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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistorical_portraiture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistorical_portraiture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistorical portraiture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistorical_portraiture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_portraiture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_portraiture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Historical portraiture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_portraiture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-portraiture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-portraiture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Self-portraiture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-portraiture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_portrait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_portrait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Official portrait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_portrait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrait_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrait_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Portrait photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrait_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Portrait</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بورتريه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بورتريه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portret" title="Portret – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portret" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Партрэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Партрэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Партрэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Партрэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Портрет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Портрет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portret" title="Portret – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Portret" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltred" title="Poltred – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poltred" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrat" title="Retrat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Retrat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Портрет – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Портрет" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portr%C3%A9t" title="Portrét – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portrét" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portread" title="Portread – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Portread" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portr%C3%A6t" title="Portræt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portræt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portr%C3%A4t" title="Porträt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Porträt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portree" title="Portree – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portree" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Προσωπογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προσωπογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrato" title="Retrato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Retrato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portreto" title="Portreto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portreto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erretratu" title="Erretratu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erretratu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%DA%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="تک‌چهره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تک‌چهره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portrait" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portr%C3%A1id" title="Portráid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Portráid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrato" title="Retrato – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Retrato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%AB%E5%83%8F" title="畫像 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="畫像" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81" title="초상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoto_(Portrait)" title="Hoto (Portrait) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hoto (Portrait)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Դիմապատկեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիմապատկեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F)" title="चित्र (पोर्ट्रेट) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चित्र (पोर्ट्रेट)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portret" title="Portret – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portret" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portreto" title="Portreto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Portreto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potret" title="Potret – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Potret" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andlitsmynd" title="Andlitsmynd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Andlitsmynd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritratto" title="Ritratto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ritratto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="דיוקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיוקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პორტრეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტრეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Портрет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Портрет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2tr%C3%A8" title="Pòtrè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pòtrè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrets" title="Portrets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portrets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Portrait" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portretas" title="Portretas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Portretas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arck%C3%A9p" title="Arckép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arckép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Портрет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Портрет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პორტრეტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პორტრეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بورتريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بورتريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potret" title="Potret – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Potret" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portret" title="Portret – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portret" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F" title="肖像 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="肖像" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrett" title="Portrett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portrett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrett" title="Portrett – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Portrett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portret" title="Portret – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portret" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puochret" title="Puochret – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Puochret" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portret" title="Portret – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portret" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrato" title="Retrato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Retrato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portret" title="Portret – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portret" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Портрет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портрет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portreti" title="Portreti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Portreti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritrattu" title="Ritrattu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ritrattu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Portrait" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portr%C3%A9t" title="Portrét – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portrét" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portret" title="Portret – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Portret" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Портрет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Портрет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portret" title="Portret – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Portret" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muotokuva" title="Muotokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muotokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portr%C3%A4tt" title="Porträtt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Porträtt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ภาพเหมือน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาพเหมือน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B5%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Такчеҳра – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Такчеҳра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portre" title="Portre – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Портрет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Портрет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F" title="肖像 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肖像" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F%E7%95%AB" title="人像畫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人像畫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F" title="肖像 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肖像" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134307" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Artistic representation of one or more persons</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Portrait_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Portrait (disambiguation)">Portrait (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ritratto" redirects here. For the 2020 opera, see <a href="/wiki/Ritratto_(opera)" title="Ritratto (opera)">Ritratto (opera)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Satrap_Asia_Minor_end_of_6th_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Achaemenid_Satrap_Asia_Minor_end_of_6th_century_BCE.jpg/149px-Achaemenid_Satrap_Asia_Minor_end_of_6th_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Achaemenid_Satrap_Asia_Minor_end_of_6th_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Portrait of an <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> Satrap of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Herakleia_head" title="Herakleia head">Herakleia head</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>), end of 6th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-TAM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an Eastern portrait in purely <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">East Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> style, one of the two known forerunners of extant Greek portraits, along with the <a href="/wiki/Sabouroff_head" title="Sabouroff head">Sabouroff head</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TAM_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Busto_di_temistocle,_da_originale_greco_del_V_secolo_ac,_dal_decumano_presso_il_casamento_del_temistocle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Busto_di_temistocle%2C_da_originale_greco_del_V_secolo_ac%2C_dal_decumano_presso_il_casamento_del_temistocle.JPG/136px-Busto_di_temistocle%2C_da_originale_greco_del_V_secolo_ac%2C_dal_decumano_presso_il_casamento_del_temistocle.JPG" decoding="async" width="136" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Busto_di_temistocle%2C_da_originale_greco_del_V_secolo_ac%2C_dal_decumano_presso_il_casamento_del_temistocle.JPG/204px-Busto_di_temistocle%2C_da_originale_greco_del_V_secolo_ac%2C_dal_decumano_presso_il_casamento_del_temistocle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Busto_di_temistocle%2C_da_originale_greco_del_V_secolo_ac%2C_dal_decumano_presso_il_casamento_del_temistocle.JPG/272px-Busto_di_temistocle%2C_da_originale_greco_del_V_secolo_ac%2C_dal_decumano_presso_il_casamento_del_temistocle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="4168" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A Roman bust of the <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> General <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a>, based on a Greek original. The lost original of this bust, dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 470 BCE</span>, has been described as "the first true portrait of an individual European".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/145px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/218px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/290px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7479" data-file-height="11146" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i>, a painting by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Gherardini" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa Gherardini">Lisa Gherardini</a>, is the world's most famous portrait.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>portrait</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Portrait_painting" title="Portrait painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">photograph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face is always predominant. In arts, a portrait can be represented as half body and even full body. If the subject in full body better represents personality and mood, this type of presentation may be chosen. The intent is to display the likeness, <a href="/wiki/Personality_type" title="Personality type">personality</a>, and even the mood of the person. For this reason, in photography a portrait is generally not a <a href="/wiki/Snapshot_(photography)" title="Snapshot (photography)">snapshot</a>, but a composed image of a person in a still position. A portrait often shows a person looking directly at the painter or photographer, to most successfully engage the subject with the viewer, but portrait can be represented as a profile (from aside) and 3/4. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portrait&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistorical_portraiture">Prehistorical portraiture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portrait&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistorical portraiture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastered_Skull,_c._9000_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Plastered_Skull%2C_c._9000_BC.jpg/220px-Plastered_Skull%2C_c._9000_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Plastered_Skull%2C_c._9000_BC.jpg/330px-Plastered_Skull%2C_c._9000_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Plastered_Skull%2C_c._9000_BC.jpg/440px-Plastered_Skull%2C_c._9000_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plastered_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastered skull">Plastered skull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baysamun" title="Baysamun">Baysamun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 9000 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Plastered_human_skulls" title="Plastered human skulls">Plastered human skulls</a> were reconstructed human skulls that were made in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> between 9000 and 6000 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> period. They represent some of the oldest forms of art in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and demonstrate that the prehistoric population took great care in burying their <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestors</a> below their homes. The skulls denote some of the earliest sculptural examples of portraiture in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">history of art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_portraiture">Historical portraiture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portrait&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical portraiture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portrait_painting" title="Portrait painting">Portrait painting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fayum02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Fayum02.jpg/150px-Fayum02.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Fayum02.jpg/225px-Fayum02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Fayum02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Roman-Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits" title="Fayum mummy portraits">funeral portrait</a> of a young boy</figcaption></figure> <p>Most early representations that are clearly intended to show an individual are of rulers, and tend to follow idealizing artistic conventions, rather than the individual features of the subject's body, though when there is no other evidence as to the ruler's appearance the degree of idealization can be hard to assess. Nonetheless, many subjects, such as <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> and some other Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a>, can be recognised by their distinctive features. The 28 surviving rather small <a href="/wiki/Statues_of_Gudea" title="Statues of Gudea">statues of Gudea</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumeria">Sumer</a> between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2144</span>–2124 BC, show a consistent appearance with some individuality, although it is sometimes disputed that these count as portraits.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the earliest surviving painted portraits of people who were not rulers are the Greco-Roman <a href="/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits" title="Fayum mummy portraits">funeral portraits</a> that survived in the dry climate of Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a> district. These are almost the only paintings from the classical world that have survived, apart from <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a>, though many sculptures and portraits on coins have fared better. Although the appearance of the figures differs considerably, they are considerably idealized, and all show relatively young people, making it uncertain whether they were painted from life. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MochePortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MochePortrait.jpg/220px-MochePortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MochePortrait.jpg/330px-MochePortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MochePortrait.jpg/440px-MochePortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a> ceramic portrait. <a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum</a> Collection. Lima-Peru</figcaption></figure><p> The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">Roman sculpture</a>, where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. During the 4th century, the portrait began to retreat in favor of an idealized symbol of what that person looked like. (Compare the portraits of Roman Emperors <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> at their entries.) In the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> representations of individuals are mostly generalized. True portraits of the outward appearance of individuals re-emerged in the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tomb_monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb monument">tomb monuments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">donor portraits</a>, miniatures in <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel paintings</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moche</a> culture of Peru was one of the few ancient civilizations which produced portraits. These works accurately represent anatomical features in great detail. The individuals portrayed would have been recognizable without the need for other symbols or a written reference to their names. The individuals portrayed were members of the ruling elite, priests, warriors and even distinguished artisans.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were represented during several stages of their lives. The faces of gods were also depicted. To date, no portraits of women have been found. There is particular emphasis on the representation of the details of headdresses, hairstyles, body adornment and face painting. </p><p>One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s painting titled <i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i>, which is a painting of <a href="/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo" title="Lisa del Giocondo">Lisa del Giocondo</a>. What has been claimed as the world's oldest known portrait was found in 2006 in the <a href="/wiki/Vilhonneur" title="Vilhonneur">Vilhonneur</a> grotto near <a href="/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Angoulême">Angoulême</a> and is thought to be 27,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-portraiture">Self-portraiture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portrait&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Self-portraiture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Self-portraiture" title="Self-portraiture">Self-portraiture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-portrait" title="Self-portrait">Self-portrait</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yun_Du-seo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-portrait by Yun Du-seo, 1710, South Korea (Joseon)"><img alt="Self-portrait by Yun Du-seo, 1710, South Korea (Joseon)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Yun_Du-seo.jpg/107px-Yun_Du-seo.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Yun_Du-seo.jpg/160px-Yun_Du-seo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Yun_Du-seo.jpg/213px-Yun_Du-seo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="3795" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Self-portrait by <a href="/wiki/Yun_Du-seo" title="Yun Du-seo">Yun Du-seo</a>, 1710, South Korea (<a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1839_Self-portrait_by_Robert_Cornelius.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A daguerreotype of Robert Cornelius in 1839. The oldest surviving photographic self-portrait"><img alt="A daguerreotype of Robert Cornelius in 1839. The oldest surviving photographic self-portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1839_Self-portrait_by_Robert_Cornelius.jpg/150px-1839_Self-portrait_by_Robert_Cornelius.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1839_Self-portrait_by_Robert_Cornelius.jpg/225px-1839_Self-portrait_by_Robert_Cornelius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1839_Self-portrait_by_Robert_Cornelius.jpg/300px-1839_Self-portrait_by_Robert_Cornelius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="2364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cornelius" title="Robert Cornelius">Robert Cornelius</a> in 1839. The oldest surviving photographic self-portrait</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div><p>When the artist creates a portrait of himself or herself, it is called a “self-portrait.” Identifiable examples become numerous in the late Middle Ages. But if the definition is extended, the first was by the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>'s sculptor Bak, who carved a representation of himself and his wife Taheri <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1365 BC</span>. However, it seems likely that self-portraits go back to the <a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">cave paintings</a>, the earliest representational art, and literature records several classical examples that are now lost. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_portrait">Official portrait</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portrait&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Official portrait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Official portraits are photographs of important personalities, such as kings, politicians, or business executives. The portrait is usually decorated with official colors and symbols such as a <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flag</a>, presidential stripes, or a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>, belonging to a country, state, or municipality. The image may be used during events or meetings, or on products.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well-known example is the <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Portraits of presidents of the United States">portraying of presidents of the United States</a>, a tradition that has existed since the country's founding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrait_photography">Portrait photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portrait&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Portrait photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait photography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Colour_Photo_of_Albert_Bierstadt,_c._1895.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Original_Colour_Photo_of_Albert_Bierstadt%2C_c._1895.png/180px-Original_Colour_Photo_of_Albert_Bierstadt%2C_c._1895.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Original_Colour_Photo_of_Albert_Bierstadt%2C_c._1895.png/270px-Original_Colour_Photo_of_Albert_Bierstadt%2C_c._1895.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Original_Colour_Photo_of_Albert_Bierstadt%2C_c._1895.png/360px-Original_Colour_Photo_of_Albert_Bierstadt%2C_c._1895.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="2027" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Albert Bierstadt</a> made by his brother <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bierstadt" title="Edward Bierstadt">Edward Bierstadt</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1895. Possibly the oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">color portrait photograph</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Portrait photography is a popular commercial industry all over the world. Many people enjoy having professionally made <i>family portraits</i> to hang in their homes, or special portraits to commemorate certain events, such as graduations or weddings. </p><p>Since the dawn of photography, people have made portraits. The popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> in the middle of the 19th century was due in large part to the demand for inexpensive portraiture. Studios sprang up in cities around the world, some cranking out more than 500 plates a day. The style of these early works reflected the technical challenges associated with 30-second exposure times and the <a href="/wiki/Painterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Painterly">painterly</a> aesthetic of the time. Subjects were generally seated against plain backgrounds and lit with the soft light of an overhead window and whatever else could be reflected with mirrors. </p><p>As photographic techniques developed, an intrepid group of photographers took their talents out of the studio and onto battlefields, across oceans and into remote wilderness. <a href="/wiki/William_Shew" title="William Shew">William Shew</a>'s <i>Daguerreotype Saloon</i>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fenton" title="Roger Fenton">Roger Fenton</a>'s <i>Photographic Van</i> and <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>'s <i>What-is-it?</i> wagon set the standards for making portraits and other photographs in the field.Some photographers took the technique to other countries. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Washington" title="Augustus Washington">Augustus Washington</a> moved to Monrovia, Liberia from Hartford, Connecticut and created daguerreotype portraits for many political leaders for the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portrait&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, portraits of the leader are often used as a <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>. In most countries, it is common protocol for a portrait of the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> to appear in important <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portrait&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portrait_(literature)" title="Portrait (literature)">Portrait (literature)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> the term <i>portrait</i> refers to a written description or analysis of a person or thing. A written portrait often gives deep insight, and offers an analysis that goes far beyond the superficial. For example, the American author <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Cornwell" title="Patricia Cornwell">Patricia Cornwell</a> wrote a best-selling 2002 book entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Killer" title="Portrait of a Killer">Portrait of a Killer</a></i> about the personality, background, and possible motivations of <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a>, as well as the media coverage of his murders, and the subsequent police investigation of his crimes. </p><p>However, in literature a portrait of a character is a subtle combination of fact and fiction, exploring the individual psychology of the character in the wider context of their environment. When the subject of the narrative is a historical figure, then the writer is free to create a compelling and dramatic portrait of the person that draws on imaginative invention for verisimilitude. An example is <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Mantel" title="Hilary Mantel">Hilary Mantel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Hall" title="Wolf Hall">Wolf Hall</a></i> (2009) which, while acknowledging the work of the historian Mary Robertson for background information, imagines an intimate portrait of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a> and his intense relationship with <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> at a critical time in English history. It could be argued that in literature any portrait is a discreet assembly of facts, anecdotes, and author's insights. <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, written in the 2nd century AD, offer a prime example of historical literary portraits, as a source of information about the individuals and their times. Painted portraits can also play a role in literature. These can be fictional portraits, such as that of Dorian Gray in <a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">the eponymous 1891 novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>. But sometimes also real portraits feature in literature. An example is the portrait of <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> that plays a role in <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Tey" title="Josephine Tey">Josephine Tey</a>'s 1951 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_Time" title="The Daughter of Time">The Daughter of Time</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portrait&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">Caricature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_portrait" title="Environmental portrait">Environmental portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shot" title="Head shot">Head shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_face" title="Hidden face">Hidden face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Painting_the_Century:_101_Portrait_Masterpieces_1900%E2%80%932000" title="Painting the Century: 101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900–2000">Painting the Century: 101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900–2000</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-portrait" title="Self-portrait">Self-portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Portrait_Painters" title="Royal Society of Portrait Painters">Royal Society of Portrait Painters</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portrait&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TAM-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TAM_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TAM_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCahnGerin1988" class="citation journal cs1">Cahn, Herbert A.; Gerin, Dominique (1988). "Themistocles at Magnesia". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Numismatic_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Numismatic Chronicle">The Numismatic Chronicle</a></i>. <b>148</b>: 20 & plate 3. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42668124">42668124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Numismatic+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Themistocles+at+Magnesia&rft.volume=148&rft.pages=20+%26+plate+3&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42668124%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cahn&rft.aufirst=Herbert+A.&rft.au=Gerin%2C+Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortrait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2006" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Jeremy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmbctV2X-sEC&pg=PA97"><i>The Invention of Art History in Ancient Greece: Religion, Society and Artistic Rationalisation</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521846141" title="Special:BookSources/9780521846141"><bdi>9780521846141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Art+History+in+Ancient+Greece%3A+Religion%2C+Society+and+Artistic+Rationalisation&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521846141&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqmbctV2X-sEC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortrait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiner2012" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Fred S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=neEzEpyuZ3AC&pg=PT42"><i>Gardner's Art through the Ages: Backpack Edition</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780840030542" title="Special:BookSources/9780840030542"><bdi>9780840030542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+through+the+Ages%3A+Backpack+Edition&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780840030542&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Fred+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DneEzEpyuZ3AC%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortrait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2009" class="citation journal cs1">Winter, Irene (2009). "What/When is a portrait?". <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>153</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=What%2FWhen+is+a+portrait%3F&rft.volume=153&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortrait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donnan, Christopher B. <i>Moche Portraits from Ancient Peru</i> University of Texas Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71622-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71622-2">0-292-71622-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Jonathan (6 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/jun/06/art">"Old masters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Old+masters&rft.date=2006-06-06&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2006%2Fjun%2F06%2Fart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortrait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSage2006" class="citation news cs1">Sage, Adam (5 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724131845/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-2211142,00.html">"Cave face 'the oldest portrait on record'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-2211142,00.html">the original</a> on July 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Cave+face+%27the+oldest+portrait+on+record%27&rft.date=2006-06-05&rft.aulast=Sage&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C13509-2211142%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortrait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Portuguese Almanac of Photography</i>, 1957 edition, Mário Nogueira. Lisbon, Portugal, 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriend2020" class="citation book cs1">Friend, Stacie "Real Portraits in Literature" (2020). Maes, Hans (ed.). <i>Portraits and Philosophy</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+and+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Friend&rft.aufirst=Stacie+%22Real+Portraits+in+Literature%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortrait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portrait&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portrait" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:portrait">portrait</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portraiture" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:portraiture">portraiture</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portraitist" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:portraitist">portraitist</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Portraits" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Portraits">Portraits</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://www.wikihow.com/Draw-a-Face" class="extiw" title="wikihow:Draw-a-Face">How to Draw Faces</a>, a how-to article from <a href="/wiki/WikiHow" title="WikiHow">wikiHow</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portraitindex.de/">Digital Portraitindex</a> (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.si.edu/">National Portrait Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/">Home page</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portret.ru/">National Portrait Gallery Moscow</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020310083512/http://www.research.umbc.edu/~ivy/selfportrait/">Jeanne Ivy's self-portrait page</a> – <i>What Artists Find When They Search in the Mirror</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/nof/portraits/">Portrait Detectives</a> – Fun interactive introduction to the analysis of portraiture.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reportret.info/">Reportret</a> – A gallery of reconstructions of missing portraits from world history.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100118143427/http://www.therp.co.uk/default.asp">Royal Society of Portrait Painters</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Art_world" title="Art world">art world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">Fine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media">Mixed media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_art_history" title="Media art history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">Plastic arts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">Social sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_title" title="Artwork title">Artwork title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">Collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">frescos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">Patron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Visual arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_universities_and_colleges_in_Europe" title="List of art universities and colleges in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_auction" title="Art auction">Art auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_colony" title="Art colony">Art colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Art commune">Art commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">Art exhibition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_exhibition_space" title="Alternative exhibition space">alternative exhibition space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">Art gallery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_gallery" title="Contemporary art gallery">Contemporary art gallery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">Art museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-artist_museum" title="Single-artist museum">Single-artist museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">Art school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_schools_in_Europe" title="List of art schools in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">Arts centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">Arts festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_collective" title="Artist collective">Artist collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_cooperative" title="Artist cooperative">Artist cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-in-residence" title="Artist-in-residence">Artist-in-residence program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_space" title="Artist-run space">Artist-run space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennale" title="Biennale">Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_museum" title="Virtual museum">Virtual museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_art" title="Timeline of art">Timeline of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history (academic study)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting_history" title="Outline of painting history">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_20th_century_printmaking_in_America" title="Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America">Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_market" title="Art market">Art market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9" title="Catalogue raisonné">Catalogue raisonné</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_Management_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection Management Policy">Museum collection management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">deaccessioning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">Conservation-restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">paintings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_painting" title="Destination painting">Destination painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">Eclecticism in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" title="Economics of the arts and literature">Economics of art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_finance" title="Art finance">art finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_valuation" title="Art valuation">art valuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_art" title="Elements of art">Elements of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_painting-related_articles" title="Index of painting-related articles">Index of painting-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts" title="Outline of the visual arts">Outline of the visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting" title="Outline of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Sociology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_magazines" title="List of art magazines">Art magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">Art media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_techniques" title="List of art techniques">Art techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_museums" title="List of art museums">Art museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_art_museums" title="List of most-visited art museums">most visited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculpture_parks" title="List of sculpture parks">sculpture parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_single-artist_museums" title="List of single-artist museums">single artist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_reference_books" title="List of art reference books">Art reference books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ" title="List of colossal sculptures in situ">Colossal sculptures in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_artists" title="List of contemporary artists">Contemporary artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_art_galleries" title="List of contemporary art galleries">Contemporary art galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_artists" title="List of modern artists">Modern artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_galleries" title="List of national galleries">National galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters" title="Lists of painters">Painters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_painters_by_name" title="List of painters by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters_by_nationality" title="Lists of painters by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptors" title="List of sculptors">Sculptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_sculptors" title="List of female sculptors">female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stolen_paintings" title="List of stolen paintings">Stolen paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">Most expensive paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_sculptures" title="List of most expensive sculptures">sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_artworks_by_living_artists" title="List of most expensive artworks by living artists">works by living artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Painting" title="Portal:Painting">Painting portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134307#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134307#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134307#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4006627-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99001681">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Portraits"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932843f">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Portraits"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932843f">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572338">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="portrét"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124369&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="portréty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124374&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563716805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643275">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\P\O\Portraiture">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portrait&oldid=1257403557">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portrait&oldid=1257403557</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portrait_art" title="Category:Portrait art">Portrait art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Visual_arts_genres" title="Category:Visual arts genres">Visual arts genres</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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