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Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" > 6 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="قائمة اللادينيين الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة اللادينيين الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="নিধার্মিক নোবেল বিজয়ীদের তালিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিধার্মিক নোবেল বিজয়ীদের তালিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="فهرست بی‌دین‌های برنده جایزه نوبل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست بی‌دین‌های برنده جایزه نوبل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Նոբելյան մրցանակի անկրոնական դափնեկիրների ցանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոբելյան մրցանակի անկրոնական դափնեկիրների ցանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%81_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9" title="نوبل انعام یافتہ لامذہب شخصیتاں دی لسٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نوبل انعام یافتہ لامذہب شخصیتاں دی لسٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%81_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="نوبل انعام یافتہ لامذہب شخصیات کی فہرست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوبل انعام یافتہ لامذہب شخصیات کی فہرست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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searchaux" style="display:none">List of self-identified nonreligious Nobel laureates</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Atheists,_agnostics,_and_Freethinkers_in_Nobel_Prizes_between_1901-2000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Distribution_of_Atheists%2C_agnostics%2C_and_Freethinkers_in_Nobel_Prizes_between_1901-2000.png/300px-Distribution_of_Atheists%2C_agnostics%2C_and_Freethinkers_in_Nobel_Prizes_between_1901-2000.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Distribution_of_Atheists%2C_agnostics%2C_and_Freethinkers_in_Nobel_Prizes_between_1901-2000.png/450px-Distribution_of_Atheists%2C_agnostics%2C_and_Freethinkers_in_Nobel_Prizes_between_1901-2000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Distribution_of_Atheists%2C_agnostics%2C_and_Freethinkers_in_Nobel_Prizes_between_1901-2000.png/600px-Distribution_of_Atheists%2C_agnostics%2C_and_Freethinkers_in_Nobel_Prizes_between_1901-2000.png 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of atheists, agnostics, and freethinkers in Nobel Prizes between 1901-2000.<a href="#cite_note-Shalev-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> This list of nonreligious Nobel laureates comprises laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> who have self-identified as <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethinker</a>, or otherwise <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">nonreligious</a> at some point in their lives.<a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a> Many of these laureates earlier identified with a religion. In an estimate by Baruch Shalev, between 1901 and 2000, about 10.5% of all laureates, and 35% of those in literature, fall in this category.<a href="#cite_note-Shalev-1">[1]</a> According to the same estimate, between 1901 and 2000, atheists, agnostics, and freethinkers won 8.9% of the prizes in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">medicine</a>, 7.1% in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">chemistry</a>, 5.2% in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">economics</a>, 4.7% in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">physics</a>, and 3.6% in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">peace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shalev-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> himself was an atheist later in life.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Shalev's book lists many Jewish atheists, agnostics, and freethinkers as religiously Jewish. For example, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a> are listed as religiously Jewish; however, while they were ethnically and perhaps culturally Jewish, they did not believe in a God and self-identified as <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shalev-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physics">Physics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bardeen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bardeen.jpg/170px-Bardeen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bardeen.jpg/255px-Bardeen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Bardeen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr_-_LOC_-_ggbain_-_35303.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Niels_Bohr_-_LOC_-_ggbain_-_35303.jpg/170px-Niels_Bohr_-_LOC_-_ggbain_-_35303.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Niels_Bohr_-_LOC_-_ggbain_-_35303.jpg/255px-Niels_Bohr_-_LOC_-_ggbain_-_35303.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Niels_Bohr_-_LOC_-_ggbain_-_35303.jpg/340px-Niels_Bohr_-_LOC_-_ggbain_-_35303.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3415" data-file-height="4723" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein_patentoffice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Einstein_patentoffice.jpg/170px-Einstein_patentoffice.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Einstein_patentoffice.jpg/255px-Einstein_patentoffice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Einstein_patentoffice.jpg/340px-Einstein_patentoffice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4360" data-file-height="5699" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Laureate </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Zhores Alferov</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip Warren Anderson</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956, 1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="#cite_note-19">[note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Logsdon Fitch</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Ivar Giaver</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Sheldon Glashow</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Roy J. Glauber</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David J. Gross</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Serge Haroche</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Masatoshi Koshiba</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">J. Michael Kosterlitz</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Konstantin Novoselov</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Jim Peebles</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Brian Schmidt</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Igor Tamm</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Martinus J. G. Veltman</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_Kroto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Harry_Kroto.jpg/170px-Harry_Kroto.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Harry_Kroto.jpg/255px-Harry_Kroto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Harry_Kroto.jpg/340px-Harry_Kroto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Kroto</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostwald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ostwald.jpg/170px-Ostwald.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ostwald.jpg/255px-Ostwald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Ostwald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Ostwald</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Laureate </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>1903 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold W. Kroto</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George Andrew Olah</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1909 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Pauling-66">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology_or_Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physiology or Medicine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Crick_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Francis_Crick_crop.jpg/170px-Francis_Crick_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Francis_Crick_crop.jpg/255px-Francis_Crick_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Francis_Crick_crop.jpg/340px-Francis_Crick_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="2236" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Laureate </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Robert Bárány</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1906 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Sir Peter Medawar</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1904 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John Sulston</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-100">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_portrait_of_the_Nobel_Laureate_and_well_known_Economist_Dr._Amartya_Sen_taken_during_the_release_of_his_book_%27The_Argumentative_Indian_-_Writings_on_Indian_History,_Culture_and_Identity%27,_in_New_Delhi_on_August_1,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/A_portrait_of_the_Nobel_Laureate_and_well_known_Economist_Dr._Amartya_Sen_taken_during_the_release_of_his_book_%27The_Argumentative_Indian_-_Writings_on_Indian_History%2C_Culture_and_Identity%27%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_August_1%2C_2005.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/A_portrait_of_the_Nobel_Laureate_and_well_known_Economist_Dr._Amartya_Sen_taken_during_the_release_of_his_book_%27The_Argumentative_Indian_-_Writings_on_Indian_History%2C_Culture_and_Identity%27%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_August_1%2C_2005.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/A_portrait_of_the_Nobel_Laureate_and_well_known_Economist_Dr._Amartya_Sen_taken_during_the_release_of_his_book_%27The_Argumentative_Indian_-_Writings_on_Indian_History%2C_Culture_and_Identity%27%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_August_1%2C_2005.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2869" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Laureate </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John Harsanyi</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-weymark-106">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Forbes Nash, Jr.">John Forbes Nash, Jr.</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize.org-109">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace">Peace</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peace">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg/170px-Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg/255px-Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Pauling</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Laureate </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>1933 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Pontus Arnoldson</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Barker-112">[111]</a>: 151  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ChiTrib2008-03-23-113">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Pauling-66">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ChiTrib2007-10-24-119">[118]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sartre_1967_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/170px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/255px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/340px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Laureate </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1932 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Barker-112">[111]</a>: 125 <a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Barker-112">[111]</a>: 125  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Christian Nobel laureates">List of Christian Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Muslim Nobel laureates">List of Muslim Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">List of Nobel laureates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Einstein used many labels to describe <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein%27s_religious_views" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Einstein's religious views">his religious views</a>, including "<a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Calaprice-16">[16]</a>: 216  "<a href="/wiki/Secular_spirituality" title="Secular spirituality">religious nonbeliever</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Calaprice-16">[16]</a>: 218  and a believer in "<a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinoza's God</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Calaprice-16">[16]</a>: 204  He was an active participant in various <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethical_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical Culture">Ethical Culture</a> groups, including the <a href="/wiki/First_Humanist_Society_of_New_York" title="First Humanist Society of New York">First Humanist Society of New York</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rationalist_Association" title="Rationalist Association">Rationalist Association</a> (UK).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> He disliked labels like "<a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheist</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Frankenberry-18">[18]</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Religious_and_philosophical_views_of_Albert_Einstein" title="Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein">Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shalev-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shalev_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shalev_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shalev_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shalev_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShalev2003" class="citation book cs1">Shalev, Baruch Aba (2003). "Religion of Nobel prize winners". 100 years of Nobel prizes. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. pp. 57–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0278-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0278-1"><bdi>978-81-269-0278-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+of+Nobel+prize+winners&rft.btitle=100+years+of+Nobel+prizes&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=57-61&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0278-1&rft.aulast=Shalev&rft.aufirst=Baruch+Aba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kimball-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-19">t</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimball2015" class="citation book cs1">Kimball, John (2015). Physics Curiosities, Oddities, and Novelties. CRC Press. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-7636-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-7636-0"><bdi>978-1-4665-7636-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+Curiosities%2C+Oddities%2C+and+Novelties&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4665-7636-0&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvlanoffFluor1969" class="citation book cs1">Evlanoff, Michael; Fluor, Marjorie (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alfrednobellonel00evla">Alfred Nobel: The Loneliest Millionaire</a>. W. Ritchie Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alfrednobellonel00evla/page/88">88</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Nobel%3A+The+Loneliest+Millionaire&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=W.+Ritchie+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Evlanoff&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Fluor%2C+Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falfrednobellonel00evla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Obituaries, T. (2019, March 12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/03/12/zhores-alferov-nobel-prize-winning-scientist-whose-work-helped/">Zhores Alferov, Nobel prize-winning scientist whose work helped pave the way for the Communications Revolution – Obituary</a>. The Telegraph. Retrieved March 15, 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2011" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Philip W. (2011). More and different notes from a thoughtful curmudgeon. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4350-14-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4350-14-3"><bdi>978-981-4350-14-3</bdi></a>. <q>We atheists can . . . argue that, with the modern revolution in attitudes toward homosexuals, we have become the only group that may not reveal itself in normal social discourse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+and+different+notes+from+a+thoughtful+curmudgeon&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-4350-14-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Philip+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian2008" class="citation book cs1">Brian, Dennis (2008). The Voice of Genius: Conversations with Nobel Scientists and Other Luminaries. Basic Books. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01139-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01139-1"><bdi>978-0-465-01139-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voice+of+Genius%3A+Conversations+with+Nobel+Scientists+and+Other+Luminaries&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01139-1&rft.aulast=Brian&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNye2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nye, Mary Jo (2008). "Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.). Complete dictionary of scientific biography. Vol. 19. Detroit, Mich.: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31559-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31559-1"><bdi>978-0-684-31559-1</bdi></a>. <q>The grandson of a vicar on his father's side, Blackett respected religious observances that were established social customs, but described himself as agnostic or atheist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blackett%2C+Patrick+Maynard+Stuart&rft.btitle=Complete+dictionary+of+scientific+biography&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31559-1&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean" class="citation web cs1">Dean, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/27">"Nicolaas Bloembergen - Science Video Interview"</a>. Vega Science Trust. Retrieved 2020-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vega+Science+Trust&rft.atitle=Nicolaas+Bloembergen+-+Science+Video+Interview&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vega.org.uk%2Fvideo%2Fprogramme%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> "When asked about being religious, Bloembergen said No." </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2000" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, John (2000). "Niels Bohr and the atom 1885–1962". The scientific 100: a ranking of the most influential scientists, past and present. New York, N.Y.: Kensington Pub. Corp. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2139-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2139-8"><bdi>978-0-8065-2139-8</bdi></a>. <q>His mother was warm and intelligent, and his father, as Bohr himself later recalled, recognized "that something was expected of me." The family was not at all devout, and Bohr became an atheist...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niels+Bohr+and+the+atom+1885%E2%80%931962&rft.btitle=The+scientific+100%3A+a+ranking+of+the+most+influential+scientists%2C+past+and+present&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Kensington+Pub.+Corp.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2139-8&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2010" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Richard (2010). "The Copenhagen spirit of science and birth of the nuclear atom". In Stewart, Melville Y. (ed.). Science and religion in dialogue. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1736-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1736-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-1736-7</bdi></a>. <q>... after a youth of confirming faith Bohr himself was a non-believer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Copenhagen+spirit+of+science+and+birth+of+the+nuclear+atom&rft.btitle=Science+and+religion+in+dialogue&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1736-7&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFavrholdt1994" class="citation book cs1">Favrholdt, David (1994). "Niels Bohr and realism". In Faye, Jan; Folse, Henry J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcontemp00bell">Niels Bohr and Contemporary Philosophy</a>. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcontemp00bell/page/n110">88</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-015-8106-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-015-8106-6"><bdi>978-94-015-8106-6</bdi></a>. <q>Planck was religious and had a firm belief in God; Bohr was not, but his objection to Planck's view had no anti-religious motive.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niels+Bohr+and+realism&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr+and+Contemporary+Philosophy&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-94-015-8106-6&rft.aulast=Favrholdt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnielsbohrcontemp00bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaila_L._Walter1990" class="citation book cs1">Maila L. Walter (1990). Science and Cultural Crisis: An Intellectual Biography of Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961). Stanford University Press. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1796-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1796-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-1796-0</bdi></a>. <q>Raymond Bridgman was extremely disappointed with his son's rejection of his religious views. Near the end of his life, however, he offered a conciliatory interpretation that allowed him to accept Percy's commitment to honesty and integrity as a moral equivalent to religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Cultural+Crisis%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography+of+Percy+Williams+Bridgman+%281882%E2%80%931961%29&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1796-0&rft.au=Maila+L.+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay_Monk2013" class="citation book cs1">Ray Monk (2013). Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center. Random House LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50413-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50413-3"><bdi>978-0-385-50413-3</bdi></a>. <q>In many ways they were opposites; Kemble, the theorist, was a devout Christian, while Bridgman, the experimentalist, was a strident atheist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Oppenheimer%3A+A+Life+Inside+the+Center&rft.pub=Random+House+LLC&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-385-50413-3&rft.au=Ray+Monk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Andrew (1997). The neutron and the bomb: a biography of Sir James Chadwick (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-853992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-853992-6"><bdi>978-0-19-853992-6</bdi></a>. <q>He was a lifelong atheist and felt no need to develop religious faith as he approached the end...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+neutron+and+the+bomb%3A+a+biography+of+Sir+James+Chadwick&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=362&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-853992-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDukasHoffmann1989" class="citation book cs1">Dukas, Helen; Hoffmann, Banesh, eds. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alberteinsteinhu0000eins/page/43">Albert Einstein, the human side: new glimpses from his archives</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alberteinsteinhu0000eins/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02368-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02368-7"><bdi>978-0-691-02368-7</bdi></a>. <q>It was, of course, a lie what you read about my religious convictions, a lie which is being systematically repeated. I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly. If something is in me which can be called religious then it is the unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein%2C+the+human+side%3A+new+glimpses+from+his+archives&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02368-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falberteinsteinhu0000eins%2Fpage%2F43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calaprice-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calaprice_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calaprice_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calaprice_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalaprice2000" class="citation book cs1">Calaprice, Alice, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expandedquotable00eins">The expanded quotable Einstein</a> (New ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07021-6"><bdi>978-0-691-07021-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+expanded+quotable+Einstein&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-691-07021-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpandedquotable00eins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowbiggin2003" class="citation book cs1">Dowbiggin, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mercifulendeutha00dowb">A merciful end the Euthanasia movement in modern America</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mercifulendeutha00dowb/page/n63">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803515-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803515-2"><bdi>978-0-19-803515-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+merciful+end+the+Euthanasia+movement+in+modern+America&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803515-2&rft.aulast=Dowbiggin&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmercifulendeutha00dowb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frankenberry-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Frankenberry_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankenberry2008" class="citation book cs1">Frankenberry, Nancy K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faithscientistst00fran_512">The faith of scientists in their own words</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faithscientistst00fran_512/page/n166">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13487-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13487-1"><bdi>978-0-691-13487-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+faith+of+scientists+in+their+own+words&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13487-1&rft.aulast=Frankenberry&rft.aufirst=Nancy+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffaithscientistst00fran_512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeynman2011" class="citation book cs1">Feynman, Richard P. (2011). Leighton, Ralph (ed.). "What Do You Care What Other People Think?": Further Adventures of a Curious Character. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07981-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07981-4"><bdi>978-0-393-07981-4</bdi></a>. <q>The elders began getting nervous, because I was an avowed atheist by that time</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22What+Do+You+Care+What+Other+People+Think%3F%22%3A+Further+Adventures+of+a+Curious+Character&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-07981-4&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNachmansohn1979" class="citation book cs1">Nachmansohn, David (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanjewishpion0000nach/page/62">German-Jewish pioneers in science, 1900–1933</a>. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanjewishpion0000nach/page/62">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-90402-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-90402-3"><bdi>978-0-387-90402-3</bdi></a>. <q>As he said, science was his God and nature his religion. He did not insist that his daughters attend religious instruction classes (Religionsunterricht) in school. But he was very proud of his Jewish heritage..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German-Jewish+pioneers+in+science%2C+1900%E2%80%931933.&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-387-90402-3&rft.aulast=Nachmansohn&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanjewishpion0000nach%2Fpage%2F62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWouk2010" class="citation book cs1">Wouk, Herman (2010). The language God talks on science and religion (1st ed.). New York, NY: Little, Brown and Co. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-09675-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-09675-1"><bdi>978-0-316-09675-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+language+God+talks+on+science+and+religion&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=17&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-316-09675-1&rft.aulast=Wouk&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean" class="citation web cs1">Dean, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/29">"Riccardo Giacconi - Science Video Interview"</a>. Vega Science Trust. Retrieved 2020-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vega+Science+Trust&rft.atitle=Riccardo+Giacconi+-+Science+Video+Interview&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vega.org.uk%2Fvideo%2Fprogramme%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988">: When asked about being religious, Giacconi said "No". Giacconi also said that he doesn't believe in an afterlife, apart from just a rearrangement of molecules and atoms of your body. He also expressed his idea that irrational thinking is very dangerous and wished that scientists should inject more rationality in the world. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean" class="citation web cs1">Dean, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/30">"Ivar Giaever - Science Video Interview"</a>. Vega Science Trust. Retrieved 2020-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vega+Science+Trust&rft.atitle=Ivar+Giaever+-+Science+Video+Interview&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vega.org.uk%2Fvideo%2Fprogramme%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988">: Interviewer: "Are you religious?" Giaver: "Absolutely not. [...] I'm not religious and I don't like religion. I think religion is to blame for a lot of the ills in this world." </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiaever,_Ivar2016" class="citation book cs1">Giaever, Ivar (2016). "I am the smartest man I know": a Nobel laureate's difficult journey. Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-310-917-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-310-917-9"><bdi>978-981-310-917-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/949987688">949987688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22I+am+the+smartest+man+I+know%22%3A+a+Nobel+laureate%27s+difficult+journey&rft.place=Singapore&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F949987688&rft.isbn=978-981-310-917-9&rft.au=Giaever%2C+Ivar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitaly_Ginzburg2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/ginzburg.html">"Vitaly L. Ginzburg – Autobiography"</a>. Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. Retrieved March 24, 2012. <q>I am an atheist, that is, I think nothing exists except and beyond nature. Within the limits of my, undoubtedly insufficient knowledge of the history of philosophy, I do not see in fact any difference between atheism and the pantheism of Spinoza.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitaly+L.+Ginzburg+%E2%80%93+Autobiography&rft.place=Nobelprize.org%2C+The+Official+Web+Site+of+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Vitaly+Ginzburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2003%2Fginzburg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_M._Amela2017" class="citation news cs1">Victor M. Amela (June 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raed.academy/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sheldon-Lee-Glashow-contraLVeng.pdf">"Sheldon Glashow, Nobel Prize in physics for the electroweak theory"</a> (PDF). La Contra - La Vanguardia. Retrieved 8 October 2018. <q>I am a practising atheist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sheldon+Glashow%2C+Nobel+Prize+in+physics+for+the+electroweak+theory.&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft.au=Victor+M.+Amela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fraed.academy%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F06%2FSheldon-Lee-Glashow-contraLVeng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Gill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/125">"Roy J. Glauber - Science Video Interview"</a>. Vega Science Trust. Retrieved 2020-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vega+Science+Trust&rft.atitle=Roy+J.+Glauber+-+Science+Video+Interview&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Gill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vega.org.uk%2Fvideo%2Fprogramme%2F125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988">: Glauber says that he has no feelings towards the intelligent designer approach to science [...] He says that what has been discovered (physical world) is enormously interesting but it tells us nothing about intelligent design and certainly nothing at all about life. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/news/greek/apeen/2015/15-10-01.apeen.html">"Athens Macedonian News Agency: News in English, 15-10-01"</a>. www.hri.org. Retrieved 2020-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hri.org&rft.atitle=Athens+Macedonian+News+Agency%3A+News+in+English%2C+15-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hri.org%2Fnews%2Fgreek%2Fapeen%2F2015%2F15-10-01.apeen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988">: "He also said that he is atheist and humanist..." </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJáuregui2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jáuregui, Pablo (2014-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundo.es/ciencia/2014/03/15/5323734522601d0b4f8b458b.html">"Si miras el mundo desde la perspectiva científica, no necesitas la religión"</a>. ELMUNDO (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-05-10. <q>Interviewer: Do you think that science and religion can be compatible, or do you consider, like the Darwinist Richard Dawkins, that the scientific vision cannot be reconciled with faith? Haroche: [...] In my case, I am not religious nor do I believe in God, but I have colleagues who are and are capable of maintaining a coexistence between their faith and their scientific work, without this interfering with the quality of their research. But to me this never ceases to amaze me, because I think that if you look at the world from a scientific perspective, you don't need religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ELMUNDO&rft.atitle=Si+miras+el+mundo+desde+la+perspectiva+cient%C3%ADfica%2C+no+necesitas+la+religi%C3%B3n&rft.date=2014-03-15&rft.aulast=J%C3%A1uregui&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fciencia%2F2014%2F03%2F15%2F5323734522601d0b4f8b458b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSample2007" class="citation news cs1">Sample, Ian (17 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/nov/17/sciencenews.particlephysics">"The god of small things"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 March 2013. <q>The name has stuck, but makes Higgs wince and raises the hackles of other theorists. "I wish he hadn't done it," he says. "I have to explain to people it was a joke. I'm an atheist, but I have an uneasy feeling that playing around with names like that could be unnecessarily offensive to people who are religious."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+god+of+small+things&rft.date=2007-11-17&rft.aulast=Sample&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2007%2Fnov%2F17%2Fsciencenews.particlephysics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean" class="citation web cs1">Dean, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/31">"Masatoshi Koshiba - Science Video Interview"</a>. Vega Science Trust. Retrieved 2020-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vega+Science+Trust&rft.atitle=Masatoshi+Koshiba+-+Science+Video+Interview&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vega.org.uk%2Fvideo%2Fprogramme%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988">: Interviewer: Are you religious?" Koshiba: "/(You Mean) God?... I don't know... You know... science deals only (with?) those things which you can confirm by observation or by experiment...God doesn't come into that (category). So God...the problem of God, is not a problem in science." </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2016/kosterlitz/biographical/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016"</a>. NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2020-05-10. <q>I was a nominal church going Christian until I left home for Cambridge University on a scholarship when, to my great relief, I could drop all religion and become my natural atheist self.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F2016%2Fkosterlitz%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean" class="citation web cs1">Dean, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/32">"Herbert Kroemer - Science Video Interview"</a>. Vega Science Trust. Retrieved 2020-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vega+Science+Trust&rft.atitle=Herbert+Kroemer+-+Science+Video+Interview&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vega.org.uk%2Fvideo%2Fprogramme%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988">: Interviewer: "You have no belief in a afterlife?" Kroemer: "That's correct." Interviewer: "...You don't see the evidence of a designer?" Kroemer: "No, I don't." Interviewer: "Could you say more about it?" Kroemer: "I think it's just wishful thinking." </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2008" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Henry F. (2008). Science and Christianity: conflict or coherence?. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9742975-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9742975-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9742975-0-7</bdi></a>. <q>I present here two examples of notable atheists. The first is Lev Landau, the most brilliant Soviet physicist of the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Christianity%3A+conflict+or+coherence%3F&rft.place=Athens%2C+Ga.&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9742975-0-7&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Henry+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Falk2005" class="citation book cs1">Dan Falk (2005). "What About God?". Universe on a T-Shirt: The Quest for the Theory of Everything. Arcade Publishing. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-733-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-733-6"><bdi>978-1-55970-733-6</bdi></a>. <q>"Physics isn't a religion. If it were, we'd have a much easier time raising money." - Leon Lederman</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+About+God%3F&rft.btitle=Universe+on+a+T-Shirt%3A+The+Quest+for+the+Theory+of+Everything&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-733-6&rft.au=Dan+Falk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabu_Gogineni2012" class="citation web cs1">Babu Gogineni (July 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120711195548/http://postnoon.com/2012/07/10/its-the-atheist-particle-actually/58312">"It's the Atheist Particle, actually"</a>. Postnoon News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://postnoon.com/2012/07/10/its-the-atheist-particle-actually/58312">the original</a> on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012. <q>Leon Lederman is himself an atheist and he regrets the term (God particle), and Peter Higgs who is an atheist too, has expressed his displeasure, but the damage has been done!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+the+Atheist+Particle%2C+actually&rft.pub=Postnoon+News&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft.au=Babu+Gogineni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpostnoon.com%2F2012%2F07%2F10%2Fits-the-atheist-particle-actually%2F58312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez2019" class="citation news cs1">Domínguez, Nuño (2019-10-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/10/08/ciencia/1570566287_988305.html#?ref=rss&format=simple&link=link">"Michel Mayor: "There is no place for God in the Universe" | Science"</a>. El País. Retrieved 2020-05-10. <q>The religious vision says that God decided that there should only be life here on Earth and created it. Scientific facts say that life is a natural process. I think the only answer is to research and find the answer, but for me there is no place for God in the universe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Michel+Mayor%3A+%22There+is+no+place+for+God+in+the+Universe%22+%7C+Science&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft.aufirst=Nu%C3%B1o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2019%2F10%2F08%2Fciencia%2F1570566287_988305.html%23%3Fref%3Drss%26format%3Dsimple%26link%3Dlink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow2000" class="citation book cs1">Barrow, John D. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indextocriticism00glor/page/136">The book of nothing: vacuums, voids, and the latest ideas about the origins of the universe</a> (1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indextocriticism00glor/page/136">136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-72609-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-72609-5"><bdi>978-0-375-72609-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+nothing%3A+vacuums%2C+voids%2C+and+the+latest+ideas+about+the+origins+of+the+universe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=136&rft.edition=1st+Vintage+Books&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-375-72609-5&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findextocriticism00glor%2Fpage%2F136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEremoenko2014" class="citation news cs1">Eremoenko, Alexey (9 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/q-n-a/article/qa-russian-nobel-laureate-on-fun-god-and-the-ideal-physicist/508735.html">"Q&A: Russian Nobel Laureate on Fun, God and the 'Ideal Physicist'"</a>. The Moscow Times. Retrieved 16 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Russian+Nobel+Laureate+on+Fun%2C+God+and+the+%27Ideal+Physicist%27&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft.aulast=Eremoenko&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fq-n-a%2Farticle%2Fqa-russian-nobel-laureate-on-fun-god-and-the-ideal-physicist%2F508735.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/25507-2">"Jim Peebles - Session II"</a>. www.aip.org. 5 April 2002. Retrieved 2020-05-10. <q>Smeenk: I wanted to ask you another I guess more personal question. I don't know if you hold any religious views, but if you do, how do those interact with your research work? Peebles: I don't. Actually, I guess the term I like to use is a convinced agnostic. I get offended by people who try to give me religious arguments. Why should I pay attention to these arguments? But I also get a little offended by people who tell me, "Of course, religion is bunk." How do you know? It's just an entirely different field of operation and actually I do like the words and music of some religions, so I have sat with pleasure through services - aside from the sermon. So no, I don't have any religious feelings at all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aip.org&rft.atitle=Jim+Peebles+-+Session+II&rft.date=2002-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory-programs%2Fniels-bohr-library%2Foral-histories%2F25507-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_ValeurJean-Claude_Brochon2001" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Valeur; Jean-Claude Brochon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtrendsfluores00vale">New Trends in Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Applications to Chemical and Life Sciences</a>. Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtrendsfluores00vale/page/n38">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67779-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67779-6"><bdi>978-3-540-67779-6</bdi></a>. <q>Jean and Francis Perrin held similar political and philosophical ideas. Both were socialists and atheists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Trends+in+Fluorescence+Spectroscopy%3A+Applications+to+Chemical+and+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-540-67779-6&rft.au=Bernard+Valeur&rft.au=Jean-Claude+Brochon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtrendsfluores00vale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodkin2019" class="citation news cs1">Bodkin, Henry (2019-10-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/08/cambridge-university-planet-hunter-says-mankind-could-find-alien/">"Cambridge University planet hunter says mankind could find alien life in 30 years as he wins Nobel prize"</a>. The Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 2020-05-10. <q>He (Bodkin) added that, although not a believer himself, "Science inherited a lot from religions".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cambridge+University+planet+hunter+says+mankind+could+find+alien+life+in+30+years+as+he+wins+Nobel+prize&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Bodkin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2F08%2Fcambridge-university-planet-hunter-says-mankind-could-find-alien%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/opinion/very-different-paths-to-god/news-story/8ad6f1ba8516ba4d5dd68972f0b1314a">"Very different paths to God"</a>. www.dailytelegraph.com.au. 2009-12-22. Retrieved 2020-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dailytelegraph.com.au&rft.atitle=Very+different+paths+to+God&rft.date=2009-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytelegraph.com.au%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fvery-different-paths-to-god%2Fnews-story%2F8ad6f1ba8516ba4d5dd68972f0b1314a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988">: "I have been described by one of my colleagues as a "militant agnostic" with my tagline, "I don't know, and neither do you!". I take this hard-line, fence-sitting position because it is the only position consistent with both my scientific ethos and my conscience." </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1994" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Walter (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeoferwinschro0000moor/page/86">A life of Erwin Schrödinger</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeoferwinschro0000moor/page/86">86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46934-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46934-0"><bdi>978-0-521-46934-0</bdi></a>. <q>Schopenhauer often called himself an atheist, as did Schrodinger, and if Buddhism and Vedanta can be truly described as atheistic religions, both the philosopher and his scientific disciple were indeed atheists. They both rejected the idea of a "personal God" ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+life+of+Erwin+Schr%C3%B6dinger&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-46934-0&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeoferwinschro0000moor%2Fpage%2F86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiem-Lane2008" class="citation book cs1">Diem-Lane, Andrea (2008). Spooky Physics: Einstein vs. Bohr. MSAC Philosophy Group. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56543-080-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56543-080-8"><bdi>978-1-56543-080-8</bdi></a>. <q>In terms of religion, Schrodinger fits in the atheist camp. He even lost a marriage proposal to his love, Felicie Krauss, not only due to his social status but his lack of religious affiliation. He was known as a freethinker who did not believe in god.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spooky+Physics%3A+Einstein+vs.+Bohr&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=MSAC+Philosophy+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56543-080-8&rft.aulast=Diem-Lane&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargittaiHargittai2006" class="citation book cs1">Hargittai, I.; Hargittai, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uYAkWldKpx8C">Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists</a>. Imperial College Press. p. 749. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-885-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-885-5"><bdi>978-1-86094-885-5</bdi></a>. <q>Jack Steinberger: I'm now a bit anti-Jewish since my last visit to the synagogue, but my atheism does not necessarily reject religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Candid+Science+VI%3A+More+Conversations+with+Famous+Scientists&rft.pages=749&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86094-885-5&rft.aulast=Hargittai&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Hargittai%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuYAkWldKpx8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinzburg,_V._L.2005" class="citation book cs1">Ginzburg, V. L. (2005). About Science, Myself and Others. CRC Press. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0992-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0992-9"><bdi>978-0-7503-0992-9</bdi></a>. <q>Nowadays, when we are facing manifestations of religious and. more often, pseudoreligious feelings, it is appropriate to mention that Igor Evgenevich was a convinced and unreserved atheist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About+Science%2C+Myself+and+Others&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0992-9&rft.au=Ginzburg%2C+V.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinberg,_E._L.Leonidov,_A._V.2011" class="citation book cs1">Feinberg, E. L. & Leonidov, A. V. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicistsepochp00fein">Physicists: Epoch and Personalities</a> (2 ed.). World Scientific. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicistsepochp00fein/page/n98">86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-283-416-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-283-416-4"><bdi>978-981-283-416-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physicists%3A+Epoch+and+Personalities&rft.pages=86&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-283-416-4&rft.au=Feinberg%2C+E.+L.&rft.au=Leonidov%2C+A.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicistsepochp00fein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2013" class="citation web cs1">Carroll, Rory (2013-06-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jun/21/kip-thorne-time-travel-scientist-film">"Kip Thorne: physicist studying time travel tapped for Hollywood film"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved 2020-05-12. <q>Thorne grew up in an academic, Mormon family in Utah but is now an atheist. "There are large numbers of my finest colleagues who are quite devout and believe in God, ranging from an abstract humanist God to a very concrete Catholic or Mormon God. There is no fundamental incompatibility between science and religion. I happen to not believe in God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kip+Thorne%3A+physicist+studying+time+travel+tapped+for+Hollywood+film&rft.date=2013-06-21&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2013%2Fjun%2F21%2Fkip-thorne-time-travel-scientist-film&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean" class="citation web cs1">Dean, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/36">"Martinus J.F. Veltman - Science Video Interview"</a>. Vega Science Trust. Retrieved 2020-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vega+Science+Trust&rft.atitle=Martinus+J.F.+Veltman+-+Science+Video+Interview&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vega.org.uk%2Fvideo%2Fprogramme%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988">: Interviewer: "What is your view about God and religion?" Veltman: "We are living in a totally ridiculous world. We have all kinds of things from horoscopes to Zen Buddhism to faith healers to religions to what have you. [...] "So for science it's very essential that we take a position that through the scientific method that keeps us away of all the irrationalities that seem to dominate human activities. And I think we should stay there. And the fact that I'm busy in science has little or nothing to do with religion. In fact I protect myself, I don't want to have to do with religion. Because once I start with that I don't know where it will end. But probably I will be burned or shot or something in the end. I don't want anything to do with it. I talk about things I can observe and other things I can predict and for the rest you can have it." </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzpurua2008" class="citation news cs1">Azpurua, Ana Elena (March 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226101423/https://www.newsweek.com/id/128877/page/1%20">"In Search of the God Particle"</a>. Newsweek. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/128877/page/1">the original</a> on December 26, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2008. <q>I don't believe in God, but I don't make a religion out of not believing in God. I don't organize my life around that.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+the+God+Particle&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2008-03-24&rft.aulast=Azpurua&rft.aufirst=Ana+Elena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F128877%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Fink2020" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Fink (December 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/a-singular-mind-roger-penrose-on-his-nobel-prize">"A singular mind: Roger Penrose on his Nobel Prize"</a>. The Spectator. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=A+singular+mind%3A+Roger+Penrose+on+his+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2020-12-19&rft.au=Thomas+Fink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fa-singular-mind-roger-penrose-on-his-nobel-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1985" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Gordon, ed. (1985). The Encyclopedia of unbelief. Vol. 1 (Nachdr. ed.). Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. p. 594. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-307-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-307-8"><bdi>978-0-87975-307-8</bdi></a>. <q>Svante Arrhenius (I859-I927), recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry (I903), was a declared atheist...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+unbelief&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=594&rft.edition=Nachdr.&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87975-307-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1997/boyer/biographical/">"Paul D. Boyer - Biographical"</a>. Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. 1997. Retrieved March 24, 2012. <q>I was struck by how well Harold Kroto, one of last year's Nobelists, presented what are some of my views in his biographical sketch. As he stated, "I am a devout atheist–nothing else makes sense to me and I must admit to being bewildered by those, who in the face of what appears to be so obvious, still believe in a mystical creator." I wonder if in the United States we will ever reach the day when the man-made concept of a God will not appear on our money, and for political survival must be invoked by those who seek to represent us in our democracy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+D.+Boyer+-+Biographical&rft.place=Nobelprize.org%2C+The+Official+Web+Site+of+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F1997%2Fboyer%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroto2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kroto, Harold (2015). "Sir John Cornforth ('Kappa'): Some Personal Recollections". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 68 (4): 697–698. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FCH14601">10.1071/CH14601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Sir+John+Cornforth+%28%27Kappa%27%29%3A+Some+Personal+Recollections&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=697-698&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FCH14601&rft.aulast=Kroto&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrin2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Perrin, Francis (2008). "Joliot, Frédéric". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 151. <q>Raised in a completely nonreligious family, Joliot never attended any church and was a thoroughgoing atheist all his life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joliot%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.btitle=Complete+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrin2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Perrin, Francis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Irene_Joliot-Curie.aspx">"Joliot-Curie, Irène"</a>. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 157. Retrieved 16 October 2015. <q>It was to her grandfather, a convinced freethinker, that Irène owed her atheism, later politically expressed as anticlericalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joliot-Curie%2C+Ir%C3%A8ne&rft.btitle=Complete+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2FIrene_Joliot-Curie.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/science-obituaries/8853793/Herbert-Hauptman.html">"Herbert Hauptman"</a>. The Telegraph. 27 Oct 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2015. <q>Outside the field of scientific research, he was known for his outspoken atheism: belief in God, he once declared, is not only incompatible with good science, but is "damaging to the wellbeing of the human race."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Herbert+Hauptman&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fscience-obituaries%2F8853793%2FHerbert-Hauptman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardellini2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cardellini, Liberato (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020170828/http://www.roaldhoffmann.com/sites/all/files/documents/24/cardellini.pdf">"Looking for Connections: An Interview with Roald Hoffmann"</a> (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 84 (10): 1631–1635. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JChEd..84.1631C">2007JChEd..84.1631C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed084p1631">10.1021/ed084p1631</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roaldhoffmann.com/sites/all/files/documents/24/cardellini.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015. <q>atheist who is moved by religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Looking+for+Connections%3A+An+Interview+with+Roald+Hoffmann&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1631-1635&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed084p1631&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JChEd..84.1631C&rft.aulast=Cardellini&rft.aufirst=Liberato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roaldhoffmann.com%2Fsites%2Fall%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F24%2Fcardellini.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_W._Kroto1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold W. Kroto</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/kroto.html">"Harold Kroto – Autobiography"</a>. Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. Retrieved March 24, 2012. <q>I am a devout atheist – nothing else makes any sense to me and I must admit to being bewildered by those, who in the face of what appears so obvious, still believe in a mystical creator.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harold+Kroto+%E2%80%93+Autobiography&rft.place=Nobelprize.org%2C+The+Official+Web+Site+of+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Harold+W.+Kroto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1996%2Fkroto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasood2006" class="citation news cs1">Masood, Ehsan (22 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226101507/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/features/islamsreformers">"Islam's reformers"</a>. Prospect. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/features/islamsreformers">the original</a> on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2015. <q>It is a scene I won't forget in a hurry: Jean-Marie Lehn, French winner of the Nobel prize in chemistry, defending his atheism at a packed public conference at the new Alexandria Library in Egypt</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospect&rft.atitle=Islam%27s+reformers&rft.date=2006-07-22&rft.aulast=Masood&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fislamsreformers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1978/mitchell-bio.html">"Peter Mitchell – Biographical"</a>. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1978&rft.atitle=Peter+Mitchell+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1978%2Fmitchell-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> "Today, I consider myself, in Thomas Huxley's terms, an agnostic. I don't know whether there is a God or creator, or whatever we may call a higher intelligence or being. I don't know whether there is an ultimate reason for our being or whether there is anything beyond material phenomena. I may doubt these things as a scientist, as we cannot prove them scientifically, but at the same time we also cannot falsify (disprove) them. For the same reasons, I cannot deny God with certainty, which would make me an atheist. This is a conclusion reached by many scientists." George Olah, A Life of Magic Chemistry </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocka2010" class="citation book cs1">Kocka, Jürgen, ed. (2010). Work in a Modern Society the German Experience in European-American Perspective. New York: Berghahn Books, Inc. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-797-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-797-6"><bdi>978-1-84545-797-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Work+in+a+Modern+Society+the+German+Experience+in+European-American+Perspective.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-797-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pauling-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pauling_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pauling_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulingIkedaGage1992" class="citation book cs1">Pauling, Linus; Ikeda, Daisaku; Gage, Richard L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780867202786/page/21">In quest of peace and the century of life: a dialogue between Linus Pauling and Daisaku Keda</a>. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780867202786/page/21">21–22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86720-278-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86720-278-6"><bdi>978-0-86720-278-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+quest+of+peace+and+the+century+of+life%3A+a+dialogue+between+Linus+Pauling+and+Daisaku+Keda&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-86720-278-6&rft.aulast=Pauling&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft.au=Ikeda%2C+Daisaku&rft.au=Gage%2C+Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780867202786%2Fpage%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vega.org.uk/video/programme/154">"Max Perutz Interview 2"</a>. The Vega Science Trust. Retrieved 19 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Max+Perutz+Interview+2&rft.pub=The+Vega+Science+Trust.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvega.org.uk%2Fvideo%2Fprogramme%2F154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/154140.article">"Perutz rubbishes Popper and Kuhn"</a>. TSL EDUCATION LTD. 28 November 1994. Retrieved 19 June 2013. <q>Dr Perutz, said: "It is one thing for scientists to oppose creationism which is demonstrably false but quite another to make pronouncements which offend people's religious faith -- that is a form of tactlessness which merely brings science into disrepute. My view of religion and ethics is simple: even if we do not believe in God, we should try to live as though we did."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perutz+rubbishes+Popper+and+Kuhn&rft.pub=TSL+EDUCATION+LTD.&rft.date=1994-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2F154140.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargittaiHargittai2002" class="citation book cs1">Hargittai, István; Hargittai, Magdolna (2002). Candid science II: conversations with famous biomedical scientists (Verschiedene Aufl. ed.). London: Imperial College Press. pp. 73–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86094-288-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86094-288-1"><bdi>1-86094-288-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Candid+science+II%3A+conversations+with+famous+biomedical+scientists&rft.place=London&rft.pages=73-83&rft.edition=Verschiedene+Aufl.&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86094-288-1&rft.aulast=Hargittai&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Hargittai%2C+Magdolna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2013" class="citation news cs1">Jha, Alok (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jan/06/dan-shechtman-nobel-prize-chemistry-interview">"Dan Shechtman: 'Linus Pauling said I was talking nonsense'"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 2020-05-13. <q>Interviewer: Do you believe in a god? Shechtman: No.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dan+Shechtman%3A+%27Linus+Pauling+said+I+was+talking+nonsense%27&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Alok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2013%2Fjan%2F06%2Fdan-shechtman-nobel-prize-chemistry-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondoweiss.net/author/smithgp/">"Author Archive: George Smith"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mondoweiss" title="Mondoweiss">Mondoweiss</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Retrieved 16 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mondoweiss&rft.atitle=Author+Archive%3A+George+Smith&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondoweiss.net%2Fauthor%2Fsmithgp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1993" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Michael (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/smith-bio.html">"Michael Smith – Biographical"</a>. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 October 2015. <q>My only prizes from the Sunday School were "for attendance", so I presume my atheism, which developed when I left home to attend university, although latent, was discernible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Smith+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1993%2Fsmith-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWysong1976" class="citation book cs1">Wysong, Randy L. (1976). The creation-evolution controversy (7th print ed.). Midlanding, Michigan: Inquiry Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918112-02-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918112-02-6"><bdi>978-0-918112-02-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+creation-evolution+controversy.&rft.place=Midlanding%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=75&rft.edition=7th+print&rft.pub=Inquiry+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-918112-02-6&rft.aulast=Wysong&rft.aufirst=Randy+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraver2008" class="citation book cs1">Craver, Carl F. (2008). "Axelrod, Julius". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Axelrod%2C+Julius&rft.btitle=Complete+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Craver&rft.aufirst=Carl+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988">: "Although he became an atheist early in life and resented the strict upbringing of his parents' religion, he identified with Jewish culture and joined several international fights against anti-Semitism." </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_W._Baloh2002" class="citation journal cs1">Robert W. Baloh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neurology.org/content/58/7/1094.abstract">"Robert Bárány and the controversy surrounding his discovery of the caloric reaction"</a>. Neurology. 58 (7). Neurology.org: 1094–1099. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.58.7.1094">10.1212/WNL.58.7.1094</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11940699">11940699</a>. Retrieved 14 May 2012. <q>Although anti-Semitism was again on the rise in Austria, it is unlikely that anti-Semitism was a factor in the hostility toward Bárány because he was an agnostic who did not believe in Zionism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.atitle=Robert+B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny+and+the+controversy+surrounding+his+discovery+of+the+caloric+reaction&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1094-1099&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2FWNL.58.7.1094&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11940699&rft.au=Robert+W.+Baloh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neurology.org%2Fcontent%2F58%2F7%2F1094.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> George Beadle, An Uncommon Farmer: The Emergence of Genetics in the 20th Century. CSHL Press. 2003. p. 273. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879696887" title="Special:BookSources/9780879696887">9780879696887</a>. Beadle's views on this occasion were somewhat more tempered than David's characterization of him as a "vehement atheist," and from his earliest days "intolerant of religion and other forms of superstition. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIstvanMagdolna2006" class="citation book cs1">Istvan, Hargittai; Magdolna, Hargittai (2006-10-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDHwCgAAQBAJ&q=sydney+brenner+atheist+Candid+Science+VI:+More+Conversations+with+Famous+Scientists&pg=PA32">Candid Science Vi: More Conversations with Famous Scientists</a>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908977-53-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908977-53-3"><bdi>978-1-908977-53-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Candid+Science+Vi%3A+More+Conversations+with+Famous+Scientists&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2006-10-23&rft.isbn=978-1-908977-53-3&rft.aulast=Istvan&rft.aufirst=Hargittai&rft.au=Magdolna%2C+Hargittai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbDHwCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsydney%2Bbrenner%2Batheist%2BCandid%2BScience%2BVI%3A%2BMore%2BConversations%2Bwith%2BFamous%2BScientists%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrick1988" class="citation book cs1">Crick, Francis (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatmadpursuit00fran">What mad pursuit: a personal view of scientific discovery</a>. New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatmadpursuit00fran/page/10">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-09138-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-09138-5"><bdi>0-465-09138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+mad+pursuit%3A+a+personal+view+of+scientific+discovery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-465-09138-5&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatmadpursuit00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrick1990" class="citation web cs1">Crick, Francis (3–5 February 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521011600/http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990a01.htm">"How I Got Inclined Towards Atheism"</a>. Atheist Centre 1940–1990 Golden Jubilee International Conference Souvenir. Vijayawada, India: Positive Atheism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990a01.htm">the original</a> on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atheist+Centre+1940%E2%80%931990+Golden+Jubilee+International+Conference+Souvenir&rft.atitle=How+I+Got+Inclined+Towards+Atheism&rft.date=1990-02-03%2F1990-02-05&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positiveatheism.org%2Findia%2Fs1990a01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteyn2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Steyn" title="Mark Steyn">Steyn, Mark</a> (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200410/steyn">"The Twentieth-Century Darwin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Twentieth-Century+Darwin&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Steyn&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fdoc%2F200410%2Fsteyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegelCallaway2004" class="citation journal cs1">Siegel, Ralph M.; Callaway, Edward M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC535570">"Francis Crick's Legacy for Neuroscience: Between the α and the Ω"</a>. PLOS Biology. 2 (12): e419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020419">10.1371/journal.pbio.0020419</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC535570">535570</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17593891">17593891</a>. <q>Francis Crick was an evangelical atheist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Francis+Crick%27s+Legacy+for+Neuroscience%3A+Between+the+%CE%B1+and+the+%CE%A9&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e419&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC535570%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17593891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020419&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Ralph+M.&rft.au=Callaway%2C+Edward+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC535570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighfield2003" class="citation news cs1">Highfield, Roger (20 Mar 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3306329/Do-our-genes-reveal-the-hand-of-God.html">"Do our genes reveal the hand of God?"</a>. The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 October 2015. <q>Crick, 86, said: "The god hypothesis is rather discredited."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Do+our+genes+reveal+the+hand+of+God%3F&rft.date=2003-03-20&rft.aulast=Highfield&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2F3306329%2FDo-our-genes-reveal-the-hand-of-God.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuse" class="citation web cs1">Ruse, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issrlibrary.org/introductory-essays/essay/?title=Life%20Evolving:%20Molecules,%20Mind,%20and%20Meaning&ref=essays">"Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning by Christian de Duve (Introductory essay)"</a>. The International Society for Science and Religion library project. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+International+Society+for+Science+and+Religion+library+project&rft.atitle=Life+Evolving%3A+Molecules%2C+Mind%2C+and+Meaning+by+Christian+de+Duve+%28Introductory+essay%29&rft.aulast=Ruse&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.issrlibrary.org%2Fintroductory-essays%2Fessay%2F%3Ftitle%3DLife%2520Evolving%3A%2520Molecules%2C%2520Mind%2C%2520and%2520Meaning%26ref%3Dessays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Illtyd_Williams1984" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Illtyd Williams (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howardfloreypeni00will/page/363">Howard Florey, Penicillin and After</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howardfloreypeni00will/page/363">363</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-858173-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-858173-4"><bdi>978-0-19-858173-4</bdi></a>. <q>As an agnostic, the chapel services meant nothing to Florey but, unlike some contemporary scientists, he was not aggressive in his disbelief.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Howard+Florey%2C+Penicillin+and+After&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-858173-4&rft.au=Trevor+Illtyd+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowardfloreypeni00will%2Fpage%2F363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaolo_MazzarelloHenry_A._BuchtelAldo_Badiani1999" class="citation book cs1">Paolo Mazzarello; Henry A. Buchtel; Aldo Badiani (1999). The hidden structure: a scientific biography of Camillo Golgi. Oxford University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852444-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852444-1"><bdi>978-0-19-852444-1</bdi></a>. <q>It was probably during this period that Golgi became agnostic (or even frankly atheistic), remaining for the rest of his life completely alien to the religious experience.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+hidden+structure%3A+a+scientific+biography+of+Camillo+Golgi&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-852444-1&rft.au=Paolo+Mazzarello&rft.au=Henry+A.+Buchtel&rft.au=Aldo+Badiani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21556885">"Obituary: Andrew Huxley"</a>. The Economist. June 16, 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2013. <q>He did not even mind the master's duty of officiating in chapel, since he was, he explained, not atheist but agnostic (a word usefully invented by his grandfather), and was "very conscious that there is no scientific explanation for the fact that we are conscious."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Andrew+Huxley&rft.date=2012-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21556885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Jacob, The Statue Within, pp 20–57. Quotes from pp 42 and 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Dawson, M. Joan. Paul Lauterbur and the Invention of MRI. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2013. Print. "Paul became an atheist, revering intellectual honesty and the quest for truth." </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Warren Allen (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinhellhan00smit">Who's who in Hell: A Handbook and International Directory for Humanists, Freethinkers, Naturalists, Rationalists, and Non-theists</a>. Barricade Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinhellhan00smit/page/648">648</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56980-158-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56980-158-1"><bdi>978-1-56980-158-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+Hell%3A+A+Handbook+and+International+Directory+for+Humanists%2C+Freethinkers%2C+Naturalists%2C+Rationalists%2C+and+Non-theists&rft.pages=648&rft.pub=Barricade+Books&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56980-158-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Warren+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoswhoinhellhan00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostantino_Ceoldo2012" class="citation web cs1">Costantino Ceoldo (2012-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pravda.ru/society/anomal/31-12-2012/123358-rita_montalcini-0/">"Homage to Rita Levi Montalcini"</a>. Retrieved 20 July 2013. <q>Born and raised in a Sephardic Jewish family in which culture and love of learning were categorical imperatives, she abandoned religion and embraced atheism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homage+to+Rita+Levi+Montalcini&rft.date=2012-12-31&rft.au=Costantino+Ceoldo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.pravda.ru%2Fsociety%2Fanomal%2F31-12-2012%2F123358-rita_montalcini-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedawar1996" class="citation book cs1">Medawar, Peter (1996). The strange case of the spotted mice and other classic essays on science (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 207–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286193-1"><bdi>978-0-19-286193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+strange+case+of+the+spotted+mice+and+other+classic+essays+on+science&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=207-211&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-286193-1&rft.aulast=Medawar&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTauberChernyak1991" class="citation book cs1">Tauber, Alfred I.; Chernyak, Leon (1991). Metchnikoff and the Origins of Immunology: From Metaphor to Theory: From Metaphor to Theory. Oxford University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534510-0"><bdi>978-0-19-534510-0</bdi></a>. <q>... his personal religious commitment was to atheism, although he received strict Christian religious training at home. Metchnikoff's atheism smacked of religious fervor in the embrace of rationalism and science.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metchnikoff+and+the+Origins+of+Immunology%3A+From+Metaphor+to+Theory%3A+From+Metaphor+to+Theory&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534510-0&rft.aulast=Tauber&rft.aufirst=Alfred+I.&rft.au=Chernyak%2C+Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubbock" class="citation web cs1">Lubbock, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booksincanada.com/article_view.asp?id=326">"Peaks, Dust, & Dappled Spots"</a>. Books in Canada: The Canadian Review of Books. Retrieved 15 October 2015. <q>In his final chapter de Duve turns to the meaning of life, and considers the ideas of two contrasting Frenchmen: a priest, Teilhard de Chardin, and an existentialist and atheist, Jacques Monod.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books+in+Canada%3A+The+Canadian+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Peaks%2C+Dust%2C+%26+Dappled+Spots&rft.aulast=Lubbock&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.booksincanada.com%2Farticle_view.asp%3Fid%3D326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPontecorvo1968" class="citation journal cs1">Pontecorvo, G. (1968). "Hermann Joseph Muller. 1890-1967". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 14: 349–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1968.0015">10.1098/rsbm.1968.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4606">0080-4606</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/769450">769450</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61317945">61317945</a>. <q>Muller, who through Unitarianism had become an enthusiastic pantheist, was converted both to atheism and to socialism (p. 353).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Hermann+Joseph+Muller.+1890-1967&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=349-389&rft.date=1968&rft.issn=0080-4606&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A61317945%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F769450%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1968.0015&rft.aulast=Pontecorvo&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurse2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse, Paul</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2001/nurse.html">"Sir Paul Nurse – Biographical"</a>. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 October 2015. <q>I gradually slipped away from religion over several years and became an atheist or to be more philosophically correct, a sceptical agnostic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Paul+Nurse+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Nurse&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2001%2Fnurse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindholz1986" class="citation journal cs1">Windholz, George (September 1986). "Pavlov's Religious Orientation". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 25 (3): 320–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1386296">10.2307/1386296</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1386296">1386296</a>. <q>Pavlov's follower E.M. Kreps asked him whether he was religious. Kreps writes that Pavlov smiled and replied: "Listen, good fellow, in regard to [claims of] my religiosity, my belief in God, my church attendance, there is no truth in it; it is sheer fantasy. I was a seminarian, and like the majority of seminarians, I became an unbeliever, an atheist in my school years."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Pavlov%27s+Religious+Orientation&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=320-327&rft.date=1986-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1386296&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1386296%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Windholz&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReville2006" class="citation news cs1">Reville, William (April 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012072253/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/science/2006/0420/1142365537016.html">"A bright journey to atheism, or a road that ignores all the signs?"</a>. The Irish Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/science/2006/0420/1142365537016.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=A+bright+journey+to+atheism%2C+or+a+road+that+ignores+all+the+signs%3F&rft.date=2006-04-20&rft.aulast=Reville&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fscience%2F2006%2F0420%2F1142365537016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2017/rosbash/biographical/">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017"</a>. NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2020-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fmedicine%2F2017%2Frosbash%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988">: "I should avoid any confusion at this point and state unequivocally that I am a devout atheist and quite anti-religion." </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/sulston/biographical/">The nobel prize in physiology or medicine 2002</a>. NobelPrize.org. Retrieved March 15, 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-100"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1980/esquivel-bio.html">"Adofo Pérez Esquivel"</a>. Nobel Prize Committee.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adofo+P%C3%A9rez+Esquivel&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F1980%2Fesquivel-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> National Institutes of Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/wg/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584924X184-vid">Albert Szent-Gyorgyi discusses religion - Albert Szent-Gyorgyi - profiles in Science</a>. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved March 15, 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeirdre_Barrett2010" class="citation book cs1">Deirdre Barrett (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supernormalstimu00barr/page/21">Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supernormalstimu00barr/page/21">21–22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06848-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06848-1"><bdi>978-0-393-06848-1</bdi></a>. <q>Tinbergen had never been a religious man. Wartime atrocities, however, had highlighted the absence of a deity for him while both sides invoked one aligned with themselves, and this turned him into a militant atheist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supernormal+Stimuli%3A+How+Primal+Urges+Overran+Their+Evolutionary+Purpose&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06848-1&rft.au=Deirdre+Barrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupernormalstimu00barr%2Fpage%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWald1964" class="citation journal cs1">Wald, George (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC300313">"The Origins of Life"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 52 (2). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 52, no. 2: 595–611. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964PNAS...52..595W">1964PNAS...52..595W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.52.2.595">10.1073/pnas.52.2.595</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/72476">72476</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC300313">300313</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16591211">16591211</a>. <q>Biologist George Wald dismissed anything besides physicalism with, "I will not believe that philosophically because I do not want to believe in God. Therefore, I choose to believe in that which I know is scientifically impossible: spontaneous generation arising to evolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Life&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=595-611&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC300313%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F72476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964PNAS...52..595W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16591211&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.52.2.595&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC300313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighfield2003" class="citation news cs1">Highfield, Roger (20 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3306329/Do-our-genes-reveal-the-hand-of-God.html">"Do our genes reveal the hand of God?"</a>. The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Do+our+genes+reveal+the+hand+of+God%3F&rft.date=2003-03-20&rft.aulast=Highfield&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2F3306329%2FDo-our-genes-reveal-the-hand-of-God.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbenstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Ebenstein, Lanny (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miltonfriedmanbi00eben_542">Milton Friedman a biography</a> (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miltonfriedmanbi00eben_542/page/n23">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60345-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60345-5"><bdi>978-0-230-60345-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman+a+biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60345-5&rft.aulast=Ebenstein&rft.aufirst=Lanny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiltonfriedmanbi00eben_542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weymark-106"><a href="#cite_ref-weymark_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeymark2006" class="citation journal cs1">Weymark, John A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessecon.com/pubs/VUECON/vu06-w07.pdf">"John Charles Harsanyi"</a> (PDF). Working Paper No. 06-W07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Working+Paper+No.+06-W07&rft.atitle=John+Charles+Harsanyi&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Weymark&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessecon.com%2Fpubs%2FVUECON%2Fvu06-w07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElzingaGivens2009" class="citation journal cs1">Elzinga, Kenneth G.; Givens, Matthew R. (Spring 2009). "Christianity and Hayek". Faith & Economics (53): 53–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faith+%26+Economics&rft.atitle=Christianity+and+Hayek&rft.ssn=spring&rft.issue=53&rft.pages=53-68&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Elzinga&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+G.&rft.au=Givens%2C+Matthew+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasar2012" class="citation book cs1">Nasar, Sylvia (2012). A Beautiful Mind (Reprint ed.). Faber & Faber. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-26607-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-26607-4"><bdi>978-0-571-26607-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Beautiful+Mind&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-571-26607-4&rft.aulast=Nasar&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize.org-109"><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize.org_109-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1994/selten-autobio.html">From Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 1994, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, 1995</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter_Crowther-Heyck2005" class="citation book cs1">Hunter Crowther-Heyck (2005). Herbert A. Simon: The Bounds of Reason in Modern America. JHU Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8025-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8025-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-8025-4</bdi></a>. <q>His secular, scientific values came well before he was old enough to make such calculating career decisions. For example, while still in middle school, Simon wrote a letter to the editor of the Milwaukee Journal defending the civil liberties of atheists, and by high school he was "certain" that he was "religiously an atheist," a conviction that never wavered.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+A.+Simon%3A+The+Bounds+of+Reason+in+Modern+America&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8025-4&rft.au=Hunter+Crowther-Heyck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeadel2009" class="citation book cs1">Ceadel, Martin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livinggreatillus00cead">Living the great illusion: Sir Norman Angell, 1872–1967</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livinggreatillus00cead/page/n38">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957116-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957116-1"><bdi>978-0-19-957116-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+the+great+illusion%3A+Sir+Norman+Angell%2C+1872%E2%80%931967&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957116-1&rft.aulast=Ceadel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivinggreatillus00cead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barker_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barker_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barker_112-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2011" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Dan (2011). The good atheist: living a purpose-filled life without God. Berkeley, CA: Ulysses Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56975-846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56975-846-5"><bdi>978-1-56975-846-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+good+atheist%3A+living+a+purpose-filled+life+without+God&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=Ulysses+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-56975-846-5&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChiTrib2008-03-23-113"><a href="#cite_ref-ChiTrib2008-03-23_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511153411/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-out_there_gorbachev_rodriguez_23mar24%2C1%2C4698255.story">"Gorbachev a closet Christian?"</a>. Chicago Tribune. 23 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-out_there_gorbachev_rodriguez_23mar24,1,4698255.story">the original</a> on 11 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Gorbachev+a+closet+Christian%3F&rft.date=2008-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fchi-out_there_gorbachev_rodriguez_23mar24%2C1%2C4698255.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotblatIkeda2007" class="citation book cs1">Rotblat, Joseph; Ikeda, Daisaku (2007). A Quest for Global Peace: Rotblat and Ikeda on War, Ethics and the Nuclear Threat. London: I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-278-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-278-3"><bdi>978-1-84511-278-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123195789">123195789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Quest+for+Global+Peace%3A+Rotblat+and+Ikeda+on+War%2C+Ethics+and+the+Nuclear+Threat&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123195789&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-278-3&rft.aulast=Rotblat&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Ikeda%2C+Daisaku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorelik,_GennadyAntonina_W._Bouis2005" class="citation book cs1">Gorelik, Gennady; Antonina W. Bouis (2005). The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom. Oxford University Press. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515620-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515620-1"><bdi>978-0-19-515620-1</bdi></a>. <q>Apparently Sakharov did not need to delve any deeper into it for a long time, remaining a totally nonmilitant atheist with an open heart.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Andrei+Sakharov%3A+A+Russian+Physicist%27s+Path+to+Freedom&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515620-1&rft.au=Gorelik%2C+Gennady&rft.au=Antonina+W.+Bouis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorelik,_Gennadiĭ_EfimovichAntonina_W._Bouis2005" class="citation book cs1">Gorelik, Gennadiĭ Efimovich; Antonina W. Bouis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=9780195156201&Search_Code=STNO&CNT=25&PID=jvJIwDnLaR07r7OtmDj6MYeMM5&SEQ=20131027212254&SID=1">The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515620-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515620-1"><bdi>978-0-19-515620-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 May 2012. <q>Sakharov was not invited to this seminar. Like most of the physicists of his generation, he was an atheist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Andrei+Sakharov%3A+A+Russian+Physicist%27s+Path+to+Freedom&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515620-1&rft.au=Gorelik%2C+Gennadi%C4%AD+Efimovich&rft.au=Antonina+W.+Bouis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2FPwebrecon.cgi%3Fv1%3D1%26ti%3D1%2C1%26Search_Arg%3D9780195156201%26Search_Code%3DSTNO%26CNT%3D25%26PID%3DjvJIwDnLaR07r7OtmDj6MYeMM5%26SEQ%3D20131027212254%26SID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd_K._ShackelfordViviana_A._Weekes-Shackelford2012" class="citation book cs1">Todd K. Shackelford; Viviana A. Weekes-Shackelford, eds. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence, Homicide, and War. Oxford University Press. p. 465. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973840-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973840-3"><bdi>978-0-19-973840-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Soviet dissident most responsible for defeating communism, Andrei Sakharov, was an atheist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Evolutionary+Perspectives+on+Violence%2C+Homicide%2C+and+War&rft.pages=465&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973840-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesel2010" class="citation book cs1">Wiesel, Elie Wiesel (2010). And the sea is never full memoirs 1969- (Unabridged ed.). New York: Alfred Knopf. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76409-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76409-6"><bdi>978-0-307-76409-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+the+sea+is+never+full+memoirs+1969-&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=318&rft.edition=Unabridged&rft.pub=Alfred+Knopf&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-76409-6&rft.aulast=Wiesel&rft.aufirst=Elie+Wiesel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChiTrib2007-10-24-119"><a href="#cite_ref-ChiTrib2007-10-24_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2007/oct/24/cal-thomas-energy-freedom-is-common-ground/">"Cal Thomas: Energy freedom is common ground"</a>. The Spokesman-Review. 24 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Cal+Thomas%3A+Energy+freedom+is+common+ground&rft.date=2007-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spokesman.com%2Fstories%2F2007%2Foct%2F24%2Fcal-thomas-energy-freedom-is-common-ground%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin1999" class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Anthony (1999). Samuel Beckett: the last modernist (1st Da Capo Press ed.). New York: Da Capo Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80898-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80898-2"><bdi>978-0-306-80898-2</bdi></a>. <q>They were both agnostics, though both set a high associative value on the language in which the traditional religions of their forebears had been expressed, and in conversation and writing were not averse to ironic reference to certain metaphysical concepts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Beckett%3A+the+last+modernist&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=90&rft.edition=1st+Da+Capo+Press&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80898-2&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulson1930" class="citation journal cs1">Paulson, Arthur C. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013443/http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume05new/vol5_06.htm">"Bjørnson and the Norwegian-Americans, 1880–81"</a>. Studies and Records. 5. Norwegian-American Historical Association: 84–109. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume05new/vol5_06.htm">the original</a> on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+and+Records&rft.atitle=Bj%C3%B8rnson+and+the+Norwegian-Americans%2C+1880%E2%80%9381&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=84-109&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naha.stolaf.edu%2Fpubs%2Fnas%2Fvolume05new%2Fvol5_06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaze2010" class="citation book cs1">Maze, John Robert (2010). Albert Camus: plague and terror, priest and atheist. Bern: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0006-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0006-3"><bdi>978-3-0343-0006-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Camus%3A+plague+and+terror%2C+priest+and+atheist&rft.place=Bern&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-0343-0006-3&rft.aulast=Maze&rft.aufirst=John+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehan2000" class="citation book cs1">Behan, Tom (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darioforevolutio00beha_409">Dario Fo: revolutionary theatre</a>. London: Pluto. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darioforevolutio00beha_409/page/n108">103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1362-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1362-7"><bdi>978-0-7453-1362-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dario+Fo%3A+revolutionary+theatre&rft.place=London&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Pluto&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-1362-7&rft.aulast=Behan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarioforevolutio00beha_409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrechet1982" class="citation book cs1">Frechet, Alec (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJquCwAAQBAJ&q=John+Galsworthy+god+religion+atheism&pg=PA192">John Galsworthy: A Reassessment</a>. Springer. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05995-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05995-9"><bdi>978-1-349-05995-9</bdi></a>. <q>Like many Edwardian writers, Galsworthy was an agnostic, and stated it openly: in other words, he did not deny the possibility of a divine force or essence – he was not an atheist – but could not believe in the God of existing religions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Galsworthy%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-1-349-05995-9&rft.aulast=Frechet&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCJquCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DJohn%2BGalsworthy%2Bgod%2Breligion%2Batheism%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazin1990" class="citation book cs1">Bazin, Nancy Topping, ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conversationswit0000gord/page/151">Conversationwith Nadine Gordimer</a>. London: University Press of Mississippi. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conversationswit0000gord/page/151">151</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87805-445-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87805-445-9"><bdi>978-0-87805-445-9</bdi></a>. <q>I'm an atheist. I wouldn't even call myself an agnostic. I am an atheist. But I think I have a basically religious temperament, perhaps even a profoundly religious one.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversationwith+Nadine+Gordimer&rft.place=London&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87805-445-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconversationswit0000gord%2Fpage%2F151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinstein2008" class="citation book cs1">Feinstein, Adam (2008). Pablo neruda. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 36, 38, 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-781-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-781-1"><bdi>978-1-59691-781-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pablo+neruda.&rft.pages=36%2C+38%2C+97&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59691-781-1&rft.aulast=Feinstein&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiggins2007" class="citation book cs1">Diggins, John Patrick (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eugeneoneillsame0000digg">Eugene O'Neill's America desire under democracy</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eugeneoneillsame0000digg/page/130">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14882-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14882-3"><bdi>978-0-226-14882-3</bdi></a>. <q>O'Neill, an agnostic and an anarchist, maintained little hope in religion or politics and saw institutions not serving to preserve liberty but standing in the way of the birth of true freedom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eugene+O%27Neill%27s+America+desire+under+democracy&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-14882-3&rft.aulast=Diggins&rft.aufirst=John+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feugeneoneillsame0000digg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2216504.stm">"Pinter 'on road to recovery'"</a>. 2002-08-26. Retrieved 2020-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pinter+%27on+road+to+recovery%27&rft.date=2002-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F2216504.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/russell8.htm">"Am I An Atheist Or An Agnostic?"</a>. www.positiveatheism.org. Retrieved 2020-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.positiveatheism.org&rft.atitle=Am+I+An+Atheist+Or+An+Agnostic%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positiveatheism.org%2Fhist%2Frussell8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988">: "I never know whether I should say 'Agnostic' or whether I should say 'Atheist'... As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one prove (sic) that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think I ought to say that I am an Atheist." </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberstadt2010" class="citation news cs1">Eberstadt, Fernanda (18 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/19/books/19saramago.html?_r=0">"José Saramago, Nobel Prize-Winning Portuguese Writer, Dies at 87"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jos%C3%A9+Saramago%2C+Nobel+Prize-Winning+Portuguese+Writer%2C+Dies+at+87&rft.date=2010-06-18&rft.aulast=Eberstadt&rft.aufirst=Fernanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F06%2F19%2Fbooks%2F19saramago.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartre1985" class="citation book cs1">Sartre, Jean-Paul (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/existentialismhu0000sart/page/15">Existentialism and human emotions</a> (1st Carol Pub. Group ed.). New York: Philosophical Library. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/existentialismhu0000sart/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-0902-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-0902-0"><bdi>978-0-8065-0902-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Existentialism+and+human+emotions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=1st+Carol+Pub.+Group&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-0902-0&rft.aulast=Sartre&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexistentialismhu0000sart%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220164715/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/soy0bio-1">"Wole Soyinka"</a>. Academy of Achievement. Washington D.C. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/soy0bio-1">the original</a> on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Achievement&rft.atitle=Wole+Soyinka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.achievement.org%2Fautodoc%2Fpage%2Fsoy0bio-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWole_Soyinka2007" class="citation book cs1">Wole Soyinka (2007). Climate of Fear: The Quest for Dignity in a Dehumanized World. Random House LLC. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-43082-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-43082-3"><bdi>978-0-307-43082-3</bdi></a>. <q>I already had certain agnostic tendencies—which would later develop into outright atheistic convictions— so it was not that I believed in any kind of divine protection.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+of+Fear%3A+The+Quest+for+Dignity+in+a+Dehumanized+World&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Random+House+LLC&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-43082-3&rft.au=Wole+Soyinka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeegelShillinglawTiffney,_Jr.2007" class="citation book cs1">Beegel, Susan F.; Shillinglaw, Susan; Tiffney, Jr., Wesley N. (2007). Steinbeck and the Environment Interdisciplinary Approaches. 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(1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trueadventuresof00bens/page/248">The true adventures of John Steinbeck, writer: a biography</a>. Viking Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trueadventuresof00bens/page/248">248</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-16685-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-16685-5"><bdi>978-0-670-16685-5</bdi></a>. <q>Ricketts did not convert his friend to a religious point of view — Steinbeck remained an agnostic and, essentially, a materialist — but Ricketts's religious acceptance did tend to work on his friend, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+true+adventures+of+John+Steinbeck%2C+writer%3A+a+biography&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-670-16685-5&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrueadventuresof00bens%2Fpage%2F248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnet.Religia2020" class="citation web cs1">Onet.Religia (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/religia/ateizm-definicja-symbole-ateisci-w-polsce/nm8j80b">"Ateizm. Definicja, symbole. Ateiści w Polsce"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Onet.pl" title="Onet.pl">Onet.pl</a>. Wiadomosci.onet.pl. Retrieved July 26, 2020. <q>... Według badań Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego z 2015 roku, w Polsce żyje 2,6 proc. Zadeklarowanych ateistów. Wśród nich są m.in. Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Piotr Najsztub, Wojciech Smarzowski, Kuba Wojewódzki, Jerzy Urban, Janusz Palikot, Jan Hartman, Maria Peszek, Robert Biedroń, Magdalena Środa, Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz, Kazimierz Kutz czy Roman Polański. Ateistami byli również m.in. Kora Jackowska, Zbigniew Religa, Jacek Kuroń, Jerzy Kawalerowicz, Tadeusz Różewicz, Stanisław Lem, Wisława Szymborska, Witold Gombrowicz i Marek Edelman.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Onet.pl&rft.atitle=Ateizm.+Definicja%2C+symbole.+Atei%C5%9Bci+w+Polsce&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Onet.Religia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.onet.pl%2Freligia%2Fateizm-definicja-symbole-ateisci-w-polsce%2Fnm8j80b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/36cfd978-4c1a-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5">"Nobel laureate Olga Tokarczuk: why populist nostalgia will pass"</a>. Financial Times. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Nobel+laureate+Olga+Tokarczuk%3A+why+populist+nostalgia+will+pass&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F36cfd978-4c1a-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao_Xingjian2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2000/gao-lecture-e.html">"Nobel Lecture – Literature 2000"</a>. Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. Retrieved March 24, 2012. <q>... I would like to say that despite my being an atheist I have always shown reverence for the unknowable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Lecture+%E2%80%93+Literature+2000&rft.place=Nobelprize.org%2C+The+Official+Web+Site+of+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Gao+Xingjian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F2000%2Fgao-lecture-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+nonreligious+Nobel+laureates" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/100px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/150px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/200px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>by occupation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_Nobel_laureates" title="List of heads of state and government Nobel laureates">Heads of state and government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">by year</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by population group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengali_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Bengali Nobel laureates">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_Nobel_laureates" title="List of black Nobel laureates">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Christian Nobel laureates">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Latin American Nobel laureates">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Muslim Nobel laureates">Muslim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Non-religious</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by continent and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">nationality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_Nobel_laureates" title="List of African Nobel laureates">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Egyptian Nobel laureates and nominees">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of South African Nobel laureates and nominees">South African</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Asian Nobel laureates">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Chinese Nobel laureates">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Filipino Nobel laureates and nominees">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Indian Nobel laureates">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Israeli Nobel laureates">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Japanese Nobel laureates and nominees">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Korean Nobel laureates and nominees">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Pakistani Nobel laureates">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Vietnamese Nobel laureates and nominees">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Belgian Nobel laureates">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Danish Nobel laureates">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Nobel_laureates" title="List of German Nobel laureates">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Greek Nobel laureates and nominees">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Hungarian Nobel laureates">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Irish Nobel laureates and nominees">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Italian Nobel laureates">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Polish Nobel laureates">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Romanian Nobel laureates and nominees">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Russian Nobel laureates">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Spanish Nobel laureates">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swedish Nobel laureates">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swiss Nobel laureates">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Welsh Nobel laureates">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oceanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Australian Nobel laureates">Australian</a></li></ul></li> <li>North American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of American Nobel laureates">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Mexican Nobel laureates and nominees">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li>South American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Argentine Nobel laureates">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelan_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Venezuelan Nobel laureates">Venezuelan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">by university</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_the_City_University_of_New_York_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York as alumni or faculty">City University of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Columbia_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ETH_Zurich_people#Nobel_Prize_winners" title="List of ETH Zurich people">ETH Zurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people#Nobel_laureates" title="List of Harvard University people">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Princeton_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Washington_University_in_St._Louis_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis as alumni or faculty">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_priests_and_religious_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of Catholic priests and religious awarded the Nobel Prize">Catholic priests and religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_couples_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize">Couples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (page does not exist)">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Friends_Service_Committee_Nobel_nominees" title="List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees">AFSC Nobel nominees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRIO_Director%27s_Shortlist" title="PRIO Director's Shortlist">PRIO Director's Shortlist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by <a href="/wiki/Clarivate_Citation_Laureates" title="Clarivate Citation Laureates">Clarivate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Clarivate_Citation_laureates" title="List of female Clarivate Citation laureates">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Chemistry" title="Nobel Committee for Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_in_Memory_of_Alfred_Nobel" title="Committee for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Literature" title="Nobel Committee for Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physics" title="Nobel Committee for Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_the_Karolinska_Institute" title="Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute">Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkborn_Manor" title="Björkborn Manor">Björkborn Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laboratory" title="Nobel Laboratory">Nobel Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" title="Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings">Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates" title="World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates">World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_or_the_highest_honors_of_a_field" title="List of prizes known as the Nobel or the highest honors of a field">Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="hlist"><div>1 Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes). </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates&oldid=1182902129">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates&oldid=1182902129</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_Nobel_laureates_by_religion" title="Category:Lists of Nobel laureates by religion">Lists of Nobel laureates by 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