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<li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hollerith's_early_cards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hollerith's_early_cards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hollerith's early cards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hollerith's_early_cards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IBM_80-column_format_and_character_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IBM_80-column_format_and_character_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>IBM 80-column format and character codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IBM_80-column_format_and_character_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IBM_Stub_card_and_Short_card_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IBM_Stub_card_and_Short_card_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>IBM <i>Stub card</i> and <i>Short card</i> formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IBM_Stub_card_and_Short_card_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IBM_40-column_Port-A-Punch_card_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IBM_40-column_Port-A-Punch_card_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>IBM 40-column Port-A-Punch card format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IBM_40-column_Port-A-Punch_card_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IBM_96-column_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IBM_96-column_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>IBM 96-column format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IBM_96-column_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powers/Remington_Rand/UNIVAC_90-column_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powers/Remington_Rand/UNIVAC_90-column_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Powers/Remington Rand/UNIVAC 90-column format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powers/Remington_Rand/UNIVAC_90-column_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powers-Samas_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powers-Samas_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Powers-Samas formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powers-Samas_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mark_sense_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mark_sense_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Mark sense format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mark_sense_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aperture_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aperture_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Aperture format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aperture_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Do_Not_Fold,_Spindle_or_Mutilate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Do_Not_Fold,_Spindle_or_Mutilate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Do Not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Do_Not_Fold,_Spindle_or_Mutilate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punched_card_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punched_card_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Punched card devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punched_card_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Punched card</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponskaart" title="Ponskaart – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ponskaart" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="بطاقة مثقبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطاقة مثقبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পাঞ্চ কার্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাঞ্চ কার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C7%B9g-khang_kha%CC%8Dh" title="Chǹg-khang kha̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chǹg-khang kha̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перфакартка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Перфакартка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Перфокарта – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перфокарта" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C5%A1ena_kartica" title="Bušena kartica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bušena kartica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeta_perforada" title="Targeta perforada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Targeta perforada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Brn%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%ADtek" title="Děrný štítek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Děrný štítek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulkort" title="Hulkort – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hulkort" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochkarte" title="Lochkarte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lochkarte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfokaart" title="Perfokaart – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Perfokaart" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjeta_perforada" title="Tarjeta perforada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tarjeta perforada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trukarto" title="Trukarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trukarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txartel_zulatu" title="Txartel zulatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txartel zulatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86" title="کارت پانچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارت پانچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_perfor%C3%A9e" title="Carte perforée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carte perforée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarxeta_perforada" title="Tarxeta perforada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tarxeta perforada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EA%B3%B5_%EC%B9%B4%EB%93%9C" title="천공 카드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천공 카드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Ծակոտաքարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծակոտաքարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C5%A1ene_kartice" title="Bušene kartice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bušene kartice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Punched card" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheda_perforata" title="Scheda perforata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scheda perforata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%91" title="כרטיס מנוקב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרטיס מנוקב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Тесімкарта – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тесімкарта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Розя карта – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Розя карта" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charta_perforata" title="Charta perforata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Charta perforata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfokarte" title="Perfokarte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Perfokarte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfokorta" title="Perfokorta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Perfokorta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3nskaart" title="Pónskaart – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pónskaart" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheda_perforada" title="Scheda perforada – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Scheda perforada" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyukk%C3%A1rtya" title="Lyukkártya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lyukkártya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad_tebuk" title="Kad tebuk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kad tebuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponskaart" title="Ponskaart – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ponskaart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="パンチカード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンチカード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hullkort" title="Hullkort – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hullkort" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holkort" title="Holkort – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Holkort" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta_perforada" title="Carta perforada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carta perforada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karta_dziurkowana" title="Karta dziurkowana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karta dziurkowana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart%C3%A3o_perfurado" title="Cartão perfurado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cartão perfurado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel%C4%83_perforat%C4%83" title="Cartelă perforată – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cartelă perforată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Перфокарта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перфокарта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="සිදුරු පත් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිදුරු පත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Punched card" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierny_%C5%A1t%C3%ADtok" title="Dierny štítok – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dierny štítok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luknjana_kartica" title="Luknjana kartica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Luknjana kartica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Бушена картица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бушена картица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C5%A1ene_kartice" title="Bušene kartice – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bušene kartice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reik%C3%A4kortti" title="Reikäkortti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Reikäkortti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5lkort" title="Hålkort – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hålkort" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delikli_kart" title="Delikli kart – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Delikli kart" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Перфокарта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перфокарта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BB_b%E1%BA%A5m_l%E1%BB%97" title="Thẻ bấm lỗ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thẻ bấm lỗ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_cards&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Punched cards">Punched cards</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Paper-based recording medium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Overpunch" redirects here. For the COBOL code, see <a href="/wiki/Signed_overpunch" title="Signed overpunch">Signed overpunch</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Used_Punchcard_(5151286161).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Used_Punchcard_%285151286161%29.jpg/300px-Used_Punchcard_%285151286161%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Used_Punchcard_%285151286161%29.jpg/450px-Used_Punchcard_%285151286161%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Used_Punchcard_%285151286161%29.jpg/600px-Used_Punchcard_%285151286161%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>A 12-row/80-column <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> punched card from the mid-twentieth century</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>punched card</b> (also <b>punch card</b><sup id="cite_ref-Pinker_2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinker_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>punched-card</b><sup id="cite_ref-Remington_1941_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remington_1941-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a piece of <a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">card stock</a> that stores <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital data</a> using punched holes. Punched cards were once common in <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a> and the control of <a href="/wiki/Automated_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated machine">automated machines</a>. </p><p>Punched cards were widely used in the 20th century, where <a href="/wiki/Unit_record_equipment" title="Unit record equipment">unit record machines</a>, organized into <a href="/wiki/Data_processing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Data processing system">data processing systems</a>, used punched cards for data input, output, and storage.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortada_1993_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortada_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_1963_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_1963-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> 12-row/80-column punched card format came to dominate the industry. Many early <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computers</a> used punched cards as the primary medium for input of both <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (computing)">data</a>. </p><p>Data can be entered onto a punched card using a <a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">keypunch</a>. </p><p>While punched cards are now obsolete as a <a href="/wiki/Storage_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage medium">storage medium</a>, as of 2012, some <a href="/wiki/Voting_machine" title="Voting machine">voting machines</a> still used punched cards to record votes.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC_2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punched cards also had a significant cultural impact in the 20th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacquard.loom.cards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jacquard.loom.cards.jpg/220px-Jacquard.loom.cards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Jacquard.loom.cards.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of a <a href="/wiki/Jacquard_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard loom</a>'s chain, constructed using 8 × 26 hole punched cards</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of control and data storage via punched holes was developed independently on several occasions in the modern period. In most cases there is no evidence that each of the inventors was aware of the earlier work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DMM_29263ab_Jacquardwebstuhl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DMM_29263ab_Jacquardwebstuhl.jpg/220px-DMM_29263ab_Jacquardwebstuhl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DMM_29263ab_Jacquardwebstuhl.jpg/330px-DMM_29263ab_Jacquardwebstuhl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DMM_29263ab_Jacquardwebstuhl.jpg/440px-DMM_29263ab_Jacquardwebstuhl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="3256" /></a><figcaption>Carpet loom with Jacquard apparatus by Carl Engel, around 1860. Chain feed is on the left.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Basile_Bouchon" title="Basile Bouchon">Basile Bouchon</a> developed the control of a <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">loom</a> by punched holes in paper tape in 1725. The design was improved by his assistant Jean-Baptiste Falcon and by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Vaucanson" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Vaucanson">Jacques Vaucanson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Razy_1913_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Razy_1913-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these improvements controlled the patterns woven, they still required an assistant to operate the mechanism. </p><p>In 1804 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Jacquard" title="Joseph Marie Jacquard">Joseph Marie Jacquard</a> demonstrated a mechanism to automate loom operation. A number of punched cards were linked into a chain of any length. Each card held the instructions for <a href="/wiki/Shed_(weaving)" title="Shed (weaving)">shedding</a> (raising and lowering the <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp</a>) and selecting the shuttle for a single pass.<sup id="cite_ref-OUP_2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OUP_2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Korsakov" title="Semyon Korsakov">Semyon Korsakov</a> was reputedly the first to propose punched cards in informatics for information store and search. Korsakov announced his new method and machines in September 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacquard_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacquard-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> proposed the use of "Number Cards", "pierced with certain holes and stand[ing] opposite levers connected with a set of figure wheels ... advanced they push in those levers opposite to which there are no holes on the cards and thus transfer that number together with its sign" in his description of the Calculating Engine's Store.<sup id="cite_ref-Babbage_1837_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babbage_1837-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence that he built a practical example. </p><p>In 1881, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Carpentier" title="Jules Carpentier">Jules Carpentier</a> developed a method of recording and playing back performances on a <a href="/wiki/Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">harmonium</a> using punched cards. The system was called the <i>Mélographe Répétiteur</i> and "writes down ordinary music played on the keyboard dans le langage de Jacquard",<sup id="cite_ref-Southgate_1881_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southgate_1881-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is as holes punched in a series of cards. By 1887 Carpentier had separated the mechanism into the <i>Melograph</i> which recorded the player's key presses and the <i>Melotrope</i> which played the music.<sup id="cite_ref-Seaver_2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seaver_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pianola_2016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pianola_2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the 1800s <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a> created a method for recording data on a medium that could then be read by a machine,<sup id="cite_ref-CH_ETS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CH_ETS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Randell_1982_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randell_1982-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hollerith_1884_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollerith_1884-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patent_2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patent_2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developing punched card data processing technology for the <a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1890 United States Census">1890 U.S. census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-daCruz_2019_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daCruz_2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Tabulating_machine" title="Tabulating machine">tabulating machines</a> read and summarized data stored on punched cards and they began use for government and commercial data processing. </p><p>Initially, these <a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">electromechanical</a> machines only counted holes, but by the 1920s they had units for carrying out basic arithmetic operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Austrian_1982_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austrian_1982-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 124">: 124 </span></sup> Hollerith founded the <i>Tabulating Machine Company</i> (1896) which was one of four companies that were <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(business)" title="Consolidation (business)">amalgamated via stock acquisition</a> to form a fifth company, <a href="/wiki/Computing-Tabulating-Recording_Company" title="Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company">Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company</a> (CTR) in 1911, later renamed <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="International Business Machines">International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)</a> in 1924. Other companies entering the punched card business included <a href="/wiki/British_Tabulating_Machine_Company" title="British Tabulating Machine Company">The Tabulator Limited</a> (Britain, 1902), <a href="/wiki/Dehomag" title="Dehomag">Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen Gesellschaft mbH (Dehomag)</a> (Germany, 1911), <a href="/wiki/Powers_Accounting_Machine" title="Powers Accounting Machine">Powers Accounting Machine Company</a> (US, 1911), <a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand">Remington Rand</a> (US, 1927), and <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Bull" title="Groupe Bull">H.W. Egli Bull</a> (France, 1931).<sup id="cite_ref-SperryRand_1967_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SperryRand_1967-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These companies, and others, manufactured and marketed a variety of punched cards and <a href="/wiki/Unit_record_equipment" title="Unit record equipment">unit record machines</a> for creating, sorting, and tabulating punched cards, even after the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:This_is_a_card_puncher,_an_integral_part_of_the_tabulation_system_used_by_the_United_States_Census_Bureau_to_compile..._-_NARA_-_513295.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/This_is_a_card_puncher%2C_an_integral_part_of_the_tabulation_system_used_by_the_United_States_Census_Bureau_to_compile..._-_NARA_-_513295.jpg/220px-This_is_a_card_puncher%2C_an_integral_part_of_the_tabulation_system_used_by_the_United_States_Census_Bureau_to_compile..._-_NARA_-_513295.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/This_is_a_card_puncher%2C_an_integral_part_of_the_tabulation_system_used_by_the_United_States_Census_Bureau_to_compile..._-_NARA_-_513295.jpg/330px-This_is_a_card_puncher%2C_an_integral_part_of_the_tabulation_system_used_by_the_United_States_Census_Bureau_to_compile..._-_NARA_-_513295.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/This_is_a_card_puncher%2C_an_integral_part_of_the_tabulation_system_used_by_the_United_States_Census_Bureau_to_compile..._-_NARA_-_513295.jpg/440px-This_is_a_card_puncher%2C_an_integral_part_of_the_tabulation_system_used_by_the_United_States_Census_Bureau_to_compile..._-_NARA_-_513295.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="2332" /></a><figcaption>Woman operating the card puncher, c.1940</figcaption></figure> <p>Both IBM and Remington Rand tied punched card purchases to machine leases, a violation of the US 1914 <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Clayton Antitrust Act">Clayton Antitrust Act</a>. In 1932, the US government took both to court on this issue. Remington Rand settled quickly. IBM viewed its business as providing a service and that the cards were part of the machine. IBM fought all the way to the Supreme Court and lost in 1936; the court ruled that IBM could only set card specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-Justia_1936_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justia_1936-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Belden_1962_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belden_1962-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 300–301">: 300–301 </span></sup> </p><p>"By 1937... IBM had 32 presses at work in Endicott, N.Y., printing, cutting and stacking five to 10 million punched cards every day."<sup id="cite_ref-Endicott_2003_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endicott_2003-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punched cards were even used as legal documents, such as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government">U.S. Government</a> checks<sup id="cite_ref-Lubar_1993_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubar_1993-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and savings bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_2003_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> punched card equipment was used by the Allies in some of their efforts to decrypt Axis communications. See, for example, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau" title="Central Bureau">Central Bureau</a> in Australia. At <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> in England, "some 2 million punched cards a week were being produced, indicating the sheer scale of this part of the operation".<sup id="cite_ref-CnC_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CnC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nazi Germany, punched cards were used for the censuses of various regions and other purposes<sup id="cite_ref-Luebke-Milton_1994_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luebke-Milton_1994-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Black_2009_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/IBM_and_the_Holocaust" title="IBM and the Holocaust">IBM and the Holocaust</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keypunch_operator_1950_census_IBM_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Keypunch_operator_1950_census_IBM_016.jpg/220px-Keypunch_operator_1950_census_IBM_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Keypunch_operator_1950_census_IBM_016.jpg/330px-Keypunch_operator_1950_census_IBM_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Keypunch_operator_1950_census_IBM_016.jpg/440px-Keypunch_operator_1950_census_IBM_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2959" data-file-height="2434" /></a><figcaption>Clerk creating punch cards containing data from the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950 United States census</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Punched card technology developed into a powerful tool for business data-processing. By 1950 punched cards had become ubiquitous in industry and government. "Do not fold, <a href="/wiki/Spindle_(stationery)" title="Spindle (stationery)">spindle</a> or mutilate," a warning that appeared on some punched cards distributed as documents such as checks and utility bills to be returned for processing, became a motto for the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubar_1992_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubar_1992-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WhatIs_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhatIs-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956<sup id="cite_ref-JustDep_1996_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JustDep_1996-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBM signed a <a href="/wiki/Consent_decree" title="Consent decree">consent decree</a> requiring, amongst other things, that IBM would by 1962 have no more than one-half of the punched card manufacturing capacity in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watson_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Watson Jr.">Tom Watson Jr.'s</a> decision to sign this decree, where IBM saw the punched card provisions as the most significant point, completed the transfer of power to him from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson" title="Thomas J. Watson">Thomas Watson, Sr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belden_1962_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belden_1962-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Univac <a href="/wiki/UNITYPER" title="UNITYPER">UNITYPER</a> introduced magnetic tape for data entry in the 1950s. During the 1960s, the punched card was gradually replaced as the primary means for <a href="/wiki/Computer_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer storage">data storage</a> by <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape_data_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape data storage">magnetic tape</a>, as better, more capable computers became available. <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Data_Sciences" title="Mohawk Data Sciences">Mohawk Data Sciences</a> introduced a magnetic tape encoder in 1965, a system marketed as a keypunch replacement which was somewhat successful. Punched cards were still commonly used for entering both data and computer programs until the mid-1980s when the combination of lower cost <a href="/wiki/Disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk drive">magnetic disk storage</a>, and affordable <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">interactive terminals</a> on less expensive <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> made punched cards obsolete for these roles as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Aspray_1990_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aspray_1990-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 151">: 151 </span></sup> However, their influence lives on through many standard conventions and file formats. The terminals that replaced the punched cards, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_3270" title="IBM 3270">IBM 3270</a> for example, displayed 80 <a href="/wiki/Characters_per_line" title="Characters per line">columns of text</a> in <a href="/wiki/Text_mode" title="Text mode">text mode</a>, for compatibility with existing software. Some programs still operate on the convention of 80 text columns, although fewer and fewer do as newer systems employ <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> with variable-width type fonts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punched_card_program_deck.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Punched_card_program_deck.agr.jpg/220px-Punched_card_program_deck.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Punched_card_program_deck.agr.jpg/330px-Punched_card_program_deck.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Punched_card_program_deck.agr.jpg/440px-Punched_card_program_deck.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>A deck of punched cards comprising a computer program. The red diagonal line is a visual aid to keep the deck sorted.<sup id="cite_ref-Miami_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miami-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The terms <i>punched card</i>, <i>punch card</i>, and <i>punchcard</i> were all commonly used, as were <i>IBM card</i> and <i>Hollerith card</i> (after <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Pinker_2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinker_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBM used "IBM card" or, later, "punched card" at first mention in its documentation and thereafter simply "card" or "cards".<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1946_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1946-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1962_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1962-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific formats were often indicated by the number of character positions available, e.g. <i>80-column card</i>. A sequence of cards that is input to or output from some step in an application's processing is called a <i>card deck</i> or simply <i>deck</i>. The rectangular, round, or oval bits of paper punched out were called <a href="/wiki/Chad_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad (computer)">chad</a> (<i>chads</i>) or <i>chips</i> (in IBM usage). Sequential card columns allocated for a specific use, such as names, addresses, multi-digit numbers, etc., are known as a <i>field</i>. The first card of a group of cards, containing fixed or indicative information for that group, is known as a <i>master card</i>. Cards that are not master cards are <i>detail cards</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats">Formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hollerith punched cards used for the 1890 U.S. census were blank.<sup id="cite_ref-Truedsell_1965_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truedsell_1965-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following that, cards commonly had printing such that the row and column position of a hole could be easily seen. Printing could include having fields named and marked by vertical lines, logos, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1956_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1956-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "General purpose" layouts (see, for example, the IBM 5081 below) were also available. For applications requiring master cards to be separated from following detail cards, the respective cards had different upper corner diagonal cuts and thus could be separated by a sorter.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1962_2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1962_2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cards typically had one upper corner diagonal cut so that cards not oriented correctly, or cards with different corner cuts, could be identified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hollerith's_early_cards"><span id="Hollerith.27s_early_cards"></span>Hollerith's early cards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hollerith's early cards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollerith_punched_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hollerith_punched_card.jpg/220px-Hollerith_punched_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hollerith_punched_card.jpg/330px-Hollerith_punched_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Hollerith_punched_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Hollerith card as shown in the <i><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Gazette" title="Railroad Gazette">Railroad Gazette</a></i> in 1895, with 12 rows and 24 columns.<sup id="cite_ref-Railroad_1895_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Railroad_1895-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a> was awarded three patents<sup id="cite_ref-USP395782_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USP395782-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1889 for electromechanical <a href="/wiki/Tabulating_machine" title="Tabulating machine">tabulating machines</a>. These patents described both <a href="/wiki/Paper_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper tape">paper tape</a> and rectangular cards as possible recording media. The card shown in <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=395781">U.S. patent 395,781</a></span> of January 8 was printed with a template and had hole positions arranged close to the edges so they could be reached by a <a href="/wiki/Railroad_conductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad conductor">railroad conductor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ticket_punch" title="Ticket punch">ticket punch</a>, with the center reserved for written descriptions. Hollerith was originally inspired by railroad tickets that let the conductor encode a rough description of the passenger: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I was traveling in the West and I had a ticket with what I think was called a punch photograph...the conductor...punched out a description of the individual, as light hair, dark eyes, large nose, etc. So you see, I only made a punch photograph of each person.<sup id="cite_ref-Austrian_1982_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austrian_1982-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>When use of the ticket punch proved tiring and error-prone, Hollerith developed the <a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">pantograph</a> "keyboard punch". It featured an enlarged diagram of the card, indicating the positions of the holes to be punched. A printed reading board could be placed under a card that was to be read manually.<sup id="cite_ref-Truedsell_1965_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truedsell_1965-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup> </p><p>Hollerith envisioned a number of card sizes. In an article he wrote describing his proposed system for tabulating the <a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1890 United States Census">1890 U.S. census</a>, Hollerith suggested a card <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3 by <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches (7.6 by 14.0 cm) of <a href="/wiki/Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila stock</a> "would be sufficient to answer all ordinary purposes."<sup id="cite_ref-Hollerith_1889_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollerith_1889-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cards used in the 1890 census had round holes, 12 rows and 24 columns. A reading board for these cards can be seen at the Columbia University Computing History site.<sup id="cite_ref-daCruz_2019_2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daCruz_2019_2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some point, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> by <span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inches (83 by 187 mm) became the standard card size. These are the dimensions of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Note#Large-size_notes" title="Federal Reserve Note">then-current paper currency</a> of 1862–1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Littleton_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Littleton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This size was needed in order to use available banking-type storage for the 60,000,000 punched cards to come nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-daCruz_2019_2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daCruz_2019_2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hollerith's original system used an ad hoc coding system for each application, with groups of holes assigned specific meanings, e.g. sex or marital status. His tabulating machine had up to 40 counters, each with a dial divided into 100 divisions, with two indicator hands; one which stepped one unit with each counting pulse, the other which advanced one unit every time the other dial made a complete revolution. This arrangement allowed a count up to 9,999. During a given tabulating run counters were assigned specific holes or, using <a href="/wiki/Relay_logic" title="Relay logic">relay logic</a>, combination of holes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollerith_1889_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollerith_1889-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later designs led to a card with ten rows, each row assigned a digit value, 0 through 9, and 45 columns.<sup id="cite_ref-Bashe-Johnson-Palmer-Pugh_1986_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bashe-Johnson-Palmer-Pugh_1986-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This card provided for fields to record multi-digit numbers that tabulators could sum, instead of their simply counting cards. Hollerith's 45 column punched cards are illustrated in <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Comrie" title="Leslie Comrie">Comrie</a>'s <i>The application of the Hollerith Tabulating Machine to Brown's Tables of the Moon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Comrie_1932_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comrie_1932-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IBM_80-column_format_and_character_codes">IBM 80-column format and character codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: IBM 80-column format and character codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg/220px-FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg/330px-FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg/440px-FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Punched card from a <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> program: Z(1) = Y + W(1), plus sorting information in the last 8 columns.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 1920s, customers wanted to store more data on each punched card. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson" title="Thomas J. Watson">Thomas J. Watson Sr.</a>, IBM's head, asked two of his top inventors, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clair_D._Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clair D. Lake (page does not exist)">Clair D. Lake</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Royden_Pierce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Royden Pierce (page does not exist)">J. Royden Pierce</a>, to independently develop ways to increase data capacity without increasing the size of the punched card. Pierce wanted to keep round holes and 45 columns but to allow each column to store more data; Lake suggested rectangular holes, which could be spaced more tightly, allowing 80 columns per punched card, thereby nearly doubling the capacity of the older format.<sup id="cite_ref-Lake_1928_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lake_1928-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watson picked the latter solution, introduced as <i>The IBM Card</i>, in part because it was compatible with existing tabulator designs and in part because it could be protected by patents and give the company a distinctive advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_2012_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This IBM card format, introduced in 1928,<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1928_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1928-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has rectangular holes, 80 columns, and 10 rows.<sup id="cite_ref-Pugh_IBM_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugh_IBM-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Card size is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> by <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches (187 by 83 mm). The cards are made of smooth stock, 0.007 inches (180 μm) thick. There are about 143 cards to the inch (56/cm). In 1964, IBM changed from square to round corners.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_OldNew_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_OldNew-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They come typically in boxes of 2,000 cards<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_2007_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd_2007-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as <a href="/wiki/Continuous_stationery" title="Continuous stationery">continuous form</a> cards. Continuous form cards could be both pre-numbered and pre-punched for document control (checks, for example).<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1953_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1953-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially designed to record responses to <a href="/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question" title="Yes–no question">yes–no questions</a>, support for numeric, <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">alphabetic and special characters</a> was added through the use of columns and zones. The top three positions of a column are called <b>zone punching positions</b>, 12 (top), 11, and 0 (0 may be either a zone punch or a digit punch).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1961_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA_1961-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For decimal data the lower ten positions are called <b>digit punching positions</b>, 0 (top) through 9.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1961_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA_1961-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An arithmetic sign can be specified for a decimal field by <b>overpunching</b> the field's rightmost column with a zone punch: 12 for plus, 11 for minus (CR). For <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling#Pre-decimal_coinage" title="Coins of the pound sterling">pre-decimalization currency</a> a <a href="/wiki/Penny" title="Penny">penny</a> column represents the values zero through eleven; 10 (top), 11, then 0 through 9 as above. An arithmetic sign can be punched in the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shilling</a> column.<sup id="cite_ref-Cemach_1951_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cemach_1951-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup> Zone punches had other uses in processing, such as indicating a master card.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1959_2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1959_2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue-punch-card-front-horiz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Blue-punch-card-front-horiz.png/220px-Blue-punch-card-front-horiz.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Blue-punch-card-front-horiz.png/330px-Blue-punch-card-front-horiz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Blue-punch-card-front-horiz.png/440px-Blue-punch-card-front-horiz.png 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>An 80-column punched card with the extended character set introduced with <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> in 1964.</figcaption></figure> <p>Diagram:<sup id="cite_ref-Iowa_2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iowa_2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note: The 11 and 12 zones were also called the X and Y zones, respectively. </p> <pre style="width:33em !important;"> _______________________________________________ / &-0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQR/STUVWXYZ 12| x xxxxxxxxx 11| x xxxxxxxxx 0| x xxxxxxxxx 1| x x x x 2| x x x x 3| x x x x 4| x x x x 5| x x x x 6| x x x x 7| x x x x 8| x x x x 9| x x x x |________________________________________________ </pre> <p>In 1931, IBM began introducing upper-case letters and special characters (Powers-Samas had developed the first commercial alphabetic punched card representation in 1921).<sup id="cite_ref-Rojas_2001_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojas_2001-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pugh_1995_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugh_1995-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NB_Special_characters_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_Special_characters-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 26 letters have two punches (zone [12,11,0] + digit [1–9]). The languages of Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Spain, Portugal and Finland require up to three additional letters; their punching is not shown here.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 88–90">: 88–90 </span></sup> Most special characters have two or three punches (zone [12,11,0, or none] + digit [2–7] + 8); a few special characters were exceptions: "&" is 12 only, "-" is 11 only, and "/" is 0 + 1). The Space character has no punches.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> The information represented in a column by a combination of zones [12, 11, 0] and digits [0–9] is dependent on the use of that column. For example, the combination "12-1" is the letter "A" in an alphabetic column, a plus signed digit "1" in a signed numeric column, or an unsigned digit "1" in a column where the "12" has some other use. The introduction of <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> in 1964 defined columns with as many as six punches (zones [12,11,0,8,9] + digit [1–7]). IBM and other manufacturers used many different 80-column card <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encodings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter_80_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter_80-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1969 American National Standard defined the punches for 128 characters and was named the <i>Hollerith Punched Card Code</i> (often referred to simply as <i>Hollerith Card Code</i>), honoring Hollerith.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM1130CopyCard.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/IBM1130CopyCard.agr.jpg/220px-IBM1130CopyCard.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/IBM1130CopyCard.agr.jpg/330px-IBM1130CopyCard.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/IBM1130CopyCard.agr.jpg/440px-IBM1130CopyCard.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Binary_code" title="Binary code">Binary</a> punched card.</figcaption></figure> <p>For some computer applications, <a href="/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary numeral system">binary</a> formats were used, where each hole represented a single binary digit (or "<a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a>"), every column (or row) is treated as a simple <a href="/wiki/Bit_field" title="Bit field">bit field</a>, and every combination of holes is permitted. </p><p>For example, on the <a href="/wiki/IBM_701" title="IBM 701">IBM 701</a><sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1953_Principles_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1953_Principles-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">IBM 704</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1955_EDP_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1955_EDP-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> card data was read, using an <a href="/wiki/IBM_711" title="IBM 711">IBM 711</a>, into memory in row binary format. For each of the twelve rows of the card, 72 of the 80 columns, skipping the other eight, would be read into two <a href="/wiki/36-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="36-bit">36-bit</a> words, requiring 864 bits to store the whole card; a control panel was used to select the 72 columns to be read. Software would translate this data into the desired form. One convention was to use columns 1 through 72 for data, and columns 73 through 80 to sequentially number the cards, as shown in the picture above of a punched card for FORTRAN. Such numbered cards could be sorted by machine so that if a deck was dropped the sorting machine could be used to arrange it back in order. This convention continued to be used in FORTRAN, even in later systems where the data in all 80 columns could be read. </p><p>The IBM card readers 3504, <a href="/wiki/IBM_3505" title="IBM 3505">3505</a> and the multifunction unit 3525 used a different encoding scheme for column binary data, also known as <a href="/wiki/Card_image" title="Card image">card image</a>, where each column, split into two rows of 6 (12–3 and 4–9) was encoded into two 8-bit bytes, holes in each group represented by bits 2 to 7 (MSb <a href="/wiki/Bit_numbering" title="Bit numbering">numbering</a>, bit 0 and 1 unused ) in successive bytes. This required 160 8-bit bytes, or 1280 bits, to store the whole card.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_GA21-9124-5_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_GA21-9124-5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an aid to humans who had to deal with the punched cards, the IBM 026 and later 029 and 129 key punch machines could print human-readable text above each of the 80 columns. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_lace_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IBM_lace_card.jpg/220px-IBM_lace_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IBM_lace_card.jpg/330px-IBM_lace_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IBM_lace_card.jpg/440px-IBM_lace_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Invalid "lace cards" such as this pose mechanical problems for card readers.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a prank, punched cards could be made where every possible punch position had a hole. Such "<a href="/wiki/Lace_card" title="Lace card">lace cards</a>" lacked structural strength, and would frequently buckle and jam inside the machine.<sup id="cite_ref-Raymond_1991_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymond_1991-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IBM 80-column punched card format dominated the industry, becoming known as just <b>IBM cards</b>, even though other companies made cards and equipment to process them.<sup id="cite_ref-Maxfield_2011_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxfield_2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch-card-5081.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Punch-card-5081.jpg/220px-Punch-card-5081.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Punch-card-5081.jpg/330px-Punch-card-5081.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Punch-card-5081.jpg/440px-Punch-card-5081.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>A 5081 card from a non-IBM manufacturer.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most common punched card formats is the IBM 5081 card format, a general purpose layout with no field divisions. This format has digits printed on it corresponding to the punch positions of the digits in each of the 80 columns. Other punched card vendors manufactured cards with this same layout and number. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IBM_Stub_card_and_Short_card_formats">IBM <i>Stub card</i> and <i>Short card</i> formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: IBM Stub card and Short card formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long cards were available with a scored stub on either end which, when torn off, left an 80 column card. The torn off card is called a <i>stub card</i>. </p><p>80-column cards were available scored, on either end, creating both a <i>short card</i> and a <i>stub card</i> when torn apart. Short cards can be processed by other IBM machines.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1953_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1953-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1965_2_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1965_2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common length for stub cards was 51 columns. Stub cards were used in applications requiring tags, labels, or carbon copies.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1953_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1953-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IBM_40-column_Port-A-Punch_card_format">IBM 40-column Port-A-Punch card format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: IBM 40-column Port-A-Punch card format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the IBM Archive: <i>IBM's Supplies Division introduced the Port-A-Punch in 1958 as a fast, accurate means of manually punching holes in specially scored IBM punched cards. Designed to fit in the pocket, Port-A-Punch made it possible to create punched card documents anywhere. The product was intended for "on-the-spot" recording operations—such as physical inventories, job tickets and statistical surveys—because it eliminated the need for preliminary writing or typing of source documents.</i><sup id="cite_ref-IBM_2003_3_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_2003_3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Port-A-Punch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="IBM Port-A-Punch"><img alt="IBM Port-A-Punch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/IBM_Port-A-Punch.jpg/120px-IBM_Port-A-Punch.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/IBM_Port-A-Punch.jpg/180px-IBM_Port-A-Punch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/IBM_Port-A-Punch.jpg/240px-IBM_Port-A-Punch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="1744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">IBM Port-A-Punch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FORTRAN_Port-A-Punch_card._Compiler_directive_%22SQUEEZE%22_removed_the_alternating_blank_columns_from_the_input._Godfrey_Manning..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="FORTRAN Port-A-Punch card. Compiler directive "SQUEEZE" removed the alternating blank columns from the input."><img alt="FORTRAN Port-A-Punch card. Compiler directive "SQUEEZE" removed the alternating blank columns from the input." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FORTRAN_Port-A-Punch_card._Compiler_directive_%22SQUEEZE%22_removed_the_alternating_blank_columns_from_the_input._Godfrey_Manning..jpg/120px-FORTRAN_Port-A-Punch_card._Compiler_directive_%22SQUEEZE%22_removed_the_alternating_blank_columns_from_the_input._Godfrey_Manning..jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FORTRAN_Port-A-Punch_card._Compiler_directive_%22SQUEEZE%22_removed_the_alternating_blank_columns_from_the_input._Godfrey_Manning..jpg/180px-FORTRAN_Port-A-Punch_card._Compiler_directive_%22SQUEEZE%22_removed_the_alternating_blank_columns_from_the_input._Godfrey_Manning..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FORTRAN_Port-A-Punch_card._Compiler_directive_%22SQUEEZE%22_removed_the_alternating_blank_columns_from_the_input._Godfrey_Manning..jpg/240px-FORTRAN_Port-A-Punch_card._Compiler_directive_%22SQUEEZE%22_removed_the_alternating_blank_columns_from_the_input._Godfrey_Manning..jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">FORTRAN Port-A-Punch card. Compiler directive "SQUEEZE" removed the alternating blank columns from the input.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Port-a-punch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Port-a-punch"><img alt="Port-a-punch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IBM_Port-a-punch.jpg/77px-IBM_Port-a-punch.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IBM_Port-a-punch.jpg/115px-IBM_Port-a-punch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IBM_Port-a-punch.jpg/153px-IBM_Port-a-punch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1806" data-file-height="2822" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Port-a-punch</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IBM_96-column_format">IBM 96-column format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: IBM 96-column format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:System_3_punch_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/System_3_punch_card.jpg/220px-System_3_punch_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/System_3_punch_card.jpg/330px-System_3_punch_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/System_3_punch_card.jpg/440px-System_3_punch_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>IBM 96-column punched card</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1969 IBM introduced a new, smaller, round-hole, 96-column card format along with the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/3" title="IBM System/3">IBM System/3</a> low-end business computer. These cards have tiny, 1 mm diameter circular holes, smaller than those in <a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">paper tape</a>. Data is stored in 6-bit <a href="/wiki/BCD_(character_encoding)" title="BCD (character encoding)">BCD</a>, with three rows of 32 characters each, or 8-bit <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a>. In this format, each column of the top tiers are combined with two punch rows from the bottom tier to form an 8-bit byte, and the middle tier is combined with two more punch rows, so that each card contains 64 bytes of 8-bit-per-byte binary coded data.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter_96_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter_96-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the 80 column card, readable text was printed in the top section of the card. There was also a 4th row of 32 characters that could be printed. This format was never widely used; it was IBM-only, but they did not support it on any equipment beyond the System/3, where it was quickly superseded by the 1973 <a href="/wiki/IBM_3740" title="IBM 3740">IBM 3740 Data Entry System</a> using <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk#8-inch_floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">8-inch floppy disks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powers/Remington_Rand/UNIVAC_90-column_format"><span id="Powers.2FRemington_Rand.2FUNIVAC_90-column_format"></span>Powers/Remington Rand/UNIVAC 90-column format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Powers/Remington Rand/UNIVAC 90-column format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RemingtonRandCard.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RemingtonRandCard.agr.jpg/220px-RemingtonRandCard.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RemingtonRandCard.agr.jpg/330px-RemingtonRandCard.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RemingtonRandCard.agr.jpg/440px-RemingtonRandCard.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>A blank <a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand">Remington Rand</a> <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC" title="UNIVAC">UNIVAC</a> format card. Card courtesy of <a href="/wiki/MIT_Museum" title="MIT Museum">MIT Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remington_Rand_punched_card.mw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Remington_Rand_punched_card.mw.jpg/220px-Remington_Rand_punched_card.mw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Remington_Rand_punched_card.mw.jpg/330px-Remington_Rand_punched_card.mw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Remington_Rand_punched_card.mw.jpg/440px-Remington_Rand_punched_card.mw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2588" /></a><figcaption>A punched Remington Rand card with an IBM card for comparison</figcaption></figure> <p>The Powers/Remington Rand card format was initially the same as Hollerith's; 45 columns and round holes. In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand">Remington Rand</a> leap-frogged IBM's 80 column format from 1928 by coding two characters in each of the 45 columns – producing what is now commonly called the 90-column card.<sup id="cite_ref-Aspray_1990_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aspray_1990-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 142">: 142 </span></sup> There are two sets of six rows across each card. The rows in each set are labeled 0, 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8 and 9. The even numbers in a pair are formed by combining that punch with a 9 punch. Alphabetic and special characters use 3 or more punches.<sup id="cite_ref-Quadibloc_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quadibloc-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winter_90_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter_90-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powers-Samas_formats">Powers-Samas formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Powers-Samas formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British <a href="/wiki/Powers-Samas" title="Powers-Samas">Powers-Samas</a> company used a variety of card formats for their <a href="/wiki/Unit_record_equipment" title="Unit record equipment">unit record equipment</a>. They began with 45 columns and round holes. Later 36, 40 and 65 column cards were provided. A 130 column card was also available – formed by dividing the card into two rows, each row with 65 columns and each character space with 5 punch positions. A 21 column card was comparable to the IBM Stub card.<sup id="cite_ref-Cemach_1951_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cemach_1951-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 47–51">: 47–51 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mark_sense_format">Mark sense format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mark sense format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HP_Educational_Basic_optical_mark-reader_card._Godfrey_Manning..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/HP_Educational_Basic_optical_mark-reader_card._Godfrey_Manning..jpg/220px-HP_Educational_Basic_optical_mark-reader_card._Godfrey_Manning..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/HP_Educational_Basic_optical_mark-reader_card._Godfrey_Manning..jpg/330px-HP_Educational_Basic_optical_mark-reader_card._Godfrey_Manning..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/HP_Educational_Basic_optical_mark-reader_card._Godfrey_Manning..jpg/440px-HP_Educational_Basic_optical_mark-reader_card._Godfrey_Manning..jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>HP Educational Basic optical mark-reader card.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mark_sense" title="Mark sense">Mark sense</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electrographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrographic">electrographic</a>) cards, developed by <a href="/wiki/Reynold_B._Johnson" title="Reynold B. Johnson">Reynold B. Johnson</a> at IBM,<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_1998_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher_1998-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have printed ovals that could be marked with a special electrographic pencil. Cards would typically be punched with some initial information, such as the name and location of an inventory item. Information to be added, such as quantity of the item on hand, would be marked in the ovals. Card punches with an option to detect mark sense cards could then punch the corresponding information into the card. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aperture_format">Aperture format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aperture format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aperture_card.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Aperture_card.JPG/220px-Aperture_card.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Aperture_card.JPG/330px-Aperture_card.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Aperture_card.JPG/440px-Aperture_card.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aperture_card" title="Aperture card">Aperture card</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aperture_card" title="Aperture card">Aperture cards</a> have a cut-out hole on the right side of the punched card. A piece of 35 mm microfilm containing a <a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">microform</a> image is mounted in the hole. Aperture cards are used for <a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">engineering drawings</a> from all engineering disciplines. Information about the drawing, for example the drawing number, is typically punched and printed on the remainder of the card. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unused_punch_card_from_UIC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Unused_punch_card_from_UIC.jpg/220px-Unused_punch_card_from_UIC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Unused_punch_card_from_UIC.jpg/330px-Unused_punch_card_from_UIC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Unused_punch_card_from_UIC.jpg/440px-Unused_punch_card_from_UIC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="17835" data-file-height="7822" /></a><figcaption>Institutions, such as universities, often had their general purpose cards printed with a logo. A wide variety of forms and documents were printed on punched cards, including checks. Such printing did not interfere with the operation of the machinery.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PunchedCardPrintingPlate.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PunchedCardPrintingPlate.agr.jpg/170px-PunchedCardPrintingPlate.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PunchedCardPrintingPlate.agr.jpg/255px-PunchedCardPrintingPlate.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PunchedCardPrintingPlate.agr.jpg/340px-PunchedCardPrintingPlate.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1443" /></a><figcaption>A punched card printing plate.</figcaption></figure> <p>IBM's Fred M. Carroll<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_Carroll_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_Carroll-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed a series of rotary presses that were used to produce punched cards, including a 1921 model that operated at 460 cards per minute (cpm). In 1936 he introduced a completely different press that operated at 850 cpm.<sup id="cite_ref-Endicott_2003_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endicott_2003-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_2003_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll_2003-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carroll's high-speed press, containing a printing cylinder, revolutionized the company's manufacturing of punched cards.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_2003_1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_2003_1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that between 1930 and 1950, the Carroll press accounted for as much as 25 percent of the company's profits.<sup id="cite_ref-Belden_1962_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belden_1962-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discarded printing plates from these card presses, each printing plate the size of an IBM card and formed into a cylinder, often found use as desk pen/pencil holders, and even today are collectible IBM artifacts (every card layout<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_2003_2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_2003_2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had its own printing plate). </p><p>In the mid-1930s a box of 1,000 cards cost $1.05 (equivalent to $23 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-Cortada_2019_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortada_2019-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cultural impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Savings_Bond_EE_$75.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/US_Savings_Bond_EE_%2475.png/220px-US_Savings_Bond_EE_%2475.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/US_Savings_Bond_EE_%2475.png/330px-US_Savings_Bond_EE_%2475.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/US_Savings_Bond_EE_%2475.png/440px-US_Savings_Bond_EE_%2475.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>A $75 U.S. Savings Bond, Series EE issued as a punched card. Eight of the holes record the bond serial number.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Federal_Records_Center,_Alexandria,_Virginia_(34877725360).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Photograph_of_Federal_Records_Center%2C_Alexandria%2C_Virginia_%2834877725360%29.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Federal_Records_Center%2C_Alexandria%2C_Virginia_%2834877725360%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Photograph_of_Federal_Records_Center%2C_Alexandria%2C_Virginia_%2834877725360%29.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_Federal_Records_Center%2C_Alexandria%2C_Virginia_%2834877725360%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Photograph_of_Federal_Records_Center%2C_Alexandria%2C_Virginia_%2834877725360%29.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_Federal_Records_Center%2C_Alexandria%2C_Virginia_%2834877725360%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3841" data-file-height="3033" /></a><figcaption>Cartons of punched cards stored in a <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">United States National Archives Records Service</a> facility in 1959. Each carton could hold 2,000 cards.</figcaption></figure> <p>While punched cards have not been widely used for generations, the impact was so great for most of the 20th century that they still appear from time to time in popular culture. For example: </p> <ul><li>Accommodation of people's names: <i>The Man Whose Name Wouldn't Fit</i><sup id="cite_ref-Tyler_1968_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyler_1968-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Betsy_1987_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betsy_1987-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Artist and architect <a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Lin</a> in 2004 designed a <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">public art</a> installation at Ohio University, titled "Input", that looks like a punched card from the air.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayalin_2009_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayalin_2009-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tucker Hall at the University of Missouri – Columbia features architecture that is rumored to be influenced by punched cards. Although there are only two rows of windows on the building, a rumor holds that their spacing and pattern will spell out "M-I-Z beat k-U!" on a punched card, making reference to the university and state's rivalry with neighboring state Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-Mizzou_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mizzou-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At the University of Wisconsin – Madison, the exterior windows of the Engineering Research Building<sup id="cite_ref-Fpm_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fpm-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were modeled after a punched card layout, during its construction in 1966.</li> <li>At the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, a portion of the exterior of Gamble Hall (College of Business and Public Administration), has a series of light-colored bricks that resembles a punched card spelling out "University of North Dakota."<sup id="cite_ref-Panoramio_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panoramio-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 1964–1965 <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a>, punched cards became a</li></ul> <dl><dd><blockquote><p>metaphor... symbol of the "system"—first the registration system and then bureaucratic systems more generally ... a symbol of alienation ... Punched cards were the symbol of information machines, and so they became the symbolic point of attack. Punched cards, used for class registration, were first and foremost a symbol of uniformity. .... A student might feel "he is one of out of 27,500 IBM cards" ... The president of the Undergraduate Association criticized the University as "a machine ... IBM pattern of education."... Robert Blaumer explicated the symbolism: he referred to the "sense of impersonality... symbolized by the IBM technology."... </p><dl><dd>— Steven Lubar<sup id="cite_ref-Lubar_1992_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubar_1992-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></blockquote></dd></dl> <ul><li>A legacy of the 80 column punched card format is that a display of 80 <a href="/wiki/Characters_per_line" title="Characters per line">characters per row</a> was a common choice in the design of <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal#Historical" title="Computer terminal">character-based terminals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of September 2014, some character interface defaults, such as the command prompt window's width in Microsoft Windows, remain set at 80 columns and some file formats, such as <a href="/wiki/FITS" title="FITS">FITS</a>, still use 80-character <a href="/wiki/Card_image" title="Card image">card images</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Two-line_element_set" title="Two-line element set">two-line element set</a> format for tracking objects in Earth orbit is based on punch cards.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>'s early short story "<a href="/wiki/Rescue_Party" title="Rescue Party">Rescue Party</a>", the alien explorers find a "... wonderful battery of almost human Hollerith analyzers and the five thousand million punched cards holding all that could be recorded on each man, woman and child on the planet".<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1946_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_1946-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1946, Clarke, like almost all SF authors, had not then foreseen the development and eventual ubiquity of the computer.</li> <li>In "I.B.M.", the final track of her album <a href="/wiki/This_Is_a_Recording_(Lily_Tomlin_album)" title="This Is a Recording (Lily Tomlin album)"><i>This Is a Recording</i></a>, comedian <a href="/wiki/Lily_Tomlin" title="Lily Tomlin">Lily Tomlin</a> gives instructions that, if followed, would purportedly shrink the holes on a punch card (used by <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a> at the time for customer billing), making it unreadable.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Do_Not_Fold,_Spindle_or_Mutilate"><span id="Do_Not_Fold.2C_Spindle_or_Mutilate"></span>Do Not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Do Not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common example of the requests often printed on punched cards which were to be individually handled, especially those intended for the public to <a href="/wiki/Turnaround_document" title="Turnaround document">use and return</a> is "Do Not Fold, <a href="/wiki/Spindle_(stationery)" title="Spindle (stationery)">Spindle</a> or Mutilate" (in the UK "Do not bend, spike, fold or mutilate").<sup id="cite_ref-Lubar_1992_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubar_1992-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 43–55">: 43–55 </span></sup> Coined by Charles A. Phillips,<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it became a motto<sup id="cite_ref-Jane_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the post–<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> era (even though many people had no idea what spindle meant), and was widely mocked and satirized. Some 1960s students at Berkeley wore buttons saying: "Do not fold, spindle or mutilate. I am a student".<sup id="cite_ref-Albertson_1975_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albertson_1975-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motto was also used for a 1970 book by <a href="/wiki/Doris_Miles_Disney" title="Doris Miles Disney">Doris Miles Disney</a><sup id="cite_ref-Disney_1970_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney_1970-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a plot based around an early <a href="/wiki/Computer_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer dating">computer dating</a> service and a 1971 <a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">made-for-TV</a> <a href="/wiki/Do_Not_Fold,_Spindle_or_Mutilate" title="Do Not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate">movie</a> based on that book, and a similarly titled 1967 Canadian short film, <i><a href="/wiki/Do_Not_Fold,_Staple,_Spindle_or_Mutilate" title="Do Not Fold, Staple, Spindle or Mutilate">Do Not Fold, Staple, Spindle or Mutilate</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Census_pantograph_and_1930s_keypunches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Census_pantograph_and_1930s_keypunches.jpg/220px-Census_pantograph_and_1930s_keypunches.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Census_pantograph_and_1930s_keypunches.jpg/330px-Census_pantograph_and_1930s_keypunches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Census_pantograph_and_1930s_keypunches.jpg/440px-Census_pantograph_and_1930s_keypunches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="2290" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Census Bureau clerk (left) prepares punch cards using a pantograph similar to that developed by Herman Hollerith for the 1890 Census, while a second clerk (right) uses a 1930s key punch to perform the same task more quickly.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_US_Census_Machines_1954_08004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Early_US_Census_Machines_1954_08004.jpg/220px-Early_US_Census_Machines_1954_08004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Early_US_Census_Machines_1954_08004.jpg/330px-Early_US_Census_Machines_1954_08004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Early_US_Census_Machines_1954_08004.jpg/440px-Early_US_Census_Machines_1954_08004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2775" data-file-height="2185" /></a><figcaption>A wall-sized display sample of a punch card for the 1954 U.S. Census of Agriculture</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>ANSI INCITS 21-1967 (R2002), <i>Rectangular Holes in Twelve-Row Punched Cards</i> (formerly ANSI X3.21-1967 (R1997)) Specifies the size and location of rectangular holes in twelve-row <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-inch-wide (83 mm) punched cards.</li> <li>ANSI X3.11-1990 <i>American National Standard Specifications for General Purpose Paper Cards for Information Processing</i></li> <li>ANSI X3.26-1980 (R1991) <i>Hollerith Punched Card Code</i></li> <li>ISO 1681:1973 <i>Information processing – Unpunched paper cards – Specification</i></li> <li>ISO 6586:1980 <i>Data processing – Implementation of the ISO 7- bit and 8- bit coded character sets on punched cards</i>. Defines ISO 7-bit and 8-bit character sets on punched cards as well as the representation of 7-bit and 8-bit combinations on 12-row punched cards. Derived from, and compatible with, the Hollerith Code, ensuring compatibility with existing punched card files.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punched_card_devices">Punched card devices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Punched card devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Processing of punched cards was handled by a variety of machines, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">Keypunches</a>—machines with a keyboard that punched cards from operator entered data.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_record_equipment" title="Unit record equipment">Unit record equipment</a>—machines that process data on punched cards. Employed prior to the widespread use of digital computers. Includes <a href="/wiki/Card_sorter" class="mw-redirect" title="Card sorter">card sorters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabulating_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabulating machines">tabulating machines</a> and a variety of other machines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card_input/output" title="Punched card input/output">Computer punched card reader</a>—a computer input device used to read executable computer programs and data from punched cards under computer control. Card readers, found in early computers, could read up to 100 cards per minute, while traditional "high-speed" card readers could read about 1,000 cards per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-sys-prog-1972_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sys-prog-1972-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card_input/output" title="Punched card input/output">Computer card punch</a>—a computer output device that punches holes in cards under computer control.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_machine#Punched_card" title="Voting machine">Voting machines</a>—used into the 21st century</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aperture_card" title="Aperture card">Aperture card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_music" title="Book music">Book music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_image" title="Card image">Card image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_programming_in_the_punched_card_era" title="Computer programming in the punched card era">Computer programming in the punched card era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge-notched_card" title="Edge-notched card">Edge-notched card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_tag" title="Kimball tag">Kimball tag</a>—punched card price tags</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_data_storage" title="Paper data storage">Paper data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card_input/output" title="Punched card input/output">Punched card input/output</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">Punched tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace_card" title="Lace card">Lace card</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NB_Special_characters-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NB_Special_characters_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Special characters are non-alphabetic, non-numeric, such as "&#,$.-/@%*?"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pinker_2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinker_2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinker_2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPinker2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Arthur_Pinker" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Arthur Pinker">Pinker, Steven Arthur</a> (2007). <i>The Stuff of Thought</i>. <a href="/wiki/Viking_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking (publisher)">Viking</a>. p. 362.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stuff+of+Thought&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pinker&rft.aufirst=Steven+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. Notes the loss of <i>-ed</i> in pronunciation <i>as it did in ice cream, mincemeat, and box set, formerly iced cream, minced meat, and boxed set.</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remington_1941-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Remington_1941_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>"Know-How" Makes Them Great</i>. Tabulating Machines Division, <a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Remington Rand Inc.">Remington Rand Inc.</a> 1941.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Know-How%22+Makes+Them+Great&rft.pub=Tabulating+Machines+Division%2C+Remington+Rand+Inc.&rft.date=1941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cortada_1993-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cortada_1993_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortada1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interproj-linked-name"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85408174" class="extiw" title="d:Q85408174">Cortada, James W.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[at Wikidata]</span> (1993). <i>Before The Computer: IBM, NCR, Burroughs, & Remington Rand & The Industry They Created, 1865–1965</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-63008-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-63008-3"><bdi>978-0-691-63008-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+The+Computer%3A+IBM%2C+NCR%2C+Burroughs%2C+%26+Remington+Rand+%26+The+Industry+They+Created%2C+1865%E2%80%931965&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-691-63008-3&rft.aulast=Cortada&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks_1963-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_1963_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooksIverson1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Phillips_Brooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Phillips Brooks">Brooks, Frederick Phillips</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Eugene_Iverson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Eugene Iverson">Iverson, Kenneth Eugene</a> (1963). <i>Automatic Data Processing</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. p. 94. <q>semiautomatic</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automatic+Data+Processing&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Phillips&rft.au=Iverson%2C+Kenneth+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBC_2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBC_2012_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419105004/http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightly-news/5664195">"Nightly News Aired on 2012-12-27 – Punch card voting lingers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightly-news/5664195">the original</a> on 2017-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nightly+News+Aired+on+2012-12-27+%E2%80%93+Punch+card+voting+lingers&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fvideo%2Fnightly-news%2F5664195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Razy_1913-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Razy_1913_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazy1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Razy, Claudius (1913). <i>Étude analytique des petits modèles de métiers exposés au musée des tissus</i> [<i>Analytical study of small loom models exhibited at the museum of fabrics</i>] (in French). Lyon, France: <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Historique_des_Tissus" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée Historique des Tissus">Musée Historique des Tissus</a>. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89tude+analytique+des+petits+mod%C3%A8les+de+m%C3%A9tiers+expos%C3%A9s+au+mus%C3%A9e+des+tissus&rft.place=Lyon%2C+France&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+Historique+des+Tissus&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Razy&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OUP_2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OUP_2007_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEssinger2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Essinger" title="James Essinger">Essinger, James</a> (2007-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zXoRDAAAQBAJ&q=1804&pg=PA35"><i>Jacquard's Web: How a Hand-loom Led to the Birth of the Information Age</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/OUP_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="OUP Oxford">OUP Oxford</a>. pp. 35–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19280578-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19280578-2"><bdi>978-0-19280578-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacquard%27s+Web%3A+How+a+Hand-loom+Led+to+the+Birth+of+the+Information+Age&rft.pages=35-40&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19280578-2&rft.aulast=Essinger&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzXoRDAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1804%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacquard-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacquard_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/punched-cards-control-jacquard-loom/">"1801: Punched cards control Jacquard loom"</a>. <i>computerhistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=computerhistory.org&rft.atitle=1801%3A+Punched+cards+control+Jacquard+loom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fstorageengine%2Fpunched-cards-control-jacquard-loom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babbage_1837-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Babbage_1837_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabbage1837" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Babbage, Charles</a> (1837-12-26). "On the Mathematical Powers of the Calculating Engine". <i>The Origins of Digital Computers</i>. pp. 19–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-61812-3_2">10.1007/978-3-642-61812-3_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-61814-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-61814-7"><bdi>978-3-642-61814-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Mathematical+Powers+of+the+Calculating+Engine&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Digital+Computers&rft.pages=19-54&rft.date=1837-12-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-61812-3_2&rft.isbn=978-3-642-61814-7&rft.aulast=Babbage&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southgate_1881-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Southgate_1881_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthgate1881" class="citation journal cs1">Southgate, Thomas Lea (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2122296">"On Various Attempts That Have Been Made to Record Extemporaneous Playing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Musical_Association" title="Journal of the Royal Musical Association">Journal of the Royal Musical Association</a></i>. <b>8</b> (1): 189–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrma%2F8.1.189">10.1093/jrma/8.1.189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Musical+Association&rft.atitle=On+Various+Attempts+That+Have+Been+Made+to+Record+Extemporaneous+Playing&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=189-196&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrma%2F8.1.189&rft.aulast=Southgate&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Lea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2122296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seaver_2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seaver_2010_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaver2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Seaver, Nicholas Patrick (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmsw.mit.edu/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/146381116-Nick-Seaver-A-Brief-History-of-Re-Performance.pdf"><i>A Brief History of Re-performance</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. p. 34<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Pianola Institute. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-09</span></span>. <q>At this early stage, the corresponding playback mechanism, the Mélotrope, was permanently installed inside the same harmonium used for the recording process, but by 1887 Carpentier had modified both devices, restricting the range to three octaves, allowing for the Mélotrope to be attached to any style of keyboard instrument, and designing and constructing an automatic perforating machine for mass production.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pianola.com&rft.atitle=The+Reproducing+Piano+%E2%80%93+Early+Experiments&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pianola.org%2Freproducing%2Freproducing_early.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CH_ETS-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CH_ETS_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollerith1889" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Hollerith, H.</a> (April 1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/hh/">"An Electric Tabulating System"</a>. <i>The Quarterly</i>. <b>X</b> (16). <a href="/wiki/School_of_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Mines">School of Mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>: 238–255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly&rft.atitle=An+Electric+Tabulating+System&rft.volume=X&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=238-255&rft.date=1889-04&rft.aulast=Hollerith&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fcomputinghistory%2Fhh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randell_1982-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Randell_1982_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandell1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Randell, Brian</a>, ed. 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Washington, DC, USA: Dialog Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958727212">958727212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+and+the+Holocaust%3A+The+Strategic+Alliance+Between+Nazi+Germany+and+America%27s+Most+Powerful+Corporation&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC%2C+USA&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Dialog+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958727212&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lubar_1992-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lubar_1992_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lubar_1992_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lubar_1992_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubar1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lubar, Steven (Winter 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002224559/http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/PDFs/lubar-hollerith.pdf">"Do Not Fold, Spindle Or Mutilate: A Cultural History Of The Punch Card"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of American Culture</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 43–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1542-734X.1992.1504_43.x">10.1111/j.1542-734X.1992.1504_43.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/PDFs/lubar-hollerith.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-11</span></span>. pp. 43–55: <q>Security checks issued starting in 1936 […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Culture&rft.atitle=Do+Not+Fold%2C+Spindle+Or+Mutilate%3A+A+Cultural+History+Of+The+Punch+Card&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=43-55&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1542-734X.1992.1504_43.x&rft.aulast=Lubar&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdesign.osu.edu%2Fcarlson%2Fhistory%2FPDFs%2Flubar-hollerith.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span> (13 pages); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubar1991" class="citation web cs1">Lubar, Steven (May 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830162506/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/slubar/fsm.html">"Do not fold, spindle or mutilate: A cultural history of the punch card"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/slubar/fsm.html">the original</a> on 2006-08-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+not+fold%2C+spindle+or+mutilate%3A+A+cultural+history+of+the+punch+card&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1991-05&rft.aulast=Lubar&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2Fslubar%2Ffsm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. An earlier version of this paper was presented to the Bureau of the Census's Hollerith Machine Centennial Celebration on 1990-06-20.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhatIs-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WhatIs_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_W._Jones" title="Douglas W. Jones">Jones, Douglas W.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/cards/history.html">"Punched Cards – A brief illustrated technical history"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punched+Cards+%E2%80%93+A+brief+illustrated+technical+history&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Douglas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.divms.uiowa.edu%2F~jones%2Fcards%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JustDep_1996-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JustDep_1996_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/archive/atr/public/press_releases/1996/0715.htm">"Justice Department agrees to terminate last provisions of IBM consent decree in stages ending 5 years from today"</a> (Press release). Justice Department. 1996-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+Department+agrees+to+terminate+last+provisions+of+IBM+consent+decree+in+stages+ending+5+years+from+today&rft.pub=Justice+Department&rft.date=1996-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Farchive%2Fatr%2Fpublic%2Fpress_releases%2F1996%2F0715.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aspray_1990-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aspray_1990_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aspray_1990_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspray1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aspray" class="extiw" title="de:William Aspray">Aspray, William</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>, ed. (1990). <i>Computing before Computers</i>. Iowa State University Press. pp. 142, 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-0047-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-0047-9"><bdi>978-0-8138-0047-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computing+before+Computers&rft.pages=142%2C+151&rft.pub=Iowa+State+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-0047-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miami-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miami_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rabbit.eng.miami.edu/info/card.html">"Punched Cards"</a>. <i>miami.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-06</span></span>. <q>Once the cards were assembled in order in a deck, the programmer would usually draw a long diagonal line across the top edges of the cards, so that if ever one got out of order it would easily be noticed</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=miami.edu&rft.atitle=Punched+Cards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frabbit.eng.miami.edu%2Finfo%2Fcard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM_1946-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_1946_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>IBM 519 Principles of Operation</i>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. 1946. Form 22-3292-5. <q>An important function in IBM Accounting is the automatic preparation of IBM cards.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+519+Principles+of+Operation&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM_1962-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_1962_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/1401/A24-1403-5_1401_Reference_Apr62.pdf"><i>Reference Manual 1401 Data Processing System</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. April 1962. p. 10. A24-1403-5. <q>The IBM 1402 Card Read-Punch provides the system with simultaneous punched-card input and output. This unit has two card feeds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reference+Manual+1401+Data+Processing+System&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1962-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F1401%2FA24-1403-5_1401_Reference_Apr62.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truedsell_1965-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Truedsell_1965_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Truedsell_1965_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruesdell1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_E._Truesdell" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon E. Truesdell">Truesdell, Leon E.</a> (1965). <i>The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census 1890–1940</i>. <a href="/wiki/US_GPO" class="mw-redirect" title="US GPO">US GPO</a>. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Punch+Card+Tabulation+in+the+Bureau+of+the+Census+1890%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=US+GPO&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Truesdell&rft.aufirst=Leon+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span> Includes extensive, detailed, description of Hollerith's first machines and their use for the 1890 census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM_1956-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_1956_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/punchedCard/Training/22-5526-4_The_Design_of_IBM_Cards_Mar56.pdf"><i>The Design of IBM Cards</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. 1956. 22-5526-4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Design+of+IBM+Cards&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1956&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2FpunchedCard%2FTraining%2F22-5526-4_The_Design_of_IBM_Cards_Mar56.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM_1962_2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_1962_2_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/punchedCard/Sorter/A24-1034-1_82-83-84_sorters.pdf"><i>Reference Manual – IBM 82, 83, and 84 Sorters</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. July 1962. p. 25. A24-1034.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reference+Manual+%E2%80%93+IBM+82%2C+83%2C+and+84+Sorters&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1962-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2FpunchedCard%2FSorter%2FA24-1034-1_82-83-84_sorters.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Railroad_1895-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Railroad_1895_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320192309/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mcc&fileName=023/page.db&recNum=0&itemLink=r?ammem/mcc:@field(DOCID+@lit(mcc/023))">"Hollerith's Electric Tabulating Machine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Gazette" title="Railroad Gazette">Railroad Gazette</a></i>. 1895-04-19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mcc&fileName=023/page.db&recNum=0&itemLink=r?ammem/mcc:@field(DOCID+@lit(mcc/023))">the original</a> on 2015-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-04</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railroad+Gazette&rft.atitle=Hollerith%27s+Electric+Tabulating+Machine&rft.date=1895-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dmcc%26fileName%3D023%2Fpage.db%26recNum%3D0%26itemLink%3Dr%3Fammem%2Fmcc%3A%40field%28DOCID%2B%40lit%28mcc%2F023%29%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USP395782-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USP395782_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=395781">U.S. patent 395,781</a></span>, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=395782">U.S. patent 395,782</a></span>, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=395783">U.S. patent 395,783</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hollerith_1889-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hollerith_1889_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hollerith_1889_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollerith1889" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Hollerith, Herman</a> (April 1889). da Cruz, Frank (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/hh/index.html#%5B-245-%5D">"An Electric Tabulating System"</a>. <i>The Quarterly</i>. <b>10</b> (16). <a href="/wiki/School_of_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Mines">School of Mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>: 245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly&rft.atitle=An+Electric+Tabulating+System&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=245&rft.date=1889-04&rft.aulast=Hollerith&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fcomputinghistory%2Fhh%2Findex.html%23%255B-245-%255D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daCruz_2019_2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daCruz_2019_2_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-daCruz_2019_2_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFda_Cruz2019" class="citation web cs1">da Cruz, Frank (2019-12-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/census-tabulator.html">"Hollerith 1890 Census Tabulator"</a>. <i>Columbia University Computing History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University+Computing+History&rft.atitle=Hollerith+1890+Census+Tabulator&rft.date=2019-12-26&rft.aulast=da+Cruz&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fcomputinghistory%2Fcensus-tabulator.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Littleton-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Littleton_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.littletoncoin.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/Display%7C10001%7C10001%7C-1%7C%7CLearnNav%7CLarge-Size-US-Paper-Money.html#large-size-legal-tender-notes">"Large-Size U.S. Paper Money"</a>. <i>Littleton Coin Company</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Littleton+Coin+Company&rft.atitle=Large-Size+U.S.+Paper+Money&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.littletoncoin.com%2Fwebapp%2Fwcs%2Fstores%2Fservlet%2FDisplay%257C10001%257C10001%257C-1%257C%257CLearnNav%257CLarge-Size-US-Paper-Money.html%23large-size-legal-tender-notes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bashe-Johnson-Palmer-Pugh_1986-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bashe-Johnson-Palmer-Pugh_1986_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasheJohnsonPalmerPugh1986" class="citation book cs1">Bashe, Charles J.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H.; <a href="/wiki/Emerson_W._Pugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerson W. Pugh">Pugh, Emerson W.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibmsearlycompute00bash/page/5"><i>IBM's Early Computers</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibmsearlycompute00bash/page/5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02225-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02225-5"><bdi>978-0-262-02225-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM%27s+Early+Computers&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-262-02225-5&rft.aulast=Bashe&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Lyle+R.&rft.au=Palmer%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Pugh%2C+Emerson+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fibmsearlycompute00bash%2Fpage%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. Also see pages 5–14 for additional information on punched cards.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comrie_1932-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Comrie_1932_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrie1932" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_John_Comrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie John Comrie">Comrie, Leslie John</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F92.7.694">"The application of the Hollerith tabulating machine to Brown's tables of the moon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>92</b> (7): 694–707. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932MNRAS..92..694C">1932MNRAS..92..694C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F92.7.694">10.1093/mnras/92.7.694</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=The+application+of+the+Hollerith+tabulating+machine+to+Brown%27s+tables+of+the+moon&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=694-707&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F92.7.694&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932MNRAS..92..694C&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Leslie+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252F92.7.694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lake_1928-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lake_1928_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibm-1401.info/Patent1772492.pdf">U.S. Patent 1,772,492, Record Sheet for Tabulating Machines</a>, C. D. Lake, filed 1928-06-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM_2012-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_2012_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140425075242/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/punchcard/">"IBM 100 – The IBM Punched Card"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. 2012-03-07. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/punchcard/">the original</a> on 2014-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM+attire&rft.atitle=IBM+Archives%3A+1939+Layout+department&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Fwaywewore%2Fwaywewore_12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cortada_2019-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cortada_2019_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortada2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interproj-linked-name"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85408174" class="extiw" title="d:Q85408174">Cortada, James W.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[at Wikidata]</span> (2019). <i>IBM: The Rise and Fall and Reinvention of a Global Icon</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03944-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03944-4"><bdi>978-0-262-03944-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+and+Reinvention+of+a+Global+Icon&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03944-4&rft.aulast=Cortada&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyler_1968-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyler_1968_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler1968" class="citation book cs1">Tyler, Theodore (1968). <i>The Man Whose Name Wouldn't Fit</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubleday Science Fiction">Doubleday Science Fiction</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Whose+Name+Wouldn%27t+Fit&rft.pub=Doubleday+Science+Fiction&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Betsy_1987-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Betsy_1987_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1987" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Betsy (1987-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/06/nyregion/westchester-bookcase.html">"Westchester Bookcase"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <q>Edward Ziegler […] an editor at the Reader's Digest […] wrote a science fiction novel, <i>The Man Whose Name Wouldn't Fit</i>, under the pen name Theodore Tyler</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Westchester+Bookcase&rft.date=1987-12-06&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F12%2F06%2Fnyregion%2Fwestchester-bookcase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayalin_2009-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayalin_2009_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayalin.com">"Mayalin.com"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mizzou+Alumni+Association&rft.atitle=Mizzou+Alumni+Association+%E2%80%93+Campus+Traditions&rft.pages=Tucker+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mizzou.com%2Fs%2F1002%2Falumni%2F19%2Finterior.aspx%3Fpgid%3D322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fpm-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fpm_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpm.wisc.edu/smomap/building.aspx?building=0762&wing=">"University of Wisconsin-Madison Buildings"</a>. Fpm.wisc.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Wisconsin-Madison+Buildings&rft.pub=Fpm.wisc.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpm.wisc.edu%2Fsmomap%2Fbuilding.aspx%3Fbuilding%3D0762%26wing%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panoramio-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Panoramio_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130715092150/http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#view=photo&position=28&with_photo_id=21035115&order=date_desc&user=903103">"Photo of Gamble Hall by gatty790"</a>. Panoramio.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#view=photo&position=28&with_photo_id=21035115&order=date_desc&user=903103">the original</a> on 2013-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+About+CRT+Display+Terminals&rft.pages=11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fdatapro%2Fdatapro_70%2F70D-010-20_All_About_CRT_Display_Terminals_Apr1974.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRader1981" class="citation magazine cs1">Rader, Ron (1981-10-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1REkdf3I86oC&pg=RA2-PA41">"Big Screen, 132-Column Units Setting Trend"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. Special Report p. 41<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Big+Screen%2C+132-Column+Units+Setting+Trend&rft.pages=Special+Report+p.+41&rft.date=1981-10-26&rft.aulast=Rader&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1REkdf3I86oC%26pg%3DRA2-PA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke_1946-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1946_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1946" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Arthur C. 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Phillips"</a>. <i>Computer Pioneers</i>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.</a> p. 557<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+Pioneers&rft.atitle=Charles+A.+Phillips&rft.pages=557&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=John+A.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.computer.org%2Fpioneers%2Fphillips.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jane-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jane_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/fold%2C+spindle%2C+or+mutilate">"Fold, spindle, or mutilate"</a>. <q>At the bottom of the bill, it said […] and Jane, in her anger, […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fold%2C+spindle%2C+or+mutilate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidioms.thefreedictionary.com%2Ffold%252C%2Bspindle%252C%2Bor%2Bmutilate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albertson_1975-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Albertson_1975_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertson1975" class="citation book cs1">Albertson, Dean (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd-bAAAAMAAJ&q=rebel+%22Do+Not+Fold,+Spindle+or+Mutilate%22"><i>Rebels or Revolutionaries? Student Movements of the 1960s</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67118737-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67118737-8"><bdi>978-0-67118737-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels+or+Revolutionaries%3F+Student+Movements+of+the+1960s&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-67118737-8&rft.aulast=Albertson&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKd-bAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Drebel%2B%2522Do%2BNot%2BFold%2C%2BSpindle%2Bor%2BMutilate%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney_1970-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney_1970_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisney1970" class="citation book cs1">Disney, Doris Miles (1970). <i>Do Not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_Crime_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubleday Crime Club">Doubleday Crime Club</a>. p. 183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+Not+Fold%2C+Spindle+or+Mutilate&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Doubleday+Crime+Club&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Disney&rft.aufirst=Doris+Miles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sys-prog-1972-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sys-prog-1972_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Donovan" title="John J. Donovan">Donovan, John J.</a> (1972). <i>Systems Programming</i>. McGraw-Hill. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-085175-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-085175-1"><bdi>0-07-085175-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systems+Programming&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-07-085175-1&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fierheller, George A. (2014-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfierheller.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Do-Not-Fold-Feb-7-2014-web.pdf"><i>Do not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate: The "hole" story of punched cards</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Markham, Ontario, Canada: Stewart Publishing & Printing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894183-86-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894183-86-4"><bdi>978-1-894183-86-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709174738/https://www.gfierheller.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Do-Not-Fold-Feb-7-2014-web.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+not+Fold%2C+Spindle+or+Mutilate%3A+The+%22hole%22+story+of+punched+cards&rft.place=Markham%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Stewart+Publishing+%26+Printing&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft.isbn=978-1-894183-86-4&rft.aulast=Fierheller&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfierheller.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F02%2FDo-Not-Fold-Feb-7-2014-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. An accessible book of recollections (sometimes with errors), with photographs and descriptions of many unit record machines.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><i>How to Succeed At Cards</i> (Film). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Succeed+At+Cards&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. An account of how IBM Cards are manufactured, with special emphasis on quality control.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Joseph_Murray" title="Francis Joseph Murray">Murray, Francis Joseph</a> (1961). "Chapter 6 Punched Cards". <i>Mathematical Machines: Digital Computers</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6+Punched+Cards&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Machines%3A+Digital+Computers&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Francis+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. Includes a description of Samas punched cards and illustration of an Underwood Samas punched card.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Solomon Jr., Martin B.; Lovan, Nora Geraldine (1967). <i>Annotated Bibliography of Films in Automation, Data Processing, and Computer Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annotated+Bibliography+of+Films+in+Automation%2C+Data+Processing%2C+and+Computer+Science&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Solomon+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin+B.&rft.au=Lovan%2C+Nora+Geraldine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Dyson, George (1999-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/7.03/punchcards_pr.html">"The Undead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. Vol. 7, no. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709175240/https://www.wired.com/1999/03/punchcards/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+Undead&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1999-03-01&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F7.03%2Fpunchcards_pr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. Article about use of punched cards in the 1990s (Cardamation).)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Robert V. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613111742/https://www.computer.org/web/computingnow/annals/extras/cardsvol24n2">"Punched Cards: A Brief Tutorial"</a>. <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing: Web Extra</i>. <b>24</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/web/computingnow/annals/extras/cardsvol24n2">the original</a> on 2018-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing%3A+Web+Extra&rft.atitle=Punched+Cards%3A+A+Brief+Tutorial&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Fcomputingnow%2Fannals%2Fextras%2Fcardsvol24n2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Punch_card" class="extiw" title="commons:Punch card"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Punch card</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kloth.net/services/cardpunch.php">An Emulator for Punched cards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/chapman/p013.htm">Collected Information on Punched Card Codes</a>, Atlas Computer Laboratory, 1960</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_De_Palma" title="Brian De Palma">Brian De Palma</a> (Director) (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0256580/"><i>660124: The Story of an IBM Card</i></a> (Film).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=660124%3A+The+Story+of+an+IBM+Card&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0256580%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_W._Jones" title="Douglas W. Jones">Jones, Douglas W.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.cs.uiowa.edu/~dwjones/cards/">"Punched Cards"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punched+Cards&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Douglas+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.cs.uiowa.edu%2F~dwjones%2Fcards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+card" class="Z3988"></span> (Collection shows examples of left, right, and no corner cuts.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punctum.com/interest/punch/index.en.html">Punched Cards</a> – a collection at Gesellschaft für Software mbH</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/univac/cards.html">UNIVAC Punch Card Gallery</a> (Shows examples of both left and right corner cuts.)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper_data_storage_media" title="Template:Paper data storage media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper_data_storage_media" title="Template talk:Paper data storage media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper_data_storage_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper data storage media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper_data_storage_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paper_data_storage" title="Paper data storage">Paper data storage</a> media</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a> on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> (c. 3000 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a> (105 CE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_card" title="Index card">Index card</a> (1640s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">Punched tape</a> (mid-1800s)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punched card</a> (1880s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge-notched_card" title="Edge-notched card">Edge-notched card</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mark_recognition" title="Optical mark recognition">Optical mark recognition</a> (1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">Barcode</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183414#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183414#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183414#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036113-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Punched card systems"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85109085">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569033">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548544505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10632701">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&oldid=1259492421">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punched_card&oldid=1259492421</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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