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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Coming storm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coming_storm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_and_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_and_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Attack and massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_and_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kidnapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidnapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kidnapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidnapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Indian_Creek_massacre&params=41_32_18_N_88_50_52_W_type:event_region:US-IL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°32′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">88°50′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.53833°N 88.84778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.53833; -88.84778</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Indian Creek Massacre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1832_Indian_Creek_Massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1832_Indian_Creek_Massacre.jpg/300px-1832_Indian_Creek_Massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1832_Indian_Creek_Massacre.jpg/450px-1832_Indian_Creek_Massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1832_Indian_Creek_Massacre.jpg/600px-1832_Indian_Creek_Massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="532" /></a></span><br />An 1878 depiction of the massacre</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>May 21, 1832</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Near present-day <a href="/wiki/Earlville,_Illinois" title="Earlville, Illinois">Earlville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Indian_Creek_massacre&params=41_32_18_N_88_50_52_W_type:event_region:US-IL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°32′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">88°50′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.53833°N 88.84778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.53833; -88.84778</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Illinois settlers</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> raiding party and three <a href="/wiki/Sauks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauks">Sauks</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 23 civilians</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 40–80 warriors</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%"> 15 killed, 2 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Hawk_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Black Hawk War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Black_Hawk_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Black Hawk War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Hawk_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Black Hawk War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Hawk_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_attacks_of_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War">Minor battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Stillman's Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush" title="Buffalo Grove ambush">Buffalo Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_River_raid" title="Plum River raid">Plum River</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre">St. Vrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds" title="Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds">Fort Blue Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre" title="Spafford Farm massacre">Spafford Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)">Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove" title="Battle of Waddams Grove">Waddams Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Kellogg's Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Ament%27s_Cabin" title="Attack at Ament's Cabin">Ament's Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apple_River_Fort" title="Battle of Apple River Fort">Apple River Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa_Mound_raid" title="Sinsinawa Mound raid">Sinsinawa Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights" title="Battle of Wisconsin Heights">Wisconsin Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe" title="Battle of Bad Axe">Bad Axe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Indian Creek Massacre</b> occurred on May 21, 1832 with the attack by a party of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> on a group of United States settlers in <a href="/wiki/LaSalle_County,_Illinois" title="LaSalle County, Illinois">LaSalle County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> following a dispute about a settler-constructed dam that prevented fish from reaching a nearby <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> village. The incident coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>, but it was not a direct action of the <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Black Hawk (Sauk leader)">Black Hawk</a> and conflict with the United States. The removal of the dam was asked, was rejected by the settlers and between 40 and 80 Potawatomis and three Sauks attacked and killed fifteen settlers, including women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottawa_Times_Jan._26,_2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottawa_Times_Jan._26,_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ottawa_Times_April_17,_2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottawa_Times_April_17,_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two young women kidnapped by the Indians were ransomed and released unharmed about two weeks later. </p><p>The tension of the massacre and the war prompted <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">settlers</a> to seek protection at <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">frontier forts</a> under the control of the militia. Three men were arrested for the killings, but the charges were dropped when their alleged role in the massacre could not be verified by the witnesses. Today, the site of the massacre is marked by memorials in Shabbona County Park in LaSalle County, about 14 miles (23 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Illinois" title="Ottawa, Illinois">Ottawa, Illinois</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indian Creek massacre resulted from a dispute between U.S. settlers and a <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> village along the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_(Fox_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Creek (Fox River)">Indian Creek</a> in <a href="/wiki/LaSalle_County,_Illinois" title="LaSalle County, Illinois">LaSalle County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. In the spring of 1832, a blacksmith named William Davis dammed the creek to provide power for his sawmill.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meau-eus, the principal chief of the small Potawatomi village, protested to Davis that the dam prevented fish from reaching the village. Davis ignored the protests and assaulted a Potawatomi male who tried to dismantle the dam. The villagers wanted to retaliate, but Potawatomi chiefs <a href="/wiki/Shabbona" title="Shabbona">Shabbona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waubonsie" title="Waubonsie">Waubonsie</a> advised a compromise that the villagers fish below the dam.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in February 1832, a <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> leader named <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Black Hawk (Sauk leader)">Black Hawk</a> wanted to resettle on land ceded to the United States by the disputed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)" title="Treaty of St. Louis (1804)">Treaty of St. Louis (1804)</a>. Black Hawk thought that the Potawatomi in Illinois would support the resettling since they had grievances about the United States expansion into Native American territory.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Potawatomi leaders feared that the United States had become too powerful to be opposed by their force. Potawatomi chiefs urged their people to stay neutral in the coming conflict, but, as in other tribes, chiefs did not have the authority or power to compel compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potawatomi leaders worried that the tribe as a whole would be punished if any Potawatomi supported Black Hawk. At a council outside <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> on May 1, 1832, Potawatomi leaders including <a href="/wiki/Billy_Caldwell" title="Billy Caldwell">Billy Caldwell</a> "passed a resolution declaring any Potawatomi who supported Black Hawk a traitor to his tribe".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid May, Potawatomi leaders told Black Hawk that he did not have their support.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black Hawk led a group of Sauks, <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwakis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoos</a> known as the "<a href="/wiki/British_Band" title="British Band">British Band</a>", to cross the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> from Iowa into the U.S. state of Illinois. Black Hawk's motives were ambiguous, but it is said that he was apparently hoping to avoid bloodshed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coming_storm">Coming storm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Coming storm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="text-align:center" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position: relative;"> <div style="position: absolute; left: 172px; top: 164px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 180px; top: 163px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Stillman's Run</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 147px; top: 164px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush" title="Buffalo Grove ambush"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 81px; top: 163px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush" title="Buffalo Grove ambush">Buffalo Grove</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 110px; top: 154px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Plum_River_raid" title="Plum River raid"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 57px; top: 153px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Plum_River_raid" title="Plum River raid">Plum River</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 199px; top: 202px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 199px; top: 191px; padding: 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian Creek</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 128px; top: 138px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 136px; top: 137px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre">St. Vrain</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 137px; top: 74px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds" title="Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 145px; top: 73px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds" title="Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds">Fort Blue Mounds</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 123px; top: 108px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre" title="Spafford Farm massacre"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 131px; top: 107px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre" title="Spafford Farm massacre">Spafford Farm</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 129px; top: 99px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 137px; top: 98px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)">Horseshoe Bend</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 131px; top: 125px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove" title="Battle of Waddams Grove"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 139px; top: 124px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove" title="Battle of Waddams Grove">Waddams Grove</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 126px; top: 135px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; 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left: 88px; top: 128px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/7px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/11px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/14px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Galena,_Illinois" title="Galena, Illinois"><span style="float:left; width:7px; height:7px; font-size:7px; line-height:7px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 48px; top: 71px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/7px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/11px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/14px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; 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left: 184px; top: 137px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/7px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/11px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/14px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois"><span style="float:left; width:7px; height:7px; font-size:7px; line-height:7px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 144px; top: 133px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/7px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/11px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/14px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Illinois" title="Freeport, Illinois"><span style="float:left; width:7px; height:7px; font-size:7px; line-height:7px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 80px; top: 1px; padding: 0;">Michigan Territory (Wisconsin)</div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 200px; top: 260px; padding: 0;">Illinois</div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 3px; top: 173px; padding: 0;">Unorganized <br />Territory (Iowa)</div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Hawk_path.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Locator map of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois showing location of battles described in the text, the battles are clustered in northeast Illinois and southeast Wisconsin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Black_Hawk_path.png/300px-Black_Hawk_path.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Black_Hawk_path.png/450px-Black_Hawk_path.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Black_Hawk_path.png/600px-Black_Hawk_path.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Map of Black Hawk War sites<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Battle_X.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></a></span> <small>Battle (with name)</small> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <small>Fort / settlement</small> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/7px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/11px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/14px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <small>Native village</small><br /><small>Symbols are wikilinked to article</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hostilities in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a> began on May 14, 1832, when Black Hawk's warriors soundly defeated Illinois militiamen at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a>. Potawatomi Chief Shabbona worried that Black Hawk's success would encourage Native attacks on American settlements, and that Potawatomis would be held responsible. Soon after the battle, Shabbona, his son, and his nephew rode out to warn nearby American settlers, that they were in danger.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people fled to <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Illinois" title="Ottawa, Illinois">Ottawa</a> for safety, but William Davis, a settler from Kentucky, who had built the controversial dam, convinced some of his neighbors they were not in danger.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-three people, including the Davis family, the Hall family, the Pettigrew family and several other men, remained at the Davis settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Jung,_95_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung,_95-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attack_and_massacre">Attack and massacre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attack and massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late afternoon of May 21, 1832, a party of about forty to eighty Potawatomis,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with three Sauks from Black Hawk's band accompanying them,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approached the Davis cabin, vaulted the fence and sprinted forward to attack.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several male settlers were working in the fields and in the blacksmith's shop, rushed to the house during the attack and were killed. Six of the young men escaped the slaughter by fleeing.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifteen settlers were killed and <a href="/wiki/Scalping" title="Scalping">scalped</a>. One victim was scalped twice, from the hair on his head, to his beard.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The men and children were chopped to pieces," writes historian Kerry Trask, "and the dead women were hung up by their feet" and their bodies mutilated in ways too gruesome for contemporary observers to record in writing.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern scholars do not identify the leader of this attack. According to historian Patrick Jung, the attack was led by the Potawatomi man who had been assaulted at the dam by Davis, but Jung did not identify this Potawatomi by name.<sup id="cite_ref-Jung,_95_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung,_95-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians Kerry Trask and John Hall identified the man who had been assaulted as Keewassee, but they did not specifically indicate his participation in the attack, or any leader of the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian David Edmunds wrote that the attack was led by Toquame and Comee, two Potawatomi warriors. Jung said that Keewasse, Toquame, and Comee were three Sauk warriors were merely accompanying the Potawatomis during the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1872, amateur historian Nehemiah Matson wrote that the raid was led by a man named Mike Girty, who was believed to be the mixed race son of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Girty" title="Simon Girty">Simon Girty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matson's validity as a source was questioned as early as 1903 in a book by Frank E. Stevens that indicated "The statement by Matson that one Mike Girty was connected with the Indian Creek massacre is incorrect."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, Matson's work was questioned, by scholars, as a valid source, as he indiscriminately mixed fact and legend.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholarly accounts of the Black Hawk War and the Indian Creek massacre make no mention of Mike Girty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kidnapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylvia_Hall1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sylvia_Hall1.jpg/150px-Sylvia_Hall1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sylvia_Hall1.jpg/225px-Sylvia_Hall1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Sylvia_Hall1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sylvia Hall in an undated photograph published in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachel_Hall1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rachel_Hall1.jpg/150px-Rachel_Hall1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rachel_Hall1.jpg/225px-Rachel_Hall1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Rachel_Hall1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rachel Hall, photographed in 1865 at about age 50.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Two young women from the settlement, Sylvia Hall (age 19) and Rachel Hall (age 17),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were spared by the attackers and taken northwards. At one point, Sylvia fainted when she recognized that one of the warriors carried her mother's scalp.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a hard journey of about 80 miles,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they arrived at Black Hawk's camp.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hall sisters were held for eleven days. Most of the time was spent at Black Hawk's camp where they were treated well.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoirs dictated after the war, Black Hawk insisted that the three Sauks with the Potawatomis had saved the Hall sisters' lives. Black Hawk recounted: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They were brought to our encampment, and a messenger sent to the Winnebagoes, as they were friendly on both sides, to come and get them, and carry them to the whites. If these young men, belonging to my band, had not gone with the Pottowittomies [sic], the two young squaws would have shared the same fate as their friends.</p></blockquote> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a> chief named White Crow negotiated their release.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like some other area Ho-Chunks, White Crow was trying to placate the Americans while clandestinely aiding the <a href="/wiki/British_Band" title="British Band">British Band</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Indian_agent" title="Indian agent">Indian agent</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gratiot" title="Henry Gratiot">Henry Gratiot</a> paid a <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a> for the girls of ten horses, <a href="/wiki/Wampum" title="Wampum">wampum</a>, and corn. The Hall sisters were released on June 1, 1832,<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Mound_Fort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue Mound Fort (page does not exist)">Blue Mound Fort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indian Creek massacre was the most significant publicized incident during the Black Hawk War.<sup id="cite_ref-wisc_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisc-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The killings triggered panic in the settler population who abandoned settlements and sought refuge in frontier forts, such as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Dearborn" title="Fort Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a> in Chicago. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_creek_massacre_memorials_in_Shabbona_County_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Indian_creek_massacre_memorials_in_Shabbona_County_Park.jpg/220px-Indian_creek_massacre_memorials_in_Shabbona_County_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Indian_creek_massacre_memorials_in_Shabbona_County_Park.jpg/330px-Indian_creek_massacre_memorials_in_Shabbona_County_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Indian_creek_massacre_memorials_in_Shabbona_County_Park.jpg/440px-Indian_creek_massacre_memorials_in_Shabbona_County_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Monuments at the massacre site in Shabbona County Park, the older monument is on the left.</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 21 or 22, the people in Chicago, including those who had fled there, dispatched a company of militia scouts to ascertain the situation in the area between Chicago and Ottawa, along the Chicago to Ottawa trail. The detachment, under the command of Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_B._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesse B. Brown (page does not exist)">Jesse B. Brown</a>, came upon the mangled remains of the 15 victims at Indian Creek on May 22. They buried the dead and continued to Ottawa where they reported their grisly discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Illinois militia used the event to draw more recruits from Illinois and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wisc_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisc-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, three men were charged with murders at Indian Creek and were issued <a href="/wiki/Arrest_warrant" title="Arrest warrant">warrants</a> at the LaSalle County Courthouse for Keewasee, Toquame, and Comee. The charges were dropped when the Hall sisters could not identify the three men as part of the attacking party. In 1833, the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_General_Assembly" title="Illinois General Assembly">Illinois General Assembly</a> passed a law granting each of the Hall sisters 80 acres (320,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of land along the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal" title="Illinois and Michigan Canal">Illinois and Michigan Canal</a> as compensation and recognition for the hardships they had endured.<sup id="cite_ref-ilsec_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilsec-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1877, William Munson, who had married Rachel Hall, erected a monument where the victims of the massacre were interred.<sup id="cite_ref-Monument_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monument-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monument, located 14 miles (23 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Illinois" title="Ottawa, Illinois">Ottawa</a>, Illinois, cost $700.<sup id="cite_ref-Monument_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monument-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, the area was designated as Shabbona Park, and $5,000 was appropriated by the Illinois legislature for the erection and maintenance of a new monument.<sup id="cite_ref-Monument_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monument-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 29, 1906, a 16-foot granite monument was dedicated in a ceremony attended by four thousand people.<sup id="cite_ref-Monument_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monument-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shabbona County Park, not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Shabbona_Lake_State_Park" title="Shabbona Lake State Park">Shabbona Lake State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Illinois" title="DeKalb County, Illinois">DeKalb County</a>, is located in northern LaSalle County, west of <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Route_23" title="Illinois Route 23">Illinois Route 23</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gnis_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_homicides_in_Illinois#Multiple_homicides" title="List of homicides in Illinois">List of multiple homicides in Illinois</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ottawa_Times_Jan._26,_2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ottawa_Times_Jan._26,_2004_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mywebtimes.com/life/paging-back-tale-of-indian-creek-massacre-is-the-stuff/article_81dd85b5-7888-533e-b759-7eb1c5f1c6a4.html">Paging Back Tale of Indian Creek Massacre...</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottawa_Times_April_17,_2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ottawa_Times_April_17,_2015_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mywebtimes.com/news/local/indian-creek-massacre-marker-relocating-to-historic-site/article_3b31e3cb-4987-5125-bd53-273282f00f61.html">Indian Creek Marker Relocating to Historic Site</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, 237; Trask, 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, 237; Hall, 135–36; Scanlan, 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, 108, 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, 74–75; Trask, 145–50; Hall, 129–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, 136–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jung,_95-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jung,_95_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jung,_95_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Forty" (Nichols, 126); "approximately forty" (Edmunds, 237); "about fifty" (Jung, 95); "over sixty" (Clifton, 233); "about seventy" (Trask, 201); "as many as eighty" (Hall, 137).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton, 233; Jung, 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, James. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2b.html">The Black Hawk War of 1832</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703101408/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2b.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, <i>Northern Illinois University</i>, p. 2B. Retrieved August 6, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scanlan, 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some accounts give the number of dead as 16, a discrepancy apparently arising from the fact that one of the survivors was missing for a time and initially counted among the dead; Barton, 405–06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trask, 202, 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trask, 200; Hall, 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, 207–08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nehemiah Matson, <i>Reminiscences of Bureau County: In Two Parts</i>, (Princeton, Illinois: Republican Book and Job Office, 1872), 27–29, 142–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevens, 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth Ewers Haberkorn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dig.lib.niu.edu/ISHS/ishs-1960summer/ishs-1960summer.html">"Nehemiah Matson: Historian of Northern Illinois"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929143258/http://dig.lib.niu.edu/ISHS/ishs-1960summer/ishs-1960summer.html">Archived</a> 2011-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i>, Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer, 1960), 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevens, 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevens, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ages of the Hall sisters vary somewhat in early accounts; Barton, 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scanlan, 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scanlan, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, 96; Trask, 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trask, 212–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, 152–54; 164–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFC._E._Jones1877" class="citation book cs1">C. E. Jones (1877). <i>Madison, Dane County and surrounding towns : being a history and guide to places of scenic beauty and historical note found in the towns of Dane County and surroundings, including the organization of the towns, and early intercourse of the settlers with the Indians, their camps, trails, mounds, etc. : with a complete list of county supervisors and officers, and legislative members, Madison village and city council</i>. W. J. Park & Company. p. 243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madison%2C+Dane+County+and+surrounding+towns+%3A+being+a+history+and+guide+to+places+of+scenic+beauty+and+historical+note+found+in+the+towns+of+Dane+County+and+surroundings%2C+including+the+organization+of+the+towns%2C+and+early+intercourse+of+the+settlers+with+the+Indians%2C+their+camps%2C+trails%2C+mounds%2C+etc.+%3A+with+a+complete+list+of+county+supervisors+and+officers%2C+and+legislative+members%2C+Madison+village+and+city+council&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=W.+J.+Park+%26+Company&rft.date=1877&rft.au=C.+E.+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wisc-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wisc_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wisc_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103331/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002816.asp">"May 21, Indian Creek, Ill.: Abduction of the Hall Sisters"</a>. <i>Historic Diaries: Black Hawk War Documents</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Historical_Society" title="Wisconsin Historical Society">Wisconsin Historical Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002816.asp">the original</a> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Diaries%3A+Black+Hawk+War+Documents&rft.atitle=May+21%2C+Indian+Creek%2C+Ill.%3A+Abduction+of+the+Hall+Sisters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fdiary%2F002816.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.T. Andreas, <i>History of Chicago: From the earliest period to the present time</i> (Chicago, 1884), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CiEPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA269=onepage">1:269</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilsec-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ilsec_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/i&mpack/i&mdoc8.html">Document 8 – Donation of Land to Rachel Munson, A Former Indian Captive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061009044447/http://www.library.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/i%26mpack/i%26mdoc8.html">Archived</a> 2006-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," Document: May 11, 1834, Illinois State Archives, <i>Illinois Secretary of State</i>. Retrieved August 6, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monument-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monument_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monument_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monument_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monument_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S0nWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA332">"Monument Unveiled".</a> <i>Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the year 1907</i> (Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Historical Library, 1908), 332–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnis-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gnis_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/418247">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Shabbona County Park</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton1933" class="citation journal cs1">Barton, Albert O. (June 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/u?/wmh,28520">"Echoes of the Black Hawk War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Magazine_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Magazine of History">Wisconsin Magazine of History</a></i>. <b>16</b> (4): 404–411<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=Echoes+of+the+Black+Hawk+War&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=404-411&rft.date=1933-06&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Albert+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fu%3F%2Fwmh%2C28520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Clifton, James A. <i>The Prairie People: Continuity and Change in Potawatomi Indian Culture 1665–1965</i>. Lawrence, Kansas: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0155-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0155-4">0-7006-0155-4</a>.</li> <li>Edmunds, R. David. <i>The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire</i>. University of Oklahoma Press, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1478-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1478-9">0-8061-1478-9</a>.</li> <li>Hall, John W. <i>Uncommon Defense: Indian Allies in the Black Hawk War</i>. Harvard University Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-03518-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-03518-6">0-674-03518-6</a>.</li> <li>Jung, Patrick J. <i>The Black Hawk War of 1832</i>. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3811-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3811-4">0-8061-3811-4</a>.</li> <li>Nichols, Roger L. <i>Black Hawk and the Warrior's Path</i>. Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88295-884-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88295-884-4">0-88295-884-4</a>.</li> <li>Scanlan, Charles Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiancreekmass00scangoog"><i>Indian Creek Massacre and Captivity of Hall Girls</i></a>. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: REIC Publishing, 1915.</li> <li>Stevens, Frank E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwkTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>The Black Hawk War: Including a Review of Black Hawk's Life</i></a>. Chicago, 1903.</li> <li>Trask, Kerry A. <i>Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America</i>. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7758-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7758-8">0-8050-7758-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Hawk_War_of_1832" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Template:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Template talk:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Hawk_War_of_1832" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War of 1832</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Native people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/British_Band" title="British Band">British Band</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Black Hawk (Sauk leader)">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checokalako" title="Checokalako">Checokalako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapope" title="Neapope">Neapope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamisseu" title="Pamisseu">Pamisseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towaunonne" title="Towaunonne">Towaunonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabokieshiek" title="Wabokieshiek">Wabokieshiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Dakota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wapasha_II" title="Wapasha II">Wapasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waukon_Decorah" title="Waukon Decorah">Waukon Decorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Oshkosh" title="Chief Oshkosh">Oshkosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Potawatomi people">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Caldwell" title="Billy Caldwell">Billy Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbona" title="Shabbona">Shabbona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waubonsie" title="Waubonsie">Waubonsie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Keokuk (Sauk leader)">Keokuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapello_(chief)" title="Wapello (chief)">Wapello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">U.S. people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Atkinson_(soldier)" title="Henry Atkinson (soldier)">Henry Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Brady_(general)" title="Hugh Brady (general)">Hugh Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">Militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Giles_Adams" title="John Giles Adams">John Giles Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Alexander" title="Milton Alexander">Milton Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bailey_(militia_officer)" title="David Bailey (militia officer)">David Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Brigham" title="Ebenezer Brigham">Ebenezer Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dement" title="John Dement">John Dement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dodge" title="Henry Dodge">Henry Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Hamilton" title="William S. Hamilton">William S. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Henry" title="James D. Henry">James D. Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Posey_(general)" title="Alexander Posey (general)">Alexander Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Rountree" title="John H. Rountree">John H. Rountree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Stillman" title="Isaiah Stillman">Isaiah Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Stephenson" title="James W. Stephenson">James W. Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside" title="Samuel Whiteside">Samuel Whiteside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Davenport" title="George Davenport">George Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gratiot" title="Henry Gratiot">Henry Gratiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_LeClaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine LeClaire">Antoine LeClaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Street" title="Joseph M. Street">Joseph M. Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_St._Vrain" title="Felix St. Vrain">Felix St. Vrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Throckmorton" title="Joseph Throckmorton">Joseph Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satterlee_Clark" title="Satterlee Clark">Satterlee Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apple_River_Fort" title="Apple River Fort">Apple River Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois" title="Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois">Buffalo Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dixon%27s_Ferry" title="Dixon's Ferry">Dixon's Ferry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Armstrong_(Illinois)" title="Fort Armstrong (Illinois)">Fort Armstrong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Beggs" title="Fort Beggs">Fort Beggs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galena,_Illinois" title="Galena, Illinois">Galena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_(Fox_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Creek (Fox River)">Indian Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Kellogg's Grove">Kellogg's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plum_River" title="Plum River">Plum River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Saukenuk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Stillman Creek (Illinois)">Stillman Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman%27s_Run_Battle_Site" title="Stillman's Run Battle Site">Stillman's Run Battle Site</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waddams_Grove,_Illinois" title="Waddams Grove, Illinois">Waddams Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Yellow Creek (Illinois)">Yellow Creek</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Axe_River" title="Bad Axe River">Bad Axe River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mounds_Fort" title="Blue Mounds Fort">Blue Mounds Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Crawford" title="Fort Crawford">Fort Crawford</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Defiance (Wisconsin)">Fort Defiance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hamilton_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Hamilton (Wisconsin)">Fort Hamilton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Jackson (Wisconsin)">Fort Jackson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Koshkonong" title="Fort Koshkonong">Fort Koshkonong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Union (Wisconsin)">Fort Union</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gratiot%27s_Grove_(Wisconsin)" title="Gratiot's Grove (Wisconsin)">Gratiot's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Wisconsin" title="Helena, Wisconsin">Helena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wiota,_Wisconsin" title="Wiota, Wisconsin">Hamilton's Diggings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pecatonica_River" title="Pecatonica River">Pecatonica River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Wisconsin" title="Roxbury, Wisconsin">Roxbury</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa,_Wisconsin" title="Sinsinawa, Wisconsin">Sinsinawa Mound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Grove,_Wisconsin" title="Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin">Soldiers Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victory,_Wisconsin" title="Victory, Wisconsin">Victory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Heights_Battlefield" title="Wisconsin Heights Battlefield">Wisconsin Heights Battlefield</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_attacks_of_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War">Minor engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush" title="Buffalo Grove ambush">Buffalo Grove ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_River_raid" title="Plum River raid">Plum River raid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre">St. Vrain massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds" title="Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds">Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre" title="Spafford Farm massacre">Spafford Farm massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove" title="Battle of Waddams Grove">Battle of Waddams Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Battle of Kellogg's Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Ament%27s_Cabin" title="Attack at Ament's Cabin">Attack at Ament's Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apple_River_Fort" title="Battle of Apple River Fort">Battle of Apple River Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa_Mound_raid" title="Sinsinawa Mound raid">Sinsinawa Mound raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights" title="Battle of Wisconsin Heights">Battle of Wisconsin Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe" title="Battle of Bad Axe">Battle of Bad Axe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Purchase" title="Black Hawk Purchase">Black Hawk Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Tree" title="Black Hawk Tree">Black Hawk Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk%27s_Reserve" title="Keokuk's Reserve">Keokuk's Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)" title="Treaty of St. Louis (1804)">Treaty of St. Louis (1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrior_(steamboat)" title="Warrior (steamboat)">Warrior</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Creek_massacre&oldid=1254540996">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Creek_massacre&oldid=1254540996</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1832_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1832 in the United States">1832 in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_skirmishes_of_the_Black_Hawk_War_in_Illinois" title="Category:Battles and skirmishes of the Black Hawk War in Illinois">Battles and skirmishes 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