CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "pubsonline.informs.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91819abd7ec3834b',cH: '1twmkGehV3GUdP9neceTDfyDrlWF2J6W6.KyqmCz_Ok-1740590412-1.2.1.1-KsZsIpFzt2WsZtcqd9ZCz6.kJMRs5RijsVQQWOTXgqPoJ.zfhQRuwJ90VKk2kQ49',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/10.1287\/orsc.1080.0371?__cf_chl_tk=81TGY8NzEeRyKIS6Vw0YMDPYs0if.hCCyVvF5di9.RM-1740590412-1.0.1.1-lwShgCbxXEH7wQzO8YaP7EehCmOFtT5Ht1XBqS2sKhA",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740590412',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/10.1287\/orsc.1080.0371?__cf_chl_f_tk=81TGY8NzEeRyKIS6Vw0YMDPYs0if.hCCyVvF5di9.RM-1740590412-1.0.1.1-lwShgCbxXEH7wQzO8YaP7EehCmOFtT5Ht1XBqS2sKhA",md: "6qKIBlyOhww2FYGtUi_Qy7z8.2YkhwPRVnxJ3GiH2bo-1740590412-1.2.1.1-IOx84Jkyin3rDxwQb541m_5LRjkL7usMppwDeAlPNEATFUFWw0SG1e_ULSMS9GTwagFxJBTFmwQg5STpjsMQCVna9u_soQwuJTUw2NyFJsDyvwOpj3bxyuLowO3ume7499FdP6WBnwuP3PGWjyGFexwLjn_20Alfx2Ql4YpXG8QQmrcCK1ZX8kKwPED6Y7kuseJ0YNwfGy2GjKODWu6PqOmx19kKLB.sLg6EEzx1mmcBk_xx_O5N8iNDLOAwS8zVwD47a.8ReC5YIr0GfDWte2ZMTG4Pgj_NkpGtq6K9REQoivUhbvt8H7rjY09NBXY16AetnCBH.19Txl5p3foQt3Fn7kM8rjHVZbcs8rGweSPJ28RMDg8WEH01ftYTaV.opXSuYYsxlW9U_5wloCxtA7wliYSjWG5CVubRf93d1YKubTpasHa_Oxi3r8t9GBUS0iOHnGIdkrGr.BY.GfjVW0M_mkvnJFkXkEWBjXpQJxtgmnJIbmI6PxtumMiwkTPUGXD13_rC3ILxmyqKwHPF_iynAOc_gcYNr_saPHc78cOLaD7ZZsW6ty92iyVp8BT5IYOrer1rkUspSdcSR41bEnJu1CVv2g3.WJLYHO5tFo3myhDg90VXRV4FvZ6lgJJddJ1sa0h4s35FPNSPV7DV190.YVTurw1cklGp9g3HCxq6UlAztG5RVsAoHaXJVREpVRGOBKVJzYzUDNZgXlER6gr88_EtQDz.qjU9xMZBEj2zYDTVfCs0MeIaGpVWDAJEmlBhJ45uNXJ6qnfINtUFO_tNKnh3hPpT.YPNDWxfLcx3AaejnmaeqvG.XjKfkDNdYzV.Q7hQB055261dsYg3N1DDNgOVv_2MEr1xHKVOmaykEy5TBTS9OCr.7dYgDK3Glw7InQrNS5oszka8ytHmXDEX.MR_1PDDXTPBLRoAlHyuHFBcbMFltrFUxf7vbqk6y1A6itDlWRy29m0zaHm3wbk0P0VKW_wB4cXDQFTUnJUf4S6TM11WZCTKh.hsCR79Qr.k5IdU8xOmE8aBfWOGpJETSyU8GolkDd2dENcVTR.Cks1cpHTeLEZ7WisJ5Xe1KyA9WAGlIzkymbEkFRTcJZQVMwXziboSqbxhxjp6SP__kLVm.gLSo9uqFDzUiYwPys2_rQPYS9Y2inrSqAlv1plYAh.HKgWMed2hAS33XuwxprNQM.mX3xoxtjqw3AfweLoxdMpZDNpW_olKoRcPfPYwG87e15ljfRzYhByYQ1jBZmyHf.Xwi2Jmlf0qxrqI2giE4dylUlAXDAI2dFPGOExaoAxOUogFgii72YYz.6UvK7u8ImV8h26LZLk7DLddkuKtjN_YLzfGRKO6vI.Vvm8IDvwiyA3QeAZ8hsXaPHJuXx5qeYmhV.JTF74EgmSZZatK6jwnye9zqZ8g62QgYpm1mkzjZEtDKXTBYM6bNvbX7oeBPAZFr5U.RR.w1yJCmR0JDgitHYsUCk617lEbhXb95pG7omPuiCSh2lDonQzaUj4Q5zPPldAfqY_y3ghTVtcwtWPTtjm9w0w9veoAydR5HP.TWnDT6.iEgPYInKvj9UcxjiT5iVkLqO8v89RLGDCnliTgioDVM90NpmSB3RadKaN.7hxmLL1lpX4ftdDpvDd0zbwCHFaa4uN8LyrNbSD.P7jkqg.ggsedqauS5ZLZ6oTZVwZAa3kvk0_Fcjavp6GnR7pwnLbrg30Prt2b_QcavdkZwMFz0SOwdLYp3cMjGWJjf7DYxjzPvmp9BZ7oTrbWUrAEDLYCM4ZF9.j.OtMWJrLkV3toc3_LB2bIrnwa6wbXxFH_s3Ry45xqjqm86DAgN51bw.12q4jlxR5syUJkQSZnBVGBnW93cYwcnFiQagpT6u0KAp_fzkenhFZDsLPUUmXZpXCOGqIZH2e4tVHjr66YESRmNKtH6uUzupfaEnIwHAiIGcRhGFvNrlJHphC9EswOch41tNi2I7ofaI60H7WwxjPIPy7SO8ZPMDptCK2HvY1d5UYcpi2DhRS5g3HENS1JdJMe_SQUEs7VA9ZzvbB2rvB8I2w5PGv1Qt6ur9HzbTuIN3xrK4riKSFKZrm5f_lWAeYloeadkPRBFg6Gs717qOsgflCNy6lgOiMi.FVwPBROBD20py9o1ah6hOEfQrEKKv0VXorIriJDII4GIpFBAPKvjjGt2CM.c3iJ1HvdeFCD.pSz8nZGm722ghAkWlqsNy.ZH3zabYLXT52phE2FFKxLnbAW4.z0BYpRExtEqXnKcxI_WJlRZNwQs0scMeWcvpCF1J4SviDCUFkiSV66mEJ5CFKlyhqCjWXD.SsjzfeH1cXNJSd7HfYXfr2ZwoBspqUJhKbdxnDaWaVyobO_BxVnAsKlqE1hRKPHnrDkbAmh_WvaGjlsamvDqlr9ENiDDeg2tXoAcnV9F9x3vGVZkVMzaTj.1q7qsmPJMQgTZM4jHiWwgmGIYzoyH.VL2jragxMkJAvn88fANWQhstV40vX62MEypx8YzmiLKYiOyUyV5PKNrvdXPUkXnmwyBpdTxhtvaE8L2IA0GvA61VnG1QVYLRz7HwEybkTdkxU1TIZWG6z6DhGbn0Y",mdrd: "PKUYstSWKMZQSDXbKlVDhYQnGO5dDGGekNI5gHeeKbc-1740590412-1.2.1.1-sJ3IpcfNboZjw83KX6ECb9iAGkOwLm1x5XAEO9uaZer8opwksHqWmBTONZkyy6kOm8hc_JuAXxQzwHSrhkDmwaLIxlKzX2x2_v40SmKufzpOIPtF.h31gw4ML7tqqbUnySY6fZ2UmkA4lp.sXnW8Man.UKB10unPPpNwuP8ojf7J3BSeDE9GwEpXw6_03GqTE_eg939yXLGYTt.ixTI38dDTUOLL0Lkt.8kCyAbILCxZ5USc5Jg6Akw0Zp2hAuTfVHZKAPwu.dlJA5fQz14PZBtwhr0.2AUJtuP8syOk.06JpwUHFgz7w4v.vbqpwgzWhdwpkK..zW_i26l_pFx27o.aRyNCSciYnaY57pg76ZfTEiaQ4YynFSuVqs8XKpAJJgSLObOkIu9Ajk0z5ssyiBw68_hAnzxsi79pCHiFdrT87avM6INZkLfYley8n2Ro2jOsELeJx.1bONkI9J.TKinU9gD6JdvlqrFnzz_jWvDPJG3h2MjGdBR8SUKT1zqZLvN2gcHubgFGxemr4AQL88g0yZv9gkhPxcCcrscIRjTBF7YZRrTyvA7xAw6LoC_c4B4gk0AzfgzVOT.ZVFPyBv04Zp9mlRaH0BsZsme2gzLhbN205X775Gh8NnlN4aEzN8txA4S7SY4eDRhZy3UIZBffyHjfAHaO8ChblGyDNMu7P6Dqu3jTj4FAS97eRILKzmZo1ESUNmV8ge0aMH5P5WQVfvU0Sf0iFHBRBooFo1uxmuDlJURhQx86PAvmeF.hIFA_tb92wTCkK9yeQocJFJWAx1YjiwBDtPhVVOZKal6PFMrnBoK6lcYMfRd0qhOGKm_G7F1ExhysqyUatz0El_RMMJUM5XeUiQLiEEdoflF6RC8Encm_AbPW2CnB15I00xjOXz_Wn3en4bd1SKdMCbE1vZCHvCd9JaPop_glnr.A.FVuMcdR8bs6dZKCgCp62I.e3Uxjs5mk3KItY3DdPeCxLyMKzi5fiFJk6mTuQnxd5WyWIGeTEhpQ4uX3Z1MyCP5VAvYjRDhYH1aSKbur881l4zvzr8YfLwQdBXHa7uoOZZjUTO6AEZuTkdEP8xPLrs0KTY56Zyxbr4jFzAj7JOc_Fxbz5K7dUIPiiFjyC8XzZoeSUR7Ic0LHCi6mT4QVLLp2CCVcZikiCa0.Ulsv_47aL4pUJhTqPejgvwXZAxBWF20yQezAtrtSqE3GDmF5enOZO7Zr7Zwjuko_UsYMNkKVGivZ0nfrRNNMUxAdjvcNG2lFkvaVD3DbBWg0JhKHYzy4B1ve_9h0yvGu0DX16KpFOtZm2goSU_ea6mfFDmXcehUxTgB4jFrtL9K7Co769I93eGfIvJAEx_gZo2cHTm5MVVQls8KPgkorpf5sdEoqyxBcJtA497Vnadw0rqZRqqbNKBlWjUWQk8d2CH7ubnzAn5XKb2vgtROblfuGKINBJgayx5o.FpM1uxqTn6T_jmnyYJM8kwVcmiH3D87oYhf.S8NiDaMZozANTNraC1wQNX2QmgqqgJWEHZ.BhkJJnNwThv3VlJWCn0eBpqKM8ah.glAWiw_KZuLBkZq_8K3fqOCj4S2208ZW0Z59iCzXC1IdymG0pOAFbSNbbloyEmU8.NbEko7eOZK2dNBHoyiv9Q4qJnPGl4YMGjmWyMGUMTllCEVz8CCEr.zjcj1XStNvK45rbBC.OtXr7pw8i_aNE7T_t_5LACSQqEtSpHS5jXVoVhH.AviuVn0EeIrFExr_kzTsYjEI5kMWzOKUCYrON62ebNdkELkZjK1WnjOnkHwL1XinaAc8OCbiRHZ73oudVNpxONxNxHUkJvz6udvbH0QCWd7KgfDg3uJxa7CWSjeRddrHRL_3IPkubTLqwHVMTGJ3Xn12RZ8TNdErz5zrQ_1A5jqAr1vVYSz1DXC9Rb5bwAFdd_Q.MBFbHZMKM.NeXosfLX1erncgwMSW2XziTvmkaJR4bFT94ABomJGPtGJ.mQs_Nq8Jagd6iddqTg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91819abd7ec3834b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/10.1287\/orsc.1080.0371?__cf_chl_rt_tk=81TGY8NzEeRyKIS6Vw0YMDPYs0if.hCCyVvF5di9.RM-1740590412-1.0.1.1-lwShgCbxXEH7wQzO8YaP7EehCmOFtT5Ht1XBqS2sKhA" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>