East German Documents on Kim Il Sung’s April 1975 Trip to Beijing

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#" style="--col-width: 20px; --scrollbar-width: 15px;"> <head> <link rel="preload" crossorigin="anonymous" as="font" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/themes/custom/wilson/assets/fonts/icomoon.woff2?t3k0yi"> <link rel="preconnect" crossorigin="anonymous" href="//use.typekit.net"> <link rel="preconnect" crossorigin="anonymous" href="//p.typekit.net"> <link rel="preconnect" crossorigin="anonymous" href="//www.google-analytics.com"> <link rel="preconnect" crossorigin="anonymous" href="//www.google.com"> <link rel="preconnect" crossorigin="anonymous" href="//stats.g.doubleclick.net"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_K1wu8MVky909qL1Kvo0whd2plXtXy4AFF1xDRmM8td8.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=wilson&include=eJwrriwuSc3VT0osTtUpz8wpzs_Th1AwXm5qcXFiemqxTmppfHJ-fnZmKpDKLcjJTMxLTtXHJhiflFiUCgAR9SMA" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://use.typekit.net/xqj3oyw.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_9sM-uTQLzla94loiOKB6065b9PNTMTo1wlVWwLXGOG0.css?delta=2&language=en&theme=wilson&include=eJwrriwuSc3VT0osTtUpz8wpzs_Th1AwXm5qcXFiemqxTmppfHJ-fnZmKpDKLcjJTMxLTtXHJhiflFiUCgAR9SMA" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//use.typekit.net/waq7naz.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//cloud.typenetwork.com/projects/3888/fontface.css/" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_xcYQkgiyq456NwQPef9S00_4086kCM3-uYPaDbJ4RKk.css?delta=5&language=en&theme=wilson&include=eJwrriwuSc3VT0osTtUpz8wpzs_Th1AwXm5qcXFiemqxTmppfHJ-fnZmKpDKLcjJTMxLTtXHJhiflFiUCgAR9SMA" /> <title>East German Documents on Kim Il Sung’s April 1975 Trip to Beijing | Wilson Center</title> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="NKIDP e-Dossier No. 7, "East German Documents on Kim Il Sung’s April 1975 Trip to Beijing," is introduced by Ria Chae and showcases four East German documents which provide new evidence on on Kim Il Sung’s 1975 visit to Beijing and demonstrate Kim’s changing unification strategy and his increasingly distant relationship with China in the mid-1970s." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/east-german-documents-kim-il-sungs-april-1975-trip-to-beijing" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Wilson Center" /> <meta property="og:type" content="publication" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/east-german-documents-kim-il-sungs-april-1975-trip-to-beijing" /> <meta property="og:title" content="East German Documents on Kim Il Sung’s April 1975 Trip to Beijing" /> <meta property="og:description" content="NKIDP e-Dossier No. 7, "East German Documents on Kim Il Sung’s April 1975 Trip to Beijing," is introduced by Ria Chae and showcases four East German documents which provide new evidence on on Kim Il Sung’s 1975 visit to Beijing and demonstrate Kim’s changing unification strategy and his increasingly distant relationship with China in the mid-1970s." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/styles/og_image/public/media/images/publication/1324367311_0.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge" /> <link rel="icon" href="/core/misc/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/23735","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":true,"popup_agreed_enabled":false,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022gdpr-alert -show-alert\u0022 data-bg-color=\u0022blue-800\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003EThis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. View our \u003Ca href=\u0022\/privacy-policy\u0022\u003Eprivacy policy\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button btn-ghost -xsmall gdpr-alert-accept btn\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022gdpr-alert -show-alert\u0022 data-bg-color=\u0022blue-800\u0022\u003E\n \n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button btn-ghost -xsmall gdpr-alert-accept btn\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":768,"popup_html_agreed":false,"popup_use_bare_css":true,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":0,"popup_link":"\/privacy-policy","popup_link_new_window":true,"popup_position":false,"fixed_top_position":true,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":true,"cookie_name":"wilson-gdpr-agreed","reload_page":false,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":false,"popup_eu_only":false,"popup_eu_only_js":false,"cookie_lifetime":100,"cookie_session":0,"set_cookie_session_zero_on_disagree":0,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":false,"method":"opt_in","automatic_cookies_removal":true,"allowed_cookies":"Drupal.visitor\r\nalert","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy policy\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003EThis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. View our \u003Ca href=\u0022\/privacy-policy\u0022\u003Eprivacy policy\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button \u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","withdraw_enabled":false,"reload_options":0,"reload_routes_list":"","withdraw_button_on_info_popup":false,"cookie_categories":[],"cookie_categories_details":[],"enable_save_preferences_button":true,"cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","settings_tab_enabled":false,"olivero_primary_button_classes":"","olivero_secondary_button_classes":"","close_button_action":"close_banner","open_by_default":true,"modules_allow_popup":true,"hide_the_banner":false,"geoip_match":true},"wilson":{"services":{"googleTagManagerKey":"GTM-5DH9QL","googleOptimizeKey":false,"googleOptimizeKeyUA":false,"googleMapsKey":false,"siteImproveScript":false}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"3223e3153a4258e521a13a4b5128fe5ba7a6ac6c191619d5c6267e50a68876d1"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_Q-zzYEg7Flb0RZk5whZpJNay7hTZfMAfYC3LyIz4EiQ.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=wilson&include=eJwrz8wpzs_TLwdTOqml8cn5-dmZqUAqtyAnMzEvOVUfmyAAbAQWHQ"></script> <link rel="manifest" href="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/pwa/manifest.json?v=20210907" crossorigin="use-credentials"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/pwa/icons/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/pwa/icons/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/pwa/icons/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/pwa/icons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#0e6ea6"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/pwa/icons/favicon.ico"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/pwa/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#0e6ea6"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> </head> <body> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5DH9QL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none; visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <a class="skiplink" href="#maincontent">Skip to main content</a> <div class="page-container"> <header class="site-header js-site-header js-navigation" data-bp-desktop="1200"> <nav class="site-header-super-nav" aria-label="Media links & user actions"> <ul class="nav-list -flex--rw --r-gap-3"> <li class="item"> <a href="/events" class="line-link-thin--hover-only -white" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10">Events</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="line-link-thin--hover-only -white" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/114848">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/videos" class="line-link-thin--hover-only -white" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/125768">Videos</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/press-room" class="line-link-thin--hover-only -white" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/95625">Press Room</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="site-header-action-buttons -flex--rnw"> <li class="item subscribe"> <a href="https://engage.wilsoncenter.org/onlineactions/WpUYj9S_MkydZEXxsyWeYw2" target="_blank" class="btn-primary -bleed">Subscribe</a> </li> <li class="item support"> <a href="https://engage.wilsoncenter.org/onlineactions/KxzFKo0YTk2W8uYVKK5HKg2" target="_blank" class="btn-primary -bleed">Support</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="site-header-main"> <nav class="site-header-main-nav js-site-header-main-nav" aria-label="Primary horizontal"> <ul data-level="1" class="nav-list js-nav-list"> <li class="item js-submenu-parent" data-children="true" data-expandable="true" data-expanded="false"> <button class="no-link js-no-link" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu">Topics & Regions</button> <button class="js-submenu-btn submenu-toggle-btn icon-chevron-down" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-toggle-1-1"> <span class="sr-text">Toggle sub-menu</span> </button> <ul data-level="2" class="nav-list js-nav-list js-submenu" id="submenu-toggle-1-1" data-dropdown-layout="4-col-text" aria-hidden="true" > <li class="item"> <span class="no-link">Topics</span> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="https://www.wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/in-search-of-our-narratives" class="link">Winter WQ | In Search of Our Narratives</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="https://ukraine.wilsoncenter.org/" class="link">Ukraine</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/issue/artificial-intelligence" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/496">AI</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/ivan-duque-center-prosperity-and-freedom" class="link">Iván Duque Center for Prosperity and Freedom</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/refugee-and-forced-displacement-initiative" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/1031">Refugees and Forced Displacement</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/issue/great-power-competition" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/1244">Great Power Competition</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/issue/supply-chains" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/1027">Supply Chains</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/issue/security-and-defense" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/170">Security and Defense</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/issue/naftausmca" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/132">USMCA</a> </li> <li class="item -outro"> <a href="/topics-regions" class="link icon-arrow-forward--after" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2">View all topics</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item"> <span class="no-link">Regions</span> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="/region/arcticantarctic" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/362">Arctic/Antarctic</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/region/africa" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/285">Africa</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/region/asia" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/278">Asia</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/region/europe" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/266">Europe</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/region/latin-america" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/239">Latin America</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/region/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/231">Middle East and North Africa</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/region/north-america" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/212">North America</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/region/russia-and-eurasia" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/209">Russia and Eurasia</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item -outro"> <a href="/programs" class="link icon-arrow-forward--after" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4">Our programs cover every region of the world</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item js-submenu-parent" data-children="true" data-expandable="true" data-expanded="false"> <button class="no-link js-no-link" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu">Events</button> <button class="js-submenu-btn submenu-toggle-btn icon-chevron-down" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-toggle-1-2"> <span class="sr-text">Toggle sub-menu</span> </button> <ul data-level="2" class="nav-list js-nav-list js-submenu" id="submenu-toggle-1-2" data-dropdown-layout="4-col-cards" aria-hidden="true" > <li class="item"><span class="no-link">Upcoming Events</span> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list"> <li class="item"> <article class="card js-link-event" data-card-bg-color="blue-100"> <div class="card-inner"> <div class="card-main"> <time class="date-stack" datetime="2025-02-18"> <span class="day">Tue</span> <span class="month">Feb</span> <span class="date">18</span> </time> <div class="card-text"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tags-list"> <li class="tag" data-category="online">Online</li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="title h5 -blue-600"> <a href="/event/freedom-expression-digital-age-importance-limiting-intermediary-liability" class="js-link-event-link">Freedom of Expression in the Digital Age: The Importance of Limiting Intermediary Liability</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> </article> </li><li class="item"> <article class="card js-link-event" data-card-bg-color="blue-100"> <div class="card-inner"> <div class="card-main"> <time class="date-stack" datetime="2025-02-18"> <span class="day">Tue</span> <span class="month">Feb</span> <span class="date">18</span> </time> <div class="card-text"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tags-list"> <li class="tag" data-category="in-person">In person</li> <li class="tag" data-category="online">Online</li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="title h5 -blue-600"> <a href="/event/book-launch-looking-women-looking-war" class="js-link-event-link">Book Launch | Looking at Women Looking at War</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> </article> </li><li class="item"> <article class="card js-link-event" data-card-bg-color="blue-100"> <div class="card-inner"> <div class="card-main"> <time class="date-stack" datetime="2025-02-20"> <span class="day">Thu</span> <span class="month">Feb</span> <span class="date">20</span> </time> <div class="card-text"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tags-list"> <li class="tag" data-category="online">Online</li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="title h5 -blue-600"> <a href="/event/discussion-arabs-and-israelis-october-7-peacemaking" class="js-link-event-link">A Discussion of “Arabs and Israelis: From October 7 to Peacemaking”</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> </article> </li><li class="item"> <article class="card js-link-event" data-card-bg-color="blue-100"> <div class="card-inner"> <div class="card-main"> <time class="date-stack" datetime="2025-03-03"> <span class="day">Mon</span> <span class="month">Mar</span> <span class="date">03</span> </time> <div class="card-text"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tags-list"> <li class="tag" data-category="online">Online</li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="title h5 -blue-600"> <a href="/event/crucibles-power-smolensk-under-stalinist-and-nazi-rule" class="js-link-event-link">Crucibles of Power: Smolensk under Stalinist and Nazi Rule</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> </article> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item -outro"><a href="/events" class="link icon-arrow-forward--after" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10">See all events</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="item" data-children="false" data-expandable="false" data-expanded="false"> <a href="/experts" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/11">Experts</a> </li> <li class="logo"> <a href="/" aria-label="Wilson Center"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 160 46"> <path class="pipe" d="m66.31.49h-1.74v45.16h1.74V.49Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <g class="text"> <path d="m129.45,16.04c0-5.34-7.68-4.05-7.68-6.3,0-.96.52-1.29,1.61-1.29.92,0,1.77.43,1.84,1.39l3.58-.03c-.2-3.15-2.62-4.21-5.45-4.21-2.36,0-5.74,1.33-5.74,4.31,0,3.35,2.4,3.91,4.96,4.58.79.2,2.72.7,2.72,1.82.03,1.09-.82,1.59-1.9,1.59-1.18,0-2.1-.63-2.2-1.72h-3.71c.07,3.28,2.79,4.58,5.91,4.58,2.49,0,6.07-1.59,6.07-4.71Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m137.85,20.71c4.4,0,7.02-3.08,7.02-7.59-.03-4.51-2.66-7.56-7.06-7.56s-6.99,3.08-6.99,7.59,2.62,7.56,7.02,7.56Zm-.03-12.33c2.46,0,2.89,2.45,2.89,4.74s-.39,4.74-2.85,4.74c-2.46.03-2.89-2.42-2.89-4.74s.39-4.74,2.85-4.74Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m159.93,11.26c0-.22,0-.55-.04-.93-.03-.46-.08-.86-.15-1.16-.05-.23-.15-.44-.26-.63-.21-.46-.52-.86-.91-1.19,0,0,0,0-.01-.01-.12-.1-.24-.2-.37-.29-.03-.02-.06-.04-.09-.06-.96-.65-2.13-.99-2.89-.99-2.07.03-3.35.86-4.17,2.12-.07.07-.07-.07-.07-.07l.03-1.89h-4v14.19h4s-.03-7.29-.03-8.36c0-.56.08-1.04.21-1.44.02-.04.03-.08.05-.12.01-.04.03-.07.05-.11.17-.35.39-.62.75-.88.49-.36,1.08-.53,1.71-.53.4,0,.74.1,1.05.26.87.57,1.09,1.75,1.12,2.82l-.03,8.36h4.04s.03,0,.03,0v-8.69s0-.05,0-.07v-.32Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m85.87,42.53c-2.92,0-3.68-4.41-3.68-7.16s.72-7.2,3.64-7.2c2.46,0,3.71,1.66,3.68,3.71h4.33c-.2-4.91-3.64-6.73-8.04-6.73-5.55.03-8.04,4.51-8.01,10.25.03,5.7,2.53,10.21,8.07,10.18,4.4-.03,7.84-1.89,8.01-6.8h-4.36c.03,2.09-1.18,3.75-3.64,3.75Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m108.22,36.56c-.1-.86-.29-1.72-.66-2.49-1.12-2.45-3.18-3.35-5.68-3.35-4.07,0-6.4,3.22-6.4,7.43,0,4.68,1.84,7.36,6.4,7.36,3.08,0,5.68-1.13,6-4.58h-3.58c-.36,1.29-1.05,1.82-2.43,1.82-2.07,0-2.3-1.69-2.3-3.51h8.73c0-.93,0-1.82-.1-2.69Zm-8.63-.1c.03-1.53.43-2.95,2.26-2.95,1.94,0,2.33,1.43,2.33,2.95h-4.59Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m131.48,27.21l-4,1.49v2.72l-2.69-.03v2.72h2.69l.03,6.76c0,2.98.69,4.64,3.81,4.64.56,0,2.69-.2,3.15-.43v-2.42c-.43.03-.85.1-1.28.1-1.41,0-1.67-.5-1.67-2.29l-.03-6.37h3.02v-2.72h-3.02v-4.18Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m148.84,36.53c-.1-.86-.29-1.72-.66-2.49-1.12-2.45-3.18-3.32-5.68-3.32-4.04.03-6.37,3.25-6.37,7.46,0,4.68,1.84,7.36,6.4,7.36,3.08,0,5.68-1.16,6.01-4.61h-3.58c-.36,1.29-1.05,1.82-2.43,1.82-2.04,0-2.3-1.69-2.3-3.51l8.7-.03c0-.93,0-1.82-.1-2.69Zm-8.56-.1c.03-1.53.43-2.95,2.26-2.95,1.94,0,2.33,1.43,2.33,2.95h-4.59Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m155.17,33.91h-.07l-.1-2.59h-3.74c.03,1.03.13,2.22.13,2.82l.07,11.37h4.1l-.03-7.03c.03-.93.13-1.72.56-2.52.39-.6,1.31-.99,2-1.06h1.8v-3.75c-2.07-.07-3.84.53-4.72,2.75Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="104.28" y=".52" width="3.9" height="3.51" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="104.28" y="5.99" width="3.9" height="14.36" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="111.33" y=".52" width="3.77" height="19.83" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <polygon points="85.48 20.35 89.41 5.53 93.35 20.35 97.62 20.35 102.44 .52 98.4 .52 95.35 14.35 91.87 .52 87.08 .52 83.44 14.15 80.46 .52 76.35 .52 81.11 20.35 85.48 20.35" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m122.29,32.85c-.36-.46-1.02-.9-1.67-1.19-.66-.3-1.38-.43-2.2-.43-1.84,0-2.82.66-4.04,2.25v-2.16h-3.9v14.19h3.87v-6.33c0-1.56-.03-2.72.16-3.28.2-.56.43-.93.92-1.29.49-.36,1.08-.53,1.71-.53.49,0,.92.13,1.28.36.36.23.59.6.76,1.03.16.43.23,1.39.23,2.92v7.13h3.94v-8.69c0-1.09-.07-1.92-.2-2.49-.13-.6-.53-1.03-.85-1.49Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> </g> <g class="mark"> <polygon points="47.31 .49 33.86 32.95 27.86 18.52 21.85 32.68 8.46 .49 -.07 .49 20.73 45.61 27.89 30.29 35.04 45.61 55.85 .49 47.31 .49" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="25.79 13.52 20.34 .49 12.83 .49 21.92 23.27 25.79 13.52" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="33.79 23.27 42.88 .49 35.37 .49 29.92 13.52 33.79 23.27" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="30.97 .49 24.7 .49 27.86 8.31 30.97 .49" fill="#006caf"/> </g> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="item js-submenu-parent" data-children="true" data-expandable="true" data-expanded="false"> <button class="no-link js-no-link" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu">Programs</button> <button class="js-submenu-btn submenu-toggle-btn icon-chevron-down" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-toggle-1-1"> <span class="sr-text">Toggle sub-menu</span> </button> <ul data-level="2" class="nav-list js-nav-list js-submenu" id="submenu-toggle-1-1" data-dropdown-layout="2-col-text" aria-hidden="true" > <li class="item"> <a href="/program/africa-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/25">Africa Program</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/canada-institute" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/29">Canada Institute</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/environmental-change-and-security-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/103">Environmental Change and Security Program</a> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="/program/china-environment-forum" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/99">China Environment Forum</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/maternal-health-initiative" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/105">Maternal Health Initiative</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/global-europe-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/104">Global Europe Program</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/history-and-public-policy-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/106">History and Public Policy Program</a> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="/program/cold-war-international-history-project" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/100">Cold War International History Project</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/indo-pacific-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/27">Indo-Pacific Program</a> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="/program/hyundai-motor-korea-foundation-center-korean-history-and-public-policy" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/426">Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center for Korean History and Public Policy</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/kennan-institute" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/108">Kennan Institute</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/kissinger-institute-china-and-united-states" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/109">Kissinger Institute on China and the United States</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/latin-america-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/110">Latin America Program</a> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="/program/argentina-project" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/546">Argentina Project</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/brazil-institute" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/28">Brazil Institute</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/mexico-institute" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/111">Mexico Institute</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/middle-east-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/112">Middle East Program</a> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="/program/islamists" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/322">The Islamists</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/middle-east-womens-initiative" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/631">Middle East Women's Initiative</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/mena-workforce-development-initiative" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/616">The Middle East and North Africa Workforce Development Initiative</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/polar-institute" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/359">Polar Institute</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/refugee-and-forced-displacement-initiative" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/1031">Refugee and Forced Displacement Initiative</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/science-and-technology-innovation-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/116">Science and Technology Innovation Program</a> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="/program/serious-games-initiative" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/526">Serious Games Initiative</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/wahba-institute-strategic-competition" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/1028">Wahba Institute for Strategic Competition</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item" data-children="false" data-expandable="false" data-expanded="false"> <a href="/congress" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/125771">For Congress</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <a href="/" class="logo mobile-only" aria-label="Wilson Center"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 160 46"> <path class="pipe" d="m66.31.49h-1.74v45.16h1.74V.49Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <g class="text"> <path d="m129.45,16.04c0-5.34-7.68-4.05-7.68-6.3,0-.96.52-1.29,1.61-1.29.92,0,1.77.43,1.84,1.39l3.58-.03c-.2-3.15-2.62-4.21-5.45-4.21-2.36,0-5.74,1.33-5.74,4.31,0,3.35,2.4,3.91,4.96,4.58.79.2,2.72.7,2.72,1.82.03,1.09-.82,1.59-1.9,1.59-1.18,0-2.1-.63-2.2-1.72h-3.71c.07,3.28,2.79,4.58,5.91,4.58,2.49,0,6.07-1.59,6.07-4.71Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m137.85,20.71c4.4,0,7.02-3.08,7.02-7.59-.03-4.51-2.66-7.56-7.06-7.56s-6.99,3.08-6.99,7.59,2.62,7.56,7.02,7.56Zm-.03-12.33c2.46,0,2.89,2.45,2.89,4.74s-.39,4.74-2.85,4.74c-2.46.03-2.89-2.42-2.89-4.74s.39-4.74,2.85-4.74Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m159.93,11.26c0-.22,0-.55-.04-.93-.03-.46-.08-.86-.15-1.16-.05-.23-.15-.44-.26-.63-.21-.46-.52-.86-.91-1.19,0,0,0,0-.01-.01-.12-.1-.24-.2-.37-.29-.03-.02-.06-.04-.09-.06-.96-.65-2.13-.99-2.89-.99-2.07.03-3.35.86-4.17,2.12-.07.07-.07-.07-.07-.07l.03-1.89h-4v14.19h4s-.03-7.29-.03-8.36c0-.56.08-1.04.21-1.44.02-.04.03-.08.05-.12.01-.04.03-.07.05-.11.17-.35.39-.62.75-.88.49-.36,1.08-.53,1.71-.53.4,0,.74.1,1.05.26.87.57,1.09,1.75,1.12,2.82l-.03,8.36h4.04s.03,0,.03,0v-8.69s0-.05,0-.07v-.32Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m85.87,42.53c-2.92,0-3.68-4.41-3.68-7.16s.72-7.2,3.64-7.2c2.46,0,3.71,1.66,3.68,3.71h4.33c-.2-4.91-3.64-6.73-8.04-6.73-5.55.03-8.04,4.51-8.01,10.25.03,5.7,2.53,10.21,8.07,10.18,4.4-.03,7.84-1.89,8.01-6.8h-4.36c.03,2.09-1.18,3.75-3.64,3.75Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m108.22,36.56c-.1-.86-.29-1.72-.66-2.49-1.12-2.45-3.18-3.35-5.68-3.35-4.07,0-6.4,3.22-6.4,7.43,0,4.68,1.84,7.36,6.4,7.36,3.08,0,5.68-1.13,6-4.58h-3.58c-.36,1.29-1.05,1.82-2.43,1.82-2.07,0-2.3-1.69-2.3-3.51h8.73c0-.93,0-1.82-.1-2.69Zm-8.63-.1c.03-1.53.43-2.95,2.26-2.95,1.94,0,2.33,1.43,2.33,2.95h-4.59Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m131.48,27.21l-4,1.49v2.72l-2.69-.03v2.72h2.69l.03,6.76c0,2.98.69,4.64,3.81,4.64.56,0,2.69-.2,3.15-.43v-2.42c-.43.03-.85.1-1.28.1-1.41,0-1.67-.5-1.67-2.29l-.03-6.37h3.02v-2.72h-3.02v-4.18Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m148.84,36.53c-.1-.86-.29-1.72-.66-2.49-1.12-2.45-3.18-3.32-5.68-3.32-4.04.03-6.37,3.25-6.37,7.46,0,4.68,1.84,7.36,6.4,7.36,3.08,0,5.68-1.16,6.01-4.61h-3.58c-.36,1.29-1.05,1.82-2.43,1.82-2.04,0-2.3-1.69-2.3-3.51l8.7-.03c0-.93,0-1.82-.1-2.69Zm-8.56-.1c.03-1.53.43-2.95,2.26-2.95,1.94,0,2.33,1.43,2.33,2.95h-4.59Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m155.17,33.91h-.07l-.1-2.59h-3.74c.03,1.03.13,2.22.13,2.82l.07,11.37h4.1l-.03-7.03c.03-.93.13-1.72.56-2.52.39-.6,1.31-.99,2-1.06h1.8v-3.75c-2.07-.07-3.84.53-4.72,2.75Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="104.28" y=".52" width="3.9" height="3.51" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="104.28" y="5.99" width="3.9" height="14.36" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="111.33" y=".52" width="3.77" height="19.83" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <polygon points="85.48 20.35 89.41 5.53 93.35 20.35 97.62 20.35 102.44 .52 98.4 .52 95.35 14.35 91.87 .52 87.08 .52 83.44 14.15 80.46 .52 76.35 .52 81.11 20.35 85.48 20.35" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m122.29,32.85c-.36-.46-1.02-.9-1.67-1.19-.66-.3-1.38-.43-2.2-.43-1.84,0-2.82.66-4.04,2.25v-2.16h-3.9v14.19h3.87v-6.33c0-1.56-.03-2.72.16-3.28.2-.56.43-.93.92-1.29.49-.36,1.08-.53,1.71-.53.49,0,.92.13,1.28.36.36.23.59.6.76,1.03.16.43.23,1.39.23,2.92v7.13h3.94v-8.69c0-1.09-.07-1.92-.2-2.49-.13-.6-.53-1.03-.85-1.49Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> </g> <g class="mark"> <polygon points="47.31 .49 33.86 32.95 27.86 18.52 21.85 32.68 8.46 .49 -.07 .49 20.73 45.61 27.89 30.29 35.04 45.61 55.85 .49 47.31 .49" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="25.79 13.52 20.34 .49 12.83 .49 21.92 23.27 25.79 13.52" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="33.79 23.27 42.88 .49 35.37 .49 29.92 13.52 33.79 23.27" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="30.97 .49 24.7 .49 27.86 8.31 30.97 .49" fill="#006caf"/> </g> </svg> </a> <a href="https://engage.wilsoncenter.org/onlineactions/WpUYj9S_MkydZEXxsyWeYw2" target="_blank" class="btn-primary subscribe mobile-only">Subscribe</a> <button class="search-toggle-btn icon-search js-site-header-search-overlay-toggle" aria-controls="js-site-header-search-overlay-form" aria-expanded="false"><span class="sr-text">Show/Hide sitewide search field</span></button> <button class="menu-toggle-btn icon-menu js-site-header-hamburger-nav-toggle" aria-controls="js-site-header-hamburger-nav" aria-expanded="false"><span class="sr-text">Open vertical navigation</span></button> </div> <div class="site-header-search-overlay js-site-header-search-overlay"> <div class="modal-accent-watermark"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="wc-logo-svg" aria-hidden="1" viewBox="0 2 56 42" > <path class="pipe" d="m66.31.49h-1.74v45.16h1.74V.49Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <g class="text"> <path d="m129.45,16.04c0-5.34-7.68-4.05-7.68-6.3,0-.96.52-1.29,1.61-1.29.92,0,1.77.43,1.84,1.39l3.58-.03c-.2-3.15-2.62-4.21-5.45-4.21-2.36,0-5.74,1.33-5.74,4.31,0,3.35,2.4,3.91,4.96,4.58.79.2,2.72.7,2.72,1.82.03,1.09-.82,1.59-1.9,1.59-1.18,0-2.1-.63-2.2-1.72h-3.71c.07,3.28,2.79,4.58,5.91,4.58,2.49,0,6.07-1.59,6.07-4.71Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m137.85,20.71c4.4,0,7.02-3.08,7.02-7.59-.03-4.51-2.66-7.56-7.06-7.56s-6.99,3.08-6.99,7.59,2.62,7.56,7.02,7.56Zm-.03-12.33c2.46,0,2.89,2.45,2.89,4.74s-.39,4.74-2.85,4.74c-2.46.03-2.89-2.42-2.89-4.74s.39-4.74,2.85-4.74Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m159.93,11.26c0-.22,0-.55-.04-.93-.03-.46-.08-.86-.15-1.16-.05-.23-.15-.44-.26-.63-.21-.46-.52-.86-.91-1.19,0,0,0,0-.01-.01-.12-.1-.24-.2-.37-.29-.03-.02-.06-.04-.09-.06-.96-.65-2.13-.99-2.89-.99-2.07.03-3.35.86-4.17,2.12-.07.07-.07-.07-.07-.07l.03-1.89h-4v14.19h4s-.03-7.29-.03-8.36c0-.56.08-1.04.21-1.44.02-.04.03-.08.05-.12.01-.04.03-.07.05-.11.17-.35.39-.62.75-.88.49-.36,1.08-.53,1.71-.53.4,0,.74.1,1.05.26.87.57,1.09,1.75,1.12,2.82l-.03,8.36h4.04s.03,0,.03,0v-8.69s0-.05,0-.07v-.32Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m85.87,42.53c-2.92,0-3.68-4.41-3.68-7.16s.72-7.2,3.64-7.2c2.46,0,3.71,1.66,3.68,3.71h4.33c-.2-4.91-3.64-6.73-8.04-6.73-5.55.03-8.04,4.51-8.01,10.25.03,5.7,2.53,10.21,8.07,10.18,4.4-.03,7.84-1.89,8.01-6.8h-4.36c.03,2.09-1.18,3.75-3.64,3.75Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m108.22,36.56c-.1-.86-.29-1.72-.66-2.49-1.12-2.45-3.18-3.35-5.68-3.35-4.07,0-6.4,3.22-6.4,7.43,0,4.68,1.84,7.36,6.4,7.36,3.08,0,5.68-1.13,6-4.58h-3.58c-.36,1.29-1.05,1.82-2.43,1.82-2.07,0-2.3-1.69-2.3-3.51h8.73c0-.93,0-1.82-.1-2.69Zm-8.63-.1c.03-1.53.43-2.95,2.26-2.95,1.94,0,2.33,1.43,2.33,2.95h-4.59Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m131.48,27.21l-4,1.49v2.72l-2.69-.03v2.72h2.69l.03,6.76c0,2.98.69,4.64,3.81,4.64.56,0,2.69-.2,3.15-.43v-2.42c-.43.03-.85.1-1.28.1-1.41,0-1.67-.5-1.67-2.29l-.03-6.37h3.02v-2.72h-3.02v-4.18Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m148.84,36.53c-.1-.86-.29-1.72-.66-2.49-1.12-2.45-3.18-3.32-5.68-3.32-4.04.03-6.37,3.25-6.37,7.46,0,4.68,1.84,7.36,6.4,7.36,3.08,0,5.68-1.16,6.01-4.61h-3.58c-.36,1.29-1.05,1.82-2.43,1.82-2.04,0-2.3-1.69-2.3-3.51l8.7-.03c0-.93,0-1.82-.1-2.69Zm-8.56-.1c.03-1.53.43-2.95,2.26-2.95,1.94,0,2.33,1.43,2.33,2.95h-4.59Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m155.17,33.91h-.07l-.1-2.59h-3.74c.03,1.03.13,2.22.13,2.82l.07,11.37h4.1l-.03-7.03c.03-.93.13-1.72.56-2.52.39-.6,1.31-.99,2-1.06h1.8v-3.75c-2.07-.07-3.84.53-4.72,2.75Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="104.28" y=".52" width="3.9" height="3.51" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="104.28" y="5.99" width="3.9" height="14.36" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="111.33" y=".52" width="3.77" height="19.83" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <polygon points="85.48 20.35 89.41 5.53 93.35 20.35 97.62 20.35 102.44 .52 98.4 .52 95.35 14.35 91.87 .52 87.08 .52 83.44 14.15 80.46 .52 76.35 .52 81.11 20.35 85.48 20.35" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m122.29,32.85c-.36-.46-1.02-.9-1.67-1.19-.66-.3-1.38-.43-2.2-.43-1.84,0-2.82.66-4.04,2.25v-2.16h-3.9v14.19h3.87v-6.33c0-1.56-.03-2.72.16-3.28.2-.56.43-.93.92-1.29.49-.36,1.08-.53,1.71-.53.49,0,.92.13,1.28.36.36.23.59.6.76,1.03.16.43.23,1.39.23,2.92v7.13h3.94v-8.69c0-1.09-.07-1.92-.2-2.49-.13-.6-.53-1.03-.85-1.49Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> </g> <g class="mark"> <polygon points="47.31 .49 33.86 32.95 27.86 18.52 21.85 32.68 8.46 .49 -.07 .49 20.73 45.61 27.89 30.29 35.04 45.61 55.85 .49 47.31 .49" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="25.79 13.52 20.34 .49 12.83 .49 21.92 23.27 25.79 13.52" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="33.79 23.27 42.88 .49 35.37 .49 29.92 13.52 33.79 23.27" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="30.97 .49 24.7 .49 27.86 8.31 30.97 .49" fill="#006caf"/> </g> </svg> </div> <div class="inner -flex--rw --c-gap-6 --jc-center --ac-center --ai-center"> <header class="keyline-box--blue--xl"> <h1 class="h4 title -white">Explore more than 27,000 insights and analysis, 160 experts, and hundreds of events each year.</h1> </header> <form id="js-site-header-search-overlay-form" class="form -flex--rw --r-gap-4 --jc-center --ac-center --ai-center keyline-overlap" role="search" method="GET" action="/search"> <input class="field js-site-header-search-overlay-input" type="search" name="keywords" aria-label="Search Term(s)" placeholder="Search Wilson Center…"> <button class="submit btn-primary js-site-header-search-overlay-submit" type="submit" disabled>Search</button> </form> <div class="trending-link-lists -flex--rw --flex-layout-2up --c-gridgap-1 --r-gap-8 --jc-center --ac-center --ai-center"> <section class="col"> <h2 class="h6 -white">Trending topics</h2> <ul class="trending-link-list"> <li class="p"><a href="/issue/artificial-intelligence" class="link--arrow-hover-l -white" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/496">AI</a></li> <li class="p"><a href="/issue/great-power-competition" class="link--arrow-hover-l -white" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/1244">Great Power Competition</a></li> <li class="p"><a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/collection/nafta-and-usmca-resource-page" class="link--arrow-hover-l -white">USMCA</a></li> <li class="p"><a href="/issue/migration" class="link--arrow-hover-l -white" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/165">Migration</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="site-header-hamburger-nav js-site-header-hamburger-nav" id="js-site-header-hamburger-nav" aria-label="Primary vertical"> <div class="scrollable js-scrollable"> <div class="inner"> <div class="top desktop-only"> <a href="/" class="logo" aria-label="Wilson Center"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 160 46"> <path class="pipe" d="m66.31.49h-1.74v45.16h1.74V.49Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <g class="text"> <path d="m129.45,16.04c0-5.34-7.68-4.05-7.68-6.3,0-.96.52-1.29,1.61-1.29.92,0,1.77.43,1.84,1.39l3.58-.03c-.2-3.15-2.62-4.21-5.45-4.21-2.36,0-5.74,1.33-5.74,4.31,0,3.35,2.4,3.91,4.96,4.58.79.2,2.72.7,2.72,1.82.03,1.09-.82,1.59-1.9,1.59-1.18,0-2.1-.63-2.2-1.72h-3.71c.07,3.28,2.79,4.58,5.91,4.58,2.49,0,6.07-1.59,6.07-4.71Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m137.85,20.71c4.4,0,7.02-3.08,7.02-7.59-.03-4.51-2.66-7.56-7.06-7.56s-6.99,3.08-6.99,7.59,2.62,7.56,7.02,7.56Zm-.03-12.33c2.46,0,2.89,2.45,2.89,4.74s-.39,4.74-2.85,4.74c-2.46.03-2.89-2.42-2.89-4.74s.39-4.74,2.85-4.74Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m159.93,11.26c0-.22,0-.55-.04-.93-.03-.46-.08-.86-.15-1.16-.05-.23-.15-.44-.26-.63-.21-.46-.52-.86-.91-1.19,0,0,0,0-.01-.01-.12-.1-.24-.2-.37-.29-.03-.02-.06-.04-.09-.06-.96-.65-2.13-.99-2.89-.99-2.07.03-3.35.86-4.17,2.12-.07.07-.07-.07-.07-.07l.03-1.89h-4v14.19h4s-.03-7.29-.03-8.36c0-.56.08-1.04.21-1.44.02-.04.03-.08.05-.12.01-.04.03-.07.05-.11.17-.35.39-.62.75-.88.49-.36,1.08-.53,1.71-.53.4,0,.74.1,1.05.26.87.57,1.09,1.75,1.12,2.82l-.03,8.36h4.04s.03,0,.03,0v-8.69s0-.05,0-.07v-.32Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m85.87,42.53c-2.92,0-3.68-4.41-3.68-7.16s.72-7.2,3.64-7.2c2.46,0,3.71,1.66,3.68,3.71h4.33c-.2-4.91-3.64-6.73-8.04-6.73-5.55.03-8.04,4.51-8.01,10.25.03,5.7,2.53,10.21,8.07,10.18,4.4-.03,7.84-1.89,8.01-6.8h-4.36c.03,2.09-1.18,3.75-3.64,3.75Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m108.22,36.56c-.1-.86-.29-1.72-.66-2.49-1.12-2.45-3.18-3.35-5.68-3.35-4.07,0-6.4,3.22-6.4,7.43,0,4.68,1.84,7.36,6.4,7.36,3.08,0,5.68-1.13,6-4.58h-3.58c-.36,1.29-1.05,1.82-2.43,1.82-2.07,0-2.3-1.69-2.3-3.51h8.73c0-.93,0-1.82-.1-2.69Zm-8.63-.1c.03-1.53.43-2.95,2.26-2.95,1.94,0,2.33,1.43,2.33,2.95h-4.59Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m131.48,27.21l-4,1.49v2.72l-2.69-.03v2.72h2.69l.03,6.76c0,2.98.69,4.64,3.81,4.64.56,0,2.69-.2,3.15-.43v-2.42c-.43.03-.85.1-1.28.1-1.41,0-1.67-.5-1.67-2.29l-.03-6.37h3.02v-2.72h-3.02v-4.18Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m148.84,36.53c-.1-.86-.29-1.72-.66-2.49-1.12-2.45-3.18-3.32-5.68-3.32-4.04.03-6.37,3.25-6.37,7.46,0,4.68,1.84,7.36,6.4,7.36,3.08,0,5.68-1.16,6.01-4.61h-3.58c-.36,1.29-1.05,1.82-2.43,1.82-2.04,0-2.3-1.69-2.3-3.51l8.7-.03c0-.93,0-1.82-.1-2.69Zm-8.56-.1c.03-1.53.43-2.95,2.26-2.95,1.94,0,2.33,1.43,2.33,2.95h-4.59Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m155.17,33.91h-.07l-.1-2.59h-3.74c.03,1.03.13,2.22.13,2.82l.07,11.37h4.1l-.03-7.03c.03-.93.13-1.72.56-2.52.39-.6,1.31-.99,2-1.06h1.8v-3.75c-2.07-.07-3.84.53-4.72,2.75Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="104.28" y=".52" width="3.9" height="3.51" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="104.28" y="5.99" width="3.9" height="14.36" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="111.33" y=".52" width="3.77" height="19.83" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <polygon points="85.48 20.35 89.41 5.53 93.35 20.35 97.62 20.35 102.44 .52 98.4 .52 95.35 14.35 91.87 .52 87.08 .52 83.44 14.15 80.46 .52 76.35 .52 81.11 20.35 85.48 20.35" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m122.29,32.85c-.36-.46-1.02-.9-1.67-1.19-.66-.3-1.38-.43-2.2-.43-1.84,0-2.82.66-4.04,2.25v-2.16h-3.9v14.19h3.87v-6.33c0-1.56-.03-2.72.16-3.28.2-.56.43-.93.92-1.29.49-.36,1.08-.53,1.71-.53.49,0,.92.13,1.28.36.36.23.59.6.76,1.03.16.43.23,1.39.23,2.92v7.13h3.94v-8.69c0-1.09-.07-1.92-.2-2.49-.13-.6-.53-1.03-.85-1.49Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> </g> <g class="mark"> <polygon points="47.31 .49 33.86 32.95 27.86 18.52 21.85 32.68 8.46 .49 -.07 .49 20.73 45.61 27.89 30.29 35.04 45.61 55.85 .49 47.31 .49" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="25.79 13.52 20.34 .49 12.83 .49 21.92 23.27 25.79 13.52" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="33.79 23.27 42.88 .49 35.37 .49 29.92 13.52 33.79 23.27" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="30.97 .49 24.7 .49 27.86 8.31 30.97 .49" fill="#006caf"/> </g> </svg> </a> <button class="menu-close-btn icon-close js-site-header-hamburger-nav-toggle" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="js-site-header-hamburger-nav" aria-label="Close vertical navigation"></button> </div> <ul data-level="1" class="nav-list js-nav-list"> <li class="item js-submenu-parent" data-children="true" data-expandable="true" data-expanded="false"> <button class="no-link js-no-link" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu">Topics & Regions</button> <button class="js-submenu-btn submenu-toggle-btn icon-chevron-down" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-toggle-1-1"> <span class="sr-text">Toggle sub-menu</span> </button> <ul data-level="2" class="nav-list js-nav-list js-submenu" id="submenu-toggle-1-1" data-dropdown-layout="4-col-text" aria-hidden="true" > <li class="item"> <span class="no-link">Topics</span> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="https://www.wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/in-search-of-our-narratives" class="link">Winter WQ | In Search of Our Narratives</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="https://ukraine.wilsoncenter.org/" class="link">Ukraine</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/issue/artificial-intelligence" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/496">AI</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/ivan-duque-center-prosperity-and-freedom" class="link">Iván Duque Center for Prosperity and Freedom</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/refugee-and-forced-displacement-initiative" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/1031">Refugees and Forced Displacement</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/issue/great-power-competition" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/1244">Great Power Competition</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/issue/supply-chains" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/1027">Supply Chains</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/issue/security-and-defense" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/170">Security and Defense</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/issue/naftausmca" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/132">USMCA</a> </li> <li class="item -outro"> <a href="/topics-regions" class="link icon-arrow-forward--after" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2">View all topics</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item"> <span class="no-link">Regions</span> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="/region/arcticantarctic" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/362">Arctic/Antarctic</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/region/africa" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/285">Africa</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/region/asia" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/278">Asia</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/region/europe" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/266">Europe</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/region/latin-america" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/239">Latin America</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/region/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/231">Middle East and North Africa</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/region/north-america" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/212">North America</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/region/russia-and-eurasia" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/209">Russia and Eurasia</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item -outro"> <a href="/programs" class="link icon-arrow-forward--after" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4">Our programs cover every region of the world</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item js-submenu-parent" data-children="true" data-expandable="true" data-expanded="false"> <button class="no-link js-no-link" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu">Events</button> <button class="js-submenu-btn submenu-toggle-btn icon-chevron-down" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-toggle-1-2"> <span class="sr-text">Toggle sub-menu</span> </button> <ul data-level="2" class="nav-list js-nav-list js-submenu" id="submenu-toggle-1-2" data-dropdown-layout="4-col-cards" aria-hidden="true" > <li class="item"><span class="no-link">Upcoming Events</span> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list"> <li class="item"> <article class="card js-link-event" data-card-bg-color="blue-100"> <div class="card-inner"> <div class="card-main"> <time class="date-stack" datetime="2025-02-18"> <span class="day">Tue</span> <span class="month">Feb</span> <span class="date">18</span> </time> <div class="card-text"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tags-list"> <li class="tag" data-category="online">Online</li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="title h5 -blue-600"> <a href="/event/freedom-expression-digital-age-importance-limiting-intermediary-liability" class="js-link-event-link">Freedom of Expression in the Digital Age: The Importance of Limiting Intermediary Liability</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> </article> </li><li class="item"> <article class="card js-link-event" data-card-bg-color="blue-100"> <div class="card-inner"> <div class="card-main"> <time class="date-stack" datetime="2025-02-18"> <span class="day">Tue</span> <span class="month">Feb</span> <span class="date">18</span> </time> <div class="card-text"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tags-list"> <li class="tag" data-category="in-person">In person</li> <li class="tag" data-category="online">Online</li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="title h5 -blue-600"> <a href="/event/book-launch-looking-women-looking-war" class="js-link-event-link">Book Launch | Looking at Women Looking at War</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> </article> </li><li class="item"> <article class="card js-link-event" data-card-bg-color="blue-100"> <div class="card-inner"> <div class="card-main"> <time class="date-stack" datetime="2025-02-20"> <span class="day">Thu</span> <span class="month">Feb</span> <span class="date">20</span> </time> <div class="card-text"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tags-list"> <li class="tag" data-category="online">Online</li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="title h5 -blue-600"> <a href="/event/discussion-arabs-and-israelis-october-7-peacemaking" class="js-link-event-link">A Discussion of “Arabs and Israelis: From October 7 to Peacemaking”</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> </article> </li><li class="item"> <article class="card js-link-event" data-card-bg-color="blue-100"> <div class="card-inner"> <div class="card-main"> <time class="date-stack" datetime="2025-03-03"> <span class="day">Mon</span> <span class="month">Mar</span> <span class="date">03</span> </time> <div class="card-text"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tags-list"> <li class="tag" data-category="online">Online</li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="title h5 -blue-600"> <a href="/event/crucibles-power-smolensk-under-stalinist-and-nazi-rule" class="js-link-event-link">Crucibles of Power: Smolensk under Stalinist and Nazi Rule</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> </article> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item -outro"><a href="/events" class="link icon-arrow-forward--after" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10">See all events</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="item" data-children="false" data-expandable="false" data-expanded="false"> <a href="/experts" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/11">Experts</a> </li> <li class="item js-submenu-parent" data-children="true" data-expandable="true" data-expanded="false"> <button class="no-link js-no-link" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu">Programs</button> <button class="js-submenu-btn submenu-toggle-btn icon-chevron-down" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-toggle-1-4"> <span class="sr-text">Toggle sub-menu</span> </button> <ul data-level="2" class="nav-list js-nav-list js-submenu" id="submenu-toggle-1-4" data-dropdown-layout="2-col-text" aria-hidden="true" > <li class="item"> <a href="/program/africa-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/25">Africa Program</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/canada-institute" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/29">Canada Institute</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/environmental-change-and-security-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/103">Environmental Change and Security Program</a> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="/program/china-environment-forum" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/99">China Environment Forum</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/maternal-health-initiative" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/105">Maternal Health Initiative</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/global-europe-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/104">Global Europe Program</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/history-and-public-policy-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/106">History and Public Policy Program</a> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="/program/cold-war-international-history-project" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/100">Cold War International History Project</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/indo-pacific-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/27">Indo-Pacific Program</a> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="/program/hyundai-motor-korea-foundation-center-korean-history-and-public-policy" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/426">Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center for Korean History and Public Policy</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/kennan-institute" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/108">Kennan Institute</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/kissinger-institute-china-and-united-states" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/109">Kissinger Institute on China and the United States</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/latin-america-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/110">Latin America Program</a> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="/program/argentina-project" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/546">Argentina Project</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/brazil-institute" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/28">Brazil Institute</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/mexico-institute" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/111">Mexico Institute</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/middle-east-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/112">Middle East Program</a> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="/program/islamists" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/322">The Islamists</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/middle-east-womens-initiative" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/631">Middle East Women's Initiative</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/mena-workforce-development-initiative" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/616">The Middle East and North Africa Workforce Development Initiative</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/polar-institute" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/359">Polar Institute</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/refugee-and-forced-displacement-initiative" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/1031">Refugee and Forced Displacement Initiative</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/science-and-technology-innovation-program" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/116">Science and Technology Innovation Program</a> <ul data-level="3" class="nav-list" > <li class="item"> <a href="/program/serious-games-initiative" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/526">Serious Games Initiative</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/program/wahba-institute-strategic-competition" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/1028">Wahba Institute for Strategic Competition</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item" data-children="false" data-expandable="false" data-expanded="false"> <a href="/congress" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/125771">For Congress</a> </li> </ul> <ul data-level="1" class="nav-list js-nav-list link-list-1"> <li class="item" data-children="false" data-expandable="false" data-expanded="false"> <a href="/insight-analysis" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/95532">Insight & Analysis</a> </li> <li class="item" data-children="false" data-expandable="false" data-expanded="false"> <a href="/scholars-alumni" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/89182">Scholars & Alumni</a> </li> <li class="item" data-children="false" data-expandable="false" data-expanded="false"> <a href="/press-room" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/95625">Press Room</a> </li> <li class="item" data-children="false" data-expandable="false" data-expanded="false"> <a href="/videos" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/125768">Videos</a> </li> <li class="item" data-children="false" data-expandable="false" data-expanded="false"> <a href="/about" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/119">About the Wilson Center</a> </li> <li class="item js-submenu-parent" data-children="true" data-expandable="true" data-expanded="false"> <button class="no-link js-no-link" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu">Careers, Fellowships, and Internships</button> <button class="js-submenu-btn submenu-toggle-btn icon-chevron-down" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-toggle-1-6"> <span class="sr-text">Toggle sub-menu</span> </button> <ul data-level="2" class="nav-list js-nav-list js-submenu" id="submenu-toggle-1-6" data-dropdown-layout="" aria-hidden="true" > <li class="item"> <a href="/job-openings-the-wilson-center" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/34995">Jobs</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/fellowship-application" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/276">Wilson Center Fellowship</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/the-wilson-china-fellowship" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/88916">China Fellowship</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/foreignpolicyfellowship" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26031">Foreign Policy Fellowship</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/tech-labs" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/92756">Congressional Technology Labs</a> </li> <li class="item"> <a href="/internships" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/34923">Internships</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="item" data-children="false" data-expandable="false" data-expanded="false"> <a href="/support-the-wilson-center" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/130">Support the Wilson Center</a> </li> </ul> <ul data-level="1" class="nav-list js-nav-list link-list-3"> <li class="item" data-children="false" data-expandable="false" data-expanded="false"> <a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/" class="link">Digital Archive</a> </li> <li class="item" data-children="false" data-expandable="false" data-expanded="false"> <a href="https://www.wilsonquarterly.com" class="link">The Wilson Quarterly</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="site-header-action-buttons -flex--rnw"> <li class="item subscribe"> <a href="https://engage.wilsoncenter.org/onlineactions/WpUYj9S_MkydZEXxsyWeYw2" target="_blank" class="btn-primary -bleed">Subscribe</a> </li> <li class="item support"> <a href="https://engage.wilsoncenter.org/onlineactions/KxzFKo0YTk2W8uYVKK5HKg2" target="_blank" class="btn-primary -bleed">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <main id="maincontent"> <article class="grid-container"> <nav class="breadcrumbs" aria-label="Breadcrumb Navigation"> <div class="breadcrumbs-inner"> <ul class="breadcrumbs-nav"> <li class="breadcrumb-nav-home"> <a href="/" class="breadcrumb-item"><span class="sr-text">Home</span></a> </li> <li><a href="/insight-analysis">Insight & Analysis</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <header class="hero-publication"> <div class="inner"> <div class="hero-publication-main"> <div class="hero-publication-main-content"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tags-list"> <li class="tag" data-category="publication">Publication</li> </ul> </div> <h1 class="h2 -line-accent" data-animation="custom">East German Documents on Kim Il Sung’s April 1975 Trip to Beijing</h1> <section> <div class="col"> <div class="published-info"><span class="post-time-item"><span class="sr-text">Posted date/time:</span><time class="post-time js-post-time" datetime="2012-05-16T13:28:15-04:00" data-posted-time="2012-05-16T13:28:15-04:00">May 16, 2012</time></span><ul class="authors"><li class="by" aria-hidden="true">By</li><li><a href="/person/ria-chae">Ria Chae</a></li></ul></div> <div class="button-row"> <a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/NKIDP_eDossier_7_Kim_Il_Sung_Beijing_1975.pdf" class="btn-download" download="east-german-documents-on-kim-il-sung’s-april-1975-trip-to-beijing.pdf">Download</a> <ul class="share-print -flex--rw --ai-center --rc-gap-3 js-share-print"> <li class="share-group -flex--c"> <button class="share-trigger btn-secondary -lt-blue -xsmall icon-share js-social-share-trigger" aria-controls="social-share-services-menu" aria-expanded="false" title="Share this page">Share</button> <ul class="share-services js-social-share-services -flex--c --ai-center --r-gap-2" data-expanded="false" id="social-share-services-menu"> <li> <a href="mailto:?subject=From%20Wilson%20Center%20%E2%80%93%20East%20German%20Documents%20on%20Kim%20Il%20Sung%E2%80%99s%20April%201975%20Trip%20to%20Beijing&body=Hi%20there%20%E2%80%93%20%0A%0AI%20thought%20you%20would%20be%20interested%20in%20this%20content%20from%20Wilson%20Center%3A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Feast-german-documents-kim-il-sungs-april-1975-trip-to-beijing" class="btn-share btn-circle -lt-blue icon-social-email--after" data-service="email"><span class="sr-text">Share via Email</span></a> </li> <li> <button class="btn-share btn-circle -lt-blue icon-social-facebook--after" data-service="facebook"><span class="sr-text">Share on Facebook</span></button> </li> <li> <button class="btn-share btn-circle -lt-blue icon-social-linkedin--after" data-service="linkedin"><span class="sr-text">Share on LinkedIn</span></button> </li> <li> <button class="btn-share btn-circle -lt-blue icon-social-x--after" data-service="x"><span class="sr-text">Share on X</span></button> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <button class="btn-secondary -lt-blue -xsmall icon-print js-print-trigger" data-service="print">Print</button> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="program-logos"> <div class="program-logos-list truncatable-list js-truncatable-list" data-limit="3"> <div class="item js-truncatable-list-item"> <div class="logo"><img src="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/images/program-logos/north-korea-international-documentation-project.svg?20241212" alt="North Korea International Documentation Project" ></div> <div class="label">North Korea International Documentation Project</div> </div> <div class="item js-truncatable-list-item"> <div class="logo"><img src="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/images/program-logos/cold-war-international-history-project.svg?20241212" alt="Cold War International History Project" ></div> <div class="label">Cold War International History Project</div> </div> <div class="item js-truncatable-list-item"> <div class="logo"><img src="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/images/program-logos/hyundai-motor-korea-foundation-center-for-korean-history-and-public-policy.svg?20241212" alt="Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center for Korean History and Public Policy" ></div> <div class="label">Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center for Korean History and Public Policy</div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section> </section> </div> </div> <div class="hero-publication-media"> <span class="background-image" style="background-image: url('/sites/default/files/styles/book/public/media/images/publication/1324367311_0.jpg')" role="presentation"></span> <div class="image-wrapper"> <picture title="East German Documents on Kim Il Sung’s April 1975 Trip to Beijing"><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/book/public/media/images/publication/1324367311_0.webp" type="image/webp"/><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/book/public/media/images/publication/1324367311_0.jpg" width="280" height="418" alt="East German Documents on Kim Il Sung’s April 1975 Trip to Beijing"> </picture> </div> </div> </div> </header> <article class="text-block wysiwyg-content -full"> <div class="inner"> <h5>Kim Il Sung, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping in Beijing in April 1975</h5> <p><strong>Contents</strong>  <ul> <li> <h2><a href="#intro">Introduction by Ria Chae</a></h2> </li> <li> <h2><a href="#docs">List of Documents</a></h2> </li> <li> <h2><a href="#footnotes">Footnotes</a></h2> </li> </ul> <p> Introduction  <p>The spring of 1975 was a turning point in the Cold War in Asia. Beginning in March, the Vietnam People’s Army launched a series of successful campaigns against South Vietnam, which culminated in the fall of Saigon on April 30. Two weeks earlier, on April 17, the Khmer Rouge had captured the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh. Although the fall of these two capital cities to revolutionary forces was part of long-term military conflicts in Indochina, these victories came unexpectedly quick. These developments tilted the balance between the communist and liberal camps in Asia in favor of the former. They also strained the prospects for peaceful competition which had been opened by the rapprochement between the United States and the People’s Republic of China in the early 1970s.</p> <p>In 1975, the atmosphere of détente on the Korean Peninsula was waning as well. Secretly started in 1971, negotiations between North and South Korea developed into a series of exchange visits of high-level officials in Seoul and Pyongyang and led to the signing of the historic Joint Statement on July 4, 1972. However, subsequent discussions on the concrete steps towards unification rapidly deteriorated as the stark differences in how Park Chung Hee and Kim Il Sung envisioned the path toward a unified Korea were exposed.<a href="#_ftn1">[1]</a> While the South Korean government adopted a step-by-step program in which it intended to start with economic and people-to-people exchanges, the North demanded the immediate resolution of military and political issues. Pyongyang hoped that such a bold approach would increase political contradictions in South Korea and spark opposition to Park Chung Hee, resulting in the overthrow of his regime. Contrary to Pyongyang’s expectations, however, Park Chung Hee only strengthened his grip on the country during the course of the South-North negotiations and successfully dispersed the opposition forces. Neither Pyongyang nor Seoul were willing to accommodate the counterpart’s proposals and, by late 1973, the bilateral talks at the government level came to a halt. The two regimes then elevated the inter-Korean competition to the international stage, redoubling their efforts to seek recognition and support from abroad.</p> <p>How did the failure of Pyongyang’s unification policy, particularly in the context of the communist movement’s victories in Indochina, affect Kim Il Sung? In the immediate wake of the revolutionary victories in Vietnam and Cambodia, Kim had made a hurried trip to China during which he reportedly asked for Beijing’s assistance in liberating the South through a renewed military campaign. However, the Chinese leadership rejected the North Korean leader’s request.  Despite the apparent significance of the 1975 visit, very little information about it has been available to historians. According to a United States cable dated April 16, 1975, the Chinese prepared “an unusually large welcome” for the North Korean President.<a href="#_ftn2">[2]</a> However, both Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai were in poor health when Kim Il Sung came to see them on April 19 and 20, respectively, so the conversations with these Chinese leaders were brief and took place in Mao’s residence in the first case and in a hospital in the second. There are reports that the minutes of the conversation between Kim and Mao are stowed away in Chinese archives, but this document has not been de-classified and is thus unavailable, at least to foreign scholars.<a href="#_ftn3">[3]</a> The North Korean leader likely held more substantial discussions on the international situation and on North Korea’s strategy with Deng Xiaoping, though we do not possess any documents from these meetings.<a href="#_ftn4">[4]</a> Some of the only available Chinese sources about the state visit are the speeches made by Kim Il Sung and Deng Xiaoping at the banquet which the CCP Central Committee and the PRC State Council organized for the occasion.<a href="#_ftn5">[5]</a></p> <p>In a June 1975 conversation with Bulgaria’s Todor Zhivkov, Kim Il Sung claimed that his policy of peaceful reunification with the South remained unchanged. According to the North Korean leader, Pyongyang’s alleged plan to attack the South in light of the positive situation in Indochina was a rumor concocted by the American and Japanese militarists and the South Korean puppets, who sought to justify a stronger foreign military presence and an expanded crackdown on opposition forces in South Korea.<a href="#_ftn6">[6]</a></p> <p>Because of the paucity of information in China on this visit, this set of documents from the German Democratic Republic (GDR), or East Germany, which contains telegrams written by diplomats stationed in Pyongyang, is of particular importance. Rather than merely repeat the official statements from China and North Korea, the German diplomats attempted to analyze the event, gather supporting data, and offer evaluations of Kim Il Sung’s visit to Beijing. While three of the telegrams are from late April and mid-May 1975 and provide early assessments, the fourth document included in this e-Dossier is a report written in 1977 which assesses the development of the PRC-DPRK relations in the years following Kim’s trip. The documents contradict Kim Il Sung’s June 1975 statement to Todor Zhivkov and reveal several important points concerning North Korean policy toward South Korea as well as Sino-DPRK relations. They indicate that the purpose of the visit was in fact for the North Korean leader to coordinate his South Korean policy with China. Inspired by victories in Indochina, Kim had in mind an aggressive, revolutionary strategy toward Seoul, but his militant proposals were rebuffed by the Chinese side. Beijing was unwilling to undertake any steps which could have jeopardized rapprochement with the United States. Instead, Beijing reiterated its support for the continuation of the dialogue between North and South Korea and the withdrawal of U.S. troops from the southern half of the peninsula. The PRC also promised more economic and technological aid to its North Korean ally and confirmed that they would not establish relations with the South Korean regime. Beijing condemned Park Chung Hee’s attempt to create “two Koreas.” East German diplomats emphasized that behind the veneer of the official communiqué—which stated that a “complete congruence of opinions” was achieved during Kim Il Sung’s visit to Beijing—lay profound disagreements between the two states on détente in Korea and on policies toward the Soviet Union, other socialist states, the U.S., and Japan.</p> <p>The final document included in this collection suggests that, even in 1977, East German diplomats continued to negatively assess Kim’s visit to Beijing. China had rejected Kim’s request to achieve Korean unification through war and failed to deliver its promised aid to North Korea. The German diplomats concluded that Beijing’s insincere attitude toward Korea may have pushed Kim Il Sung to rebalance his position in the triangular relationship with the PRC and the Soviet Union in the late 1970s.</p> <p><strong><em>Ria Chae </em></strong><em>is a Ph.D. candidate in modern Korean history at Seoul National University and a former Korea Foundation Junior Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Her dissertation and research focus on inter-Korean relations during the 1970s. Chae has previously taught as a lecturer at Seoul National University and Dankook University. She earned her M.A. in Anthropology from Seoul National University.</em></p> <p> </p> <p>List of Documents <br /> <h2>DOCUMENT No. 1</h2> <h3><strong><a href="http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114124">Report from the GDR Foreign Ministry, “On the Visit of a DPRK Party and Government Delegation Headed by Kim Il Sung to the PR China from 18 to 26 April 1975."</a></strong></h3> <h3><strong>29 April 1975</strong></h3> <p> </p> <h2>DOCUMENT No. 2</h2> <h3><strong><a href="http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114125">Report from the GDR Embassy in the PRC, “Summarized Evaluation of Kim Il Sung's Visit to the PR China (18 to 26 April 1975).”</a></strong></h3> <h3><strong>6 May 1975</strong></h3> <p> </p> <h2>DOCUMENT No. 3</h2> <h3><strong><a href="http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114127">Report from the GDR Embassy in the DPRK, “Note concerning a Conversation between Ambassador Comrade Everhartz with the Head of Department II in the DPRK Foreign Ministry, Comrade Choe Sang-muk, on 7 May 1975 about the Visit by Comrade Kim Il Sung to the PR China.”</a></strong></h3> <h3><strong>12 May 1975</strong></h3> <p> </p> <h2>DOCUMENT No. 4</h2> <h3><strong><a href="http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114128">Report from the GDR Embassy in the DPRK, “On Relations between DPRK and PRC.”</a></strong></h3> <h3><strong>17 November 1977</strong></h3> <p> Footnotes  <p><a href="#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Christian F. Ostermann and James F. Person, eds., <em>The Rise and Fall of Détente on the Korean Peninsula, 1970-1974</em> (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2011),</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Telegram from the US Legation Office in Peking to the Secretary of State, “Peking Prepares Big Welcome for Kim Il-Sung,” April 16, 1975, in ibid., 355-356.</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref3">[3]</a> Ostermann and Person, eds., <em>The Rise and Fall of Détente on the Korean Peninsula, 1970-1974, </em>67-68.</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref4">[4]</a> See April 18-April 26, 1975, in Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, ed., <em>Deng Xiaoping nianpu, 1975-1997 </em>(Chronology of Deng Xiaoping, 1975-1997), vol. 1 (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2004).  See also Ezra Vogel, <em>Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China </em>(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011), 116-117.</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref5">[5]</a> “Kim Il-song Banquet Speech” and “Teng Banquet Speech,” Xinhua (FBIS-CHI-75-077), April 18, 1975, in <em>After Détente: The Korean Peninsula, 1973-1976</em>, 357-364.</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref6">[6]</a> Telegram from the GDR Embassy to the People’s Republic of Bulgaria, “Information about the Talks between Comrades Todor Zhivkov and Kim Il Sung,” June 18, 1975, in <em>After Détente: The Korean Peninsula, 1973-1976</em> (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center, 2011), 423-425.</p> </div> </article> <article class="tags-component"> <div class="inner"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tags-list"> <li class="tag"><a href="/issue/cold-war" class="tags-item btn -tag">Cold War</a></li> <li class="tag"><a href="/issue/history" class="tags-item btn -tag">History</a></li> <li class="tag"><a href="/issue/communism" class="tags-item btn -tag">Communism</a></li> <li class="tag"><a href="/issue/modern-korean-history" class="tags-item btn -tag">Modern Korean History</a></li> <li class="tag"><a href="/region/asia" class="tags-item btn -tag">Asia</a></li> <li class="tag"><a href="/region/china-mainland" class="tags-item btn -tag">China Mainland</a></li> <li class="tag"><a href="/region/north-korea" class="tags-item btn -tag">North Korea</a></li> <li class="tag"><a href="/region/south-korea" class="tags-item btn -tag">South Korea</a></li> <li class="tag"><a href="/region/europe" class="tags-item btn -tag">Europe</a></li> <li class="tag"><a href="/region/germany" class="tags-item btn -tag">Germany</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </article> <article class="text-block wysiwyg-content -full"><div class="inner"><div><ul><li><a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/NKIDP_eDossier_7_Kim_Il_Sung_Beijing_1975.pdf">East German Documents on Kim Il Sung’s April 1975 Trip to Beijing</a></li></ul></div></div></article> <article class="speakers"> <div class="inner"> <div class="component-header"> <h3 class="title">Author</h3> </div> <div class="-flex--rw --c-gap-6 --r-gap-6 -single-card"> <article class="speakers-card"> <div class="speakers-card-inner js-link-event"> <div class="speakers-card-image"> <picture title="Ria Chae"><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media/images/person/Chae%20150.webp" type="image/webp"/><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media/images/person/Chae%20150.jpg" width="200" height="200" alt="Ria Chae"> </picture> </div> <div class="speakers-card-content"> <a class="h5 speakers-card-name js-link-event-link" href="/person/ria-chae">Ria Chae</a> <div class="speakers-card-role"> Korea Foundation Junior Scholar;<br>Lecturer, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </article> <article class="program-blocks"> <div class="inner"> <article class="program-block"> <div class="program-block-header"> <div class="program-block-logo"> <img src="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/images/program-logos/north-korea-international-documentation-project.svg?20241212" alt="North Korea International Documentation Project" > </div> <h2 class="program-block-name h4">North Korea International Documentation Project</h2> </div> <p class="program-block-text"> The North Korea International Documentation Project serves as an informational clearinghouse on North Korea for&nbsp;the scholarly and policymaking communities, disseminating&nbsp;documents on the DPRK from its former communist allies that provide valuable insight into the actions and nature of the North Korean state.   <a href="/program/north-korea-international-documentation-project">Read more</a></p> <div class="program-block-watermark"> <img src="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/images/program-logos/north-korea-international-documentation-project.svg?20241212" alt="North Korea International Documentation Project" > </div> </article> <article class="program-block"> <div class="program-block-header"> <div class="program-block-logo"> <img src="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/images/program-logos/cold-war-international-history-project.svg?20241212" alt="Cold War International History Project" > </div> <h2 class="program-block-name h4">Cold War International History Project</h2> </div> <p class="program-block-text"> The Cold War International History Project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War.   <a href="/program/cold-war-international-history-project">Read more</a></p> <div class="program-block-watermark"> <img src="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/images/program-logos/cold-war-international-history-project.svg?20241212" alt="Cold War International History Project" > </div> </article> <article class="program-block"> <div class="program-block-header"> <div class="program-block-logo"> <img src="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/images/program-logos/hyundai-motor-korea-foundation-center-for-korean-history-and-public-policy.svg?20241212" alt="Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center for Korean History and Public Policy" > </div> <h2 class="program-block-name h4">Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center for Korean History and Public Policy</h2> </div> <p class="program-block-text"> The Center for Korean History and Public Policy was established in 2015 with the generous support of the Hyundai Motor Company and the Korea Foundation to provide a coherent, long-term platform for improving historical understanding of Korea and informing the public policy debate on the Korean peninsula in the United States and beyond.   <a href="/program/hyundai-motor-korea-foundation-center-korean-history-and-public-policy">Read more</a></p> <div class="program-block-watermark"> <img src="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/images/program-logos/hyundai-motor-korea-foundation-center-for-korean-history-and-public-policy.svg?20241212" alt="Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center for Korean History and Public Policy" > </div> </article> </div> </article> <article class="related-the-latest"> <div class="inner"> <div class="component-header"> <h2 class="title -line-accent"> Explore More </h2> <a href="/insight-analysis?topic=2" class="btn-ghost -arrow-right header-btn">Browse Insights & Analysis</a> </div> <a href="/insight-analysis?topic=2" class="btn-ghost -arrow-right header-btn--mobile">Browse Insights & Analysis</a> <div class="-flex--rw --c-gap-6 --r-gap-6"> <article class="card js-link-event" data-card-bg-color="white"> <div class="card-inner"> <picture class="image"><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/415x256/public/media/uploads/images/A%20World%20More%20Equal.webp" type="image/webp"/><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/415x256/public/media/uploads/images/A%20World%20More%20Equal.png" width="415" height="256" alt="A World More Equal"> </picture> <div class="card-main"> <time class="date-stack" datetime="2025-04-07"> <span class="day">Mon</span> <span class="month">Apr</span> <span class="date">07</span> </time> <div class="card-text"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tags-list"> <li class="tag" data-category="history">History</li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="title h4 -blue-600"> <a href="/event/world-more-equal-internationalist-perspective-cold-war" class="js-link-event-link">A World More Equal. An Internationalist Perspective on the Cold War</a> </h2> <div class="published-info"><span class="event-datetime js-event-datetime"><time class="item-date" datetime="2025-04-07">Monday, April 7, 2025</time><time class="item-time js-end-time" datetime="2025-04-07T16:00:00-04:00/2025-04-07T17:30:00-04:00">4:00pm<span class="ndash"> – </span>5:30pm</time><span class="countdown js-countdown" data-start-iso="2025-04-07T16:00:00-04:00" data-end-iso="2025-04-07T17:30:00-04:00" data-status="undetermined"></span></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article class="card js-link-event" data-card-bg-color="white"> <div class="card-inner"> <picture class="image"><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/415x256/public/media/uploads/images/Against%20the%20Liberal%20Order.webp" type="image/webp"/><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/415x256/public/media/uploads/images/Against%20the%20Liberal%20Order.png" width="415" height="256" alt="Against the Liberal Order"> </picture> <div class="card-main"> <time class="date-stack" datetime="2025-03-10"> <span class="day">Mon</span> <span class="month">Mar</span> <span class="date">10</span> </time> <div class="card-text"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tags-list"> <li class="tag" data-category="history">History</li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="title h4 -blue-600"> <a href="/event/against-liberal-order-soviet-union-turkey-and-statist-internationalism-1919-1939" class="js-link-event-link">Against the Liberal Order: The Soviet Union, Turkey, and Statist Internationalism, 1919-1939</a> </h2> <div class="published-info"><span class="event-datetime js-event-datetime"><time class="item-date" datetime="2025-03-10">Monday, March 10, 2025</time><time class="item-time js-end-time" datetime="2025-03-10T16:00:00-04:00/2025-03-10T17:30:00-04:00">4:00pm<span class="ndash"> – </span>5:30pm</time><span class="countdown js-countdown" data-start-iso="2025-03-10T16:00:00-04:00" data-end-iso="2025-03-10T17:30:00-04:00" data-status="undetermined"></span></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article class="card js-link-event" data-card-bg-color="white"> <div class="card-inner"> <picture class="image"><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/415x256/public/media/uploads/images/Berlin_Wall_Potsdamer_Platz_November_1975_looking_east.webp" type="image/webp"/><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/415x256/public/media/uploads/images/Berlin_Wall_Potsdamer_Platz_November_1975_looking_east.jpg" width="415" height="256" alt="Berlin Wall Potsdamer Platz November 1975 looking east"> </picture> <div class="card-main"> <div class="card-text"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tags-list"> <li class="tag" data-category="cold-war">Cold War</li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="title h4 -blue-600"> <a href="/article/call-papers-15th-annual-international-student-conference-cold-war-history-research-center" class="js-link-event-link">Call for Papers: 15th Annual International Student Conference of the Cold War History Research Center, Budapest</a> </h2> <div class="published-info"><span class="post-time-item"><span class="sr-text">Posted date/time:</span><time class="post-time js-post-time" datetime="2025-02-11T18:22:15-05:00" data-posted-time="2025-02-11T18:22:15-05:00">February 11, 2025</time></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article class="card js-link-event" data-card-bg-color="white"> <div class="card-inner"> <picture class="image"><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/415x256/public/media/uploads/images/UN7686480_215_.webp" type="image/webp"/><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/415x256/public/media/uploads/images/UN7686480_215_.jpg" width="415" height="256" alt="General K.S. Thimayya, Commander of the United Nations Force in Cyprus"> </picture> <div class="card-main"> <div class="card-text"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tags-list"> <li class="tag" data-category="cold-war">Cold War</li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="title h4 -blue-600"> <a href="/publication/no-shortcut-freedom-india-unficyp-and-cyprus-question-1960-1974" class="js-link-event-link">“No Shortcut to Freedom”: India, the UNFICYP, and the Cyprus Question, 1960-1974</a> </h2> <div class="published-info"><span class="post-time-item"><span class="sr-text">Posted date/time:</span><time class="post-time js-post-time" datetime="2025-02-07T14:41:53-05:00" data-posted-time="2025-02-07T14:41:53-05:00">February 7, 2025</time></span><ul class="authors"><li class="by" aria-hidden="true">By</li><li>Swapna Kona Nayudu and</li><li>Kanishkh Kanodia</li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </article> </article> </main> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="inner"> <div class="site-footer-email-sub"> <form class="form" method="get" action="https://engage.wilsoncenter.org/onlineactions/WpUYj9S_MkydZEXxsyWeYw2"> <div class="h3 -line-accent -line-accent" data-animation="custom">Bring context to your world</div> <div class="form-item"> <label for="subscribe-email" class="visually-hidden">Enter your email address</label> <input id="subscribe-email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address" name="em"> <button class="btn-primary btn" aria-invalid="false">Subscribe</button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="site-footer-content"> <div class="site-footer-grid-item"> <a class="site-footer-logo" href="/" aria-label="Wilson Center"> <img src="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/images/footer-logo.svg" alt="Wilson Center" width="100%" height="auto"> </a> <div class="h4 -white">Congressionally Chartered.<br>Scholarship Driven.<br>Fiercely Nonpartisan.</div> <a href="/about">Learn about us</a> <address> One Woodrow Wilson Plaza<br>1300 Pennsylvania Ave. NW<br>Washington, DC 20004-3027 </address> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/The+Wilson+Center/@38.8934628,-77.0325588,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7b79762f518d1:0x3e73088a9489b574!8m2!3d38.8934586!4d-77.0303701" class="local" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Map</a> </div> <div class="site-footer-grid-item"> <nav class="site-footer-nav" aria-label="Footer Navigation"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/119">About the Wilson Center</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4">Programs</a> </li> <li> <a href="/careers-fellowships-internships" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16">Careers, Fellowships & Internships</a> </li> <li> <a href="/press-room" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/95625">For Media</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-footer-grid-item"> <nav class="site-footer-nav" aria-label="Footer Navigation"> <ul> <li> <a href="/events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10">Events</a> </li> <li> <a href="/contact-us" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17">Contact</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.wilsonquarterly.com/" class="wilson-quarterly">Wilson Quarterly</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/">Digital Archive</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-footer-grid-item"> <div class="h5 -white">Support fiercely nonpartisan policy analysis</div> <a class="btn-primary -white" href="https://engage.wilsoncenter.org/onlineactions/KxzFKo0YTk2W8uYVKK5HKg2">Donate</a> <nav class="site-footer-social" aria-label="Social Media Links"> <ul> <li><a href="https://x.com/thewilsoncenter" class="icon-social-x"><span class="sr-text">X</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/woodrowwilsoncenter" class="icon-social-facebook"><span class="sr-text">Facebook</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/woodrowwilsoncenter" class="icon-social-youtube"><span class="sr-text">YouTube</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/woodrow-wilson-international-center-for-scholars" class="icon-social-linkedin"><span class="sr-text">LinkedIn</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/thewilsoncenter" class="icon-social-insta"><span class="sr-text">Instagram</span></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-footer-grid-item site-footer-copyright"> <div>© 2025 The Wilson Center. All Rights Reserved</div> <nav class="site-footer-nav -legals" aria-label="Footer Navigation"> <ul> <li> <a href="/2023-donors">2023 Donors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/990-formsbudgets">990 Forms</a> </li> <li> <a href="/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div class="video-modal"> <div class="modal-accent-watermark"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="wc-logo-svg" aria-hidden="1" viewBox="0 2 56 42" > <path class="pipe" d="m66.31.49h-1.74v45.16h1.74V.49Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <g class="text"> <path d="m129.45,16.04c0-5.34-7.68-4.05-7.68-6.3,0-.96.52-1.29,1.61-1.29.92,0,1.77.43,1.84,1.39l3.58-.03c-.2-3.15-2.62-4.21-5.45-4.21-2.36,0-5.74,1.33-5.74,4.31,0,3.35,2.4,3.91,4.96,4.58.79.2,2.72.7,2.72,1.82.03,1.09-.82,1.59-1.9,1.59-1.18,0-2.1-.63-2.2-1.72h-3.71c.07,3.28,2.79,4.58,5.91,4.58,2.49,0,6.07-1.59,6.07-4.71Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m137.85,20.71c4.4,0,7.02-3.08,7.02-7.59-.03-4.51-2.66-7.56-7.06-7.56s-6.99,3.08-6.99,7.59,2.62,7.56,7.02,7.56Zm-.03-12.33c2.46,0,2.89,2.45,2.89,4.74s-.39,4.74-2.85,4.74c-2.46.03-2.89-2.42-2.89-4.74s.39-4.74,2.85-4.74Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m159.93,11.26c0-.22,0-.55-.04-.93-.03-.46-.08-.86-.15-1.16-.05-.23-.15-.44-.26-.63-.21-.46-.52-.86-.91-1.19,0,0,0,0-.01-.01-.12-.1-.24-.2-.37-.29-.03-.02-.06-.04-.09-.06-.96-.65-2.13-.99-2.89-.99-2.07.03-3.35.86-4.17,2.12-.07.07-.07-.07-.07-.07l.03-1.89h-4v14.19h4s-.03-7.29-.03-8.36c0-.56.08-1.04.21-1.44.02-.04.03-.08.05-.12.01-.04.03-.07.05-.11.17-.35.39-.62.75-.88.49-.36,1.08-.53,1.71-.53.4,0,.74.1,1.05.26.87.57,1.09,1.75,1.12,2.82l-.03,8.36h4.04s.03,0,.03,0v-8.69s0-.05,0-.07v-.32Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m85.87,42.53c-2.92,0-3.68-4.41-3.68-7.16s.72-7.2,3.64-7.2c2.46,0,3.71,1.66,3.68,3.71h4.33c-.2-4.91-3.64-6.73-8.04-6.73-5.55.03-8.04,4.51-8.01,10.25.03,5.7,2.53,10.21,8.07,10.18,4.4-.03,7.84-1.89,8.01-6.8h-4.36c.03,2.09-1.18,3.75-3.64,3.75Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m108.22,36.56c-.1-.86-.29-1.72-.66-2.49-1.12-2.45-3.18-3.35-5.68-3.35-4.07,0-6.4,3.22-6.4,7.43,0,4.68,1.84,7.36,6.4,7.36,3.08,0,5.68-1.13,6-4.58h-3.58c-.36,1.29-1.05,1.82-2.43,1.82-2.07,0-2.3-1.69-2.3-3.51h8.73c0-.93,0-1.82-.1-2.69Zm-8.63-.1c.03-1.53.43-2.95,2.26-2.95,1.94,0,2.33,1.43,2.33,2.95h-4.59Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m131.48,27.21l-4,1.49v2.72l-2.69-.03v2.72h2.69l.03,6.76c0,2.98.69,4.64,3.81,4.64.56,0,2.69-.2,3.15-.43v-2.42c-.43.03-.85.1-1.28.1-1.41,0-1.67-.5-1.67-2.29l-.03-6.37h3.02v-2.72h-3.02v-4.18Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m148.84,36.53c-.1-.86-.29-1.72-.66-2.49-1.12-2.45-3.18-3.32-5.68-3.32-4.04.03-6.37,3.25-6.37,7.46,0,4.68,1.84,7.36,6.4,7.36,3.08,0,5.68-1.16,6.01-4.61h-3.58c-.36,1.29-1.05,1.82-2.43,1.82-2.04,0-2.3-1.69-2.3-3.51l8.7-.03c0-.93,0-1.82-.1-2.69Zm-8.56-.1c.03-1.53.43-2.95,2.26-2.95,1.94,0,2.33,1.43,2.33,2.95h-4.59Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m155.17,33.91h-.07l-.1-2.59h-3.74c.03,1.03.13,2.22.13,2.82l.07,11.37h4.1l-.03-7.03c.03-.93.13-1.72.56-2.52.39-.6,1.31-.99,2-1.06h1.8v-3.75c-2.07-.07-3.84.53-4.72,2.75Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="104.28" y=".52" width="3.9" height="3.51" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="104.28" y="5.99" width="3.9" height="14.36" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <rect x="111.33" y=".52" width="3.77" height="19.83" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <polygon points="85.48 20.35 89.41 5.53 93.35 20.35 97.62 20.35 102.44 .52 98.4 .52 95.35 14.35 91.87 .52 87.08 .52 83.44 14.15 80.46 .52 76.35 .52 81.11 20.35 85.48 20.35" fill="#5d5d5d"/> <path d="m122.29,32.85c-.36-.46-1.02-.9-1.67-1.19-.66-.3-1.38-.43-2.2-.43-1.84,0-2.82.66-4.04,2.25v-2.16h-3.9v14.19h3.87v-6.33c0-1.56-.03-2.72.16-3.28.2-.56.43-.93.92-1.29.49-.36,1.08-.53,1.71-.53.49,0,.92.13,1.28.36.36.23.59.6.76,1.03.16.43.23,1.39.23,2.92v7.13h3.94v-8.69c0-1.09-.07-1.92-.2-2.49-.13-.6-.53-1.03-.85-1.49Z" fill="#5d5d5d"/> </g> <g class="mark"> <polygon points="47.31 .49 33.86 32.95 27.86 18.52 21.85 32.68 8.46 .49 -.07 .49 20.73 45.61 27.89 30.29 35.04 45.61 55.85 .49 47.31 .49" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="25.79 13.52 20.34 .49 12.83 .49 21.92 23.27 25.79 13.52" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="33.79 23.27 42.88 .49 35.37 .49 29.92 13.52 33.79 23.27" fill="#006caf"/> <polygon points="30.97 .49 24.7 .49 27.86 8.31 30.97 .49" fill="#006caf"/> </g> </svg> </div> <div class="video-modal-inner"> <div class="video-modal-embed-container"></div> <button class="video-modal-close btn-circle-border -white icon-close js-video-modal-close"><span class="sr-text">Close</span></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blocker js-blocker"></div> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_ffzSaPIPIODDYdgBwlCrMktcIp84SkzKkFAK3sPoZtg.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=wilson&include=eJwrz8wpzs_TLwdTOqml8cn5-dmZqUAqtyAnMzEvOVUfmyAAbAQWHQ"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?v=10.3.10" defer></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

East German Documents on Kim Il Sung’s April 1975 Trip to Beijing | Wilson Center