing and finishing factory located at Kahramanmaras is selected since the geographic location was an important factor. Kahramanmaras is located in the south east part of Turkey thus has a great potential to have solar illumination much longer. It was observed that, the collector area is limited by the available area in the factory, thus a hybrid heating generating system (lignite/solar thermal) was preferred in the calculations of this study to be more realistic. During the feasibility work, the calculations took into account the preheating process, where well waters heated from 15 °C to 30-40 °C by using the hot waters in heat exchangers. Then the preheated water was heated again by high efficiency solar collectors. Economic comparison between the lignite use and solar thermal collector use was provided to determine the optimal system that can be used efficiently. The optimum design of solar thermal systems was studied depending on the optimum collector area. It was found that the solar thermal system is more economic and efficient than the merely lignite use. Return on investment time is calculated as 5.15 years. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy" title="energy">energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title=" renewable energy"> renewable energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=selective%20surface" title=" selective surface"> selective surface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20collector" title=" solar collector"> solar collector</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54118/high-efficiency-solar-thermal-collectors-utilization-in-process-heat-a-case-study-of-textile-finishing-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54118.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8380</span> 3D Writing on Photosensitive Glass-Ceramics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Busuioc">C. Busuioc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Jinga"> S. Jinga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Pavel"> E. Pavel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Optical lithography is a key technique in the development of sub-5 nm patterns for the semiconductor industry. We have already reported that the best results obtained with respect to direct laser writing process on active media, such as glass-ceramics, are achieved only when the energy of the laser radiation is absorbed in discrete quantities. Further, we need to clarify the role of active centers concentration in silver nanocrystals natural generation, as well as in fluorescent rare-earth nanostructures formation. As a consequence, samples with different compositions were prepared. SEM, AFM, TEM and STEM investigations were employed in order to demonstrate that few nm width lines can be written on fluorescent photosensitive glass-ceramics, these being efficient absorbers. Moreover, we believe that the experimental data will lead to the best choice in terms of active centers amount, laser power and glass-ceramic matrix. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass-ceramics" title="glass-ceramics">glass-ceramics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20laser%20writing" title=" 3D laser writing"> 3D laser writing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20disks" title=" optical disks"> optical disks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20storage" title=" data storage"> data storage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44556/3d-writing-on-photosensitive-glass-ceramics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44556.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8379</span> Energy Initiatives for Turkey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.Beril%20Tugrul">A.Beril Tugrul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selahattin%20Cimen"> Selahattin Cimen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dependency of humanity on the energy is ever-increasing today and the energy policies are reaching undeniable and un-ignorable dimensions steering the political events as well. Therefore, energy has the highest priority for Turkey like any other country. In this study, the energy supply security for Turkey evaluated according to the strategic criteria of energy policy. Under these circumstances, different alternatives are described and assessed with in terms of the energy expansion of Turkey. With this study, different opportunities in the energy expansion of Turkey is clarified and emphasized. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20policy" title="energy policy">energy policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20strategy" title=" energy strategy"> energy strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=future%20projection" title=" future projection"> future projection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkey" title=" Turkey "> Turkey </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2137/energy-initiatives-for-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2137.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8378</span> Simulative Study of the Influence of Degraded Twin-Tube Shock Absorbers on the Lateral Forces of Vehicle Axles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tobias%20Schramm">Tobias Schramm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%BCnther%20Prokop"> Günther Prokop</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Degraded vehicle shock absorbers represent a risk for road safety. The exact effect of degraded vehicle dampers on road safety is still the subject of research. This work is intended to contribute to estimating the effect of degraded twin-tube dampers of passenger cars on road safety. An axle model was built using a damper model to simulate different degradation levels. To parameterize the model, a realistic parameter space was estimated based on test rig measurements and database analyses, which is intended to represent the vehicle field in Germany. Within the parameter space, simulations of the axle model were carried out, which calculated the transmittable lateral forces of the various axle configurations as a function of vehicle speed, road surface, damper conditions and axle parameters. A degraded damper has the greatest effect on the transmittable lateral forces at high speeds and in poor road conditions. If a vehicle is traveling at a speed of 100 kph on a Class D road, a degraded damper reduces the transmissible lateral forces of an axle by 20 % on average. For individual parameter configurations, this value can rise to 50 %. The axle parameters that most influence the effect of a degraded damper are the vertical stiffness of the tire, the unsprung mass and the stabilizer stiffness of the axle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20dynamics" title="vehicle dynamics">vehicle dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20simulation" title=" vehicle simulation"> vehicle simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20component%20degradation" title=" vehicle component degradation"> vehicle component degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shock%20absorber%20model" title=" shock absorber model"> shock absorber model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shock%20absorber%20degradation" title=" shock absorber degradation"> shock absorber degradation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154108/simulative-study-of-the-influence-of-degraded-twin-tube-shock-absorbers-on-the-lateral-forces-of-vehicle-axles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154108.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">115</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8377</span> Improving Energy Efficiency through Industrial Symbiosis: A Conceptual Framework of Energy Management in Energy-Intensive Industries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuanjun%20Chen">Yuanjun Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongjiang%20Shi"> Yongjiang Shi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rising energy prices have drawn a focus to global energy issues, and the severe pollution that has resulted from energy-intensive industrial sectors has yet to be addressed. By combining Energy Efficiency with Industrial Symbiosis, the practices of efficient energy utilization and improvement can be not only enriched at the factory level but also upgraded into “within and/or between firm level”. The academic contribution of this paper provides a conceptual framework of energy management through IS. The management of waste energy within/between firms can contribute to the reduction of energy consumption and provides a solution to the environmental issues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title="energy efficiency">energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20management" title=" energy management"> energy management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industrial%20symbiosis" title=" industrial symbiosis"> industrial symbiosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy-intensive%20industry" title=" energy-intensive industry"> energy-intensive industry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64381/improving-energy-efficiency-through-industrial-symbiosis-a-conceptual-framework-of-energy-management-in-energy-intensive-industries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64381.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">437</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8376</span> SWOT Analysis of Renewable Energy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahad%C4%B1r%20Ayd%C4%B1n">Bahadır Aydın</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Being one of the most important elements of social evolution, energy has a vital role for a sustainable economy and development. Energy has great importance to level up the welfare. By this importance, countries having rich resources can apply energy as an political instrument. While needs of energy is increasing, sources to respond this need is very limited. Therefore, countries seek for alternative resources to meet their needs. Renewable energy sources have firstly taken into consideration. Being clean and belonging to countries own sources, renewable energy resources have been widely applied during the last decades. However, renewable energy cannot meet all the expectation of energy needs. In this respect, energy efficiency can be seen as an alternative. Energy efficiency can minimize energy consumption without degrading standard of living, lessening quality of products and without increasing energy bills. In this article, energy resources, SWOT analysis of renewable sources, and energy efficiency topics are mainly discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title="energy efficiency">energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title=" renewable energy"> renewable energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20regulations" title=" energy regulations"> energy regulations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil" title=" oil"> oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20relations" title=" international relations"> international relations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4120/swot-analysis-of-renewable-energy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4120.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">459</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8375</span> Study on Fabrication of Surface Functional Micro and Nanostructures by Femtosecond Laser</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shengzhu%20Cao">Shengzhu Cao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hui%20Zhou"> Hui Zhou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gan%20Wu"> Gan Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lanxi%20Wanhg"> Lanxi Wanhg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaifeng%20Zhang"> Kaifeng Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rui%20Wang"> Rui Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hu%20Wang"> Hu Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The functional micro and nanostructures, which can endow material surface with unique properties such as super-absorptance, hydrophobic and drag reduction. Recently, femtosecond laser ablation has been demonstrated to be a promising technology for surface functional micro and nanostructures fabrication. In this paper, using femtosecond laser ablation processing technique, we fabricated functional micro and nanostructures on Ti and Al alloy surfaces, test results showed that processed surfaces have 82%~96% absorptance over a broad wavelength range from ultraviolet to infrared. The surface function properties, which determined by micro and nanostructures, could be modulated by variation laser parameters. These functional surfaces may find applications in such areas as photonics, plasmonics, spaceborne devices, thermal radiation sources, solar energy absorbers and biomedicine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20functional" title="surface functional">surface functional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20and%20nanostructures" title=" micro and nanostructures"> micro and nanostructures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=femtosecond%20laser" title=" femtosecond laser"> femtosecond laser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ablation" title=" ablation"> ablation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61480/study-on-fabrication-of-surface-functional-micro-and-nanostructures-by-femtosecond-laser" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61480.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8374</span> The Exploration of the Physical Properties of the Combinations of Selenium-Based Ternary Chalcogenides AScSe₂ (A=K, Cs) for Photovoltaic Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayesha%20Asma">Ayesha Asma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aqsa%20Arooj"> Aqsa Arooj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is an essential need in this era of Science and Technology to investigate some unique and appropriate materials for optoelectronic applications. Here, we deliberated, for the first time, the structural, optoelectronic, mechanical, vibrational, and thermo dynamical properties of hexagonal structure selenium-based ternary chalcogenides AScSe₂ (A= K, Cs) by using Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof Generalized-Gradient-Approximation (PBE-GGA). The lattice angles for these materials are found as α=β=90o and γ=120o. KScSe₂ optimized with lattice parameters a=b=4.3 (Å), c=7.81 (Å) whereas CsScSe₂ got relaxed at a=b=4.43 (Å) and c=8.51 (Å). However, HSE06 functional has overestimated the lattice parameters to the extent that for KScSe₂ a=b=4.92 (Å), c=7.10 (Å), and CsScSe₂ a=b=5.15 (Å), c=7.09 (Å). The energy band gap of these materials calculated via PBE-GGA and HSE06 functionals confirms their semiconducting nature. Concerning Born’s criteria, these materials are mechanically stable ones. Moreover, the temperature dependence of thermodynamic potentials and specific heat at constant volume are also determined while using the harmonic approximation. The negative values of free energy ensure their thermodynamic stability. The vibrational modes are calculated by plotting the phonon dispersion and the vibrational density of states (VDOS), where infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy are used to characterize the vibrational modes. The various optical parameters are examined at a smearing value of 0.5eV. These parameters unveil that these materials are good absorbers of incident light in ultra-violet (UV) regions and may be utilized in photovoltaic applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural" title="structural">structural</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimized" title=" optimized"> optimized</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibrational" title=" vibrational"> vibrational</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultraviolet" title=" ultraviolet"> ultraviolet</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186437/the-exploration-of-the-physical-properties-of-the-combinations-of-selenium-based-ternary-chalcogenides-ascse2-ak-cs-for-photovoltaic-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186437.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">42</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8373</span> Improving the Crashworthiness Characteristics of Long Steel Circular Tubes Subjected to Axial Compression by Inserting a Helical Spring</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Tajdari">Mehdi Tajdari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farzad%20Mokhtarnejad"> Farzad Mokhtarnejad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Moradi"> Fatemeh Moradi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Najafizadeh"> Mehdi Najafizadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, energy absorbing devices have been widely used in all vehicles and moving parts such as railway couches, aircraft, ships and lifts. The aim is to protect these structures from serious damages while subjected to impact loads, or to minimize human injuries while collision is occurred in transportation systems. These energy-absorbing devices can dissipate kinetic energy in a wide variety of ways like friction, facture, plastic bending, crushing, cyclic plastic deformation and metal cutting. On the other hand, various structures may be used as collapsible energy absorbers. Metallic cylindrical tubes have attracted much more attention due to their high stiffness and strength combined with the low weight and ease of manufacturing process. As a matter of fact, favorable crash worthiness characteristics for energy dissipation purposes can be achieved from axial collapse of tubes while they crush progressively in symmetric modes. However, experimental and theoretical results have shown that depending on various parameters such as tube geometry, material properties of tube, boundary and loading conditions, circular tubes buckle in different modes of deformation, namely, diamond and Euler collapsing modes. It is shown that when the tube length is greater than the critical length, the tube deforms in overall Euler buckling mode, which is an inefficient mode of energy absorption and needs to be avoided in crash worthiness applications. This study develops a new method with the aim of improving energy absorption characteristics of long steel circular tubes. Inserting a helical spring into the tubes is proved experimentally to be an efficient solution. In fact when a long tube is subjected to axial compression load, the spring prevents of undesirable Euler or diamond collapsing modes. This is because the spring reinforces the internal wall of tubes and it causes symmetric deformation in tubes. In this research three specimens were prepared and three tests were performed. The dimensions of tubes were selected so that in axial compression load buckling is occurred. In the second and third tests a spring was inserted into tubes and they were subjected to axial compression load in quasi-static and impact loading, respectively. The results showed that in the second and third tests buckling were not happened and the tubes deformed in symmetric modes which are desirable in energy absorption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorption" title="energy absorption">energy absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20tubes" title=" circular tubes"> circular tubes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collapsing%20deformation" title=" collapsing deformation"> collapsing deformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crashworthiness" title=" crashworthiness"> crashworthiness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29420/improving-the-crashworthiness-characteristics-of-long-steel-circular-tubes-subjected-to-axial-compression-by-inserting-a-helical-spring" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29420.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">340</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorbers&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorbers&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorbers&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorbers&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorbers&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorbers&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorbers&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorbers&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorbers&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorbers&page=280">280</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorbers&page=281">281</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorbers&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>