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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early American Muslims</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_American_Muslims-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early American Muslims subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_American_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bilali_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilali_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bilali Muhammad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilali_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunni_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sunni Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Shia Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Moorish Science Temple of America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nation_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nation_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Nation of Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nation_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_orthodox_Sunni_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_orthodox_Sunni_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Conversion to orthodox Sunni Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_orthodox_Sunni_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five-Percent_Nation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five-Percent_Nation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Five-Percent Nation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five-Percent_Nation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nation_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nation_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>United Nation of Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nation_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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Muslims</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_African-American_Muslims-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable African-American Muslims subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_African-American_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pre-20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Activists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">African-American religious minority</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html 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.ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/African-American_Muslims" title="Special:EditPage/African-American Muslims">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22African-American+Muslims%22">"African-American Muslims"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22African-American+Muslims%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22African-American+Muslims%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22African-American+Muslims%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22African-American+Muslims%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22African-American+Muslims%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">African-American Muslims</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">770,000–1,100,000 (est.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_language" title="Mandinka language">Mandinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susu_language" title="Susu language">Susu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kissi_language" title="Kissi language">Kissi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kpelle_language" title="Kpelle language">Kpelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouchi">Nouchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurma" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurma">Gurma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temne_language" title="Temne language">Temne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krio_language" title="Krio language">Krio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limba_language" title="Limba language">Limba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comorian_languages" title="Comorian languages">Comorian languages</a> and other African languages</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist">Predominantly: <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> <br />Minority: <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslim American</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> 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class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revealed Books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><i>Tafsir</i> (exegesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah"><i>Aqidah</i> (creed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya"><i>Qisas al-Anbiya</i> ("Stories of the Prophets")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (Poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i> (law)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a 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title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Antebellum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">military history</a> during the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Jim Crow era (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement (1954–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">Business history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Migrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lifeways</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_of_freed_people_during_the_Civil_War" title="Education of freed people during the Civil War">Education of freed people during the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a>, after the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Academic study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Celebrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Economic class</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">African-American businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols and ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_beauty" title="African-American beauty">African-American beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is beautiful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">Black pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">African-American hair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Good hair">Good hair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-Christian groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African-American Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African Diaspora Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies">Joint Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ideologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liberalism" title="Black liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_patriotism" title="African-American patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Civic/economic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African<br />American Life and History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conductors" title="Black conductors">Black conductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransAfrica" title="TransAfrica">TransAfrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">UNCF</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Athletic associations and conferences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU (HBCUAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sub-communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Afro-Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Indians" title="Carmel Indians">Carmel Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specific ancestries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexual orientation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Dialects and languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> English dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutnese" title="Tutnese">Tutnese</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Languages and other dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Negro Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US states</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">List of neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American historic places in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Florida" title="List of African-American historic places in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Georgia" title="List of African-American historic places in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Mississippi" title="List of African-American historic places in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Missouri" title="List of African-American historic places in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="List of African-American historic places in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_North_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Texas" title="List of African-American historic places in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of African-American historic places in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population count</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">US states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">US metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations">US cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations">US communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations" title="List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations">Places by plurality of population</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Prejudice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Racism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the US census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against Black Americans">Racism against Black Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States">Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media" title="Representation of African Americans in media">media depictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans" title="Criminal stereotype of African Americans">Criminal stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_representation_in_Hollywood" title="African-American representation in Hollywood">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>African-American Muslims</b>, also known as <b>Black Muslims</b>, are an <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> religious minority.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African-American Muslims account for over 20% of American Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They represent one of the larger <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslim</a> populations of the United States as there is no ethnic group that makes up the majority of American Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They mostly belong to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> sect, but smaller <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> minorities also exist. The history of African-American Muslims is related to <a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African-American history</a> in general, and goes back to the Revolutionary and <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum</a> eras.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, an estimated 30% of slaves brought to the Americas from <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a>/<a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> were Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Stock-2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stock-2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were overwhelmingly literate in contrast to other slaves, and thus were given supervisory roles.<sup id="cite_ref-Stock-2013_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stock-2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these captives were forced into Christianity during the era of American slavery;<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, there are records of individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Omar_ibn_Said" title="Omar ibn Said">Omar ibn Said</a> practicing Islam for the rest of their lives in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the twentieth century, some African Americans converted to Islam, mainly through the influence of <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalist</a> groups that preached with distinctive Islamic practices including the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a>, founded in 1913,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>, founded in the 1930s, which attracted at least 20,000 people by 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent members included activist <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> and boxer <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> Muslim groups also sought and won converts among African Americans in the 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malcolm X is considered the first person to start the movement among African Americans towards mainstream Islam, after he left the Nation and made the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage to Mecca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">Warith Deen Mohammed</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a> took control of the Nation after his father's death and guided the majority of its members towards mainstream <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a few members rejected these changes, leading <a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a> to revive the Nation of Islam in 1978 based largely on the ideals of its founder, Wallace Fard Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_American_Muslims">Early American Muslims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early American Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilali_Muhammad">Bilali Muhammad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bilali Muhammad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bilali_Document" title="Bilali Document">Bilali Document</a></div> <p>Bilali Mohammed was an enslaved West African on a plantation on Sapelo Island, Georgia. Born in Timbo, Guinea between 1760 and 1779 to a well-educated African Muslim family. Renowned for his Knowledge of Islam, literacy, and being more educated than his slaveowners. Bilali was the leader and imam of a community of enslaved people, where he lived with his multiple wives and many children. He is best known for his handwritten, Arabic manuscript on West African fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The 19th century manuscript detailed Islamic beliefs and the rules for ablution, morning prayer, and the calls to prayer. In the 1940s it was taken to Nigeria to be translated by Hausa scholars. Today the manuscript has become one of the most sacred Islamic documents to African American Muslims. Bilali has many living descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>African-American Muslims constitute 20% of the total <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">U.S. Muslim population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PewMuslim_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewMuslim-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, 2% of Black Americans are Muslim (most adhere to various sects of Christianity, particularly <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> Muslims; a substantial proportion of these identify under the community of <a href="/wiki/W._Deen_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Deen Mohammed">W. Deen Mohammed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cities with large concentration of African-American Muslims include Chicago, Detroit, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_York_City" title="Islam in New York City">New York City</a>, Newark, Washington. D.C., Philadelphia, and Atlanta. The Nation of Islam led by Louis Farrakhan has a membership ranging from 20,000 to 50,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sects">Sects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Black_Muslims_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Black Muslims (disambiguation)"> Black Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></div> <p>During the first half of the 20th century, a small number of African Americans established groups based on Islamic and Gnostic teachings. The first of these groups was the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Noble_Drew_Ali" title="Noble Drew Ali">Timothy Drew (Drew Ali)</a> in 1913. Drew taught that black people were of Moorish origin but their Muslim identity was taken away through slavery and racial segregation, advocating the return to Islam of their Moorish ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni_Islam">Sunni Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sunni Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></div> <p>Sunni is a term derived from <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a> (سُنَّة /ˈsunna/, plural سُنَن sunan /ˈsunan/) meaning "habit", "usual practice", "custom", "tradition". The Muslim use of this term refers to the sayings and living habits of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. Its adherents are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ("the people of the sunnah and the community") or ahl as-sunnah for short. In English, its adherents are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis, Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah. Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as "orthodox Islam". The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> (especially those collected in <a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a>) and binding juristic consensus form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> rulings are derived from these basic sources, in conjunction with analogical reasoning, consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion, using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools. </p><p>The conversion of Malik el-Shabazz (better known as <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>) in 1964 is widely regarded as the turning point for the spread of orthodox Sunni Islam among Black American Muslims. Encouraged to learn about Sunni Islam after his departure from the Nation of Islam, he converted; others from the Nation of Islam soon followed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">Warith Deen Mohammed</a> rose to leadership of the Nation of Islam in 1975 following the death of his father Elijah Muhammad and began the groundbreaking, though sometimes controversial, process of leading Black Muslims out of the NOI and into Sunni Islam. As a result of his personal thinking and studies of the Quran, he became part of Ahlus Sunnah during a term in federal prison from 1961 to 1963 for refusing induction into the United States military.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mohammed introduced many reforms and began an information campaign about Sunni Islam much as el-Shabazz had years earlier. He stated that Fard was not divine and that his father was not a prophet. All of the over 400 temples were converted into traditional Islamic mosques, and he introduced the <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a> to his followers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He rejected literal interpretations of his father's theology and Black-separatist views and on the basis of his intensive independent study of Islamic law, history, and theology, he accepted whites as fellow worshipers. However, he also encouraged <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> to separate themselves from their pasts, in 1976 calling upon them to change their surnames which were often given to their ancestors by slave masters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He forged closer ties with mainstream Muslim communities, including <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_American_Muslims" title="Hispanic and Latino American Muslims">Hispanic and Latino American Muslims</a>. By 1978 he had succeeded in leading the majority of the original NOI to Sunni Islam which still stands as the largest mass conversion to Islam in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In many urban areas of the United States today many Black Muslims in the Sunni tradition are known and recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Hijabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijabs">hijabs</a> on women and <a href="/wiki/Kufi" title="Kufi">kufi</a> caps and long <a href="/wiki/Beards" class="mw-redirect" title="Beards">beards</a> for men. These beards are grown as an adherence to the Sunnah of Muhammad for men to let their beards grow. Commonly called Sunnah beards, and Sunni Beards, among Muslims and more recently known as Philly beards have also gained popularity among non Muslim men emulating Muslim style.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia_Islam">Shia Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shia Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Muslim movement in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> during the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> community was also introduced to <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>. The majority of African American in that time were not aware of the Sunni-Shia divide, although most became Sunni due to how it was more widespread, a lack of access to Shia learning materials, as well as the stigma associated with Shia Islam. The 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> gave Shia Muslims a voice within the Muslim community. This was the time when African Americans were first exposed to Shia Islam, and by 1982, more than one thousand African Americans had accepted Shia Islam in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> alone. Many <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> preachers were unhappy about the growth of Shia Islam, and began telling African American Muslims that it was disbelief, which alienated African American Shias from their community.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African American Sunnis, encouraged by Sunni extremist <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a>, often attacked African American Shias in prisons.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A popular African American Shia preacher is Amir Hakeem, who joined the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> in prison and later converted to Shia Islam before being released. Hakeem became an assistant at a mosque in Watts and hosts charity work as well as teaching gang members in Los Angeles about Shia Islam. He stated that the Shia community of Watts is predominantly African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Shabazz" title="Malcolm Shabazz">Malcolm Shabazz</a>, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>, also converted to Shia Islam and had died as a Shia Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America">Moorish Science Temple of America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Moorish Science Temple of America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobledrew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nobledrew.jpg/120px-Nobledrew.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Nobledrew.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Noble_Drew_Ali" title="Noble Drew Ali">Noble Drew Ali</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Moorish Science Temple of America (MSTA) is an American organization founded in 1913 by self-proclaimed prophet <a href="/wiki/Noble_Drew_Ali" title="Noble Drew Ali">Noble Drew Ali</a>. Born in 1886 in North Carolina, Ali claimed to be returning African-Americans to the creed and principles of their ancestral religion, Islam. The tradition is not, however, historically connected to mainstream Islam; instead, it emerged independently in the United States with inspiration from the Muslim tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali's teachings aligned with <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> ideas regarding the higher self and the lower self;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> they also drew heavily from elements of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>. The MSTA can be distinguished from mainstream Islam by its strongly African-American demography, by its emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Iman</a>, or creed, as opposed to mainstream Islam's <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by its significant divergences from mainstream Islamic moral and ritual practice,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by its association with <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These distinctives make its classification as an Islamic denomination a matter of debate among both Muslims and scholars of religion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This is likely true, given the historical and theological differences cited, but should have its own source. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another significant element of the MSTA's teaching is that African-Americans are actually "descendants of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moabites</a> whom [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] inhabited the North Western and South Western shores of Africa."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, they hold that the Moabites' <a href="/wiki/Moors#Moors_of_Iberia" title="Moors">Iberian Moorish</a> descendants, recently defeated by European powers in the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, were prevalent among the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, making them ancestors of modern African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MSTA adherents also believe that the <a href="/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">Negroid</a> Asiatic was the first human inhabitant of the Western Hemisphere. While these assertions about African American origins, Moorish history, and American history are not consistent with the conclusions of historical research,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adherants refer to themselves as "Asiatics" in their religious texts<sup id="cite_ref-The_Holy_Koran_of_the_Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America_Chapter_XXV_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Holy_Koran_of_the_Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America_Chapter_XXV-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and call themselves "indigenous Moors", "American Moors" or "Moorish Americans"<sup id="cite_ref-The_Holy_Koran_of_the_Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America_Chapter_XXV_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Holy_Koran_of_the_Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America_Chapter_XXV-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than, or in contradistinction to "African Moors" or "<a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a>." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nation_of_Islam">Nation of Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nation of Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Nation_of_Islam" title="Category:Nation of Islam">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Influencers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satokata_Takahashi" title="Satokata Takahashi">Satokata Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Drew_Ali" title="Noble Drew Ali">Noble Drew Ali</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">Warith Deen Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynnetta_Muhammad" title="Tynnetta Muhammad">Tynnetta Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Muhammad" title="Ishmael Muhammad">Ishmael Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ava_Muhammad" title="Ava Muhammad">Ava Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Muhammad" title="David Muhammad">David Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_McGregor" title="James Russell McGregor">James 3X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid Muhammad">Khalid Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">Beliefs and theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saviours%27_Day" title="Saviours' Day">Saviours' Day</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam and antisemitism</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Shabazz" title="Tribe of Shabazz">Tribe of Shabazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_(Nation_of_Islam)" title="Yakub (Nation of Islam)">Yakub</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millions_More_Movement" title="Millions More Movement">Millions More Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_or_Else" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice or Else">Justice or Else</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Publications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Torchlight_for_America" title="A Torchlight for America">A Torchlight for America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Call_(newspaper)" title="The Final Call (newspaper)">The Final Call</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Speaks" title="Muhammad Speaks">Muhammad Speaks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Eat_to_Live" title="How to Eat to Live">How to Eat to Live</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Message_to_the_Blackman_in_America" title="Message to the Blackman in America">Message to the Blackman in America</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Subsidiaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_of_Islam" title="Fruit of Islam">Fruit of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Farms" title="Muhammad Farms">Muhammad Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_University_of_Islam" title="Muhammad University of Islam">Muhammad University of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Girls_Training" title="Muslim Girls Training">Muslim Girls Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber_Academy" title="Star Chamber Academy">Star Chamber Academy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Offshoots and sects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">United Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Yahweh" title="Nation of Yahweh">Nation of Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mafia" title="Black Mafia">Black Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Black Panther Party">New Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Movement_of_Ethiopia" title="Peace Movement of Ethiopia">Peace Movement of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Rukn" class="mw-redirect" title="El Rukn">El Rukn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Bey" title="Yusuf Bey">Yusuf Bey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Your_Black_Muslim_Bakery" title="Your Black Muslim Bakery">Your Black Muslim Bakery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a><span style="padding-left:1.5em;"> </span><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nation_of_Islam" title="Template:Nation of Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nation_of_Islam" title="Template talk:Nation of Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nation_of_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nation of Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Farrakhan,_smiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Louis_Farrakhan%2C_smiling.jpg/200px-Louis_Farrakhan%2C_smiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Louis_Farrakhan%2C_smiling.jpg/300px-Louis_Farrakhan%2C_smiling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Louis_Farrakhan%2C_smiling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> since 1981</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> (NOI) was created in 1930 by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>. Fard drew inspiration for NOI doctrines from those of Timothy Drew's Moorish Science Temple of America. He provided three main principles which serve as the foundation of the NOI: "Allah is God, the white man is the devil and the so-called Negroes are the Asiatic Black People, the cream of the planet earth".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934 <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a> became the leader of the NOI. He deified Fard, saying that he was an <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">incarnation of God</a>, and taught that he was a prophet who had been taught directly by God in the form of Fard.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the most famous people to join the NOI were <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>, who became the face of the NOI in the media, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>, who, while initially rejected, was accepted into the group shortly after his first world heavyweight championship victory.<sup id="cite_ref-JN_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JN-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Malcolm X and Ali later became Sunni Muslims. </p><p>Malcolm X was one of the most influential leaders of the NOI and, in accordance with NOI doctrine, advocated the complete <a href="/wiki/Black_separatism" title="Black separatism">separation of blacks from whites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left the NOI after being silenced for 90 days (due to a <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X#Remarks_on_Kennedy_assassination" title="Malcolm X">controversial comment</a> on the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy assassination">John F. Kennedy assassination</a>), and proceeded to form <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mosque,_Inc." title="Muslim Mosque, Inc.">Muslim Mosque, Inc.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Afro-American_Unity" title="Organization of Afro-American Unity">Organization of Afro-American Unity</a> before his <a href="/wiki/Haj" class="mw-redirect" title="Haj">pilgrimage to Mecca</a> and conversion to Sunni Islam. He is viewed as the first person to start the movement among African Americans towards Sunni Islam. </p><p>Muhammad died in 1975 and his son, <a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">Warith Deen Mohammed</a>, became the leader of the Nation of Islam. He led the organization toward Sunni Islam and renamed it the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">World Community of Islam in the West</a> the following year. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a>, who quit Warith Deen Mohammed's group, started an organization along the lines of Elijah Muhammad's teachings. Farrakhan renamed his organization the Nation of Islam in 1981, and has regained many properties associated with Elijah Muhammad, such as <a href="/wiki/Mosque_Maryam" title="Mosque Maryam">Mosque Maryam</a>, its Chicago headquarters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It was estimated that the Nation of Islam had at least 20,000 members in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, today the group has a wide influence in the African American community. The first <a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in 1995 and was followed later by another one in 2000 which was smaller in size but more inclusive, welcoming individuals other than just African American men.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group sponsors cultural and academic education, economic independence, and personal and social responsibility. </p><p>The Nation of Islam has received a great deal of criticism for its anti-white, anti-Christian, and anti-semitic teachings,<sup id="cite_ref-Dodoo_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodoo-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is listed as a <a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">hate group</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conversion_to_orthodox_Sunni_Islam">Conversion to orthodox Sunni Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conversion to orthodox Sunni Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the death of Elijah Muhammad, he was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">Warith Deen Mohammed</a>. Mohammed rejected many teachings of his father, such as the divinity of Fard Muhammad, and saw a white person as also a worshiper. As he took control of the organization, he quickly brought in new reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He renamed it the World Community of al-Islam in the West; later it became the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a>. It was estimated that there were 200,000 followers of W. D. Mohammed at the time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>W. D. Mohammed introduced teachings which were based on orthodox Sunni Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-RBT_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBT-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He removed the chairs in the organization's <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a>, and replaced the entire "temple" concept with the traditional Muslim house of worship, the <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>, also teaching how to pray the <i><a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a></i>, to observe the fasting of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, and to attend the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage to Mecca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small number of Black Muslims however rejected these new reforms brought by Imam Mohammed. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a> who broke away from the organization, re-established the Nation of Islam under the original Fardian doctrines, and remains its leader.<sup id="cite_ref-ind_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five-Percent_Nation">Five-Percent Nation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Five-Percent Nation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a></div> <p>The Five-Percent Nation, sometimes referred to the "Nation of Gods and Earths" (NGE/NOGE) or the "Five Percenters", is an American organization founded in 1964 in the <a href="/wiki/Harlem,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlem, New York">Harlem</a> section of the borough of Manhattan, New York City, by a former member of the Nation of Islam named <a href="/wiki/Clarence_13X" title="Clarence 13X">Clarence 13X</a> (born Clarence Edward Smith and later known as "Allah the Father"). Clarence 13X, a former student of Malcolm X, left the Nation of Islam after a theological dispute with the Nation's leaders over the nature and identity of God.<sup id="cite_ref-npr.org_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, Clarence 13X denied that the Nation's <a href="/wiki/Biracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Biracial">biracial</a> founder Wallace Fard Muhammad was Allah and instead taught that the black man was himself God personified.<sup id="cite_ref-npr.org_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the group call themselves Allah's Five Percenters, which reflects the concept that ten percent of the people in the world know the truth of existence, and those <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">agents</a> opt to keep eighty-five percent of the world in ignorance and under their controlling thumb; the remaining five percent are those who know the truth and are determined to enlighten the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-HipHopWired_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HipHopWired-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nation_of_Islam">United Nation of Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United Nation of Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">United Nation of Islam</a></div> <p>The United Nation of Islam (UNOI) is a group based in Kansas City, Kansas. It was founded in 1978 by Royall Jenkins, who continues to be the leader of the group and styles himself "Royall, Allah in Person".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ahmadiyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ahmaddiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmaddiyya">Ahmaddiyya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahershala_Ali_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mahershala_Ali_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Mahershala_Ali_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mahershala_Ali_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Mahershala_Ali_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mahershala_Ali_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Mahershala_Ali_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahershala_Ali" title="Mahershala Ali">Mahershala Ali</a> is an Ahmadi Muslim</figcaption></figure> <p>Although at first the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Community">Ahmadiyya Muslim Community</a>'s efforts were broadly spread out over a large number of racial and ethnic groups, subsequent realization of the deep-seated racial tensions and discrimination in the US made Ahmadi <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">missionaries</a> focus their attention on mainly African Americans and the Muslim immigrant community. Ahmadis often became vocal proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil Rights Movement</a>. In recent times, many Ahmadi Muslims fled countries like Pakistan as refugees due to persecution; this has brought a small second wave of Ahmadis to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prison_conversions_to_Islam">Prison conversions to Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prison conversions to Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam_in_U.S._prisons" title="Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons">Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons</a></div> <p>Conversion to Islam is a practice which is common to African-Americans in prison. J. Michael Waller found that Muslim inmates comprise 17–20% of the prison population, or roughly 350,000 inmates in 2003. Waller states that these inmates mostly come into prison as non-Muslims. According to him, 80% of the prisoners who "find faith" while in prison convert to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These converted inmates are mostly African American, with a small but growing Hispanic minority. Waller also asserts that many converts are radicalized by outside <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> groups linked to terrorism, but other experts suggest that when radicalization does occur it has little to no connection with these outside interests.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_African-American_Muslims">Notable African-American Muslims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable African-American Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ctrl_the_tour(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ctrl_the_tour%282%29.jpg/220px-Ctrl_the_tour%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ctrl_the_tour%282%29.jpg/330px-Ctrl_the_tour%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ctrl_the_tour%282%29.jpg/440px-Ctrl_the_tour%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="3080" /></a><figcaption>SZA</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/African-American_Muslims" title="Special:EditPage/African-American Muslims">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22African-American+Muslims%22">"African-American Muslims"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22African-American+Muslims%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22African-American+Muslims%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22African-American+Muslims%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22African-American+Muslims%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22African-American+Muslims%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-20th_century">Pre-20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pre-20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Ibrahima_Sori" title="Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori">Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori</a>, a prince from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, captured and sold as a slave in the United States, freed with government intervention 40 years later, and returned and died in <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_ibn_Said" title="Omar ibn Said">Omar ibn Said</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> scholar from <a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Toro" title="Imamate of Futa Toro">Futa Toro</a> in West Africa (present-day <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>), who was <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">enslaved</a>, transported to the United States in 1807, and wrote a series of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-language works on history and theology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarrow_Mamout" title="Yarrow Mamout">Yarrow Mamout</a>, a formerly enslaved Fula entrepreneur and property owner in <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)">Georgetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayuba_Suleiman_Diallo" title="Ayuba Suleiman Diallo">Ayuba Suleiman Diallo</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani</a> prince and author from <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">modern-day Senegal</a> who was kidnapped and <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">trafficked</a> to <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, having previously owned and sold slaves himself</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activists">Activists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Activists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>, civil rights leader</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians">Politicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Politicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ako_Abdul-Samad" title="Ako Abdul-Samad">Ako Abdul-Samad</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_House_of_Representatives" title="Iowa House of Representatives">Iowa House of Representatives</a> (2007–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bilal" title="Charles Bilal">Charles Bilal</a>, former mayor of <a href="/wiki/Kountze,_Texas" title="Kountze, Texas">Kountze, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Carson" title="André Carson">André Carson</a>, U.S. Representative for <a href="/wiki/Indiana%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Indiana's 7th congressional district">Indiana's 7th congressional district</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Ellison" title="Keith Ellison">Keith Ellison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Minnesota" title="Attorney General of Minnesota">Attorney General of Minnesota</a> and former U.S. Representative for <a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 5th congressional district">Minnesota's 5th congressional district</a> (2007–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamilah_Nasheed" title="Jamilah Nasheed">Jamilah Nasheed</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Senate" title="Missouri Senate">Missouri Senate</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins-Muhammad" title="John Collins-Muhammad">John Collins-Muhammad</a>, City of St. Louis Alderman of the 21st District</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Shaw_(politician)" title="Larry Shaw (politician)">Larry Shaw</a>, former member of the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Senate" title="North Carolina Senate">North Carolina Senate</a> (1995–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Ilhan Omar</a>, U.S. Representative for <a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 5th congressional district">Minnesota's 5th congressional district</a> (2019–present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletes">Athletes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Athletes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar" title="Kareem Abdul-Jabbar">Kareem Abdul-Jabbar</a>, former basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Rashad" title="Ahmad Rashad">Ahmad Rashad</a>, former NFL player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abdul-Rauf" title="Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf">Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf</a>, former basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareef_Abdur-Rahim" title="Shareef Abdur-Rahim">Shareef Abdur-Rahim</a>, former basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>, former professional boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter">Rubin Carter</a>, former professional boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal" title="Shaquille O'Neal">Shaquille O'Neal</a>, former basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibtihaj_Muhammad" title="Ibtihaj Muhammad">Ibtihaj Muhammad</a>, Olympian Professional Fencer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Mike Tyson</a>, former professional boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gervonta_Davis" title="Gervonta Davis">Gervonta Davis</a>, professional boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husain_Abdullah" title="Husain Abdullah">Husain Abdullah</a>, former professional NFL player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasheed_Wallace" title="Rasheed Wallace">Rasheed Wallace</a>, former basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaal_Wilkes" title="Jamaal Wilkes">Jamaal Wilkes</a>, former basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrie_Irving" title="Kyrie Irving">Kyrie Irving</a>, professional basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaylen_Brown" title="Jaylen Brown">Jaylen Brown</a>, professional basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameer_Abdullah" title="Ameer Abdullah">Ameer Abdullah</a>, professional football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Easley" title="Dominique Easley">Dominique Easley</a>, professional football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Wilkerson" title="Muhammad Wilkerson">Muhammad Wilkerson</a>, professional football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Sanu" title="Mohamed Sanu">Mohammed Sanu</a>, professional football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Abdullah" title="Hamza Abdullah">Hamza Abdullah</a>, former professional football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husain_Abdullah" title="Husain Abdullah">Husain Abdullah</a>, former professional football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az-Zahir_Hakim" title="Az-Zahir Hakim">Az-Zahir Hakim</a>, former professional football player and coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Harris_(American_football)" title="Ryan Harris (American football)">Ryan Harris</a>, former professional football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hodge" title="Abdul Hodge">Abdul Hodge</a>, former professional football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Salaam" title="Ephraim Salaam">Ephraim Salaam</a>, former professional football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharrieff_Shah" title="Sharrieff Shah">Sharrieff Shah</a>, football coach</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musicians">Musicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Musicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shaheed_Muhammad" title="Ali Shaheed Muhammad">Ali Shaheed Muhammad</a>, DJ and producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jamal" title="Ahmad Jamal">Ahmad Jamal</a>, jazz pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akon" title="Akon">Akon</a>, singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-Ab" title="AR-Ab">AR-Ab</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Blakey" title="Art Blakey">Art Blakey</a>, jazz drummer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_(rapper)" title="Bas (rapper)">Bas</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beanie_Sigel" title="Beanie Sigel">Beanie Sigel</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.G._Knocc_Out" title="B.G. Knocc Out">B.G. Knocc Out</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckshot_(rapper)" title="Buckshot (rapper)">Buckshot</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busta_Rhymes" title="Busta Rhymes">Busta Rhymes</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_East" title="Dave East">Dave East</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Styler" title="Divine Styler">Divine Styler</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.D.I._Mean" title="E.D.I. Mean">E.D.I. Mean</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Gibbs" title="Freddie Gibbs">Freddie Gibbs</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeway_(rapper)" title="Freeway (rapper)">Freeway</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostface_Killah" title="Ghostface Killah">Ghostface Killah</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Cube" title="Ice Cube">Ice Cube</a>, rapper and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Muhammad" title="Idris Muhammad">Idris Muhammad</a>, musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrees_Sulieman" title="Idrees Sulieman">Idrees Sulieman</a>, jazz trumpeter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Electronica" title="Jay Electronica">Jay Electronica</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine Jackson</a>, singer-songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Tex" title="Joe Tex">Joe Tex</a>, singer and musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Gates" title="Kevin Gates">Kevin Gates</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Von" title="King Von">King Von</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lil_Durk" title="Lil Durk">Lil Durk</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupe_Fiasco" title="Lupe Fiasco">Lupe Fiasco</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MC_Ren" title="MC Ren">MC Ren</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MF_Doom" title="MF Doom">MF DOOM</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moneybagg_Yo" title="Moneybagg Yo">Moneybagg Yo</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_Def" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos Def">Mos Def</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(rapper)" title="Napoleon (rapper)">Napoleon</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PnB_Rock" title="PnB Rock">PnB Rock</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-Tip_(musician)" title="Q-Tip (musician)">Q-Tip</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Smoke" title="Pop Smoke">Pop Smoke</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raekwon" title="Raekwon">Raekown</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymefest" title="Rhymefest">Rhymefest</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_%22Kool%22_Bell" title="Robert "Kool" Bell">Robert "Kool" Bell</a>, musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahib_Shihab" title="Sahib Shihab">Sahib Shihab</a>, jazz musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Price" title="Sean Price">Sean Price</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Wes" title="Sheck Wes">Sheck Wes</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shy_Glizzy" title="Shy Glizzy">Shy Glizzy</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swizz_Beatz" title="Swizz Beatz">Swizz Beatz</a>, producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SZA" title="SZA">SZA</a>, singer and songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jacka" title="The Jacka">The Jacka</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Pain" title="T-Pain">T-Pain</a>, singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westside_Gunn" title="Westside Gunn">Westside Gunn</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusef_Lateef" title="Yusef Lateef">Yusuf Lateef</a>, musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quando_Rondo" title="Quando Rondo">Quando Rondo</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NLE_Choppa" title="NLE Choppa">NLE Choppa</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Flock" title="Kay Flock">Kay Flock</a>, rapper</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Chappelle" title="Dave Chappelle">Dave Chappelle</a>, comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahershala_Ali" title="Mahershala Ali">Mahershala Ali</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Abdul-Mateen_II" title="Yahya Abdul-Mateen II">Yahya Abdul-Mateen II</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felonious_Munk" title="Felonious Munk">Felonious Munk</a>, comedian</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_Wahhaj" title="Siraj Wahhaj">Siraj Wahhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Warith Deen Muhammad">Warith Deen Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Abdul_Muhammad" title="Khalid Abdul Muhammad">Khalid Abdul Muhammad</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Bey" title="Yusuf Bey">Yusuf Bey</a>, entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hoover" title="Larry Hoover">Larry Hoover</a>, former gang leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Fort" title="Jeff Fort">Jeff Fort</a>, former gang leader</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">United Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_African_diaspora" title="Islam in the African diaspora">Islam in the African diaspora</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Black_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Black America">Religion in Black America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_hip_hop_in_the_United_States" title="Islam and hip hop in the United States">Islam and hip hop in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2009/01/30/a-religious-portrait-of-african-americans/">"A Religious Portrait of African-Americans"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i>. January 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=A+Religious+Portrait+of+African-Americans&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2009%2F01%2F30%2Fa-religious-portrait-of-african-americans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed2019" class="citation news cs1">Mohamed, Besheer (January 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/17/black-muslims-account-for-a-fifth-of-all-u-s-muslims-and-about-half-are-converts-to-islam/">"Black Muslims account for a fifth of all U.S. Muslims, and about half are converts to Islam"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Black+Muslims+account+for+a+fifth+of+all+U.S.+Muslims%2C+and+about+half+are+converts+to+Islam&rft.date=2019-01-17&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Besheer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2019%2F01%2F17%2Fblack-muslims-account-for-a-fifth-of-all-u-s-muslims-and-about-half-are-converts-to-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/demographic-portrait-of-muslim-americans/">"Demographic portrait of Muslim Americans"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i>. July 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Demographic+portrait+of+Muslim+Americans&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F07%2F26%2Fdemographic-portrait-of-muslim-americans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiouf2014" class="citation book cs1">Diouf, Sylviane (2014). <i>Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in America</i>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1479847112" title="Special:BookSources/978-1479847112"><bdi>978-1479847112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Servants+of+Allah%3A+African+Muslims+Enslaved+in+America&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1479847112&rft.aulast=Diouf&rft.aufirst=Sylviane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stock-2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stock-2013_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stock-2013_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStock2013" class="citation book cs1">Stock, Robert (2013). <i>Africa South of the Sahara: A Geographical Interpretation</i>. The Guilford Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+South+of+the+Sahara%3A+A+Geographical+Interpretation&rft.pub=The+Guilford+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Stock&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/how-the-autobiography-of-a-muslim-slave-is-challenging-an-american-narrative">"How the autobiography of a Muslim slave is challenging an American narrative"</a>. <i>PBS NewsHour</i>. April 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=How+the+autobiography+of+a+Muslim+slave+is+challenging+an+American+narrative&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fshow%2Fhow-the-autobiography-of-a-muslim-slave-is-challenging-an-american-narrative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson. <i>Encyclopedia of religion in the South</i>. Mercer University Press (2005), p. 394. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-758-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-758-2">978-0-86554-758-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez1994" class="citation journal cs1">Gomez, Michael A. (1994). "Muslims in Early America". <i>The Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>60</b> (4): 671–710. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2211064">10.2307/2211064</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4642">0022-4642</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2211064">2211064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Muslims+in+Early+America&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=671-710&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0022-4642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2211064%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2211064&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomax1979" class="citation book cs1">Lomax (1979). <i>When the Word Is Given</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21002-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21002-0"><bdi>978-0-313-21002-0</bdi></a>. <q>Estimates of Black Muslim membership vary from a quarter of a million down to fifty thousand. Available evidence indicates that about one hundred thousand Negroes have joined the movement at one time or another, but few objective observers believe that the Black Muslims can muster more than twenty or twenty-five thousand active temple people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Word+Is+Given&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-313-21002-0&rft.au=Lomax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClegg1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Clegg" title="Claude Clegg">Clegg, Claude Andrew</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nva1ULVYh3QC"><i>An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312181536" title="Special:BookSources/9780312181536"><bdi>9780312181536</bdi></a>. <q>The common response of Malcolm X to questions about numbers—'Those who know aren't saying, and those who say don't know'—was typical of the attitude of the leadership.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Original+Man%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Elijah+Muhammad&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780312181536&rft.aulast=Clegg&rft.aufirst=Claude+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnva1ULVYh3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Neusner, <i>World Religions in America: An Introduction</i>, Westminster John Knox Press (2003), pp. 180–181. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22475-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22475-2">978-0-664-22475-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2003" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Richard Brent (2003). <i>Islam in the African-American Experience</i>. Indiana University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+African-American+Experience&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Richard+Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William W. Sales (1994). <i>From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity</i>. South End Press, p. 37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-480-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-480-3">978-0-89608-480-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uzra Zeya (1990-01) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0190/9001042.htm">Islam in America: The Growing Presence of American Converts to Islam</a> Washington Report on Middle East Reports. Retrieved November 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawn-Marie2016" class="citation book cs1">Dawn-Marie, Gibson (June 15, 2016). <i>The Nation of Islam, Louis Farrakhan, and the men who follow him</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137530844" title="Special:BookSources/9781137530844"><bdi>9781137530844</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951809596">951809596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nation+of+Islam%2C+Louis+Farrakhan%2C+and+the+men+who+follow+him&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F951809596&rft.isbn=9781137530844&rft.aulast=Dawn-Marie&rft.aufirst=Gibson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PewMuslim-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PewMuslim_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation techreport cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070524114915/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/483/muslim-americans"><i>Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream</i></a> (Technical report). <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Muslim+Americans%3A+Middle+Class+and+Mostly+Mainstream&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2007-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewresearch.org%2Fpubs%2F483%2Fmuslim-americans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamedDiamant2019" class="citation news cs1">Mohamed, Besheer; Diamant, Jeff (January 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/17/black-muslims-account-for-a-fifth-of-all-u-s-muslims-and-about-half-are-converts-to-islam/">"Black Muslims account for a fifth of all U.S. Muslims, and about half are converts to Islam"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Black+Muslims+account+for+a+fifth+of+all+U.S.+Muslims%2C+and+about+half+are+converts+to+Islam&rft.date=2019-01-17&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Besheer&rft.au=Diamant%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2019%2F01%2F17%2Fblack-muslims-account-for-a-fifth-of-all-u-s-muslims-and-about-half-are-converts-to-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGecewicz2021" class="citation web cs1">Gecewicz, Besheer Mohamed, Kiana Cox, Jeff Diamant and Claire (February 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/02/16/faith-among-black-americans/">"Faith Among Black Americans"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shia+Tent&rft.atitle=History+of+African+American+Shias&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft.aulast=Tent+1&rft.aufirst=Shia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshiatent.com%2Fhistory-of-african-american-shias%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Moore, "Muslims in Prison: Claims to Constitutional Protection of Religious Liberty," in Yvonne Haddad, ed., The Muslims of America, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://india.shafaqna.com/EN/one-out-of-5-black-people-have-someone-in-their-family-who-is-a-muslim-interview-with-amir-hakeem-from-shia-community-of-us/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"One Out of 5 Black People Have Someone In Their Family Who Is a Muslim" / Interview With Amir Hakeem From Shia Community of US – Shafaqna India | Indian Shia News Agency"</a>. <i>india.shafaqna.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=india.shafaqna.com&rft.atitle=%22One+Out+of+5+Black+People+Have+Someone+In+Their+Family+Who+Is+a+Muslim%22+%2F+Interview+With+Amir+Hakeem+From+Shia+Community+of+US+%E2%80%93+Shafaqna+India+%7C+Indian+Shia+News+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findia.shafaqna.com%2FEN%2Fone-out-of-5-black-people-have-someone-in-their-family-who-is-a-muslim-interview-with-amir-hakeem-from-shia-community-of-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahimuddin" class="citation web cs1">Fahimuddin, Yousuf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepioneeronline.com/16812/metro/media-coverage-of-malcolm-xs-grandson-questioned/">"Media Coverage of Malcolm X's Grandson Questioned"</a>. <i>The Pioneer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer&rft.atitle=Media+Coverage+of+Malcolm+X%E2%80%99s+Grandson+Questioned&rft.aulast=Fahimuddin&rft.aufirst=Yousuf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthepioneeronline.com%2F16812%2Fmetro%2Fmedia-coverage-of-malcolm-xs-grandson-questioned%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/family-trees?W=1&F=123">"Islam: World Religion - Family Tree"</a>. <i>The Association of Religion Data Archives</i>. November 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2023</span>. <q>The emergence of an African American Islam was accomplished without direct reference to traditional Islam or any contact with Muslim organizations. The reference to Islam was picked up from popular images in the mass culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Association+of+Religion+Data+Archives&rft.atitle=Islam%3A+World+Religion+-+Family+Tree&rft.date=2023-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Ffamily-trees%3FW%3D1%26F%3D123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaghdiwala" class="citation news cs1">Paghdiwala, Tasneem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-aging-of-the-moors/Content?oid=999633">"The Aging of the Moors"</a>. <i>Chicago Reader</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2015</span>. <q>They face east when praying, regard Friday as their holy day, and call their god Allah and their leader Prophet. But the similarities to mainstream Islam end there. Moorish-Americans drink alcohol and eat pork. They don't pray five times a day or travel to Mecca, and their religious book deals more with Jesus than Muhammad, who gets just two mentions toward the end.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Reader&rft.atitle=The+Aging+of+the+Moors&rft.aulast=Paghdiwala&rft.aufirst=Tasneem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoreader.com%2Fchicago%2Fthe-aging-of-the-moors%2FContent%3Foid%3D999633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurrentz2023" class="citation web cs1">Gurrentz, Benjamin T. (November 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/us-religion/history/timelines/entry?etype=3&eid=65">"Black Muslim Movement - Timeline Movement"</a>. <i>The Association of Religion Data Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2023</span>. <q>Fusing religion and black nationalism, the movement grew...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Association+of+Religion+Data+Archives&rft.atitle=Black+Muslim+Movement+-+Timeline+Movement&rft.date=2023-11-21&rft.aulast=Gurrentz&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fus-religion%2Fhistory%2Ftimelines%2Fentry%3Fetype%3D3%26eid%3D65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli" class="citation web cs1">Ali, Drew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blacfoundation.org/pdf/Divine-Constitution-Moorish-America.pdf">"The Divine Constitution of Moorish America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Blac Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Constitution+of+Moorish+America&rft.pub=The+Blac+Foundation&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblacfoundation.org%2Fpdf%2FDivine-Constitution-Moorish-America.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddad2000" class="citation book cs1">Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (2000). <i>Muslims on the Americanization Path?</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+on+the+Americanization+Path%3F&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Yvonne+Yazbeck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuruddin2000" class="citation book cs1">Nuruddin, Jusuf (May 11, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SrV5dI0Z3koC&pg=PA223">"African-American Muslims and the Question of Identity: Between Traditional Islam, African Heritage, and the American Way"</a>. In Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck; Esposito, John L. (eds.). <i>Muslims on the Americanization Path?</i>. Google Books: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195135268" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195135268"><bdi>978-0195135268</bdi></a>. p. 223: <q>In Drew Ali we see for the first time a move away from the factual documentation of African history... In its place we find mythology, legends, and parables about the lost or hidden history of the black man.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=African-American+Muslims+and+the+Question+of+Identity%3A+Between+Traditional+Islam%2C+African+Heritage%2C+and+the+American+Way&rft.btitle=Muslims+on+the+Americanization+Path%3F&rft.place=Google+Books&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000-05-11&rft.isbn=978-0195135268&rft.aulast=Nuruddin&rft.aufirst=Jusuf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSrV5dI0Z3koC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Holy_Koran_of_the_Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America_Chapter_XXV-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Holy_Koran_of_the_Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America_Chapter_XXV_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Holy_Koran_of_the_Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America_Chapter_XXV_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America Chapter XXV - "A Holy Covenant of the Asiatic Nation"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1996" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Roy L. 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Cleveland: World Publishing. pp. 149–152. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1071204">1071204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Word+Is+Given%3A+A+Report+on+Elijah+Muhammad%2C+Malcolm+X%2C+and+the+Black+Muslim+World&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pages=149-152&rft.pub=World+Publishing&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1071204&rft.aulast=Lomax&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omar Sacirbey (May 16, 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/news/display.php?NewsID=10521">Muslims Look to Blacks for Civil Rights Guidance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306063500/http://pewforum.org/news/display.php?NewsID=10521">Archived</a> March 6, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pew Forum. Retrieved July 29, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/974906.stm">Farrakhan backs racial harmony</a> BBC News (BBC). October 16, 2000. Retrieved September 8, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodoo-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dodoo_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodoo2001" class="citation web cs1">Dodoo, Jan (May 29, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109121852/http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/Nofislam.html">"Nation of Islam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/Nofislam.html">the original</a> on November 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nation+of+Islam&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2001-05-29&rft.aulast=Dodoo&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu%2Fnrms%2FNofislam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027030429/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/map/hate.jsp?T=32&m=5">"Active U.S. Hate Groups in 2006"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.splcenter.org/intel/map/hate.jsp?T=32&m=5">the original</a> on October 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Active+U.S.+Hate+Groups+in+2006&rft.pub=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Fintel%2Fmap%2Fhate.jsp%3FT%3D32%26m%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Esposito (September 10, 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528165325/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/john_esposito/2008/09/wd_mohammed_a_witness_for_true.html">W. D. Mohammed: A Witness for True Islam</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Retrieved June 21, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RBT-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RBT_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Brent Turner (2003). <i>Islam in the African-American experience</i>. pp. 225–227. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21630-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21630-4">978-0-253-21630-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna26630405">Nation of Islam leader dies at 74</a> NBC News. Retrieved June 21, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ind-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ind_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/warith-deen-mohammed-imam-who-preached-a-moderate-form-of-islam-to-black-americans-930887.html">Warith Deen Mohammed: Imam who preached a moderate form of Islam to black Americans</a> The Independent. September 15, 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr.org-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5614846">"God, the Black Man and the Five Percenters"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(June 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hiphopwired.com/2012/06/28/the-meaning-of-the-5-a-look-at-the-nation-of-gods-and-earths/">"The Meaning Of The 5%: A Look At The Nation Of Gods And Earths"</a>. <i>Hip-Hop Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hip-Hop+Wired&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+Of+The+5%25%3A+A+Look+At+The+Nation+Of+Gods+And+Earths&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=D.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhiphopwired.com%2F2012%2F06%2F28%2Fthe-meaning-of-the-5-a-look-at-the-nation-of-gods-and-earths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Islam in the African-American Experience - Page 262, Richard Brent Turner - 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281ff19bc6&wit_id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281ff19bc6-2-1">United States Senate, Committee on the Judiciary , Testimony of Dr. J. Michael Waller</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527173646/http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281ff19bc6&wit_id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281ff19bc6-2-1">Archived</a> May 27, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> October 12, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress06/vanduyn092006.htm">Federal Bureau of Investigation - Congressional Testimony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925222510/https://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress06/vanduyn092006.htm">Archived</a> September 25, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Testimony of Mr. Paul Rogers, President of the American Correctional Chaplains Association, October 12, 2003 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=960&wit_id=2717">Judiciary.senate.gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828205813/http://judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=960&wit_id=2717">Archived</a> August 28, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/0404/final.pdf">"Special Report: A Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons' Selection of Muslim Religious Services Providers - Full Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Report%3A+A+Review+of+the+Federal+Bureau+of+Prisons%27+Selection+of+Muslim+Religious+Services+Providers+-+Full+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdoj.gov%2Foig%2Fspecial%2F0404%2Ffinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser-Rahim" class="citation web cs1">Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/african-muslims-in-the-south/five-african-muslims/ibrahima-abdur-rahman--1762-18">"Ibrahima Abdur Rahman (1762-1829) – Enslaved and Freed African Muslims: Spiritual Wayfarers in the South and Lowcountry"</a>. <i>Lowcountry Digital History Initiative</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lowcountry+Digital+History+Initiative&rft.atitle=Ibrahima+Abdur+Rahman+%281762-1829%29+%E2%80%93+Enslaved+and+Freed+African+Muslims%3A+Spiritual+Wayfarers+in+the+South+and+Lowcountry&rft.aulast=Fraser-Rahim&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fldhi.library.cofc.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fafrican-muslims-in-the-south%2Ffive-african-muslims%2Fibrahima-abdur-rahman--1762-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-American+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-American_Muslims&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Naqvi, S. Kaazim. <i>Chicago Muslims and the Transformation of American Islam: Immigrants, African Americans, and the Building of the American Ummah</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28219783#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014589">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283264005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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