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id="toc-Relationships_with_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Relationships with animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asperger_syndrome_and_interpersonal_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asperger_syndrome_and_interpersonal_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Asperger syndrome and interpersonal relationships</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asperger_syndrome_and_interpersonal_relationships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asperger syndrome and interpersonal relationships subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asperger_syndrome_and_interpersonal_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Social impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difficulties_in_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulties_in_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Difficulties in relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulties_in_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autism_rights_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autism_rights_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Autism rights movement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Autism_rights_movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Autism rights movement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Autism_rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autistic_pride" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autistic_pride"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Autistic pride</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autistic_pride-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autistic_culture_and_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autistic_culture_and_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Autistic culture and community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autistic_culture_and_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Globally</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_and_public_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_and_public_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Events and public recognition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events_and_public_recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Events and public recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Events_and_public_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Autism_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Autism_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>World Autism Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Autism_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_It_Up_Blue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_It_Up_Blue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Light It Up Blue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_It_Up_Blue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autism_Sunday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autism_Sunday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Autism Sunday</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autism_Sunday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autism_Awareness_Year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autism_Awareness_Year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Autism Awareness Year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autism_Awareness_Year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autistic_Pride_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autistic_Pride_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Autistic Pride Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autistic_Pride_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autistics_Speaking_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autistics_Speaking_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Autistics Speaking Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autistics_Speaking_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autism_Acceptance_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autism_Acceptance_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Autism Acceptance Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autism_Acceptance_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autism_Acceptance_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autism_Acceptance_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Autism Acceptance Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autism_Acceptance_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Autreat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twainbow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twainbow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Twainbow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twainbow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media portrayals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Societal and cultural aspects of autism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolo%C5%A1ke_i_kulturolo%C5%A1ke_zna%C4%8Dajke_autizma" title="Sociološke i kulturološke značajke autizma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sociološke i kulturološke značajke autizma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תרבות אוטיסטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרבות אוטיסטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspectos_socioculturais_do_autismo" title="Aspectos socioculturais do autismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aspectos 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movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_living" title="Independent living">Independent living movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-advocacy" title="Self-advocacy">Self-advocacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspies_For_Freedom" title="Aspies For Freedom">Aspies For Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Network_International" title="Autism Network International">Autism Network International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_Self_Advocacy_Network" 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class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_in_a_Row_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="All in a Row (play)">All in a Row</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative<br />communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism-friendly" title="Autism-friendly">Autism-friendly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autism_Speaks" title="Autism Speaks">Autism Speaks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_Shutdown" title="Communication Shutdown">Communication Shutdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_integration" title="Community integration">Community integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_autism" title="Controversies in autism">Controversies in autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinstitutionalisation" title="Deinstitutionalisation">Deinstitutionalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability-selective_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability-selective abortion">Disability-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_empathy_problem" title="Double empathy problem">Double empathy problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_of_autistic_people" title="Employment of autistic people">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_challenges_to_autism_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical challenges to autism treatment">Ethical challenges to autism 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for Learning">Universal Design for Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_autism" title="Violence and autism">Violence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Plank" title="Alex Plank">Alex Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ari_Ne%27eman" title="Ari Ne'eman">Ari Ne'eman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damian_Milton" title="Damian Milton">Damian Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lightwing" title="Daniel Lightwing">Daniel Lightwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Price" title="Devon Price">Devon Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Williams" title="Donna Williams">Donna Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govy" title="Govy">govy</a></li> <li><a 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Z. Brown">Lydia Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Baggs" title="Mel Baggs">Mel Baggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Dawson" title="Michelle Dawson">Michelle Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor%C3%A9nike_Giwa_Onaiwu" title="Morénike Giwa Onaiwu">Morénike Giwa Onaiwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Ann_Gernsbacher" title="Morton Ann Gernsbacher">Morton Ann Gernsbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Walker_(scholar)" title="Nick Walker (scholar)">Nick Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Chapman_(philosopher)" title="Robert Chapman (philosopher)">Robert Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Richard_Grinker" title="Roy Richard Grinker">Roy Richard Grinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shain_Neumeier" title="Shain Neumeier">Shain Neumeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shore_(professor)" title="Stephen Shore (professor)">Stephen Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Silberman" title="Steve Silberman">Steve Silberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Davenport_(filmmaker)" title="William Davenport (filmmaker)">William Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Remi_Yergeau" title="M. 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Remi Yergeau</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Films</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;font-style:italic;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Autistic" title="Citizen Autistic">Citizen Autistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deej" title="Deej">Deej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_Lampposts" title="Loving Lampposts">Loving Lampposts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotypical_(film)" title="Neurotypical (film)">Neurotypical</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_autism#Pathology_paradigm" title="Controversies in autism">Pro-cure perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_on_Severe_Autism" title="National Council on Severe Autism">National Council on Severe Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Belmonte" title="Matthew Belmonte">Matthew Belmonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Casanova" title="Manuel Casanova">Manuel Casanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Escher" title="Jill Escher">Jill Escher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fitzpatrick_(physician)" title="Michael Fitzpatrick (physician)">Michael Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hall_(photographer)" title="Bruce Hall (photographer)">Bruce Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miedzianik" title="David Miedzianik">David Miedzianik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mitchell_(writer)" title="Jonathan Mitchell (writer)">Jonathan Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alysson_Muotri" title="Alysson Muotri">Alysson Muotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Shestack" title="Jonathan Shestack">Jonathan Shestack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Singer" title="Alison Singer">Alison Singer</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Autism_rights_movement" title="Template:Autism rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autism_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Autism rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autism_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autism rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/250px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/375px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1700s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b>1800s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a><br /> </p> <b>1900s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a> · <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a> · <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociological_terminology" title="Category:Sociological terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociology_journals" title="List of sociology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociological_associations" title="List of sociological associations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sociology" title="Timeline of sociology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_by_country" title="Category:Sociology by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociology" title="Template:Sociology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociology" title="Template talk:Sociology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Societal and cultural aspects of autism</b> or <b>sociology of autism</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> come into play with recognition of <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, approaches to its support services and therapies, and how autism affects the definition of <a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">personhood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The autistic community is divided primarily into two camps: the <a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">autism rights movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">pathology paradigm</a>. The pathology paradigm advocates for supporting research into therapies, treatments, and/or a cure to help minimize or remove autistic traits, seeing treatment as vital to help individuals with autism, while the neurodiversity movement believes autism should be seen as a different way of being and advocates against a cure and interventions that focus on normalization (but do not oppose interventions that emphasize acceptance, adaptive skills building, or interventions that aim to reduce intrinsically harmful traits, behaviors, or conditions<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), seeing it as trying to exterminate autistic people and their individuality.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solomon3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are controversial in autism communities and advocacy which has led to significant infighting between these two camps.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the dominant <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> is the pathology paradigm and is followed largely by autism research and scientific communities, the neurodiversity movement is highly popular among most autistic people,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within autism advocacy, autism rights organizations, and related neurodiversity approaches have been rapidly growing and applied in the autism research field in the last few years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many autism-related events and celebrations; including <a href="/wiki/World_Autism_Awareness_Day" title="World Autism Awareness Day">World Autism Awareness Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autism_Sunday" title="Autism Sunday">Autism Sunday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autistic_Pride_Day" title="Autistic Pride Day">Autistic Pride Day</a>, and notable people have spoken about being autistic or are thought to be or have been autistic. Autism is diagnosed more frequently in males than in females.<sup id="cite_ref-BazelonGirls_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BazelonGirls-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although some prefer to use the <a href="/wiki/People-first_language" title="People-first language">person-first terminology</a> <i>person with autism</i>, other members of the autistic community prefer identity-first terminology, such as <i>autistic person</i> or <i>autistic</i> in formal English, to stress that autism is a part of their identity rather than a disease they have.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmon_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, phrases like <i>suffers from autism</i> are objectionable to many people.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmon_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The autistic community has developed a number of commonly used terms, such as: </p> <ul><li><i>Aspie</i> – a person with <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SanerDisease_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanerDisease-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Autie</i> or <i>Autist</i> – an autistic person. It can be contrasted with <i>aspie</i> to refer to those specifically diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Classic_autism" title="Classic autism">classic autism</a> or another autism spectrum disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Autistics and cousins</i> – a cover term including aspies, auties, and their "cousins", i.e. people with some autistic traits but no formal diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Curebie</i> – a person with the desire to <a href="/wiki/Autism_therapies" title="Autism therapies">cure autism</a>. This term is highly derogatory.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmon_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></i> – tolerance of people regardless of <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurological</a> makeup.<sup id="cite_ref-BlumeAtlantic_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlumeAtlantic-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neurotypical" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotypical">Neurotypical</a></i> – a person who does not have any developmental or neurological disorders. Often used to describe an individual who is not on the autism spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Allistic</i> – a person who is not autistic but may or may not be neurodivergent in other ways, for example, a dyslexic person, or someone with ADHD.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally and commonly, however, it is used satirically to describe those without autism.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Autism spectrum disorders; DSM-5; Diagnostic criteria-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (<a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a>) is the 2013 update to the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>'s classification and diagnostic tool. In the United States, the DSM serves as a universal authority for psychiatric diagnosis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autistic_adults">Autistic adults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Autistic adults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communication and social problems often cause difficulties in many areas of an autistic adult's life.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 study found that adults with ASD commonly experience difficulty starting social interactions, a longing for greater intimacy, a profound sense of isolation, and effort to develop greater social or self-awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A much smaller proportion of adult autistics marry than the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsatsanis_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsatsanis-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been hypothesized that autistic people are subject to <a href="/wiki/Assortative_mating" title="Assortative mating">assortative mating</a>; they tend to pair with each other and raise autistic offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis has been publicized in the popular press<sup id="cite_ref-Silberman_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silberman-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is supported by empirical evidence. Out of eleven conditions assessed in one study, participants with autism spectrum disorder exhibited the highest rates of assortative mating.<sup id="cite_ref-NordslettenEtAl_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NordslettenEtAl-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British psychologist <a href="/wiki/Simon_Baron-Cohen" title="Simon Baron-Cohen">Simon Baron-Cohen</a> said that an increasingly technological society has opened up niches for people with Asperger syndrome, who may choose fields that are "highly systematised and predictable". People with AS could do well in workplace roles that are "system-centered, and connect with the nitty-gritty detail of the product or the system".<sup id="cite_ref-ElseDifferent_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElseDifferent-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autistic_savants">Autistic savants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Autistic savants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></div> <p>An <i>autistic savant</i> is an autistic person with extreme talent in one or more areas of study. Although there is a common association between <a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">savant syndrome</a> and autism (an association made popular by the 1988 film <i><a href="/wiki/Rain_Man" title="Rain Man">Rain Man</a></i>), most autistic people are not savants and savantism is not unique to autistic people, though there does seem to be some relation. One in ten autistic people may have notable abilities, but prodigious <a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">savants</a> like <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wiltshire" title="Stephen Wiltshire">Stephen Wiltshire</a> are very rare; only about 100 such people have been described/identified in the century since savants were first identified, and there are only about 25 living identified prodigious savants worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_aspects">Gender aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gender aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autistic_women">Autistic women</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Autistic women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, autism was thought of as a condition mostly affecting males. Some studies found that males were up to four times more likely than females to be <a href="/wiki/Autism#Epidemiology" title="Autism">diagnosed as autistic</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and among those with <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome#Epidemiology" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a> or "<a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">high-functioning autism</a>", males were up to ten times more likely to be diagnosed.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be due to the fact that many of the diagnostic tools used to diagnose autism have been crafted through the observation of males on the autism spectrum and are therefore more likely to identify men and boys with autism than their female counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, the research and support surrounding autistic people has been male-centric; women and non-binary people are seriously underrepresented.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many autistic women, the lack of diagnosis or a late diagnosis results in them missing out on supports and interventions that are most valuable when implemented at a younger age.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those females who do receive a diagnosis and are provided with those supports, they often have to face the fact that many of them have been created with males in mind and may not acknowledge the physical, psychological, and societal differences that females face.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some autistic women find themselves misdiagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorders</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">avoidant personality disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">schizoid personality disorder</a>. Autistic females are "research orphans" according to Yale's <a href="/wiki/Ami_Klin" title="Ami Klin">Ami Klin</a>; some drugs used to treat <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyperactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperactivity">hyperactivity</a> that may accompany autism are rarely tested on autistic females.<sup id="cite_ref-BazelonGirls_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BazelonGirls-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autism may express differently in the sexes, with many females on the spectrum presenting more subtly than males and may be more adept at developing more sophisticated social <a href="/wiki/Autistic_masking" title="Autistic masking">masking</a> behaviors. As such, females with more prominent difficulties are more likely to be diagnosed than those who present differently.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autistic females are more likely to develop a more sophisticated social camouflage for a variety of reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One theory as to why is that women as a whole face more complex social expectations than men, creating a greater need to "prepare more thoroughly for social situations, or risk ostracism".<sup id="cite_ref-:03_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another theory suggests that women on the spectrum have a more inborn need for social interaction than their male counterparts, leading many women and girls to be more invested in creating social camouflage strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These strategies are developed in a variety of ways such as observing and copying the social interactions of those around them as well as creating strategies to attempt to "go undetected". These coping mechanisms can take an immense amount of time and energy to learn and practice and can, as Dr. Shana Nicols states, "more often than not lead to exhaustion, withdrawal, anxiety, selective mutism, and depression".<sup id="cite_ref-:13_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women may be more concerned with how they are viewed by peers and the failure to connect with people outside of their immediate family could lead to severe anxiety or <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">clinical depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BazelonGirls_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BazelonGirls-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autistic girls who have "normal" intelligence may be more socially disadvantaged than males because of the "rising level of social interaction that comes in middle school", when girls' "friendships often hinge on attention to feelings and lots of rapid and nuanced communication".<sup id="cite_ref-BazelonGirls_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BazelonGirls-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autistic girls may suffer additionally by being placed in specialized educational programs, where they will be surrounded by males and further isolated from female social contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-BazelonGirls_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BazelonGirls-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women and girls on the autism spectrum often "internalize feelings of frustration and failure"<sup id="cite_ref-:13_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are believed to have higher rates of certain <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">comorbidities</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> (36 and 34 percent respectively),<sup id="cite_ref-:13_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due in large part to the desire for along with the difficulties in finding social inclusion along with other social and sensory challenges. Lack of diagnosis can also lead autistic women to have higher rates of depression, anxiety, and <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a> issues as they are left without a clear understanding as to why they do not "fit in" with their peers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females on the spectrum also seem to have higher rates of eating disorders, such as anorexia, than other females. This may be related to social isolation and elevated levels of anxiety along with a need to control their environment more fully,<sup id="cite_ref-:03_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a complicating factor which is just being explored in the scientific literature is that <a href="/wiki/Functional_disorder" title="Functional disorder">functional disorders</a> of eating and digestion such as <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">IBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">GERD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">food allergies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastroparesis" title="Gastroparesis">gastroparesis</a> et al, as well as sensory issues common in autistic people generally, may contribute heavily to "disordered eating" behavior which is physical, sensory, allergic, or pain-related rather than psychological.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although both males and females on the spectrum have a higher risk of experiencing bullying, these experiences often present differently based on gender.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although sample sizes are too small to draw firm conclusions, one study suggests that autistic women are less likely than males over the long term to marry, have families, go to college, have careers, and live independently. An intense interest in specific topics plays a significant factor in the lives of those on the <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum</a> of both genders. Females on the spectrum may focus on different topics than their male counterparts; autistic females rarely have interests in numbers or have stores of specialized knowledge,<sup id="cite_ref-BazelonGirls_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BazelonGirls-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the intense interests of autistic females can be overlooked as they are often seen to be more applicable to a broader section of society.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both males and females with autism deal with the same core symptom, but when those symptoms are mixed with ideas of gender, they can offer very different lived experiences for females than their male counterparts. The profile of autism may change as more is understood about females, whose autism may go undiagnosed.<sup id="cite_ref-BazelonGirls_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BazelonGirls-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_identity_and_sexual_orientation">Gender identity and sexual orientation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gender identity and sexual orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBT_identities" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism and LGBT identities">Autism and LGBT identities</a></div> <p>In recent years (as of 2022), research has suggested overlap between people with autism and a non-<a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexual</a> identity (with autistic people more likely to be identified as <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexual</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as an overlap with a <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> identity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently unclear whether this correlation exists due to any innate characteristic of autism that may also cause unusual discrepancies in sex or gender,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or whether it is the result of exposing a group of people who experience difficulty in (or resistance to) abidance with social norms, including those related to gender, to sexism and gender stereotypes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_with_animals">Relationships with animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationships with animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TempleGrandin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/TempleGrandin.jpg/150px-TempleGrandin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/TempleGrandin.jpg/225px-TempleGrandin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/TempleGrandin.jpg/300px-TempleGrandin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="2955" /></a><figcaption>Temple Grandin</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a>, autistic designer of cattle handling systems, said that one reason she can easily figure out how a cow would react is because autistic people can easily "think the way that animals think".<sup id="cite_ref-GeorgeAnimals_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeorgeAnimals-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Grandin, animals do not have "complex emotions such as <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a>" and they do not think in language. She says that, although not everything about animals is like an autistic person, the similarity is that they think visually and without language. She says people do not make this connection because the study of autism and the study of animal behavior are parallel disciplines involving different individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-GeorgeAnimals_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeorgeAnimals-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these similarities, the degree to which autistic individuals can be said to think like animals remains undetermined; non-human animals, as well as humans, have evolved cognitive specializations that may or may not share characteristics with other species.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Prince-Hughes" title="Dawn Prince-Hughes">Dawn Prince-Hughes</a>, diagnosed with Asperger's, describes her observations of gorillas in <i>Songs of the Gorilla Nation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asperger_syndrome_and_interpersonal_relationships"><span class="anchor" id="Asperger_syndrome_and_relationships"></span> Asperger syndrome and interpersonal relationships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Asperger syndrome and interpersonal relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individuals with <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a> (AS) may develop problems in their abilities to engage successfully in <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">interpersonal relationships</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_impact">Social impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asperger syndrome may lead to problems in <a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">social interaction</a> with peers. These problems can be severe or mild depending on the individual. People with AS are often the target of bullying behavior. Children with AS are often the target of <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> at school due to their <a href="/wiki/Idiosyncrasy" title="Idiosyncrasy">idiosyncratic</a> behavior, precise language, unusual interests, and impaired ability to perceive and respond in socially expected ways to <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">nonverbal</a> cues, particularly in interpersonal conflict, which results in them being sought out by classmates and <a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">rejected</a>. People with AS may be overly literal and may have difficulty interpreting and responding to <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banter" class="mw-redirect" title="Banter">banter</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorical</a> speech. Difficulties with social interaction may also manifest in a lack of play with other children.<sup id="cite_ref-Attwood-p58_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attwood-p58-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The above problems can even arise in the family; given an unfavorable family environment, the child may be subject to <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">emotional abuse</a>. A child, teen, or adult with AS is often puzzled by this mistreatment, unaware of what has been done incorrectly. Unlike with other <a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">pervasive development disorders</a>, most persons with AS want to be social, but fail to socialize successfully, which can lead to later withdrawal and asocial behavior, especially in adolescence.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this stage of life especially, they risk being drawn into unsuitable and inappropriate friendships and social groups. People with AS often interact better with those considerably older or younger than themselves, rather than those within their own age group.<sup id="cite_ref-Attwood-p58_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attwood-p58-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children with AS often display advanced abilities for their age in language, <a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">reading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">spatial skills</a>, or music—sometimes into the "gifted" range—but this may be counterbalanced by considerable delays in other developmental areas, like <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">verbal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">nonverbal communication</a> or some lack of <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">motor coordination</a>. This combination of traits can lead to problems with teachers and other <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority figures</a>. A child with AS might be regarded by teachers as a "problem child" or a "poor performer". The child's extremely low tolerance for what they perceive to be ordinary and mundane tasks, such as typical homework assignments, can easily become frustrating; a teacher may well consider the child arrogant, spiteful, and <a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">insubordinate</a>. Lack of support and understanding, in combination with the child's anxieties, can result in problematic behavior (such as severe tantrums, <a href="/wiki/Violence_and_autism" title="Violence and autism">violent and angry outbursts</a>, and withdrawal).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Employment_of_autistic_people" title="Employment of autistic people">Employment of autistic people</a> may be difficult. The impaired social skills can be likely to interfere with the interview process—and people with often superior skills can be passed over due to these conflicts with interviewers. Once hired, autistic people may continue to have difficulty with interpersonal communications.<sup id="cite_ref-Mawhood,_Lynn_1999_pp._229_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mawhood,_Lynn_1999_pp._229-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">Homelessness</a> is very common among autistic people.<sup id="cite_ref-Mawhood,_Lynn_1999_pp._229_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mawhood,_Lynn_1999_pp._229-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some researchers have suggested that autistic individuals are less likely to self-enhance their reputation compared to those without autism, others argue that autistic individuals do not have less of a desire for self-enhancement than non-autistic individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difficulties_in_relationships">Difficulties in relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Difficulties in relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two traits sometimes found in AS individuals are <a href="/wiki/Mind-blindness" title="Mind-blindness">mind-blindness</a> (the inability to predict the beliefs and intentions of others) and <a href="/wiki/Alexithymia" title="Alexithymia">alexithymia</a> (the inability to identify and interpret emotional signals in oneself or others), which reduce the ability to be empathetically attuned to others.<sup id="cite_ref-cc_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fmri_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmri-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexithymia in AS functions as an independent variable relying on different neural networks than those implicated in <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a> (ToM).<sup id="cite_ref-cc_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fmri_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmri-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, a lack of ToM in AS may be a result of a lack of information available to the mind due to the operation of the alexithymic deficit.<sup id="cite_ref-cc_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fmri_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmri-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second issue related to alexithymia involves the inability to identify and modulate strong emotions such as sadness or anger, which leaves the individual prone to "sudden affective outbursts such as crying or rage".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Tony_Attwood" title="Tony Attwood">Tony Attwood</a>, the inability to express feelings using words may also predispose the individual to use physical acts to articulate the mood and release the emotional energy.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People with AS report a feeling of being detached against their will from the world around them ("on the outside looking in"). They may have difficulty finding a life partner or getting married due to poor social skills.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsatsanis_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsatsanis-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complexity and inconsistency of the social world can pose an extreme challenge for individuals with AS. In the UK Asperger's is covered by the Disability Discrimination Act; those with AS who get treated badly because of it may have some redress. The first case was <i>Hewett v Motorola 2004</i><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sometimes referred to as Hewitt) and the second was <i>Isles v Ealing Council</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same applies in the United States with the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/ADA_Amendments_Act_of_2008" title="ADA Amendments Act of 2008">amended in 2008</a> to include autism spectrum disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The intense focus and tendency to work things out logically often grants people with AS a high level of ability in their field of interest. When these special interests coincide with a materially or socially useful task, the person with AS can lead a profitable career and a fulfilled life. The child obsessed with a specific area may succeed in employment related to that area.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Elizabeth Fein, the dynamic of <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing games</a> is especially positive and attractive to people on the autism spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social information exchanged in these games are explicit, top-down and systematic and they follow a set of shared abstract rules. Baez and Rattazzi showed that interpreting the implicit social information of daily life is difficult for autistics.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the fact that AS individuals are commonly known to lack ToM, recent research has suggested that ToM may be not only present in AS individuals but also act differently compared to neurotypicals as suggested in the <a href="/wiki/Double_empathy_problem" title="Double empathy problem">double empathy problem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autistic ToM is simply based on the use of rules and <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also suggested that people on the autism spectrum can understand and predict the thoughts and motivations of each other better than neurotypicals can, and autistic interactions may display even greater social signals of shared enjoyment, ease, and rapport when interacting.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means AS individuals present mind-blindness and alexithymia towards neurotypicals and vice versa due to bidirectional differences in communication style as well as a reciprocal lack of understanding since the two neurotypes clash. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autism_rights_movement">Autism rights movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Autism rights movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Autism rainbow infinity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg/236px-Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="236" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg/354px-Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg/472px-Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>The rainbow-colored <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinity</a> symbol represents the diversity of the autism spectrum. Opinions are divided on replacing jigsaw puzzle-piece based symbols to represent autism.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="display:block;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity paradigm</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pastel_Neurodiversity_Symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pastel_Neurodiversity_Symbol.png/150px-Pastel_Neurodiversity_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pastel_Neurodiversity_Symbol.png/225px-Pastel_Neurodiversity_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pastel_Neurodiversity_Symbol.png/300px-Pastel_Neurodiversity_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="841" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_living" title="Independent living">Independent living movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-advocacy" title="Self-advocacy">Self-advocacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspies_For_Freedom" title="Aspies For Freedom">Aspies For Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Network_International" title="Autism Network International">Autism Network International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_Self_Advocacy_Network" title="Autistic Self Advocacy Network">Autistic Self Advocacy Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Autistic_Society" title="National Autistic Society">National Autistic Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Autism Acceptance Day & Month</li> <li>Autism History Month</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_Pride_Day" title="Autistic Pride Day">Autistic Pride Day</a></li> <li>Autscape</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Day_of_Mourning" title="Disability Day of Mourning">Disability Day of Mourning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity_Celebration_Week" title="Neurodiversity Celebration Week">Neurodiversity Celebration Week</a></li> <li>Weird Pride Day</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_in_a_Row_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="All in a Row (play)">All in a Row</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative<br />communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism-friendly" title="Autism-friendly">Autism-friendly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autism_Speaks" title="Autism Speaks">Autism Speaks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_Shutdown" title="Communication Shutdown">Communication Shutdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_integration" title="Community integration">Community integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_autism" title="Controversies in autism">Controversies in autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinstitutionalisation" title="Deinstitutionalisation">Deinstitutionalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability-selective_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability-selective abortion">Disability-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_empathy_problem" title="Double empathy problem">Double empathy problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_of_autistic_people" title="Employment of autistic people">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_challenges_to_autism_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical challenges to autism treatment">Ethical challenges to autism treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicide" title="Filicide">Filicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">Inclusion in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion as a right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge_Rotenberg_Center" title="Judge Rotenberg Center">Judge Rotenberg Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity_and_labor_rights" title="Neurodiversity and labor rights">Neurodiversity and labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Societal and cultural aspects of autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Design_for_Learning" title="Universal Design for Learning">Universal Design for Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_autism" title="Violence and autism">Violence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Plank" title="Alex Plank">Alex Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ari_Ne%27eman" title="Ari Ne'eman">Ari Ne'eman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damian_Milton" title="Damian Milton">Damian Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lightwing" title="Daniel Lightwing">Daniel Lightwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Price" title="Devon Price">Devon Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Williams" title="Donna Williams">Donna Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govy" title="Govy">govy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sinclair_(activist)" title="Jim Sinclair (activist)">Jim Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elder_Robison" title="John Elder Robison">John Elder Robison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schovanec" title="Josef Schovanec">Josef Schovanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Singer" title="Judy Singer">Judy Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Bascom" title="Julia Bascom">Julia Bascom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_X._Z._Brown" title="Lydia X. Z. Brown">Lydia Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Baggs" title="Mel Baggs">Mel Baggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Dawson" title="Michelle Dawson">Michelle Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor%C3%A9nike_Giwa_Onaiwu" title="Morénike Giwa Onaiwu">Morénike Giwa Onaiwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Ann_Gernsbacher" title="Morton Ann Gernsbacher">Morton Ann Gernsbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Walker_(scholar)" title="Nick Walker (scholar)">Nick Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Chapman_(philosopher)" title="Robert Chapman (philosopher)">Robert Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Richard_Grinker" title="Roy Richard Grinker">Roy Richard Grinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shain_Neumeier" title="Shain Neumeier">Shain Neumeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shore_(professor)" title="Stephen Shore (professor)">Stephen Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Silberman" title="Steve Silberman">Steve Silberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Davenport_(filmmaker)" title="William Davenport (filmmaker)">William Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Remi_Yergeau" title="M. Remi Yergeau">M. Remi Yergeau</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Films</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;font-style:italic;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Autistic" title="Citizen Autistic">Citizen Autistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deej" title="Deej">Deej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_Lampposts" title="Loving Lampposts">Loving Lampposts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotypical_(film)" title="Neurotypical (film)">Neurotypical</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_autism#Pathology_paradigm" title="Controversies in autism">Pro-cure perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_on_Severe_Autism" title="National Council on Severe Autism">National Council on Severe Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Belmonte" title="Matthew Belmonte">Matthew Belmonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Casanova" title="Manuel Casanova">Manuel Casanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Escher" title="Jill Escher">Jill Escher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fitzpatrick_(physician)" title="Michael Fitzpatrick (physician)">Michael Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hall_(photographer)" title="Bruce Hall (photographer)">Bruce Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miedzianik" title="David Miedzianik">David Miedzianik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mitchell_(writer)" title="Jonathan Mitchell (writer)">Jonathan Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alysson_Muotri" title="Alysson Muotri">Alysson Muotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Shestack" title="Jonathan Shestack">Jonathan Shestack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Singer" title="Alison Singer">Alison Singer</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Autism_rights_movement" title="Template:Autism rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autism_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Autism rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autism_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autism rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></div> <p>The autism rights movement is a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> within the context of <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">disability rights</a> that emphasizes the concept of <a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">neurodiversity</a>, viewing the <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum</a> as a result of natural variations in the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a> rather than a disorder/disease to be cured.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ARM advocates a variety of goals, including greater acceptance of autistic behaviors;<sup id="cite_ref-AAP_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAP-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therapies that focus on coping skills rather than imitating the behaviors of <a href="/wiki/Neurotypical" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotypical">neurotypical</a> peers;<sup id="cite_ref-AFF_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFF-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the creation of social networks and events that allow autistic people to socialize on their own terms;<sup id="cite_ref-Autreat_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autreat-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the recognition of the autistic community as a <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autism rights or neurodiversity advocates believe that the autism spectrum is genetic and should be accepted as a natural expression of the <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a>. This perspective is distinct from two other likewise distinct views: the medical perspective, that autism is caused by a genetic defect and should be addressed by targeting the autism gene(s), and the <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">fringe theory</a> that autism is caused by environmental factors like <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> and could be cured by addressing environmental causes.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement is controversial.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> There are a wide variety of both supportive and critical opinions about the movement among people who are autistic or associated with autistic people. A common criticism leveled against autistic activists is that the majority of them are "<a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">high-functioning</a>" or have <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a> and do not represent the views of "<a href="/wiki/Low-functioning_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-functioning autism">low-functioning</a>" autistic people.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autistic_pride">Autistic pride</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Autistic pride"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Autistic_Pride_Day" title="Autistic Pride Day">Autistic Pride Day</a></div> <p>Autistic pride refers to pride in autism and shifting views of autism from "disease" to "difference". Autistic pride emphasizes the innate potential in all human phenotypic expressions and celebrates the diversity various neurological types express. </p><p>Autistic pride asserts that autistic people are not impaired or damaged; rather, they have a unique set of characteristics that provide them many rewards and challenges, not unlike their non-autistic peers.<sup id="cite_ref-SanerDisease_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanerDisease-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPRAutism_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPRAutism-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-INTO_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INTO-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Autism_therapies" title="Autism therapies">Curing autism</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Ethical_challenges_to_autism_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical challenges to autism treatment">controversial</a> and politicized issue. The "autistic community" can be divided into several groups. Some seek a cure for autism—sometimes dubbed as <i>pro-cure</i>—while others consider a cure unnecessary or unethical,<sup id="cite_ref-Harmon_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SanerDisease_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanerDisease-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or feel that autism conditions are not harmful or detrimental.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmon_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it may be seen as an evolutionary adaptation to an ecological niche by some environmentalists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the more radical autism rights campaigners.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autistic_culture_and_community">Autistic culture and community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Autistic culture and community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="389" data-mwtitle="Bookbits_-_2011-05-03_John_Elder_Robison-Be_Different.vorb.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bookbits_-_2011-05-03_John_Elder_Robison-Be_Different.vorb.oga"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Bookbits_-_2011-05-03_John_Elder_Robison-Be_Different.vorb.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Bookbits_-_2011-05-03_John_Elder_Robison-Be_Different.vorb.oga/Bookbits_-_2011-05-03_John_Elder_Robison-Be_Different.vorb.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Elder_Robison" title="John Elder Robison">John Elder Robison</a> talks about Be Different on Bookbits radio</figcaption></figure> <p>With the recent increases in autism recognition and new approaches to educating and socializing autistics, an autistic culture has begun to develop. Autistic culture is based on a belief that autism is a unique way of being and not a disorder to be cured.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmon_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Aspie world</i>, as it is sometimes called, contains people with <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a> (AS) and <a href="/wiki/High_functioning_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="High functioning autism">high functioning autism</a> (HFA), and can be linked to three historical trends: the emergence of AS and HFA as labels, the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">disability rights movement</a>, and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Autistic communities exist both online and offline; many people use these for support and communication with others like themselves, as the social limitations of autism sometimes make it difficult to make friends, to establish support within general society, and to construct an identity within society.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because many autistics find it easier to communicate online than in person, a large number of online resources are available.<sup id="cite_ref-NPRAutism_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPRAutism-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some autistic individuals learn <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a>, participate in online <a href="/wiki/Chat_room" title="Chat room">chat rooms</a>, discussion boards, and websites, or use communication devices at autism-community social events such as <a href="/wiki/Autism_Network_International" title="Autism Network International">Autreat</a>. The Internet helps bypass non-verbal cues and emotional sharing that some autistics tend to have difficulty with.<sup id="cite_ref-BlumeNYT_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlumeNYT-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BlumeMIT_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlumeMIT-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gives autistic individuals a way to communicate and form online communities.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conducting work, conversation and interviews online in chat rooms, rather than via phone calls or personal contact, help level the playing field for many autistics.<sup id="cite_ref-TrivediProud_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrivediProud-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>New York Times</i> article said "the impact of the Internet on autistics may one day be compared in magnitude to the spread of sign language among the deaf" because it opens new opportunities for communication by filtering out "sensory overload that impedes communication among autistics".<sup id="cite_ref-BlumeNYT_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlumeNYT-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globally">Globally</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Globally"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Global_perceptions_of_autism" title="Global perceptions of autism">Global perceptions of autism</a></div> <p>Autistic people may be perceived differently from country to country. For example, many Africans have spiritual beliefs about psychiatric disorders, which extends into perceived causes of autism.<sup id="cite_ref-hughes2012_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughes2012-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one survey of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigerian</a> pediatric or psychiatric nurses, 40% cited preternatural causes of autism such as ancestral spirits or the action of the devil.<sup id="cite_ref-hughes2012_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughes2012-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_and_public_recognition">Events and public recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Events and public recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Autism_Day">World Autism Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: World Autism Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Autism_Awareness_Day" title="World Autism Awareness Day">World Autism Awareness Day</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_it_Up_Blue_-_World_Autism_Awareness_Day_(8613785933).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Light_it_Up_Blue_-_World_Autism_Awareness_Day_%288613785933%29.jpg/220px-Light_it_Up_Blue_-_World_Autism_Awareness_Day_%288613785933%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Light_it_Up_Blue_-_World_Autism_Awareness_Day_%288613785933%29.jpg/330px-Light_it_Up_Blue_-_World_Autism_Awareness_Day_%288613785933%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Light_it_Up_Blue_-_World_Autism_Awareness_Day_%288613785933%29.jpg/440px-Light_it_Up_Blue_-_World_Autism_Awareness_Day_%288613785933%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Minnesota governor <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dayton" title="Mark Dayton">Mark Dayton</a> declared the World Autism Awareness Day on 2 April 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>World Autism Day, also called <a href="/wiki/World_Autism_Awareness_Day" title="World Autism Awareness Day">World Autism Awareness Day</a>, is marked on 2 April. It was designated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> at the end of 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 April 2009, activists left 150 strollers near <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in New York City to raise awareness that one in 150 children is estimated to be autistic.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many celebration activities all over the world on 2 April—World Autism Day. "Autism knows no geographic boundaries—it affects individuals and families on every continent and in every country", said Suzanne Wright, co-founder of the group <a href="/wiki/Autism_Speaks" title="Autism Speaks">Autism Speaks</a>. "The celebration of World Autism Awareness Day is an important way to help the world better understand the scope of this health crisis and the need for compassion and acceptance for those living with autism. This remarkable day—the first of many to come—promises to be a time of great hope and happiness as we work to build a global autism community."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_It_Up_Blue">Light It Up Blue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Light It Up Blue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Autism_Speaks" title="Autism Speaks">Autism Speaks</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Light_It_Up_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Light It Up Blue">Light It Up Blue</a> initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Light It Up Blue sees prominent buildings across the world—including the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> in New York City and the <a href="/wiki/CN_Tower" title="CN Tower">CN Tower</a> in Toronto, Ontario, Canada—turn their lights blue to raise awareness for autism and to commemorate World Autism Awareness Day.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Autism Speaks group is not well received by most autism rights activists, due to their lack of incorporation of perspectives of actual autistic people in their work, and their focus on searching for a 'cure'.<sup id="cite_ref-Willlingham_2013_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willlingham_2013-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autism_Sunday">Autism Sunday</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Autism Sunday"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autism_Sunday" title="Autism Sunday">Autism Sunday</a></div> <p>Autism Sunday is a global Christian event, observed on the second Sunday of February. It is supported by church leaders and organizations around the world. The event started as a small idea in the front room of British autism campaigners, Ivan and Charika Corea. It is now a huge event celebrated in many countries. Autism Sunday was launched in London in 2002 with a historic service at St. Paul's Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autism_Awareness_Year">Autism Awareness Year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Autism Awareness Year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autism_awareness_ribbon-20051114.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Autism_awareness_ribbon-20051114.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption>Autism awareness ribbon – not supported by many autistic people.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The year 2002 was declared Autism Awareness Year in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>—this idea was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Autism_Awareness_Campaign_UK" title="Autism Awareness Campaign UK">Ivan and Charika Corea</a>, parents of an autistic child, Charin.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autism Awareness Year was led by the British Institute of Brain Injured Children, Disabilities Trust, The Shirley Foundation, <a href="/wiki/National_Autistic_Society" title="National Autistic Society">National Autistic Society</a>, Autism London and 800 organizations in the United Kingdom. It had the personal backing of British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first ever occasion of partnership working on autism on such a huge scale. 2002 Autism Awareness Year helped raise awareness of the serious issues concerning autism and Asperger's Syndrome across the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major conference, Autism 2002 was held at the King's Fund in London with debates in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> in Westminster. Autism awareness ribbons were worn to mark the year.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British autism advocates want autistic people acknowledged as a minority rather than as disabled, because they say that "disability discrimination laws don't protect those who are not disabled but who 'still have something that makes them look or act differently from other people.'"<sup id="cite_ref-SanerDisease_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanerDisease-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the autism community is split over this issue, and some view this notion as radical.<sup id="cite_ref-SanerDisease_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanerDisease-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autistic_Pride_Day">Autistic Pride Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Autistic Pride Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autistic_Pride_Day" title="Autistic Pride Day">Autistic Pride Day</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Autistic_Pride_Day" title="Autistic Pride Day">Autistic Pride Day</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Aspies_For_Freedom" title="Aspies For Freedom">Aspies For Freedom</a> initiative celebrated on 18 June each year. It is a day for celebrating the neurodiversity of autistic people. Modeled after <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride">gay pride</a> events, they often compare their efforts to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT social movements">LGBT social movements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SanerDisease_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanerDisease-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autistics_Speaking_Day">Autistics Speaking Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Autistics Speaking Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Autistics_Speaking_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Autistics Speaking Day">Autistics Speaking Day</a> (ASDay), 1 November, is a self-advocacy campaign run by autistic people to raise awareness and challenge negative stereotypes about autism by speaking for themselves and sharing their stories. The first one was held in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one of the founders, Corina Becker, the main goal of ASDay is "to acknowledge our difficulties while sharing our strengths, passions, and interests".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea for the event developed out of opposition to a "Communication Shutdown" fundraising campaign led by Autism Speaks that year, which had asked for participants to "simulate" having autism by staying away from all forms of online communication for one day.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autism_Acceptance_Project">Autism Acceptance Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Autism Acceptance Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006 the Autism Acceptance Project was founded by Estée Klar, the mother of an autistic child, with help from an autistic advisory and board.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project's mission statement is, "The Autism Acceptance Project is dedicated to promoting acceptance of and accommodations for autistic people in society." The project is primarily supported by autistic people and their supporters. The goal is to create a positive perspective of autism and to accept autism as a part of life with its trials and tribulations. The project is also working to enable autistic people to gain the right to advocate for themselves (along with their supporters) in all policy decision formats from government to a general committee. By providing an abundance of resources, the project is able to reach a multitude of audiences using a Web site along with lectures and exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autism_Acceptance_Day">Autism Acceptance Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Autism Acceptance Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, the first Autism Acceptance Day celebrations were organized by Paula Durbin Westby, as a response to traditional "Autism Awareness" campaigns which the Autistic community found harmful and insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-autismacceptancemonth1_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autismacceptancemonth1-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autism Acceptance Day is now held every April.<sup id="cite_ref-autismacceptancemonth1_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autismacceptancemonth1-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Awareness" focuses on informing others of the existence of autism while "acceptance" pushes towards validating and honoring the autism community. By providing tools and educational material, people are encouraged to embrace the challenges autistic people face and celebrate their strengths. Rather than making autism into a crippling disability, acceptance integrates those on the autistic spectrum into everyday society. Instead of encouraging people to wear blue as Autism Awareness Day does, Autism Acceptance Day encourages people to wear red.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autreat">Autreat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Autreat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Autreat" class="mw-redirect" title="Autreat">Autreat</a>—an annual autistic gathering—participants compared their movement to gay rights activists, or the Deaf culture, where sign language is preferred over surgery that might restore hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmon_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other local organizations have also arisen: for example, a European counterpart, Autscape, was created around 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Gal_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gal-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twainbow">Twainbow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Twainbow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twainbow is an advocacy organization that provides awareness, education, and support for autistic people who identify as lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender (<a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to its founder, "Twainbow is a portmanteau of 'twain' (meaning 'two') and 'rainbow.' Those who are both LGBT and autistic live under two rainbows—the rainbow flag and the autism spectrum." The company also introduced an LGBT+ autism <a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">pride flag</a> representing the population.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Donald_Triplett" title="Donald Triplett">Donald Triplett</a> was the first person diagnosed with autism.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was diagnosed by Kanner after being first examined in 1938, and was labeled as "case 1".<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Triplett was noted for his savant abilities, particularly being able to name musical notes played on a piano and to mentally multiply numbers. His father, Oliver, described him as socially withdrawn but interested in number patterns, music notes, letters of the alphabet, and U.S. president pictures. By the age of two, he had the ability to recite the 23rd Psalm and memorized 25 questions and answers from the Presbyterian <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a>. He was also interested in creating musical chords.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autism spectrum disorders received increasing attention from <a href="/wiki/Social-science" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-science">social-science</a> scholars in the early 2000s, with the goals of improving support services and therapies, arguing that autism should be tolerated as a difference not a disorder, and by how autism affects the definition of personhood and identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociological research has also investigated how social institutions, particularly families, cope with the challenges associated with autism.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_portrayals">Media portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Media portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorders_in_the_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum disorders in the media">Autism spectrum disorders in the media</a></div> <p>Much of the public perception of autism is based on its portrayals in biographies, movies, novels, and TV series. Many of these portrayals have been inaccurate, and have contributed to a divergence between public perception and the clinical reality of autism.<sup id="cite_ref-Trapped_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trapped-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Mozart_and_the_Whale" title="Mozart and the Whale">Mozart and the Whale</a></i> (2005), the opening scene gives four clues that a leading character has <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a>, and two of these clues are <a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">extraordinary savant</a> skills. The savant skills are not needed in the film, but in the movies savant skills have become a stereotype for the autism spectrum, because of the incorrect assertion that most autistic people are savants.<sup id="cite_ref-Draaisma_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draaisma-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some works from the 1970s have autistic characters,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2016)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> who are rarely labeled.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, in the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC2</a> television miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Politician%27s_Husband" title="The Politician's Husband">The Politician's Husband</a></i> (2013), the impact of Noah Hoynes' Aspergers on the boy's behavior and on his family, and steps Noah's loved ones take to accommodate and address it, are prominent plot points in all three episodes. </p><p>Popular media have depicted special talents of some autistic people, including <a href="/wiki/Splinter_skill" title="Splinter skill">exceptional abilities</a> as seen in the 1988 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Rain_Man" title="Rain Man">Rain Man</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such portrayals have been criticized by both scientific studies and media analysts over the years for fostering a pigeonholing image of autism that leads to false expectations about real-life autistic individuals, with <i>Rain Man</i> being singled out for popularizing it.<sup id="cite_ref-Draaisma_(2009)_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draaisma_(2009)-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knights_(2018)_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knights_(2018)-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy_(2018)_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy_(2018)-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradley_(2017)_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley_(2017)-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1970s, fictional portrayals of people with <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum condition">autism spectrum conditions</a> such as Asperger syndrome have become more frequent.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public perception of autism is often based on these fictional portrayals in novels, biographies, movies, and TV series. These depictions of autism in media today are often made in a way that brings pity to the public and their concern of the topic, because their viewpoint is never actually shown, leaving the public without knowledge of autism and its diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Draaisma_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draaisma-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portrayals in the media of characters with atypical abilities (for example, the ability to multiply large numbers without a calculator) may be misinterpreted by viewers as accurate portrayals of all autistic people and of autism itself.<sup id="cite_ref-AutisticLicence_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutisticLicence-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the media frequently depicts autism as only affecting children, which promotes the misconception that autism does not affect adults.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_individuals">Notable individuals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notable individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Retrospective_diagnosis#Retrospective_diagnoses_of_autism" title="Retrospective diagnosis">Retrospective diagnosis § Retrospective diagnoses of autism</a></div> <p>Some notable autistic people are: </p> <ul><li>American food animal handling systems designer and author <a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>American <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning music critic and author <a href="/wiki/Tim_Page_(music_critic)" title="Tim Page (music critic)">Tim Page</a><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Australian musician, lead singer and only constant member of rock band <a href="/wiki/The_Vines_(band)" title="The Vines (band)">the Vines</a> <a href="/wiki/Craig_Nicholls" title="Craig Nicholls">Craig Nicholls</a><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>English actor and filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Considine" title="Paddy Considine">Paddy Considine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lockyer_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockyer-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>CEO of <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Swedish environmental activist <a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a></li> <li>American animator and YouTuber <a href="/wiki/Jaiden_Animations" title="Jaiden Animations">Jaiden Dittfach</a><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul><p> Thunberg, who in August 2018 started the "<a href="/wiki/School_strike_for_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School strike for climate">School strike for climate</a>" movement, has explained how the "gift" of living with Asperger syndrome helps her "see things from outside the box" when it comes to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with presenter <a href="/wiki/Nick_Robinson_(journalist)" title="Nick Robinson (journalist)">Nick Robinson</a> on BBC Radio 4's <i><a href="/wiki/Today_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Today programme">Today</a></i>, the then-16-year-old activist said that autism helps her see things in "black and white". She went on to say:<sup id="cite_ref-Thunberg_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunberg-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It makes me different, and being different is a gift, I would say. It also makes me see things from outside the box. I don't easily fall for lies, I can see through things. I don't think I would be interested in the climate at all, if I had been like everyone else. Many people say that it doesn't matter, you can cheat sometimes. But I can't do that. You can't be a little bit sustainable. Either you're sustainable, or not sustainable. For way too long the politicians and people in power have got away with not doing anything at all to fight the climate crisis and ecological crisis, but we will make sure that they will not get away with it any longer.</p></blockquote> <p>Scottish singer <a href="/wiki/Susan_Boyle" title="Susan Boyle">Susan Boyle</a> was diagnosed with Aspergers at the age of 51.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyle was originally believed to have had slight brain damage at birth.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyle rose to fame after appearing on the talent show <i><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Got_Talent" title="Britain's Got Talent">Britain's Got Talent</a></i> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her debut album <a href="/wiki/I_Dreamed_a_Dream_(album)" title="I Dreamed a Dream (album)"><i>I Dreamed a Dream</i></a>, released in 2009, became the fastest selling debut by a UK artist of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American actress <a href="/wiki/Daryl_Hannah" title="Daryl Hannah">Daryl Hannah</a>, star of movies such as <i><a href="/wiki/Splash_(film)" title="Splash (film)">Splash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel_Magnolias" title="Steel Magnolias">Steel Magnolias</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_(1987_film)" title="Wall Street (1987 film)">Wall Street</a>,</i> was diagnosed as being on the autism spectrum as a child.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosed at fifteen, <a href="/wiki/Heather_Kuzmich" title="Heather Kuzmich">Heather Kuzmich</a> appeared on <i><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model" title="America's Next Top Model">America's Next Top Model</a></i> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although she did not win the competition, Kuzmich was voted the viewers' favourite eight weeks in a row.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has since been signed to <a href="/wiki/Elite_Model_Management" title="Elite Model Management">Elite Model Management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_144-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>-born musician <a href="/wiki/Ladyhawke_(musician)" title="Ladyhawke (musician)">Ladyhawke</a> and gold medal-winning British <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic</a> swimmer <a href="/wiki/Jessica-Jane_Applegate" title="Jessica-Jane Applegate">Jessica-Jane Applegate</a> are also autistic.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2021, Scottish strongman <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoltman" title="Tom Stoltman">Tom Stoltman</a>, became the first person with autism to win the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Man" title="World's Strongest Man">World's Strongest Man</a> competition.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Welsh actor <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> is the first openly autistic actor to win an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, media speculation of contemporary figures as being on the autism spectrum has become popular in recent times. <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)"><i>New York</i> magazine</a> reported some examples, which included that <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i> magazine</a> suggested that <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> is autistic, and that a biographer of <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a> wrote that his prodigious memory and "fascination with numbers" give him "a vaguely autistic aura". The magazine also reported that on <i><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Rehab_with_Dr._Drew" title="Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew">Celebrity Rehab</a></i>, Dr. Drew Pinsky deemed basketball player <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Rodman" title="Dennis Rodman">Dennis Rodman</a> a candidate for an Asperger's diagnosis, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> specialist consulted "seemed to concur". <a href="/wiki/Nora_Ephron" title="Nora Ephron">Nora Ephron</a> criticized these conclusions, writing that popular speculative diagnoses suggest autism is "an epidemic, or else a wildly over-diagnosed thing that there used to be other words for".<sup id="cite_ref-nymag_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nymag-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of diagnosing autism in these cases is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-sowell_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sowell-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historical personalities are also the subject of speculation about being autistic, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism-friendly" title="Autism-friendly">Autism-friendly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autism:_The_Musical" title="Autism: The Musical">Autism: The Musical</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_art" title="Autistic art">Autistic art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Look_Me_in_the_Eye" title="Look Me in the Eye">Look Me in the Eye</a></i>, John Elder Robison's memoir about growing up with Asperger syndrome</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love_on_the_Spectrum_(Australian_TV_series)" title="Love on the Spectrum (Australian TV series)">Love on the Spectrum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Harmony. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5058-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5058-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-5058-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+the+Gorilla+Nation%3A+My+Journey+Through+Autism&rft.pub=Harmony&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5058-1&rft.au=Prince-Hughes%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsongsofgorillana00prinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocietal+and+cultural+aspects+of+autism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Attwood-p58-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Attwood-p58_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attwood-p58_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttwood2007" class="citation book cs1">Attwood, Tony (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoa00attw_070"><i>The Complete Guide to Asperger's Syndrome</i></a></span>. 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"A threatening Space?: Stigmatization and the framing of Autism in the News". <i>Communication Studies</i>. <b>65</b> (2): 189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10510974.2013.855642">10.1080/10510974.2013.855642</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145668002">145668002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Studies&rft.atitle=A+threatening+Space%3F%3A+Stigmatization+and+the+framing+of+Autism+in+the+News&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10510974.2013.855642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145668002%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Avery&rft.au=Farrell%2C+Laura&rft.au=Fudge%2C+Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocietal+and+cultural+aspects+of+autism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutisticLicence-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutisticLicence_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethune2009" class="citation news cs1">Bethune, Brian (3 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/2009/07/13/autistic-licence/">"Autistic licence: suddenly, Asperger's is the new 'it' disorder on screen and in fiction"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kill+Them+With+Kindness&rft.pub=American+RadioWorks&rft.date=2002-04&rft.au=Zwerdling%2C+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanradioworks.publicradio.org%2Ffeatures%2Fmcdonalds%2Fgrandin1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocietal+and+cultural+aspects+of+autism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage,_Tim2007" class="citation journal cs1">Page, Tim (20 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/08/20/070820fa_fact_page?printable=true">"Parallel Play: A lifetime of restless isolation explained"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>: <span class="nowrap">36–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17710777">17710777</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030183451/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/08/20/070820fa_fact_page?printable=true">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Parallel+Play%3A+A+lifetime+of+restless+isolation+explained&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2007-08-20&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17710777&rft.au=Page%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2007%2F08%2F20%2F070820fa_fact_page%3Fprintable%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocietal+and+cultural+aspects+of+autism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12750745">"Pulitzer-Winner on Living with Asperger's: All Things Considered"</a>. NPR. 13 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825103437/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12750745">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulitzer-Winner+on+Living+with+Asperger%27s%3A+All+Things+Considered&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2007-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D12750745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocietal+and+cultural+aspects+of+autism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605172725/http://www.nme.com/news/vines/18584">"Vines Singer Diagnosis Revealed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i>. 5 June 2011. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/8440399/Paddy-Considine-Knowing-I-have-Aspergers-is-a-relief.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Basic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einsteinsyndrome00sowe/page/142">142</a>, 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465081417" title="Special:BookSources/9780465081417"><bdi>9780465081417</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Einstein+Syndrome%3A+bright+children+who+talk+late&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=142%2C+189&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780465081417&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinsteinsyndrome00sowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocietal+and+cultural+aspects+of+autism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2012" class="citation news cs1">Steinberg, Paul (31 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/01/opinion/aspergers-history-of-over-diagnosis.html">"Asperger's History of Overdiagnosis"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Asperger%27s+History+of+Overdiagnosis&rft.date=2012-01-31&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F02%2F01%2Fopinion%2Faspergers-history-of-over-diagnosis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocietal+and+cultural+aspects+of+autism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/was-michelangelos-artistic-genius-a-symptom-of-autism-756718.html">"Was Michelangelo's artistic genius a symptom of autism?"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 1 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Was+Michelangelo%27s+artistic+genius+a+symptom+of+autism%3F&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Fwas-michelangelos-artistic-genius-a-symptom-of-autism-756718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocietal+and+cultural+aspects+of+autism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Bascom" title="Julia Bascom">Julia Bascom</a> (editor). <i>Loud Hands: Autistic People, Speaking</i>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Autistic_Self_Advocacy_Network" title="Autistic Self Advocacy Network">Autistic Self Advocacy Network</a>, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1938800023" title="Special:BookSources/978-1938800023">978-1938800023</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson_J2008" class="citation journal cs1">Davidson J (2008). "Autistic culture online: virtual communication and cultural expression on the spectrum". <i>Soc Cult Geogr</i>. <b>9</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">791–</span>806. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.474.9920">10.1.1.474.9920</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14649360802382586">10.1080/14649360802382586</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53128752">53128752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soc+Cult+Geogr&rft.atitle=Autistic+culture+online%3A+virtual+communication+and+cultural+expression+on+the+spectrum&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E791-%3C%2Fspan%3E806&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.474.9920%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53128752%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14649360802382586&rft.au=Davidson+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocietal+and+cultural+aspects+of+autism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a>. <i>Thinking in Pictures, Expanded Edition: My Life with Autism</i>, New York, New York: Vintage, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1935274216" title="Special:BookSources/978-1935274216">978-1935274216</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadesan,_Majia2005" class="citation book cs1">Nadesan, Majia (2005). <i>Constructing Autism: Unravelling the "Truth" and Discovering the Social</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32180-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32180-8"><bdi>978-0-415-32180-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Autism%3A+Unravelling+the+%22Truth%22+and+Discovering+the+Social&rft.pub=London%3A+Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32180-8&rft.au=Nadesan%2C+Majia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocietal+and+cultural+aspects+of+autism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossettiAshbyArndtChadwick2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rossetti Z, Ashby C, Arndt K, Chadwick M, Kasahara M (2008). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I like others to not try to fix me': agency, independence, and autism". <i>Intellect Dev Disabil</i>. <b>46</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1352%2F2008.46%3A364-375">10.1352/2008.46:364-375</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19090638">19090638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intellect+Dev+Disabil&rft.atitle=%27I+like+others+to+not+try+to+fix+me%27%3A+agency%2C+independence%2C+and+autism&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E364-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1352%2F2008.46%3A364-375&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19090638&rft.aulast=Rossetti&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Ashby%2C+C&rft.au=Arndt%2C+K&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+M&rft.au=Kasahara%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocietal+and+cultural+aspects+of+autism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511000025/http://www.writersvoice.net/2008/03/podcast-62-life-with-aspergers/">John Elder Robison radio interview about life with Asperger's Syndrome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/04/health/04aspe.html">Asperger's Syndrome, on Screen and in Life</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 3 August 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thispodcasthasautism.com"><i>This Podcast Has Autism</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200908060038/http://www.thispodcasthasautism.com/">Archived</a> 8 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a podcast showcasing Autistics and their achievements</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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and memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathophysiology of autism">Pathophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">Sex and gender</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Societal and cultural aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_therapies" title="Autism therapies">Therapies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diagnoses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive developmental disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_autism" title="Classic autism">Autistic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated conditions<br />and phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexithymia" title="Alexithymia">Alexithymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">Autism and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_burnout" title="Autistic burnout">Autistic burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_catatonia" title="Autistic catatonia">Autistic catatonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_masking" title="Autistic masking">Autistic masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_meltdown" title="Autistic meltdown">Autistic meltdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echolalia" title="Echolalia">Echolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echopraxia" title="Echopraxia">Echopraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Emotional dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlexia" title="Hyperlexia">Hyperlexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodumping" title="Infodumping">Infodumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_talker" title="Late talker">Late talker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotropism" title="Monotropism">Monotropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_autism" title="Nonverbal autism">Nonverbal autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_demand_avoidance" title="Pathological demand avoidance">Pathological demand avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun_reversal" title="Pronoun reversal">Pronoun reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_interest_(autism)" title="Special interest (autism)">Special interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimming" title="Stimming">Stimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_overload" title="Sensory overload">Sensory overload</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conditions_comorbid_to_autism" title="Conditions comorbid to autism">Comorbid conditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avoidant/restrictive_food_intake_disorder" title="Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder">Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder" title="Developmental coordination disorder">Developmental coordination disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing_disorder" title="Sensory processing disorder">Sensory processing disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_developmental_delay" title="Global developmental delay">Global developmental delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_verbal_dyspraxia" title="Developmental verbal dyspraxia">Developmental verbal dyspraxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syndromic_autism" title="Syndromic autism">Associated syndromes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/22q13_deletion_syndrome" title="22q13 deletion syndrome">22q13 deletion syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelman_syndrome" title="Angelman syndrome">Angelman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHARGE_syndrome" title="CHARGE syndrome">CHARGE syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_syndrome" title="Cohen syndrome">Cohen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_de_Lange_syndrome" title="Cornelia de Lange syndrome">Cornelia de Lange syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiGeorge_syndrome" title="DiGeorge syndrome">DiGeorge syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_valproate_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal valproate spectrum disorder">Fetal valproate spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MECP2_duplication_syndrome" title="MECP2 duplication syndrome">MECP2 duplication syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofibromatosis_type_I" title="Neurofibromatosis type I">Neurofibromatosis type I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noonan_syndrome" title="Noonan syndrome">Noonan syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_hamartoma_syndrome" title="Multiple hamartoma syndrome">Multiple hamartoma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Lemli%E2%80%93Opitz_syndrome" title="Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome">Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_syndrome" title="Timothy syndrome">Timothy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_syndrome" title="Williams syndrome">Williams syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_autism_studies" title="Critical autism studies">Critical autism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_empathy_problem" title="Double empathy problem">Double empathy problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_of_autistic_people" title="Employment of autistic people">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_complex_developmental_disorder" title="Multiple complex developmental disorder">Multiple complex developmental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_Education_of_Autistic_and_Related_Communication_Handicapped_Children" title="Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children">TEACCH program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twice_exceptional" title="Twice exceptional">Twice exceptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_autism" title="Violence and autism">Violence and autism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_autism" title="Controversies in autism">Controversies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud">Lancet MMR autism fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelation_therapy" title="Chelation therapy">Chelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combating_Autism_Act" title="Combating Autism Act">Combating Autism Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_supremacism" title="Autistic supremacism">Autistic supremacism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diagnostic scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Diagnostic_Interview" title="Autism Diagnostic Interview">Autism Diagnostic Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Diagnostic_Observation_Schedule" title="Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule">Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_Autism_Rating_Scale" title="Childhood Autism Rating Scale">Childhood Autism Rating Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilliam_Asperger%27s_disorder_scale" title="Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale">Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism-spectrum_quotient" title="Autism-spectrum quotient">Autism-spectrum quotient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_Autism_Spectrum_Test" title="Childhood Autism Spectrum Test">Childhood Autism Spectrum Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritvo_Autism_and_Asperger_Diagnostic_Scale" title="Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale">Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_autism" title="Outline of autism">Autism-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autistic_fictional_characters" title="List of autistic fictional characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_for_people_on_the_autism_spectrum" title="List of schools for people on the autism spectrum">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accommodations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism-friendly" title="Autism-friendly">Autism-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_friendly" title="Sensory friendly">Sensory friendly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Autism" title="Category:Autism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autism_resources172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Autism_resources" title="Template:Autism resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autism_resources" title="Template talk:Autism resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autism_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autism resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Autism_resources172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a> resources</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_autism" title="Outline of autism">outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_autism" title="History of autism">history</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awareness</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism-friendly" title="Autism-friendly">Autism-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Sunday" title="Autism Sunday">Autism Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_Shutdown" title="Communication Shutdown">Communication Shutdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Autism_Awareness_Day" title="World Autism Awareness Day">World Autism Awareness Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_art" title="Autistic art">Autistic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_in_popular_culture" title="Autism in popular culture">Autism in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autistic_fictional_characters" title="List of autistic fictional characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_autism" title="List of films about autism">Films about autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_Friends_(disabled_care)" title="Circle of Friends (disabled care)">Circle of Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accommodations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_friendly" title="Sensory friendly">Sensory friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KultureCity" title="KultureCity">KultureCity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Therapies0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Autism_therapies" title="Autism therapies">Therapies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychotropic medication (<a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavioral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_trial_training" title="Discrete trial training">Discrete trial training</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ole_Ivar_Lovaas" title="Ole Ivar Lovaas">Lovaas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_exchange_communication_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture exchange communication system">Picture exchange communication system</a> (PECS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivotal_response_treatment" title="Pivotal response treatment">Pivotal response treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_behavior_support" title="Positive behavior support">Positive behavior support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Start_Denver_Model" title="Early Start Denver Model">Early Start Denver Model</a> (ESDM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT)</li> <li>Social skills training</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floortime" title="Floortime">Floortime</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLAY_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="PLAY Project">PLAY Project</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a> (ABA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_integration_training" title="Auditory integration training">Auditory integration training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aversion_therapy" title="Aversion therapy">Aversion therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judge_Rotenberg_Center" title="Judge Rotenberg Center">Judge Rotenberg Center</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelation_therapy" title="Chelation therapy">Chelation of mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free,_casein-free_diet" title="Gluten-free, casein-free diet">Gluten-free, casein-free diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hug_machine" title="Hug machine">Hug machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric oxygen therapy">Hyperbaric oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holding therapy">Holding therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relationship_development_intervention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relationship development intervention (page does not exist)">Relationship development intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_integration_therapy" title="Sensory integration therapy">Sensory integration therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son-Rise" title="Son-Rise">Son-Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder#Medication" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Stories" title="Social Stories">Social Stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech therapy">Speech therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_Education_of_Autistic_and_Related_Communication_Handicapped_Children" title="Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children">Structured teaching (TEACCH)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Centers0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Centers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Science_in_Autism_Treatment" title="Association for Science in Autism Treatment">Association for Science in Autism Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Research_Institute" title="Autism Research Institute">Autism Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Science_Foundation" title="Autism Science Foundation">Autism Science Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Krieger_Institute" title="Kennedy Krieger Institute">Kennedy Krieger Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_for_Autism_Research" title="National Alliance for Autism Research">National Alliance for Autism Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simons_Foundation_Autism_Research_Initiative" title="Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative">Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Child_Study_Center" title="Yale Child Study Center">Yale Child Study Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Research_Centre" title="Autism Research Centre">Autism Research Centre</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_autism#Conditions_and_research_areas" title="Outline of autism">Conditions and research areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_autism#Researchers_and_therapists" title="Outline of autism">Researchers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Therapy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Autism_and_Related_Disorders" title="Center for Autism and Related Disorders">Center for Autism and Related Disorders</a> (CARD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIND_Institute" title="MIND Institute">MIND Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_for_people_on_the_autism_spectrum" title="List of schools for people on the autism spectrum">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Learning_Group" title="Alpine Learning Group">Alpine Learning Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_II_School_for_Autistic_Children" title="Eden II School for Autistic Children">Eden II School for Autistic Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPA_College" title="ESPA College">ESPA College</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_Minds" title="Exceptional Minds">Exceptional Minds</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Center_for_Children" title="New England Center for Children">New England Center for Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathlight_School" title="Pathlight School">Pathlight School</a> (Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_School" title="Rebecca School">Rebecca School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunfield_Children%27s_Home" title="Sunfield Children's Home">Sunfield Children's Home</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TreeHouse_School" title="TreeHouse School">TreeHouse School</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Autistic_School" title="Western Autistic School">Western Autistic School</a> (Australia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_Planet" title="Wrong Planet">Wrong Planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Network_International" title="Autism Network International">Autism Network International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Science_Foundation" title="Autism Science Foundation">Autism Science Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_Self_Advocacy_Network" title="Autistic Self Advocacy Network">Autistic Self Advocacy Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Society_of_America" title="Autism Society of America">Autism Society of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Speaks" title="Autism Speaks">Autism Speaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_Ponce%C3%B1o_de_Autismo" title="Centro Ponceño de Autismo">Centro Ponceño de Autismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jordan_Fiddle_Foundation" title="Daniel Jordan Fiddle Foundation">Daniel Jordan Fiddle Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Rescue" title="Generation Rescue">Generation Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_Autism_Network" title="Interactive Autism Network">Interactive Autism Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_Autism_Coordinating_Committee" title="Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee">Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LENA_Foundation" title="LENA Foundation">LENA Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_for_Autism_Research" title="National Alliance for Autism Research">National Alliance for Autism Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_on_Severe_Autism" title="National Council on Severe Autism">National Council on Severe Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Database_for_Autism_Research" title="National Database for Autism Research">National Database for Autism Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Autism_Community_in_Action" title="The Autism Community in Action">The Autism Community in Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centro_Ann_Sullivan_del_Per%C3%BA" title="Centro Ann Sullivan del Perú">Centro Ann Sullivan</a> (Peru)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Instituto_de_Autismo" title="Domus Instituto de Autismo">Domus Instituto de Autismo</a> (Mexico)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_for_Autism" title="Action for Autism">Action for Autism</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Resource_Centre_(Singapore)" title="Autism Resource Centre (Singapore)">Autism Resource Centre (Singapore)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_Society_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Autistic Society of Trinidad and Tobago">Autistic Society of Trinidad and Tobago</a> (Trinidad and Tobago)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maia_Chung_Autism_and_Disabilities_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maia Chung Autism and Disabilities Foundation (page does not exist)">Maia Chung Autism and Disabilities Foundation</a> (Jamaica)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UK2" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Anglia" title="Autism Anglia">Autism Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Autism_Directory" title="The Autism Directory">The Autism Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Awareness_Campaign_UK" title="Autism Awareness Campaign UK">Autism Awareness Campaign UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Cymru" title="Autism Cymru">Autism Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Plus" title="Autism Plus">Autism Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistica" title="Autistica">Autistica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Autistic_Society" title="National Autistic Society">National Autistic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacar_(charity)" title="Sacar (charity)">Sacar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Specialisterne" title="Specialisterne">Specialisterne</a> (Denmark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspies_For_Freedom" title="Aspies For Freedom">Aspies For Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Priddis_Foundation" title="Luke Priddis Foundation">Luke Priddis Foundation</a> (Australia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Literature0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Accidental_Teacher:_Life_Lessons_from_My_Silent_Son" class="mw-redirect" title="The Accidental Teacher: Life Lessons from My Silent Son">The Accidental Teacher: Life Lessons from My Silent Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Translation" title="Animals in Translation">Animals in Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspergirls:_Empowering_Females_with_Asperger%27s_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspergirls: Empowering Females with Asperger's Syndrome">Aspergirls: Empowering Females with Asperger's Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism%27s_False_Prophets" title="Autism's False Prophets">Autism's False Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Love:_Autism" title="Extreme Love: Autism">Extreme Love: Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freaks,_Geeks,_and_Asperger_Syndrome:_A_User_Guide_to_Adolescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Freaks, Geeks, and Asperger Syndrome: A User Guide to Adolescence">Freaks, Geeks, and Asperger Syndrome: A User Guide to Adolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_a_Different_Key" title="In a Different Key">In a Different Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life,_Animated" title="Life, Animated">Life, Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like_Colour_to_the_Blind" title="Like Colour to the Blind">Like Colour to the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_Me_in_the_Eye" title="Look Me in the Eye">Look Me in the Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Warriors" title="Mother Warriors">Mother Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Miedzianik)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Autobiography (Miedzianik)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeuroTribes" title="NeuroTribes">NeuroTribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobody_Nowhere" title="Nobody Nowhere">Nobody Nowhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reason_I_Jump" title="The Reason I Jump">The Reason I Jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somebody_Somewhere_(book)" title="Somebody Somewhere (book)">Somebody Somewhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son-Rise:_The_Miracle_Continues" title="Son-Rise: The Miracle Continues">Son-Rise: The Miracle Continues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_Son" title="Strange Son">Strange Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched_On_(book)" title="Switched On (book)">Switched On</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstrange_Minds" title="Unstrange Minds">Unstrange Minds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Curious_Incident_of_the_Dog_in_the_Night-Time" title="The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time">The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dear_John_(novel)" title="Dear John (novel)">Dear John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Rules_(novel)" title="House Rules (novel)">House Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockingbird_(Erskine_novel)" title="Mockingbird (Erskine novel)">Mockingbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saving_Max" title="Saving Max">Saving Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_Dark" title="Speed of Dark">Speed of Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Winter_Journey_(novel)" title="The Winter Journey (novel)">The Winter Journey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/With_the_Light" title="With the Light">With the Light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">For younger people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everybody_Is_Different:_A_Book_for_Young_People_Who_Have_Brothers_or_Sisters_With_Autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Everybody Is Different: A Book for Young People Who Have Brothers or Sisters With Autism">Everybody Is Different: A Book for Young People Who Have Brothers or Sisters With Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian%27s_Walk:_A_Story_about_Autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian's Walk: A Story about Autism">Ian's Walk: A Story about Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_in_the_Real_World" title="Marcelo in the Real World">Marcelo in the Real World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage:_A_Love_Story" title="Rage: A Love Story">Rage: A Love Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_(novel)" title="Rules (novel)">Rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_(journal)" title="Autism (journal)">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_in_Adulthood" title="Autism in Adulthood">Autism in Adulthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Research" title="Autism Research">Autism Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Autism_and_Developmental_Disorders" title="Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders">Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Autism" title="Molecular Autism">Molecular Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_in_Autism_Spectrum_Disorders" title="Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders">Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sociology898" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eedde9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociology2" title="Template:Sociology2"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociology2" title="Template talk:Sociology2"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology2" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology2"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sociology898" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#eedde9;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sociology" title="Timeline of sociology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_basic_sociology_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of basic sociology topics">General aspects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Social research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Sociological theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological practice">Sociological practice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Subfields_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfields of sociology">Related fields<br />and subfields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_sociology" title="Comparative sociology">Comparative sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">Industrial society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban sociology</a></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sociology_of12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%">Sociology of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of medicine">medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of sports">sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_small_groups" title="Sociology of small groups">small groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnology" title="Sociotechnology">technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Major theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Key themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#eedde9;"><div> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology" title="Category:Sociology">Categories</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_lists" title="Category:Sociology lists">lists</a></li> <li><a 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