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For the TV episode of The Goodies, see <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympics_(The_Goodies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympics (The Goodies)">Winter Olympics (The Goodies)</a>. 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Winter Olympic Games (French: Jeux olympiques d'hiver)<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a>, also known as the Winter Olympics, is a major international <a href="/wiki/Multi-sport_event" title="Multi-sport event">multi-sport event</a> held once every four years for sports practiced on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympic Games, the <a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">1924 Winter Olympics</a>, were held in <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a>, France. The modern Olympic Games were inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">ancient Olympic Games</a>, which were held in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia, Greece</a>, from 776 BCE to 394 CE. The <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin" title="Pierre de Coubertin">Baron Pierre de Coubertin</a> of France founded the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) 1,500 years later in 1894, leading to the first modern <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> in Athens, Greece in 1896. The IOC is the governing body of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic movement">Olympic Movement</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Charter" title="Olympic Charter">Olympic Charter</a> defining its structure and authority. The original five Winter Olympic Sports (consisting of nine disciplines) were <a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Bobsleigh at the 1924 Winter Olympics">bobsleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curling_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Curling at the 1924 Winter Olympics">curling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Ice hockey at the 1924 Winter Olympics">ice hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_skiing_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Nordic skiing at the 1924 Winter Olympics">Nordic skiing</a> (consisting of the disciplines <a href="/wiki/Military_patrol_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Military patrol at the 1924 Winter Olympics">military patrol</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IOCMilitaryPatrol-3">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Cross-country skiing at the 1924 Winter Olympics">cross-country skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Nordic combined at the 1924 Winter Olympics">Nordic combined</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Ski jumping at the 1924 Winter Olympics">ski jumping</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ice_Skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Skating">skating</a> (consisting of the disciplines <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Figure skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics">figure skating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics">speed skating</a>).<a href="#cite_note-4">[c]</a> The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936, interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and resumed in <a href="/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics" title="1948 Winter Olympics">1948</a>. Until 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> and the Winter Olympic Games were held in the same year. A decision to change this was made in 1986, when during the <a href="/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings" title="List of IOC meetings">91st International Olympic Committee session</a>, IOC members decided to alternate the Summer Olympic Games and the Winter Olympic Games on separate four-year cycles in even-numbered years. Also, at that same congress it was decided that <a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">1992 Winter Olympics</a> would be the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games and that to change the rotation, the games that would be held in 1996 would be brought forward by two years, being scheduled to <a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994</a>. After those games, the next were to be <a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">held in 1998</a> when the four-year Olympic Cycle resumed.<a href="#cite_note-5">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[3]</a> <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Winter Olympic Games</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Winter_Olympics_cauldron_at_Yanqing_Winter_Olympic_Cultural_Square_(20220219134049).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2022_Winter_Olympics_cauldron_at_Yanqing_Winter_Olympic_Cultural_Square_%2820220219134049%29.jpg/200px-2022_Winter_Olympics_cauldron_at_Yanqing_Winter_Olympic_Cultural_Square_%2820220219134049%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2022_Winter_Olympics_cauldron_at_Yanqing_Winter_Olympic_Cultural_Square_%2820220219134049%29.jpg/300px-2022_Winter_Olympics_cauldron_at_Yanqing_Winter_Olympic_Cultural_Square_%2820220219134049%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2022_Winter_Olympics_cauldron_at_Yanqing_Winter_Olympic_Cultural_Square_%2820220219134049%29.jpg/400px-2022_Winter_Olympics_cauldron_at_Yanqing_Winter_Olympic_Cultural_Square_%2820220219134049%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6593" data-file-height="4395"></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Olympic flame in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa">Games</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">1924</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics" title="1928 Winter Olympics">1928</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics" title="1932 Winter Olympics">1932</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics" title="1936 Winter Olympics">1936</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics" title="1948 Winter Olympics">1948</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics" title="1952 Winter Olympics">1952</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics" title="1956 Winter Olympics">1956</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics" title="1960 Winter Olympics">1960</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics" title="1964 Winter Olympics">1964</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics" title="1968 Winter Olympics">1968</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics" title="1972 Winter Olympics">1972</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics" title="1976 Winter Olympics">1976</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics" title="1980 Winter Olympics">1980</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics" title="1984 Winter Olympics">1984</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">1992</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics" title="2026 Winter Olympics">2026</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2030_Winter_Olympics" title="2030 Winter Olympics">2030</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Sports</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics">Alpine skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Biathlon at the Winter Olympics">Biathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics">Bobsleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics">Cross‑country skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Curling at the Winter Olympics">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_Olympic_Games" title="Figure skating at the Olympic Games">Figure skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics">Freestyle skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_Olympic_Games" title="Ice hockey at the Olympic Games">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luge_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Luge at the Winter Olympics">Luge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics">Nordic combined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics">Short track speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Skeleton at the Winter Olympics">Skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Ski jumping at the Winter Olympics">Ski jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics">Snowboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Speed skating at the Winter Olympics">Speed skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Winter Olympic Games have evolved since their inception. Sports and disciplines have been added and some of them, such as <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics">alpine skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luge_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Luge at the Winter Olympics">luge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics">short track speed skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics">freestyle skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Skeleton at the Winter Olympics">skeleton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics">snowboarding</a>, have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic program. Some others, including <a href="/wiki/Curling_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Curling at the Winter Olympics">curling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics">bobsleigh</a>, have been discontinued and later reintroduced; others have been permanently discontinued, such as <a href="/wiki/Military_patrol_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military patrol (sport)">military patrol</a>, though the modern Winter Olympic sport of <a href="/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Biathlon at the Winter Olympics">biathlon</a> is descended from it.<a href="#cite_note-IOCMilitaryPatrol-3">[b]</a> Still others, such as <a href="/wiki/Speed_skiing" title="Speed skiing">speed skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skijoring" title="Skijoring">skijoring</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration sports">demonstration sports</a> but never incorporated as Olympic sports. The rise of television as a global medium for communication enhanced the profile of the Games. It generated income via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising, which has become lucrative for the IOC. This allowed outside interests, such as television companies and corporate sponsors, to exert influence. The IOC has had to address numerous criticisms over the decades like internal scandals, the use of <a href="/wiki/Doping_at_the_Olympic_Games" title="Doping at the Olympic Games">performance-enhancing drugs</a> by Winter Olympians, as well as a political <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> of the Winter Olympic Games. Countries have used the Winter Olympic Games as well as the Summer Olympic Games to proclaim the superiority of their political systems. The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted on three continents by thirteen countries, all of whom are located in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. They have been held four times in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics" title="United States at the Olympics">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics" title="1932 Winter Olympics">1932</a>, <a href="/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics" title="1960 Winter Olympics">1960</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics" title="1980 Winter Olympics">1980</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002</a>), three times in <a href="/wiki/France_at_the_Olympics" title="France at the Olympics">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">1924</a>, <a href="/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics" title="1968 Winter Olympics">1968</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">1992</a>) and twice each in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_Olympics" title="Switzerland at the Olympics">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics" title="1928 Winter Olympics">1928</a> and <a href="/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics" title="1948 Winter Olympics">1948</a>), <a href="/wiki/Austria_at_the_Olympics" title="Austria at the Olympics">Austria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics" title="1964 Winter Olympics">1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics" title="1976 Winter Olympics">1976</a>), <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_Olympics" title="Norway at the Olympics">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics" title="1952 Winter Olympics">1952</a> and <a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994</a>), <a href="/wiki/Japan_at_the_Olympics" title="Japan at the Olympics">Japan</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics" title="1972 Winter Olympics">1972</a> and <a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998</a>), <a href="/wiki/Italy_at_the_Olympics" title="Italy at the Olympics">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics" title="1956 Winter Olympics">1956</a> and <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics" title="Canada at the Olympics">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010</a>). Also, the Winter Olympic Games have been held just once each in <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics" title="Germany at the Olympics">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics" title="1936 Winter Olympics">1936</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_Olympics" title="Yugoslavia at the Olympics">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics" title="1984 Winter Olympics">1984</a>), <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_Olympics" title="Russia at the Olympics">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_Olympics" title="South Korea at the Olympics">South Korea</a> (<a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018</a>), and <a href="/wiki/China_at_the_Olympics" title="China at the Olympics">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022</a>). The IOC has selected the Italian cities of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a> to host the <a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics" title="2026 Winter Olympics">2026 Winter Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> The Winter Olympics are usually held in February, during the winter season of the Northern Hemisphere. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit">[update]</a>, no city in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> has applied to host the Winter Olympic Games in the month of August (during the winter months of the Southern Hemisphere). As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit">[update]</a>, twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games – Austria, Canada, <a href="/wiki/Finland_at_the_Olympics" title="Finland at the Olympics">Finland</a>, France, <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Olympics" title="Great Britain at the Olympics">Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics" title="Hungary at the Olympics">Hungary</a>, Italy, Norway, <a href="/wiki/Poland_at_the_Olympics" title="Poland at the Olympics">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Olympics" title="Sweden at the Olympics">Sweden</a>, Switzerland, and the United States. Also, Czechoslovakia participated in all Winter Olympic Games before its <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">dissolution</a> and its successors, Czech Republic and Slovakia have participated in all Winter Games thereafter. Six of these countries have won medals at every Winter Olympic Games – Austria, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. The only country to have won a gold medal at every Winter Olympic Games is the United States. Norway leads the <a href="/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Olympic Games medal table">all-time medal record</a> for the Winter Olympic Games. When including defunct states, Germany (comprising the former countries of West Germany and East Germany) leads, followed by Norway, Russia (including the former Soviet Union), and the United States. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_years">1.1 Early years</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1920_to_1936">1.2 1920 to 1936</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1948_to_1962">1.3 1948 to 1962</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1964_to_1980">1.4 1964 to 1980</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#1984_to_1998">1.5 1984 to 1998</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#2002_to_2022">1.6 2002 to 2022</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Future">1.7 Future</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Problems_and_politics">2 Problems and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Controversy">2.1 Controversy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Host_city_legacy">2.2 Host city legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Doping">2.3 Doping</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Cold_War">2.4 Cold War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Boycott">2.5 Boycott</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Sports">3 Sports</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Current_sports">3.1 Current sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Demonstration_events">3.2 Demonstration events</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#All-time_medal_table">4 All-time medal table</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Medal_leaders_by_year">4.1 Medal leaders by year</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#List_of_Winter_Olympic_Games">5 List of Winter Olympic Games</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sources">9 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1908_Olympic_Games_Ulrich_Salchow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="a man standing on ice in figure skates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1908_Olympic_Games_Ulrich_Salchow.jpg/170px-1908_Olympic_Games_Ulrich_Salchow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="1524"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 198px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1908_Olympic_Games_Ulrich_Salchow.jpg/170px-1908_Olympic_Games_Ulrich_Salchow.jpg" data-alt="a man standing on ice in figure skates" data-width="170" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1908_Olympic_Games_Ulrich_Salchow.jpg/255px-1908_Olympic_Games_Ulrich_Salchow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1908_Olympic_Games_Ulrich_Salchow.jpg/340px-1908_Olympic_Games_Ulrich_Salchow.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Salchow" title="Ulrich Salchow">Ulrich Salchow</a> at the 1908 Olympics</figcaption></figure> A predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Games" title="Nordic Games">Nordic Games</a>, were organised by General <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Gustaf_Balck" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Gustaf Balck">Viktor Gustaf Balck</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden, in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926.<a href="#cite_note-origins-13">[10]</a> Balck was a charter member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">IOC</a> and a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin" title="Pierre de Coubertin">Pierre de Coubertin</a>. He attempted to have winter sports, specifically <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a>, added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the <a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908 Summer Olympics</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-origins-13">[10]</a> Four figure skating events were contested, at which <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Salchow" title="Ulrich Salchow">Ulrich Salchow</a> (10-time world champion) and <a href="/wiki/Madge_Syers" title="Madge Syers">Madge Syers</a> won the individual titles.<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> Three years later, Italian count <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Brunetta_d%27Usseaux" title="Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux">Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux</a> proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports included as part of the <a href="/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics" title="1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Summer Olympics</a> in Stockholm, Sweden. The organisers opposed this idea because they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games and were concerned about a lack of facilities for winter sports.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> The idea was resurrected for the <a href="/wiki/1916_Summer_Olympics" title="1916 Summer Olympics">1916 Games</a>, which were to be held in Berlin, Germany. A <a href="/wiki/International_Winter_Sports_Week" title="International Winter Sports Week">winter sports week</a> with <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">speed skating</a>, figure skating, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordic_skiing" title="Nordic skiing">Nordic skiing</a> were planned, but the 1916 Olympics was cancelled after the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-17">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920_to_1936">1920 to 1936</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1920 to 1936" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonja_Henie_gold_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sonja_Henie_gold_1928.jpg/170px-Sonja_Henie_gold_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1595"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sonja_Henie_gold_1928.jpg/170px-Sonja_Henie_gold_1928.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sonja_Henie_gold_1928.jpg/255px-Sonja_Henie_gold_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sonja_Henie_gold_1928.jpg/340px-Sonja_Henie_gold_1928.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sonia Henie's Olympic gold medal, St. Moritz 1928.</figcaption></figure> The first Olympics after the war, the <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Summer Olympics</a>, were held in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, Belgium,<a href="#cite_note-Games1920-19">[16]</a> and featured figure skating<a href="#cite_note-1920figureskating-20">[17]</a> and an ice hockey tournament. Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey were banned from competing in the games. At the <a href="/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings" title="List of IOC meetings">IOC Congress</a> held the following year it was decided that the host nation of the <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Summer Olympics</a>, France, would host a separate "International Winter Sports Week" under the patronage of the IOC. <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a> was chosen to host this week (actually 11 days) of events. <a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">The 1924 games</a> in Chamonix proved to be a success when more than 250 athletes from 16 nations competed in 16 events.<a href="#cite_note-Games1924-21">[18]</a> Athletes <a href="/wiki/Finland_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Finland at the 1924 Winter Olympics">from Finland</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1924 Winter Olympics">and Norway</a> won 28 medals, more than the rest of the participating nations combined.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> The first gold medal awarded was won by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jewtraw" title="Charles Jewtraw">Charles Jewtraw</a> of the United States in the 500-meter speed skate. <a href="/wiki/Sonja_Henie" title="Sonja Henie">Sonja Henie</a> of Norway, at just 11 years old, competed in the ladies' figure skating and, although finishing last, became popular with fans. <a href="/wiki/Gillis_Grafstr%C3%B6m" title="Gillis Grafström">Gillis Grafström</a> of Sweden defended his 1920 gold medal<a href="#cite_note-1920figureskating-20">[17]</a> in men's figure skating, becoming the first Olympian to win gold medals in both Summer and Winter Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> Germany remained banned until 1925, and instead hosted a series of games called <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Kampfspiele" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Kampfspiele">Deutsche Kampfspiele</a>, starting with the winter edition of 1922 (which predated the first Winter Olympics). In 1925 the IOC decided to create a separate winter event and the 1924 games in Chamonix were retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Games1924-21">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a>, Switzerland, was appointed by the IOC to host the <a href="/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics" title="1928 Winter Olympics">second Winter Games</a> in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts. The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony" title="Olympic Games ceremony">opening ceremony</a> was held in a blizzard while warm weather conditions plagued sporting events throughout the rest of the games.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> Because of the weather the 10,000 metre speed-skating event had to be abandoned and officially cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-warmweather-26">[23]</a> The weather was not the only noteworthy aspect of the 1928 games: <a href="/wiki/Sonja_Henie" title="Sonja Henie">Sonja Henie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1928 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> returned to the Winter Olympics to make history when she won the <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics" title="Figure skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics">ladies' figure skating</a> at the age of 15. She became the youngest Olympic champion in history, a distinction she held for 70 years, and went on to defend her title at the next two Winter Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-Games1928-27">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gillis_Grafstr%C3%B6m" title="Gillis Grafström">Gillis Grafström</a> won his third consecutive figure skating gold<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> and went on to win silver in 1932,<a href="#cite_note-1932Figureskating-29">[26]</a> becoming the most decorated men's figure skater to date. The <a href="/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics" title="1932 Winter Olympics">next Winter Olympics</a>, held in Lake Placid, New York, United States was the first to be hosted outside of Europe. Seventeen nations and 252 athletes participated.<a href="#cite_note-Games1932-30">[27]</a> This was less than in 1928, as the journey to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York" title="Lake Placid, New York">Lake Placid</a> was too long and expensive for some European nations that encountered financial problems in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports.<a href="#cite_note-Games1932-30">[27]</a> Virtually no snow fell for two months before the Games, and there was not enough snow to hold all the events until mid-January.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title,<a href="#cite_note-1932Figureskating-29">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Eagan" title="Eddie Eagan">Eddie Eagan</a> of the United States, who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920,<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> won the gold medal in the <a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics" title="Bobsleigh at the 1932 Winter Olympics">men's bobsleigh event</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> to join <a href="/wiki/Gillis_Grafstr%C3%B6m" title="Gillis Grafström">Gillis Grafström</a> as the only athletes to have won gold medals in both the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer</a> and Winter Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-Games1932-30">[27]</a> Eagan has the distinction as the only Olympian as of 2020 to accomplish this feat in different sports.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> The German towns of <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch and Partenkirchen</a> joined to organise the <a href="/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics" title="1936 Winter Olympics">1936 Winter Games</a>, held from 6–16 February.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> This was the last time the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">Summer</a> and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year. <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics" title="Alpine skiing at the 1936 Winter Olympics">Alpine skiing</a> made its Olympic debut, but skiing teachers were barred from entering because they were considered to be professionals.<a href="#cite_note-Games1936-36">[33]</a> Because of this decision <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics" title="Switzerland at the 1936 Winter Olympics">the Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Austria_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics" title="Austria at the 1936 Winter Olympics">and Austrian</a> skiers refused to compete at the games.<a href="#cite_note-Games1936-36">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> interrupted the Winter Olympics. The <a href="/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics" title="1940 Winter Olympics">1940 games</a> had been awarded to <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a>, Japan, but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_War_(1937%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)">invasion</a> of China. The games were then to be held at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, but the 1940 games were cancelled following the German <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> Due to the ongoing war, the <a href="/wiki/1944_Winter_Olympics" title="1944 Winter Olympics">1944 games</a>, originally scheduled for <a href="/wiki/Cortina_D%27Ampezzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortina D'Ampezzo">Cortina D'Ampezzo</a>, Italy, were cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948_to_1962">1948 to 1962</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1948 to 1962" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1956_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremonies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An open-air arena with crowds in the stands and people on the playing field surrounding a rostrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1956_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremonies.jpg/170px-1956_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremonies.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="413"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 211px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1956_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremonies.jpg/170px-1956_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremonies.jpg" data-alt="An open-air arena with crowds in the stands and people on the playing field surrounding a rostrum" data-width="170" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1956_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremonies.jpg/255px-1956_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremonies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/1956_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremonies.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The opening ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo</figcaption></figure> St. Moritz was selected to host the <a href="/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics" title="1948 Winter Olympics">first post-war games, in 1948</a>. Switzerland's neutrality had protected the town during World War II, and most venues from the 1928 games remained in place, which made St. Moritz a logical choice. It became the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Twenty-eight countries competed in Switzerland, but athletes from Germany and Japan were not invited.<a href="#cite_note-Games1948-40">[37]</a> Controversy erupted when two hockey teams from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics" title="United States at the 1948 Winter Olympics">United States</a> arrived, both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative. The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_flag#Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic flag">Olympic flag</a> presented at the <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Summer Olympics</a> in Antwerp was stolen, as was its replacement. There was unprecedented parity at these games, during which 10 countries won gold medals—more than any games to that point.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Flame" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Flame">Olympic Flame</a> tradition was <a href="/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics" title="1952 Winter Olympics">introduced at the 1952 games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, when the flame was lit in the fireplace by Norwegian skiing pioneer <a href="/wiki/Sondre_Nordheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sondre Nordheim">Sondre Nordheim</a> and the first Winter torch relay was conducted by 94 torchbearers entirely on their skis.<a href="#cite_note-Games1952-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a>, a popular sport in the Nordic countries, was featured as a demonstration sport, though <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1952 Winter Olympics">only Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics" title="Sweden at the 1952 Winter Olympics">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics" title="Finland at the 1952 Winter Olympics">and Finland</a> fielded teams. Norwegian athletes won 17 medals, which outpaced all the other nations.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> They were led by <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Andersen" title="Hjalmar Andersen">Hjalmar Andersen</a> who won three gold medals in four events in the <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics" title="Speed skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics">speed skating</a> competition.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> After not being able to host the games in 1944, <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a> was selected to organise the <a href="/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics" title="1956 Winter Olympics">1956 Winter Olympics</a>. At the opening ceremonies the final torchbearer, Guido Caroli, entered the <a href="/wiki/Stadio_olimpico_del_ghiaccio" title="Stadio olimpico del ghiaccio">Olympic Stadium</a> on ice skates. As he skated around the stadium his skate caught on a cable and he fell and burned his arm, nearly extinguishing the flame. He was able to recover and light the cauldron.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> These were the first Winter Games to be televised, and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience, though no television rights were sold until the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-g136-47">[44]</a> The Cortina games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events.<a href="#cite_note-g136-47">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1956 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a> made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact, winning more medals than any other nation.<a href="#cite_note-Games1956-48">[45]</a> The Soviets' immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete". The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the Olympics">USSR</a> entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train full-time.<a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_Daniel-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Otto_Schantz-50">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiharu_Igaya" title="Chiharu Igaya">Chiharu Igaya</a> won the first Winter Olympics medal <a href="/wiki/Japan_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics" title="Japan at the 1956 Winter Olympics">for Japan</a> and the continent of Asia when he placed second in the slalom.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> The IOC awarded the <a href="/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics" title="1960 Winter Olympics">1960 Olympics</a> to <a href="/wiki/Squaw_Valley_Ski_Resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Squaw Valley Ski Resort">Squaw Valley</a>, United States.<a href="#cite_note-Games1960-52">[49]</a> the announcement of its selection came as a shock as the resort was undeveloped and unknown outside the United States.About US$80,000,000 was spent over four years to build the completely non-existent infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-j27-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> The opening and closing ceremonies were the firsts produced by <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> Company.<a href="#cite_note-j28-55">[52]</a> The Squaw Valley Olympics was the first Winter Games to have a dedicated athletes' village,<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> the first to use a computer (courtesy of <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>) to tabulate results, and the first to feature female speed skating events. This edition is the only one to date to not have bobsleigh competitions, as the number of countries registered in the event was insufficient and the costs of building the track were too high for the Organizing Committee.To replace the event, an extra edition from the <a href="/wiki/FIBT_World_Championships_1960" title="FIBT World Championships 1960">FIBT World Championship was held</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j28-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1964_to_1980">1964 to 1980</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1964 to 1980" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miracle_on_Ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An empty arena with the sheet of ice and the score board" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Miracle_on_Ice.jpg/200px-Miracle_on_Ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1302"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 139px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Miracle_on_Ice.jpg/200px-Miracle_on_Ice.jpg" data-alt="An empty arena with the sheet of ice and the score board" data-width="200" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Miracle_on_Ice.jpg/300px-Miracle_on_Ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Miracle_on_Ice.jpg/400px-Miracle_on_Ice.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Herb_Brooks_Arena" title="Herb Brooks Arena">Herb Brooks Arena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York" title="Lake Placid, New York">Lake Placid</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2007), site of the "<a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_Ice" title="Miracle on Ice">Miracle on Ice</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics" title="Ice hockey at the 1980 Winter Olympics">1980</a></figcaption></figure> The Austrian city of <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> was the host in <a href="/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics" title="1964 Winter Olympics">1964</a>. For the first time, the Olympic torch of the Winter Olympic Games was lit at the traditional ritual held in the temple of Olympia. Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort, unprojected warm weather caused a lack of snow and organisers were unable to save enough snow to be used during the Games, and the Austrian army was enlisted to transport snow and ice from other places to the sports venues.<a href="#cite_note-j28-55">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1964 Winter Olympics">Soviet</a> speed-skater <a href="/wiki/Lidia_Skoblikova" class="mw-redirect" title="Lidia Skoblikova">Lidia Skoblikova</a> made history by winning all four-speed skating events. Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes.<a href="#cite_note-j28-55">[52]</a> Also, for the first time <a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">Luge</a> was added to the Olympic program, but the sport received bad publicity when a competitor was killed in a pre-Olympic training run.<a href="#cite_note-Games1964-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Held in the French town of <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics" title="1968 Winter Olympics">1968 Winter Olympics</a> were the first Olympic Games to be broadcast in colour. There were 1,158 athletes from 37 nations competing in 35 events.<a href="#cite_note-Games1968-60">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/France_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics" title="France at the 1968 Winter Olympics">French</a> alpine ski racer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Killy" title="Jean-Claude Killy">Jean-Claude Killy</a> became only the second person to win all the men's alpine skiing events. Due the high interest around the world, the organising committee sold television rights for US$2 million, which was more than twice the cost of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games.<a href="#cite_note-fp277-61">[58]</a> For the first time, the organizers chose to decentralize the Games to save costs and the events were spread across three long distances clusters, which led to the need to build three Olympic Villages. Along the high costs, the organisers claimed that this was necessary to accommodate technological advances, however, critics disputed this, alleging that the layout would incorporate the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the athletes' expense.<a href="#cite_note-fp277-61">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics" title="1972 Winter Olympics">1972 Winter Games</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a>, Japan,<a href="#cite_note-Games1972-62">[59]</a> were the first to be hosted on a continent other than North America or Europe. The issue of professionalism was disputed during these Games when a number of alpine skiers were found to have participated in a ski camp at <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Mountain" title="Mammoth Mountain">Mammoth Mountain</a> in the United States; three days before the opening ceremony, IOC president <a href="/wiki/Avery_Brundage" title="Avery Brundage">Avery Brundage</a> threatened to bar the skiers from competing in the Games as he insisted that they were no longer amateurs having benefited financially from their status as athletes.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> Eventually only <a href="/wiki/Austria_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics" title="Austria at the 1972 Winter Olympics">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Schranz" title="Karl Schranz">Karl Schranz</a>, who earned more than the other skiers, was excluded from the competition.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Canada boycotted the <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics" title="Ice hockey at the 1972 Winter Olympics">1972</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics" title="Ice hockey at the 1976 Winter Olympics">1976 ice hockey tournaments</a> in protest at not being able to use players from professional leagues.<a href="#cite_note-Num17-65">[62]</a> Canadian authorities also accused the Soviet Union of using state-sponsored athletes, who were de facto professionals.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Ochoa" title="Francisco Fernández Ochoa">Francisco Fernández Ochoa</a> became the first and, as of 2022, the only <a href="/wiki/Spain_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics" title="Spain at the 1972 Winter Olympics">Spaniard</a> to win a Winter Olympic gold medal when he triumphed in the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics" title="Alpine skiing at the 1972 Winter Olympics">slalom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-factsheetp5-67">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics" title="1976 Winter Olympics">1976 Winter Olympics</a> had initially been awarded in 1970 to <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> in the United States. These Games would have coincided with the year of Colorado's <a href="/wiki/Centennial" title="Centennial">centennial</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">United States Bicentennial</a>. However, the increasing costs of the event and the oil crisis led to a local plebiscite held in November 1972, that resulted in the city withdrawing from hosting the Games, as the people of Colorado voted against public funding of the Games by a 3:2 margin.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> The IOC responded by offering the Games to <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>-<a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Ranges" title="Garibaldi Ranges">Garibaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, which had previously been a finalist bid for the 1976 Games. However, a change in the provincial government resulted in an administration that did not support the Olympic bid, so the IOC's offer was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-Games1976-70">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, previously a candidate for the 1972 Winter Olympics, then put itself forward, but a tense political situation led IOC to invite Innsbruck to host the 1976 Games, as all the infrastructure used during the 1964 Games had been maintained. Despite only having half the usual time to prepare for the Games, Innsbruck accepted the invitation to replace Denver in February 1973.<a href="#cite_note-Games1976-70">[67]</a> During the opening ceremonies, two cauldrons were lit because it was the second time that the Austrian town had hosted the Winter Games.<a href="#cite_note-Games1976-70">[67]</a> The 1976 Games featured the first <a href="/wiki/Igls_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Igls bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track">combination bobsleigh-and-luge track</a>, in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Igls" class="mw-redirect" title="Igls">Igls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-factsheetp5-67">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a> won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal.<a href="#cite_note-Games1976-70">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics" title="1980 Winter Olympics">In 1980</a> the Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid, which had hosted the 1932 Games.Unlike previous editions, Lake Placid had no competitors in this bid process. <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> made their Olympic debut at the games. People's Republic of China and the first tropical nation <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> competed for the first at the Winter Games. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> boycoted the Games, in protest of the IOC's recognition of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> as the only "China", and its request for the Republic of China to compete as "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a>". The PRC, on the other hand, returned to the Olympics for the first time since 1952 and made its Winter Olympic debut.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_1996_p._299-72">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics" title="United States at the 1980 Winter Olympics">American</a> speed-skater <a href="/wiki/Eric_Heiden" title="Eric Heiden">Eric Heiden</a> set either an Olympic or World record in every one of the five <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics" title="Speed skating at the 1980 Winter Olympics">events</a> in which he competed, winning a total of five individual gold medals and breaking the record for most individual golds in a single Olympics (both Summer and Winter).<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanni_Wenzel" title="Hanni Wenzel">Hanni Wenzel</a> won both the slalom and giant slalom and her country, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics" title="Liechtenstein at the 1980 Winter Olympics">Liechtenstein</a>, became the smallest nation to produce an Olympic gold medallist.<a href="#cite_note-Games1980-74">[71]</a> In the "<a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_Ice" title="Miracle on Ice">Miracle on Ice</a>", the <a href="/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="United States men's national ice hockey team">American hockey team</a> composed of college players beat the favoured seasoned professionals from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Union national ice hockey team">Soviet Union</a>, and progressed to eventually win the gold medal.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-IOC1980-USA-Finland01-77">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1984_to_1998">1984 to 1998</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1984 to 1998" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberto_Tomba_Zagreb_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Alberto Tomba in hat and ski clothes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Alberto_Tomba_Zagreb_2009.jpg/170px-Alberto_Tomba_Zagreb_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="1032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 300px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Alberto_Tomba_Zagreb_2009.jpg/170px-Alberto_Tomba_Zagreb_2009.jpg" data-alt="Alberto Tomba in hat and ski clothes" data-width="170" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Alberto_Tomba_Zagreb_2009.jpg/255px-Alberto_Tomba_Zagreb_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Alberto_Tomba_Zagreb_2009.jpg/340px-Alberto_Tomba_Zagreb_2009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Tomba" title="Alberto Tomba">Alberto Tomba</a>, winner of five Olympic medals in Calgary, Albertville and Lillehammer</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a>, Japan, and <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, Sweden, were front-runners to host the <a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics" title="1984 Winter Olympics">1984 Winter Olympics</a>. It was therefore a surprise when <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Yugoslavia, was selected as host.<a href="#cite_note-sarajevosurprise-78">[74]</a> The Games were well-organised and not affected by the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">war</a> that engulfed the country eight years later.<a href="#cite_note-Games1984-79">[75]</a> A total of 49 nations and 1,272 athletes participated in 39 events. Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal when alpine skier <a href="/wiki/Jure_Franko" title="Jure Franko">Jure Franko</a> won silver in the giant slalom. Another sporting highlight was the free dance performance of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics" title="Great Britain at the 1984 Winter Olympics">British</a> ice dancers <a href="/wiki/Jayne_Torvill" title="Jayne Torvill">Jayne Torvill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dean" title="Christopher Dean">Christopher Dean</a>; their <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%A9ro" title="Boléro">Boléro</a> routine received unanimous perfect scores for artistic impression, earning them the gold medal.<a href="#cite_note-Games1984-79">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_Torch_Calgary_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Olympic_Torch_Calgary_1988.jpg/120px-Olympic_Torch_Calgary_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="1307"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 237px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Olympic_Torch_Calgary_1988.jpg/120px-Olympic_Torch_Calgary_1988.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Olympic_Torch_Calgary_1988.jpg/180px-Olympic_Torch_Calgary_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Olympic_Torch_Calgary_1988.jpg/240px-Olympic_Torch_Calgary_1988.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Olympic Torch from the <a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Winter Olympic Games">1988 Winter Olympic Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a></figcaption></figure> In 1988, the Canadian city of <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">first Winter Olympics</a> to span three weekends, lasting for a total of 16 days.<a href="#cite_note-Games1988-80">[76]</a> New events were added in ski-jumping and speed skating, while future Olympic sports curling, <a href="/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Short track speed skating">short track speed skating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing" title="Freestyle skiing">freestyle skiing</a> made their debut appearance as demonstration sports. The speed skating events were held indoors for the first time, on the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Oval" title="Olympic Oval">Olympic Oval</a>. Dutch skater <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_van_Gennip" title="Yvonne van Gennip">Yvonne van Gennip</a> won three gold medals and set two world records, beating skaters from the favoured <a href="/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics" title="East Germany at the 1988 Winter Olympics">East German team</a> in every race.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> Her medal total was equalled by <a href="/wiki/Finland_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics" title="Finland at the 1988 Winter Olympics">Finnish</a> ski jumper <a href="/wiki/Matti_Nyk%C3%A4nen" title="Matti Nykänen">Matti Nykänen</a>, who won all three events in his sport. <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Tomba" title="Alberto Tomba">Alberto Tomba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1988 Winter Olympics">an Italian</a> skier, made his Olympic debut by winning both the giant slalom and slalom. East German <a href="/wiki/Christa_Luding-Rothenburger" title="Christa Luding-Rothenburger">Christa Rothenburger</a> won the women's 1,000 metre speed skating event. Seven months later she would earn a silver in track cycling at the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">Summer Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, to become the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-Games1988-80">[76]</a> The 1988 games are well remembered in popular culture from two films based on its events: <a href="/wiki/Cool_Runnings" title="Cool Runnings">Cool Runnings</a> about the Jamaican bobsled team; and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_the_Eagle_(film)" title="Eddie the Eagle (film)">Eddie the Eagle</a> about British ski jumper <a href="/wiki/Eddie_the_Eagle" title="Eddie the Eagle">Michael Edwards</a>, who finished last but set a British record of 73.5 metres. The <a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">1992 Winter Games</a> were the last to be held in the same year as the <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">Summer Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Games1992-82">[78]</a> They were hosted in the French <a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a> region, with 18 events held in the city of <a href="/wiki/Albertville" title="Albertville">Albertville</a> and the remaining events spread out over the Savoie.<a href="#cite_note-Games1992-82">[78]</a> Political changes of the time were reflected in the composition of the Olympic teams competing in France: this was the first Games to be held after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Communism">fall of Communism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a>, and Germany competed as a single nation for the first time since the 1964 Games.<a href="#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_2004,_p._400-83">[79]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavian</a> republics <a href="/wiki/Croatia_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics" title="Croatia at the 1992 Winter Olympics">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics" title="Slovenia at the 1992 Winter Olympics">Slovenia</a> made their debuts as independent nations; most of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> republics still competed as a single team known as the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the 1992 Winter Olympics">Unified Team</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic States">Baltic States</a> made independent appearances for the first time since before World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_2004,_p._400-83">[79]</a> At 16 years old, <a href="/wiki/Finland_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics" title="Finland at the 1992 Winter Olympics">Finnish</a> ski jumper <a href="/wiki/Toni_Nieminen" title="Toni Nieminen">Toni Nieminen</a> made history by becoming the youngest male Winter Olympic champion.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics" title="New Zealand at the 1992 Winter Olympics">New Zealand</a> skier <a href="/wiki/Annelise_Coberger" title="Annelise Coberger">Annelise Coberger</a> became the first Winter Olympic medallist from the southern hemisphere when she won a silver medal in the women's slalom. The <a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994 Winter Olympics</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Lillehammer" title="Lillehammer">Lillehammer</a>, Norway, were the first Winter Games to be held in a different year from the Summer Games. This change resulted from the decision reached in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings#IOC_Sessions" title="List of IOC meetings">91st IOC Session (1986)</a> to separate the Summer and Winter Games and place them in alternating even-numbered years.<a href="#cite_note-Games1994-85">[81]</a> Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games. It was the second time the Games were held in Norway, after the <a href="/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics" title="1952 Winter Olympics">1952 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, and the first time the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Truce" title="Olympic Truce">Olympic Truce</a> was observed. As a result, after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a> in 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics" title="Czech Republic at the 1994 Winter Olympics">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics" title="Slovakia at the 1994 Winter Olympics">Slovakia</a> made their Olympic debuts.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> The women's figure skating competition drew media attention when <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics" title="United States at the 1994 Winter Olympics">American skater</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kerrigan" title="Nancy Kerrigan">Nancy Kerrigan</a> was injured on 6 January 1994, in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent <a href="/wiki/Tonya_Harding" title="Tonya Harding">Tonya Harding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> Both skaters competed in the Games, but the gold medal was narrowly won by <a href="/wiki/Oksana_Baiul" title="Oksana Baiul">Oksana Baiul</a> who became <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics" title="Ukraine at the 1994 Winter Olympics">Ukraine</a>'s first Olympic champion, while Kerrigan won the silver medal.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Olav_Koss" title="Johann Olav Koss">Johann Olav Koss</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> won three gold medals, coming first in all of the distance speed skating events.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> 13-year-old <a href="/wiki/Kim_Yun-Mi_(speed_skater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Yun-Mi (speed skater)">Kim Yoon-Mi</a> became the youngest-ever Olympic gold medallist when South Korea won the women's 3,000-metre speed skating relay. <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_D%C3%A6hli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjørn Dæhli">Bjørn Dæhli</a> of Norway won a medal in four out of five cross-country events, becoming the most decorated Winter Olympian until then. <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics" title="Russia at the 1994 Winter Olympics">Russia</a> won the most events, with eleven gold medals, while Norway achieved 26 podium finishes, collecting the most medals overall on home ground. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch" title="Juan Antonio Samaranch">Juan Antonio Samaranch</a> described Lillehammer as "the best Olympic Winter Games ever" in his closing ceremony speech.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998 Winter Olympics</a> were held in the Japanese city of <a href="/wiki/Nagano_(city)" title="Nagano (city)">Nagano</a> and were the first Games to host more than 2,000 athletes.<a href="#cite_note-Games1998-92">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> allowed its players to participate in the men's <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament" title="Ice hockey at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament">ice hockey tournament</a> for the first time, and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Czech Republic men's national ice hockey team">Czech Republic</a> won the tournament. Women's ice hockey made its debut, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="United States women's national ice hockey team">United States</a> won the gold medal.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_D%C3%A6hlie" title="Bjørn Dæhlie">Bjørn Dæhlie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1998 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> won three gold medals in Nordic skiing, becoming the most decorated Winter Olympic athlete, with eight gold medals and twelve medals overall.<a href="#cite_note-Games1998-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Austria_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics" title="Austria at the 1998 Winter Olympics">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Maier" title="Hermann Maier">Hermann Maier</a> survived a crash during the downhill competition and returned to win gold in the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_super-G" title="Alpine skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Men's super-G">super-G</a> and the giant slalom.<a href="#cite_note-Games1998-92">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tara_Lipinski" title="Tara Lipinski">Tara Lipinski</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics" title="United States at the 1998 Winter Olympics">United States</a>, aged just 15, became the youngest ever female gold medallist in an individual event when she won the <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics#Ladies" title="Figure skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics">Ladies' Singles</a>, a record that had stood since <a href="/wiki/Sonja_Henie" title="Sonja Henie">Sonja Henie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1928 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> won the same event, also aged 15, in <a href="/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics" title="1928 Winter Olympics">St. Moritz in 1928</a>. New world records were set in <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics" title="Speed skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics">speed skating</a> largely due to the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Clap_skate" title="Clap skate">clap skate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002_to_2022">2002 to 2022</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2002 to 2022" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2002_Winter_Olympics_flame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Interwoven steel frame several stories high with the lit flame at the top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/2002_Winter_Olympics_flame.jpg/170px-2002_Winter_Olympics_flame.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 251px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/2002_Winter_Olympics_flame.jpg/170px-2002_Winter_Olympics_flame.jpg" data-alt="Interwoven steel frame several stories high with the lit flame at the top" data-width="170" data-height="251" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/2002_Winter_Olympics_flame.jpg/255px-2002_Winter_Olympics_flame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/2002_Winter_Olympics_flame.jpg/340px-2002_Winter_Olympics_flame.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Olympic flame during the Opening Ceremony of the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympic_bid_scandal" title="2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal">After a tumultuous host city process</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Winter Olympics</a> were held in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Utah">Salt Lake City</a>, United States. 2,399 athletes from 77 National Olympic Committees participated in 78 events in 7 sports.<a href="#cite_note-Games2002-96">[92]</a> These Games were the first to take place since the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> of 2001, which meant a higher degree of security to avoid a terrorist attack. The opening ceremony saw signs of the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Aftermath of the September 11 attacks">aftermath of the events of that day</a>, including the flag that flew at <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">Ground Zero</a>, and honour guards of NYPD and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">FDNY</a> members.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics" title="Germany at the 2002 Winter Olympics">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Hackl" title="Georg Hackl">Georg Hackl</a> won a silver in the singles luge, becoming the first athlete in Olympic history to win medals in the same individual event in five consecutive Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-Games2002-96">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics" title="Canada at the 2002 Winter Olympics">Canada</a> achieved an unprecedented double by winning both the men's and women's <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics" title="Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics">ice hockey</a> gold medals.<a href="#cite_note-Games2002-96">[92]</a> Canada became embroiled with <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics" title="Russia at the 2002 Winter Olympics">Russia</a> in a <a href="/wiki/2002_Olympic_Winter_Games_figure_skating_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal">controversy</a> that involved the judging of the <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics" title="Figure skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics">pairs figure skating</a> competition. The Russian pair of <a href="/wiki/Yelena_Berezhnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelena Berezhnaya">Yelena Berezhnaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Sikharulidze" title="Anton Sikharulidze">Anton Sikharulidze</a> competed against the Canadian pair of <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Sal%C3%A9" title="Jamie Salé">Jamie Salé</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Pelletier" title="David Pelletier">David Pelletier</a> for the gold medal.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-98">[94]</a> The Canadians appeared to have skated well enough to win the competition, yet the Russians were awarded the gold. The <a href="/wiki/France_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics" title="France at the 2002 Winter Olympics">French</a> judge, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Reine_Le_Gougne" title="Marie-Reine Le Gougne">Marie-Reine Le Gougne</a>, awarded the gold to the Russians. An investigation revealed that she had been pressured to give the gold to the Russian pair regardless of how they skated; in return, the Russian judge would look favourably on the French entrants in the ice dancing competition.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-98">[94]</a> The IOC decided to award both pairs the gold medal in a second <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony" title="Olympic Games ceremony">medal ceremony</a> held later in the Games.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australia_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics" title="Australia at the 2002 Winter Olympics">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Bradbury_(speed_skater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Bradbury (speed skater)">Steven Bradbury</a> became the first gold medallist from the southern hemisphere when he won the 1,000 metre short-track speed skating event.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braciere_Olimpico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Close-up of the Olympic Flame during the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Braciere_Olimpico.jpg/170px-Braciere_Olimpico.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 265px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Braciere_Olimpico.jpg/170px-Braciere_Olimpico.jpg" data-alt="Close-up of the Olympic Flame during the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin" data-width="170" data-height="265" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Braciere_Olimpico.jpg/255px-Braciere_Olimpico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Braciere_Olimpico.jpg/340px-Braciere_Olimpico.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A close-up of the Olympic Flame during the <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></figcaption></figure> The Italian city of <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006 Winter Olympics</a>. It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games. <a href="/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics" title="South Korea at the 2006 Winter Olympics">South Korean</a> athletes won 10 medals, including 6 gold in the short-track speed skating events. <a href="/wiki/Jin_Sun-Yu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin Sun-Yu">Sun-Yu Jin</a> won three gold medals while her teammate <a href="/wiki/Hyun-Soo_Ahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyun-Soo Ahn">Hyun-Soo Ahn</a> won three gold medals and a bronze.<a href="#cite_note-Games2006-101">[97]</a> In the women's <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics" title="Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics">Cross-Country</a> team pursuit <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics" title="Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics">Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sara_Renner" title="Sara Renner">Sara Renner</a> broke one of her poles and, when he saw her dilemma, <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 2006 Winter Olympics">Norwegian</a> coach <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnar_H%C3%A5kensmoen" title="Bjørnar Håkensmoen">Bjørnar Håkensmoen</a> decided to lend her a pole. In so doing she was able to help her team win a silver medal in the event at the expense of the Norwegian team, who finished fourth.<a href="#cite_note-Games2006-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> On winning the Super-G, <a href="/wiki/Kjetil-Andre_Aamodt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kjetil-Andre Aamodt">Kjetil-Andre Aamodt</a> of Norway became the most decorated ski racer of all time with 4 gold and 8 overall medals. He is also the only ski racer to have won the same event at three Olympics, winning the Super-G in <a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006</a>. <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Pechstein" title="Claudia Pechstein">Claudia Pechstein</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics" title="Germany at the 2006 Winter Olympics">Germany</a> became the first speed skater to earn nine career medals.<a href="#cite_note-Games2006-101">[97]</a> In February 2009, Pechstein tested positive for <a href="/wiki/Blood_doping" title="Blood doping">"blood manipulation"</a> and received a two-year suspension, which she appealed. The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport" title="Court of Arbitration for Sport">Court of Arbitration for Sport</a> upheld her suspension but a Swiss court ruled that she could compete for a spot on the <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics" title="Germany at the 2010 Winter Olympics">2010 German Olympic team</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> This ruling was brought to the Swiss Federal Tribunal, which overturned the lower court's ruling and precluded her from competing in Vancouver.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> In 2003, the IOC awarded the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics. With a population of more than 2.5 million people Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to ever host a Winter Olympic Games.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> Over 2,500 athletes from 82 countries participated in 86 events.<a href="#cite_note-Games2010-106">[102]</a> The death of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics" title="Georgia at the 2010 Winter Olympics">Georgian</a> luger <a href="/wiki/Nodar_Kumaritashvili" title="Nodar Kumaritashvili">Nodar Kumaritashvili</a> in a training run on the day of the opening ceremonies resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Whistler_Sliding_Centre" title="Whistler Sliding Centre">Whistler Sliding Centre</a> changing the track layout on safety grounds.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 2010 Winter Olympics">Norwegian</a> cross-country skier <a href="/wiki/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen" title="Marit Bjørgen">Marit Bjørgen</a> won five medals in the six cross-country events on the women's programme. She finished the Olympics with three golds, a silver and a bronze.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> For the first time, <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics" title="Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics">Canada</a> won a gold medal at an Olympic Games it hosted, having failed to do so at both the <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>. In contrast to the lack of gold medals at these previous Olympics, the Canadian team finished first overall in gold medal wins,<a href="#cite_note-clinch-109">[105]</a> and became the first host nation—since <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1952 Winter Olympics">Norway in 1952</a>—to lead the gold medal count, with 14 medals. In doing so, it also broke the record for the most gold medals won by a NOC at a single Winter Olympics (the previous was 13, set by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union in 1976</a> and matched by <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 2002 Winter Olympics">Norway in 2002</a>).<a href="#cite_note-RecordGolds-110">[106]</a> The Vancouver Games were notable for the poor performance of the <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics" title="Russia at the 2010 Winter Olympics">Russian</a> athletes. From their first Winter Olympics in <a href="/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics" title="1956 Winter Olympics">1956</a> to the 2006 Games, a Soviet or Russian delegation had never been outside the top five medal-winning nations, but in 2010 they finished sixth in total medals and eleventh in gold medals. <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> called for the resignation of top sports officials immediately after the Games.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> Russia's disappointing performance at Vancouver is cited as the reason behind the <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">enhancement of an already existing doping scheme</a> alleged to have been in operation at major events such as the 2014 Games at Sochi.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> The success of Asian countries stood in stark contrast to the under-performing Russian team, with Vancouver marking a high point for medals won by Asian countries. At the Albertville Games in 1992 the Asian countries had won fifteen medals, three of which were gold. In Vancouver, the total number of medals won by athletes from Asia had increased to thirty-one, with eleven of them being gold. The rise of Asian nations in Winter Olympics sports is due in part to the growth of winter sports programmes and the interest in winter sports in nations such as Kazakhstan, South Korea, Japan and China. These results increased the chances of an Asian city hosting the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a> that would be held the following year.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, Russia, was selected as the host city for the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a> over <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, Austria, and <a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang_County" title="Pyeongchang County">Pyeongchang</a>, South Korea. This was the first time that Russia had hosted a Winter Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-Games2014-115">[111]</a> The Games took place from 7 to 23 February 2014.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> A record 2,800 athletes from 88 countries competed in 98 events. The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast. All of the mountain venues were 50 kilometres (31 mi) away in the alpine region known as <a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Polyana,_Sochi,_Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Krasnodar Krai">Krasnaya Polyana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Games2014-115">[111]</a> The Games were the most expensive until the date, with a cost of £30 billion (US$51 billion). On the snow, Norwegian biathlete <a href="/wiki/Ole_Einar_Bj%C3%B8rndalen" title="Ole Einar Bjørndalen">Ole Einar Bjørndalen</a> took two golds to bring his total tally of Olympic medals to 13, overtaking his compatriot Bjørn Dæhlie to become the most decorated Winter Olympian of all time. Another Norwegian, cross-country skier <a href="/wiki/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen" title="Marit Bjørgen">Marit Bjørgen</a> took three golds; her total of ten Olympic medals tied her as the female Winter Olympian with most medals, alongside <a href="/wiki/Raisa_Smetanina" title="Raisa Smetanina">Raisa Smetanina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stefania_Belmondo" title="Stefania Belmondo">Stefania Belmondo</a>. Snowboarder <a href="/wiki/Ayumu_Hirano" title="Ayumu Hirano">Ayumu Hirano</a> became the youngest medallist on snow at the Winter Games when he took a silver in the <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_halfpipe" title="Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's halfpipe">halfpipe</a> competition at the age of fifteen.<a href="#cite_note-Games2014-115">[111]</a> On the ice, the Netherlands team dominated the speed skating events, taking 23 medals, four clean sweeps of the podium places and at least one medal in each of the twelve medal events. <a href="/wiki/Ireen_W%C3%BCst" title="Ireen Wüst">Ireen Wüst</a> was their most successful competitor, taking two golds and three silvers. In figure skating, <a href="/wiki/Yuzuru_Hanyu" title="Yuzuru Hanyu">Yuzuru Hanyu</a> became the first skater to break the 100-point barrier in the short programme on the way to winning the gold medal. Among the sledding disciplines, luger <a href="/wiki/Armin_Z%C3%B6ggeler" title="Armin Zöggeler">Armin Zöggeler</a> took a bronze, becoming the first Winter Olympian to secure a medal in six consecutive Games.<a href="#cite_note-Games2014-115">[111]</a> Following their disappointing performance at the 2010 Games, and an investment of £600 million in elite sport, <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics" title="Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics">Russia</a> initially topped the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="2014 Winter Olympics medal table">medal table</a>, taking 13 gold and 33 total medals.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Rodchenkov" title="Grigory Rodchenkov">Grigory Rodchenkov</a>, the former head of the Russian national anti-doping laboratory, subsequently claimed that he had been involved in doping dozens of Russian competitors for the Games, and that he had been assisted by the Russian <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a> in opening and re-sealing bottles containing urine samples so that samples with banned substances could be replaced with "clean" urine.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> A subsequent <a href="/wiki/McLaren_Report" title="McLaren Report">investigation</a> commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">World Anti-Doping Agency</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_McLaren_(academic)" title="Richard McLaren (academic)">Richard McLaren</a> concluded that a state-sponsored doping programme had operated in Russia from "at least late 2011 to 2015" across the "vast majority" of Summer and Winter Olympic sports.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that <a href="/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee" title="Russian Olympic Committee">Russia</a> would compete as the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Athletes_from_Russia_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics" title="Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics">Olympic Athletes from Russia</a> at the 2018 Winter Olympics<a href="#cite_note-russianban-120">[116]</a> and by the end of 2017 the <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Commission" title="Oswald Commission">IOC Disciplinary Commission</a> had disqualified 43 Russian athletes, stripping thirteen medals and knocking Russia from the top of the medal table, thus putting Norway in the lead.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> However, nine medals were later returned, meaning that Russia reclaimed first place in the overall medal table, and joint first place with Norway in terms of gold medals. On 6 July 2011, <a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang_County" title="Pyeongchang County">Pyeongchang</a>, South Korea, was selected to host the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a> over <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Annecy" title="Annecy">Annecy</a>, France.<a href="#cite_note-2018Bids-124">[120]</a> This was the first time that <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> had been selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall, after the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul</a>. The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Games2018-125">[121]</a> More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events. The main venue cluster was the <a href="/wiki/Alpensia_Resort" title="Alpensia Resort">Alpensia Resort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Daegwallyeong-myeon" title="Daegwallyeong-myeon">Daegwallyeong-myeon</a>, while the ice events are held at <a href="/wiki/Gangneung_Olympic_Park" title="Gangneung Olympic Park">Gangneung Olympic Park</a> in Pyeongchang's neighbouring sea-city of <a href="/wiki/Gangneung" title="Gangneung">Gangneung</a>. The lead-up to the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics#North_Korean_relations" title="2018 Winter Olympics">the tensions between North and South Korea</a> and the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Russian doping scandal</a>. Despite <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">tense relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> agreed to participate in the Games, enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a <a href="/wiki/Unified_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Korea">unified Korea</a>, and field a <a href="/wiki/Korea_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics" title="Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics">unified team</a> in <a href="/wiki/Korea_women%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Korea women's national ice hockey team">women's ice hockey</a>. Russian athletes, who complied with the IOC's doping regulations, were given the option to compete in Pyeongchang as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR).<a href="#cite_note-russianban-120">[116]</a> The Games saw the addition of <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding#Big_air" title="Snowboarding">big air snowboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_start" title="Mass start">mass start</a> <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">speed skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_doubles_curling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed doubles curling">mixed doubles curling</a>, and mixed team <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">alpine skiing</a> to the programme. Like four years early, the Netherlands again dominated speed skating, winning gold medals in seven of the ten individual events. Dutch speed skater <a href="/wiki/Sven_Kramer" title="Sven Kramer">Sven Kramer</a> won gold in the men's 5000m event, becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times. On the snow, Norway led the medal tally in cross-country skiing, with <a href="/wiki/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen" title="Marit Bjørgen">Marit Bjørgen</a> winning bronze in the women's team sprint and gold in the 30-kilometre classical event, bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen, the most won by any athlete (male or female) in Winter Olympics history. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_H%C3%B8sflot_Kl%C3%A6bo" title="Johannes Høsflot Klæbo">Johannes Høsflot Klæbo</a> of Norway became the youngest ever male to win an Olympic gold in cross-country skiing when he won the <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint" title="Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint">men's sprint</a> at age 21. <a href="/wiki/Noriaki_Kasai" title="Noriaki Kasai">Noriaki Kasai</a> of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games. <a href="/wiki/Ester_Ledeck%C3%A1" title="Ester Ledecká">Ester Ledecká</a> of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom, making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two sports at a single Winter Games. Norway led the total medal standings with 39, the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics, followed by Germany's 31 and Canada's 29. Host nation <a href="/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics" title="South Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics">South Korea</a> won seventeen medals, five of them gold, its highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics. <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, was elected as the host city for the <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a> on 31 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/128th_IOC_Session" title="128th IOC Session">128th IOC Session</a>. Beijing became the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. Like the Summer Olympics held six months earlier in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> resulted in the implementation of strict health and safety protocols, including restrictions on public attendance at the Games. The Games included a record 109 events over 15 disciplines in seven sports with seven new medal events, including mixed team competitions in freestyle skiing aerials, ski jumping, and snowboard cross. The Games were held between 4 and 20 February 2022 at venues in Beijing and <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</a> which for the first time were run entirely on <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>. Several of the events were impacted by temperatures as low as minus 20 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a> and strong wind. The first gold medal of the Games was won by <a href="/wiki/Therese_Johaug" title="Therese Johaug">Therese Johaug</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 2022 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> in the women's skiathlon. Johaug had been excluded from the 2018 Winter Olympics in a controversial decision after having used a banned cream for sunburned lips. She went on to also win the women's 10 km and 30 km cross-country distances. In the women's snowboard cross, <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Jacobellis" title="Lindsey Jacobellis">Lindsey Jacobellis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="United States at the 2022 Winter Olympics">United States</a> won the gold, having lost the gold 16 years earlier at the <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006 Winter Olympics</a> in Torino due to a brutal fall. On the ice, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="Netherlands at the 2022 Winter Olympics">Netherlands</a> dominated with a total of six gold medals and <a href="/wiki/Irene_Schouten" title="Irene Schouten">Irene Schouten</a> winning the women's mass start, 3,000m and 5,000m distances. <a href="/wiki/Nils_van_der_Poel" title="Nils van der Poel">Nils van der Poel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="Sweden at the 2022 Winter Olympics">Sweden</a> won the men's 5,000m and 10,000m distances, setting new Olympic records in both distances. <a href="/wiki/Kamila_Valieva" title="Kamila Valieva">Kamila Valieva</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee_athletes_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="Russian Olympic Committee athletes at the 2022 Winter Olympics">Russia</a> was allowed to compete in the <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles" title="Figure skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Women's singles">women's figure skating</a> despite a failed doping test in December 2021. She failed, however, to win an individual medal after falling in her final routine. Russia's <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Team_event" title="Figure skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Team event">team gold medal</a> remained in limbo for two years, pending investigation into Valieva's positive drug test, before the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport" title="Court of Arbitration for Sport">Court of Arbitration for Sport</a> (CAS) disqualified Valieva for four years retroactive to 25 December 2021, leading the ISU to re-allocate the medals, upgrading the United States to gold and Japan to silver while downgrading the ROC to bronze.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Finland_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="Finland at the 2022 Winter Olympics">Finland</a> claimed its first ice hockey gold, having beaten the Russian Olympic Committee in the men's final on the last day of the Games. Norway was first in the overall medal standings, claiming 37 medals in total and 16 gold medals, the highest number of gold medals of any country in a single Winter Olympics. This was the ninth time Norway claimed the highest number of gold medals at the Winter Games. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future">Future</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Future" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-2070-2100_Climate_change_threatens_venues_of_Olympic_Winter_Games.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2010-2070-2100_Climate_change_threatens_venues_of_Olympic_Winter_Games.svg/220px-2010-2070-2100_Climate_change_threatens_venues_of_Olympic_Winter_Games.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2010-2070-2100_Climate_change_threatens_venues_of_Olympic_Winter_Games.svg/220px-2010-2070-2100_Climate_change_threatens_venues_of_Olympic_Winter_Games.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2010-2070-2100_Climate_change_threatens_venues_of_Olympic_Winter_Games.svg/330px-2010-2070-2100_Climate_change_threatens_venues_of_Olympic_Winter_Games.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2010-2070-2100_Climate_change_threatens_venues_of_Olympic_Winter_Games.svg/440px-2010-2070-2100_Climate_change_threatens_venues_of_Olympic_Winter_Games.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The amount by which greenhouse gas emissions are reduced is forecast to substantially affect the number of Winter Olympic Game venues that will have reliably cold conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes_20220204-127">[123]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics" title="2026 Winter Olympics">2026 Winter Olympics</a> will be held in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a>, Italy, and take place between 6 and 22 February 2026.<a href="#cite_note-Games2026-128">[124]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/142nd_IOC_Session" title="142nd IOC Session">142nd IOC Session</a> in July 2024, it was confirmed that the <a href="/wiki/2030_Winter_Olympics" title="2030 Winter Olympics">2030 Winter Olympics</a> will be hosted by France in the <a href="/wiki/French_Alps" title="French Alps">French Alps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2034_Winter_Olympics" title="2034 Winter Olympics">2034 Winter Olympics</a> was also awarded simultaneously to be hosted by the United States in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, Utah, where the Olympics were held previously in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-SLCtime-130">[126]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Problems_and_politics">Problems and politics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Problems and politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Controversy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games_scandals_and_controversies#Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Games scandals and controversies">Olympic Games scandals and controversies § Winter Olympics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_DF-ST-01-00128.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="a head shot of Juan Antonio Samaranch with dark glasses on" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_DF-ST-01-00128.jpg/170px-Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_DF-ST-01-00128.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="935"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 186px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_DF-ST-01-00128.jpg/170px-Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_DF-ST-01-00128.jpg" data-alt="a head shot of Juan Antonio Samaranch with dark glasses on" data-width="170" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_DF-ST-01-00128.jpg/255px-Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_DF-ST-01-00128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_DF-ST-01-00128.jpg/340px-Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_DF-ST-01-00128.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch" title="Juan Antonio Samaranch">Juan Antonio Samaranch</a>, former IOC president, who was in charge of the Olympic movement for more than 20 years</figcaption></figure> The process for awarding host city honours came under intense scrutiny after <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Games.<a href="#cite_note-slcorruption-131">[127]</a> Soon after the host city had been announced it was discovered that the organisers had engaged in an elaborate bribery <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympic_bid_scandal" title="2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal">scheme</a> to curry favour with IOC officials.<a href="#cite_note-slcorruption-131">[127]</a> Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City's bid. These gifts included medical treatment for relatives, a college scholarship for one member's son and a land deal in Utah. Even IOC president <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch" title="Juan Antonio Samaranch">Juan Antonio Samaranch</a> received two rifles valued at $2,000. Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since, as president, he was a non-voting member.<a href="#cite_note-Cashmore-132">[128]</a> The subsequent investigation uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Olympics (both Summer and Winter) since 1988.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> For example, the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organising Committee for Nagano's bid for the <a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998 Winter Olympics</a> were described by the investigation committee as "astronomical".<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> Although nothing strictly illegal had been done, the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent that advertisers would begin to pull their support.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10. New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership, and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee. Stricter rules for future bids were imposed, with ceilings imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Host_city_legacy">Host city legacy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Host city legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to the IOC, the host city for the Winter Olympics is responsible for "...establishing functions and services for all aspects of the Games, such as sports planning, venues, finance, technology, accommodation, catering, media services, etc., as well as operations during the Games".<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> Due to the cost of hosting the Games, most host cities never realise a profit on their investment.<a href="#cite_note-riskreward-140">[136]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy, cost $3.6 billion to host. By comparison, the <a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagano_(city)" title="Nagano (city)">Nagano</a>, Japan, cost $12.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-olympiceffect-141">[137]</a> The organisers of the Nagano Games claimed that the cost of extending the <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">bullet train</a> service from Tokyo to Nagano was responsible for the large price tag.<a href="#cite_note-olympiceffect-141">[137]</a> The organising committee had hoped that the exposure gained from hosting the Winter Olympics, and the improved access to Nagano from Tokyo, would benefit the local economy for years afterwards. In fact, Nagano's economy did experience a post-Olympic boom for a year or two, but the long-term effects have not materialised as anticipated.<a href="#cite_note-olympiceffect-141">[137]</a> The likelihood of heavy debt is a deterrent to prospective host cities, as well as the prospect of unused sports venues and infrastructure saddling the local community with upkeep costs with no appreciable post-Olympic value.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> The Winter Olympics has the added problem of the alpine events requiring a mountain location; the men's downhill needs an 800-metre altitude difference along a suitable course. As this is a focal event that is central to the Games, the IOC has previously not agreed to it taking place a long way from the main host city,<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> in contrast to the Summer Games, where sailing and horse sports have taken place more than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) away. The requirement for a mountain location also means that venues such as hockey arenas often have to be built in sparsely populated areas with little future need for a large arena and for the hotels and infrastructure needed for all Olympic visitors. Due to cost issues, fewer and fewer cities are willing to host. Both the <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">Torino 2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">Vancouver 2010</a> Games, which were hosted in countries where large cities are located close to suitable mountain regions, had lower costs since more venues, hotels and transport infrastructure already existed. In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">Sochi 2014</a> games had large costs as most installations had to be built. The IOC has tried to mitigate these concerns. Firstly, it has agreed to fund part of the host city's budget.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Secondly, the qualifying host countries are limited to those that have the resources and infrastructure to successfully host an Olympic Games without negatively impacting their region or nation; this rules out a large portion of the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Finally, any prospective host city is required to add a "legacy plan" to their proposal, with a view to the long-term economic and environmental impact that hosting the Olympics will have.<a href="#cite_note-legacyplan-146">[142]</a> Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Games</a>, the IOC is allowing a longer distance between the alpine events and other events. The <a href="/wiki/Oslo_bid_for_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="Oslo bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics">Oslo bid</a> had 220 kilometres (140 mi) to the <a href="/wiki/Kvitfjell" title="Kvitfjell">Kvitfjell</a> downhill arena, while eventual host Beijing had venues 220 km away from the city as well. For the 2026 Winter Games, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm%E2%80%93%C3%85re_bid_for_the_2026_Winter_Olympics" title="Stockholm–Åre bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics">Stockholm's unsuccessful bid</a> proposed to hold the alpine event in <a href="/wiki/%C3%85re" title="Åre">Åre</a>, 620 kilometres (390 mi) away by road. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doping">Doping</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Doping" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1967 the IOC began enacting drug testing protocols. They started by randomly testing athletes at the 1968 Winter Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> The first Winter Games athlete to test positive for a banned substance was <a href="/wiki/Alois_Schloder" title="Alois Schloder">Alois Schloder</a>, a <a href="/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics" title="West Germany at the 1972 Winter Olympics">West German</a> hockey player,<a href="#cite_note-OR1972-148">[144]</a> but his team was still allowed to compete.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> During the 1970s testing outside of competition was escalated because it was found to deter athletes from using performance-enhancing drugs.<a href="#cite_note-Mottram-150">[146]</a> The problem with testing during this time was a lack of standardisation of the test procedures, which undermined the credibility of the tests. It was not until the late 1980s that international sporting federations began to coordinate efforts to standardise the drug-testing protocols.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> The IOC took the lead in the fight against steroids when it established the independent <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">World Anti-Doping Agency</a> (WADA) in November 1999.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-wada-153">[149]</a> The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving the emerging trend of <a href="/wiki/Blood_doping" title="Blood doping">blood doping</a>, the use of blood transfusions or synthetic hormones such as <a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">Erythropoietin</a> (EPO) to improve oxygen flow and thus reduce fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-torinodoping-154">[150]</a> The Italian police conducted a raid on the <a href="/wiki/Austria_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics" title="Austria at the 2006 Winter Olympics">Austrian</a> cross-country ski team's residence during the Games where they seized blood-doping specimens and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-hearings-155">[151]</a> This event followed the pre-Olympics suspension of 12 cross-country skiers who tested positive for unusually high levels of <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">haemoglobin</a>, which is evidence of blood doping.<a href="#cite_note-torinodoping-154">[150]</a> The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi's Russian Doping Scandal has resulted in the International Olympic Committee to begin disciplinary proceedings against 28 (later increased to 46) Russian athletes who competed at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi, Russia, acting on evidence that their urine samples were tampered with.<a href="#cite_note-SochiDoping-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT160512-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt2-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-GN150601-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-upheld-160">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cold War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Winter Olympics were an ideological front in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1956 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a> first participated at the <a href="/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics" title="1956 Winter Olympics">1956 Winter Games</a>. It did not take long for the Cold War combatants to discover what a powerful propaganda tool the Olympic Games could be. The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the Olympics">Soviet Union</a> entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.<a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_Daniel-49">[46]</a> Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism until the '90s.<a href="#cite_note-Otto_Schantz-50">[47]</a> The Cold War created tensions amongst countries allied to the two superpowers. The strained relationship between East and West Germany created a difficult political situation for the IOC. Because of its role in World War II, Germany was not allowed to compete at the 1948 Winter Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-Games1948-40">[37]</a> In 1950, the IOC recognised the <a href="/wiki/German_Olympic_Sports_Confederation" title="German Olympic Sports Confederation">West German Olympic Committee</a>, and invited East and West Germany to compete as a unified team at the 1952 Winter Games.<a href="#cite_note-Hill-161">[157]</a> East Germany declined and instead sought international legitimacy separate from West Germany.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> In 1955, the Soviet Union recognised East Germany as a sovereign state, thereby giving more credibility to East Germany's campaign to become an independent participant. The IOC agreed provisionally to accept the <a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee_of_the_GDR" title="National Olympic Committee of the GDR">East German National Olympic Committee</a> on condition that East and West Germans compete as one team.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> The situation became tense when the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> was constructed by East Germany in 1961 to stop migration of its citizens and Western European nations began refusing visas to East German athletes.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> The uneasy compromise of a unified team held until the 1968 Grenoble Games when the IOC split the teams and threatened to reject host-city bids from any country that refused entry visas to East German athletes.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boycott">Boycott</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Boycott" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Winter Games have had only one national team boycott when Taiwan decided not to participate in the 1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid. Prior to the Games, the IOC agreed to allow China to compete in the Olympics for the first time since 1952. China was given permission to compete as the "People's Republic of China" (PRC) and to use the PRC flag and anthem. Until 1980 the island of Taiwan had been competing under the name "Republic of China" (ROC) and had been using the ROC flag and anthem.<a href="#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_1996_p._299-72">[69]</a> The IOC attempted to have the countries compete together but when this proved to be unacceptable the IOC demanded that Taiwan cease to call itself the "Republic of China".<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> The IOC renamed the island "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a>" and demanded that it adopt a different flag and national anthem, stipulations to which Taiwan would not agree. Despite numerous appeals and court hearings, the IOC's decision stood. When the Taiwanese athletes arrived at the Olympic village with their Republic of China identification cards they were not admitted. They subsequently left the Olympics in protest, just before the opening ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_1996_p._299-72">[69]</a> Taiwan returned to Olympic competition at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo as Chinese Taipei. The country agreed to compete under a flag bearing the emblem of their National Olympic Committee and to play the anthem of their National Olympic Committee should one of their athletes win a gold medal. The agreement remains in place to this day.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Charter" title="Olympic Charter">Olympic Charter</a> limits <a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">winter sports</a> to "those sports which are practised on snow or ice".<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> Since 1992 a number of new sports have been added to the Olympic programme, which include short-track speed skating, snowboarding, freestyle and moguls skiing. The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America. While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports, countries such as South Korea, Australia and Canada are finding success in these new sports. The results are more parity in the national medal tables, more interest in the Winter Olympics, and higher global television ratings.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_sports">Current sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Current sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sport </th> <th>Years </th> <th>Events </th> <th>Medal events contested in 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics">Alpine skiing</a> </td> <td>Since 1936 </td> <td align="center">11<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> </td> <td>Men's: <a href="/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)" title="Downhill (ski competition)">downhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_giant_slalom_skiing" class="mw-redirect" title="Super giant slalom skiing">super G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_slalom_skiing" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant slalom skiing">giant slalom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slalom_skiing" title="Slalom skiing">slalom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing_combined" title="Alpine skiing combined">alpine combined</a>. Women's: <a href="/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)" title="Downhill (ski competition)">downhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_giant_slalom_skiing" class="mw-redirect" title="Super giant slalom skiing">super G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_slalom_skiing" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant slalom skiing">giant slalom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slalom_skiing" title="Slalom skiing">slalom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing_combined" title="Alpine skiing combined">alpine combined</a>. Mixed <a href="/wiki/Slalom_skiing" title="Slalom skiing">parallel slalom</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Biathlon at the Winter Olympics">Biathlon</a> </td> <td>Since 1960<a href="#cite_note-IOCMilitaryPatrol-3">[b]</a> </td> <td align="center">11<a href="#cite_note-biathlon-172">[168]</a> </td> <td>Men's: sprint 10 km, individual 20 km, pursuit 12.5 km, mass start 15 km, relay 4×7.5 km. Women's: sprint 7.5 km, individual 15 km, pursuit 10 km, mass start 12.5 km, relay 4×6 km. Mixed relay 4×6 km. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics">Bobsleigh</a> </td> <td>Since 1924 (except 1960) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> </td> <td>Men's: four-man race, two-man race. Women's: two-woman race, monobob race. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics">Cross-country skiing</a> </td> <td>Since 1924 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> </td> <td>Men's: sprint, team sprint, 15 km, 30 km skiathlon, 50 km mass start, 4×10 km relay. Women's: sprint, team sprint, 10 km, 15 km skiathlon, 30 km mass start, 4×5 km relay. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Curling_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Curling at the Winter Olympics">Curling</a> </td> <td>1924, since 1998 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> </td> <td>Men's, women's and mixed doubles tournaments. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Figure skating at the Winter Olympics">Figure skating</a> </td> <td>Since 1924<a href="#cite_note-176">[i]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> </td> <td>Men's singles. Women's singles. Pairs. Ice dancing. Team event. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics">Freestyle skiing</a> </td> <td>Since 1992 </td> <td align="center">13<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> </td> <td>Men's: <a href="/wiki/Aerial_skiing" title="Aerial skiing">aerials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogul_skiing" title="Mogul skiing">moguls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_cross" title="Ski cross">ski cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half-pipe_skiing" title="Half-pipe skiing">halfpipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superpipe" title="Superpipe">big air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slopestyle" title="Slopestyle">slopestyle</a>. Women's: <a href="/wiki/Aerial_skiing" title="Aerial skiing">aerials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogul_skiing" title="Mogul skiing">moguls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_cross" title="Ski cross">ski cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half-pipe_skiing" title="Half-pipe skiing">halfpipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superpipe" title="Superpipe">big air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slopestyle" title="Slopestyle">slopestyle</a>. Mixed <a href="/wiki/Aerial_skiing" title="Aerial skiing">aerials</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics">Ice hockey</a> </td> <td>Since 1924<a href="#cite_note-179">[ii]</a> </td> <td align="center">2<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> </td> <td>Men's and women's tournaments. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luge_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Luge at the Winter Olympics">Luge</a> </td> <td>Since 1964 </td> <td align="center">4<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> </td> <td>Men's singles, Women's singles, Men's doubles, Women's doubles, mixed team relay. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics">Nordic combined</a> </td> <td>Since 1924 </td> <td align="center">3<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> </td> <td>Men's 10 km individual normal hill, 10 km individual large hill, team 4×5 km large hill. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics">Short track speed skating</a> </td> <td>Since 1992 </td> <td align="center">9<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> </td> <td>Men's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 5000 m relay. Women's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m relay. Mixed 2000 m relay. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Skeleton at the Winter Olympics">Skeleton</a> </td> <td>1928, 1948, Since 2002 </td> <td align="center">2<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> </td> <td>Men's and women's events. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Ski jumping at the Winter Olympics">Ski jumping</a> </td> <td>Since 1924 </td> <td align="center">5<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> </td> <td>Men's: individual normal hill, individual large hill, team large hill. Women's: individual normal hill. Mixed team normal hill. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Ski mountaineering at the Winter Olympics">Ski mountaineering</a> </td> <td>Since 2026 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics">Snowboarding</a> </td> <td>Since 1998 </td> <td align="center">11<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> </td> <td>Men's: snowboard cross, parallel, half-pipe, slopestyle, big air. Women's: snowboard cross, parallel, half-pipe, slopestyle, big air. Mixed snowboard cross. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Speed skating at the Winter Olympics">Speed skating</a> </td> <td>Since 1924 </td> <td align="center">14<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> </td> <td>Men's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 5000 m, 10,000 m, mass start, team pursuit. Women's 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m, mass start, team pursuit. </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Figure skating events were held at the <a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a> and <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Summer Olympics</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> A <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Ice hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics">men's ice hockey tournament</a> was held at the <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Summer Olympics</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstration_events">Demonstration events</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demonstration events" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_sports#Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration sports">Demonstration sports</a> have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals. Demonstration sports were discontinued after <a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">1992</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> Military patrol, a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Biathlon" title="Biathlon">biathlon</a>, was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928, 1936 and 1948, becoming an official sport in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Special_figures" title="Special figures">special figures</a> figure skating event was only contested at the <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="Figure skating at the 1908 Summer Olympics">1908 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a> (Russian hockey) is a sport popular in the Nordic countries and Russia. In the latter it is considered a <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> It was demonstrated at the Oslo Games.<a href="#cite_note-demosports-192">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_stock_sport" title="Ice stock sport">Ice stock sport</a>, a German variant of curling, was demonstrated in 1936 in Germany and 1964 in Austria.<a href="#cite_note-Games1936-36">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ski_ballet" title="Ski ballet">ski ballet</a> event, later known as ski-acro, was demonstrated in 1988 and 1992.<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Skij%C3%B6ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Skijöring">Skijöring</a>, skiing behind dogs, was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-demosports-192">[186]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Sled_dog_race_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sled dog race at the 1932 Winter Olympics">sled-dog race</a> was held at Lake Placid in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-demosports-192">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Speed_skiing" title="Speed skiing">Speed skiing</a> was demonstrated in Albertville at the 1992 Winter Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winter_pentathlon" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter pentathlon">Winter pentathlon</a>, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">modern pentathlon</a>, was included as a demonstration event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland. It included <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">cross-country skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)" title="Downhill (ski competition)">downhill skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the Summer Olympics">horse riding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-biathlon-172">[168]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="All-time_medal_table">All-time medal table</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: All-time medal table" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Olympic Games medal table">All-time Olympic Games medal table</a></div> The table below uses official data provided by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">IOC</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Defunct nation</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:60%; font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Nation</th> <th style="background:gold;">Gold</th> <th style="background:silver;">Silver</th> <th style="background:#c96;">Bronze</th> <th>Total</th> <th>Games </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_Olympics" title="Norway at the Olympics">Norway</a></td> <td>148</td> <td>134</td> <td>123</td> <td>405</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics" title="United States at the Olympics">United States</a></td> <td>114</td> <td>121</td> <td>95</td> <td>330</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics" title="Germany at the Olympics">Germany</a></td> <td>104</td> <td>98</td> <td>65</td> <td>267</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td style="background:BurlyWood; text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>78</td> <td>57</td> <td>59</td> <td>194</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics" title="Canada at the Olympics">Canada</a></td> <td>77</td> <td>72</td> <td>76</td> <td>225</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Austria_at_the_Olympics" title="Austria at the Olympics">Austria</a></td> <td>71</td> <td>88</td> <td>91</td> <td>250</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Olympics" title="Sweden at the Olympics">Sweden</a></td> <td>65</td> <td>51</td> <td>60</td> <td>176</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_Olympics" title="Switzerland at the Olympics">Switzerland</a></td> <td>63</td> <td>47</td> <td>58</td> <td>168</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_Olympics" title="Netherlands at the Olympics">Netherlands</a></td> <td>53</td> <td>49</td> <td>45</td> <td>147</td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_Olympics" title="Russia at the Olympics">Russia</a></td> <td>47</td> <td>39</td> <td>35</td> <td>121</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Finland_at_the_Olympics" title="Finland at the Olympics">Finland</a></td> <td>45</td> <td>65</td> <td>65</td> <td>175</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Italy_at_the_Olympics" title="Italy at the Olympics">Italy</a></td> <td>42</td> <td>43</td> <td>56</td> <td>141</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/France_at_the_Olympics" title="France at the Olympics">France</a></td> <td>41</td> <td>42</td> <td>55</td> <td>138</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <td style="background:BurlyWood; text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_Olympics" title="East Germany at the Olympics">East Germany</a></td> <td>39</td> <td>36</td> <td>35</td> <td>110</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_Olympics" title="South Korea at the Olympics">South Korea</a></td> <td>33</td> <td>30</td> <td>16</td> <td>79</td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/China_at_the_Olympics" title="China at the Olympics">China</a></td> <td>22</td> <td>32</td> <td>23</td> <td>77</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Japan_at_the_Olympics" title="Japan at the Olympics">Japan</a></td> <td>17</td> <td>29</td> <td>30</td> <td>76</td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Olympics" title="Great Britain at the Olympics">Great Britain</a></td> <td>12</td> <td>5</td> <td>17</td> <td>34</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <td style="background:BurlyWood; text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_Olympics" title="West Germany at the Olympics">West Germany</a></td> <td>11</td> <td>15</td> <td>13</td> <td>39</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_Olympics" title="Czech Republic at the Olympics">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td>13</td> <td>34</td> <td>7 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medal_leaders_by_year">Medal leaders by year</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Medal leaders by year" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:gold;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" data-width="30" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winter Olympics</a> <a href="/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Olympic Games medal table">medal table</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_teams_by_medals_won#Winter_Olympics" title="List of Olympic teams by medals won">leaders by year</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1924 Winter Olympics medal table">1924</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1924 Winter Olympics">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1928 Winter Olympics medal table">1928</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1928 Winter Olympics">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1932 Winter Olympics medal table">1932</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics" title="United States at the 1932 Winter Olympics">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1936 Winter Olympics medal table">1936</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1936 Winter Olympics">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1948 Winter Olympics medal table">1948</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1948 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> and <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics" title="Sweden at the 1948 Winter Olympics">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1952 Winter Olympics medal table">1952</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1952 Winter Olympics">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1956 Winter Olympics medal table">1956</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1956 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1960 Winter Olympics medal table">1960</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1960 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1964 Winter Olympics medal table">1964</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1964 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1968 Winter Olympics medal table">1968</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1968 Winter Olympics">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1972 Winter Olympics medal table">1972</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1972 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1976 Winter Olympics medal table">1976</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1980 Winter Olympics medal table">1980</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1980 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1984 Winter Olympics medal table">1984</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics" title="East Germany at the 1984 Winter Olympics">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1988 Winter Olympics medal table">1988</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1988 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1992 Winter Olympics medal table">1992</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics" title="Germany at the 1992 Winter Olympics">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1994 Winter Olympics medal table">1994</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics" title="Russia at the 1994 Winter Olympics">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1998 Winter Olympics medal table">1998</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics" title="Germany at the 1998 Winter Olympics">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="2002 Winter Olympics medal table">2002</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 2002 Winter Olympics">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="2006 Winter Olympics medal table">2006</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics" title="Germany at the 2006 Winter Olympics">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="2010 Winter Olympics medal table">2010</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics" title="Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="2014 Winter Olympics medal table">2014</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 2014 Winter Olympics">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="2018 Winter Olympics medal table">2018</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 2018 Winter Olympics">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="2022 Winter Olympics medal table">2022</a>: <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 2022 Winter Olympics">Norway</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Number of occurrences <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Number of games </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_Olympics" title="Norway at the Olympics">Norway</a></td> <td>10 times </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>7 times </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics" title="Germany at the Olympics">Germany</a></td> <td>3 times </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics" title="United States at the Olympics">United States</a></td> <td rowspan="5">1 time </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Olympics" title="Sweden at the Olympics">Sweden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_Olympics" title="East Germany at the Olympics">East Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics" title="Canada at the Olympics">Canada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_Olympics" title="Russia at the Olympics">Russia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="List_of_Winter_Olympic_Games">List of Winter Olympic Games</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: List of Winter Olympic Games" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winter_olympics_all_cities.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Winter_olympics_all_cities.svg/632px-Winter_olympics_all_cities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="632" height="321" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 632px;height: 321px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Winter_olympics_all_cities.svg/632px-Winter_olympics_all_cities.svg.png" data-width="632" data-height="321" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Winter_olympics_all_cities.svg/948px-Winter_olympics_all_cities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Winter_olympics_all_cities.svg/1264px-Winter_olympics_all_cities.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A map of Winter Olympics locations. Countries that have hosted one Winter Olympics are shaded green, while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue.</figcaption></figure> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th rowspan="2"><abbr title="Number of Winter Olympic Games">No.</abbr> </th> <th rowspan="2">Host </th> <th rowspan="2">Games dates / Opened by </th> <th rowspan="2">Sports (Disciplines) </th> <th colspan="3">Competitors </th> <th rowspan="2">Events </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committees" class="mw-redirect" title="National Olympic Committees">Nations</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Top nation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>Men </th> <th>Women </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="11">Amateur era[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </th></tr> <tr> <td>1924<a href="#cite_note-Games1924-21">[18]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">I</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a> </td> <td>25 January – 5 February 1924 <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Vidal" title="Gaston Vidal">Gaston Vidal</a> </td> <td>6 (9)</td> <td>258</td> <td>247</td> <td>11</td> <td>16</td> <td>16 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1924 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1928<a href="#cite_note-Games1928-27">[24]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics" title="1928 Winter Olympics">II</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><noscript><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="Switzerland" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a> </td> <td>11–19 February 1928 <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Schulthess" title="Edmund Schulthess">President Edmund Schulthess</a><a href="#cite_note-Opened_By-195">[e]</a> </td> <td>4 (8)</td> <td>464</td> <td>438</td> <td>26</td> <td>14</td> <td>25 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1928 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1932<a href="#cite_note-Games1932-30">[27]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics" title="1932 Winter Olympics">III</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York" title="Lake Placid, New York">Lake Placid</a> </td> <td> 4–15 February 1932 <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Governor Franklin Roosevelt</a> </td> <td>4 (7)</td> <td>252</td> <td>231</td> <td>21</td> <td>14</td> <td>17 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics" title="United States at the 1932 Winter Olympics">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936<a href="#cite_note-Games1936-36">[33]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics" title="1936 Winter Olympics">IV</a> </td> <td align="left" data-sort-value="Germany (Garmisch-Partenkirchen)"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a> </td> <td> 6–16 February 1936 <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Chancellor Adolf Hitler</a> </td> <td>4 (8)</td> <td>646</td> <td>566</td> <td>80</td> <td>17</td> <td>28 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1936 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics" title="1940 Winter Olympics">1940</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Cancelled_Games-196">[f]</a> </td> <th colspan="9" data-sort-value="Japan (Sapporo)">Awarded to Japan (<a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a>); cancelled because of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1944_Winter_Olympics" title="1944 Winter Olympics">1944</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Cancelled_Games-196">[f]</a> </td> <th colspan="9" data-sort-value="Italy (Cortina d'Ampezzo)">Awarded to Italy (<a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a>); cancelled because of World War II </th></tr> <tr> <td>1948<a href="#cite_note-Games1948-40">[37]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics" title="1948 Winter Olympics">V</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><noscript><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="Switzerland" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a> </td> <td>30 January – 8 February 1948 <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Celio" title="Enrico Celio">President Enrico Celio</a><a href="#cite_note-Opened_By-195">[e]</a> </td> <td>4 (9)</td> <td>669</td> <td>592</td> <td>77</td> <td>22</td> <td>28 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1948 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics" title="Sweden at the 1948 Winter Olympics">Sweden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952<a href="#cite_note-Games1952-42">[39]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics" title="1952 Winter Olympics">VI</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><noscript><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="Norway" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> </td> <td>14–25 February 1952 <a href="/wiki/Princess_Ragnhild,_Mrs._Lorentzen" title="Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen">Princess Ragnhild</a> </td> <td>4 (8)</td> <td>694</td> <td>585</td> <td>109</td> <td>22</td> <td>30 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1952 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956<a href="#cite_note-Games1956-48">[45]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics" title="1956 Winter Olympics">VII</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Italy (Cortina d'Ampezzo)" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a> </td> <td>26 January – 5 February 1956 <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gronchi" title="Giovanni Gronchi">President Giovanni Gronchi</a> </td> <td>4 (8)</td> <td>821</td> <td>687</td> <td>134</td> <td>24</td> <td>32 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1956 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960<a href="#cite_note-Games1960-52">[49]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics" title="1960 Winter Olympics">VIII</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Squaw_Valley_Ski_Resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Squaw Valley Ski Resort">Squaw Valley</a> </td> <td>18–28 February 1960 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Vice President Richard Nixon</a> </td> <td>4 (8)</td> <td>665</td> <td>521</td> <td>144</td> <td>27</td> <td>30 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1960 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964<a href="#cite_note-Games1964-58">[55]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics" title="1964 Winter Olympics">IX</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><noscript><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" data-alt="Austria" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> </td> <td>29 January – 9 February 1964 <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Sch%C3%A4rf" title="Adolf Schärf">President Adolf Schärf</a> </td> <td>6 (10)</td> <td>1091</td> <td>892</td> <td>199</td> <td>34</td> <td>36 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1964 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968<a href="#cite_note-Games1968-60">[57]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics" title="1968 Winter Olympics">X</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> </td> <td> 6–18 February 1968 <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">President Charles de Gaulle</a> </td> <td>6 (10)</td> <td>1158</td> <td>947</td> <td>211</td> <td>35</td> <td>37 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 1968 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972<a href="#cite_note-Games1972-62">[59]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics" title="1972 Winter Olympics">XI</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Japan (Sapporo)" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><noscript><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" data-alt="Japan" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a> </td> <td> 3–13 February 1972 <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a> </td> <td>6 (10)</td> <td>1006</td> <td>801</td> <td>205</td> <td>35</td> <td>35 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1972 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976<a href="#cite_note-Games1976-70">[67]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics" title="1976 Winter Olympics">XII</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><noscript><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" data-alt="Austria" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> </td> <td> 4–15 February 1976 <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kirchschl%C3%A4ger" title="Rudolf Kirchschläger">President Rudolf Kirchschläger</a> </td> <td>6 (10)</td> <td>1123</td> <td>892</td> <td>231</td> <td>37</td> <td>37 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980<a href="#cite_note-Games1980-74">[71]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics" title="1980 Winter Olympics">XIII</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York" title="Lake Placid, New York">Lake Placid</a> </td> <td>13–24 February 1980 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Vice President Walter Mondale</a> </td> <td>6 (10)</td> <td>1072</td> <td>840</td> <td>232</td> <td>38</td> <td>37 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1980 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984<a href="#cite_note-Games1984-79">[75]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics" title="1984 Winter Olympics">XIV</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><noscript><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" data-alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> </td> <td> 8–19 February 1984 <a href="/wiki/Mika_%C5%A0piljak" title="Mika Špiljak">President Mika Špiljak</a> </td> <td>6 (10)</td> <td>1272</td> <td>998</td> <td>274</td> <td>39</td> <td>49 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics" title="East Germany at the 1984 Winter Olympics">East Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="11">Open era[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </th></tr> <tr> <td>1988<a href="#cite_note-Games1988-80">[76]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">XV</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><noscript><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="Canada" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> </td> <td>13–28 February 1988 <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Governor-General Jeanne Sauvé</a> </td> <td>6 (10)</td> <td>1423</td> <td>1122</td> <td>301</td> <td>46</td> <td>57 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1988 Winter Olympics">Soviet Union</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992<a href="#cite_note-Games1992-82">[78]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">XVI</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Albertville" title="Albertville">Albertville</a> </td> <td> 8–23 February 1992 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">President François Mitterrand</a> </td> <td>6 (12)</td> <td>1801</td> <td>1313</td> <td>488</td> <td>57</td> <td>64 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics" title="Germany at the 1992 Winter Olympics">Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994<a href="#cite_note-Games1994-85">[81]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">XVII</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><noscript><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="Norway" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Lillehammer" title="Lillehammer">Lillehammer</a> </td> <td>12–27 February 1994 <a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">King Harald V</a> </td> <td>6 (12)</td> <td>1737</td> <td>1215</td> <td>522</td> <td>61</td> <td>67 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics" title="Russia at the 1994 Winter Olympics">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998<a href="#cite_note-Games1998-92">[88]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">XVIII</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Japan (Nagano)" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><noscript><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" data-alt="Japan" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Nagano,_Nagano" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagano, Nagano">Nagano</a> </td> <td> 7–22 February 1998 <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Emperor Akihito</a> </td> <td>7 (14)</td> <td>2176</td> <td>1389</td> <td>787</td> <td>68</td> <td>72 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics" title="Germany at the 1998 Winter Olympics">Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002<a href="#cite_note-Games2002-96">[92]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">XIX</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> </td> <td> 8–24 February 2002 <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">President George W. Bush</a> </td> <td>7 (15)</td> <td>2399</td> <td>1513</td> <td>886</td> <td>78</td> <td>78<a href="#cite_note-197">[g]</a> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 2002 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006<a href="#cite_note-Games2006-101">[97]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">XX</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Italy (Turin)" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> </td> <td>10–26 February 2006 <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a> </td> <td>7 (15)</td> <td>2508</td> <td>1548</td> <td>960</td> <td>84</td> <td>80 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics" title="Germany at the 2006 Winter Olympics">Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010<a href="#cite_note-Games2010-106">[102]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">XXI</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><noscript><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="Canada" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> </td> <td>12–28 February 2010 <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Governor-General Michaëlle Jean</a> </td> <td>7 (15)</td> <td>2566</td> <td>1522</td> <td>1044</td> <td>86</td> <td>82 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics" title="Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics">Canada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014<a href="#cite_note-Games2014-115">[111]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">XXII</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a> </td> <td>7–23 February 2014 <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">President Vladimir Putin</a> </td> <td>7 (15)</td> <td>2873</td> <td>1714</td> <td>1159</td> <td>98</td> <td>88 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 2014 Winter Olympics">Norway</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[189]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Games2018-125">[121]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">XXIII</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><noscript><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="South Korea" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyeongchang">Pyeongchang</a> </td> <td>9–25 February 2018 <a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">President Moon Jae-in</a> </td> <td>7 (15)</td> <td>2922</td> <td>1680</td> <td>1242</td> <td>102</td> <td>92+1<a href="#cite_note-199">[h]</a> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 2018 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022<a href="#cite_note-Games2022-200">[190]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">XXIV</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> </td> <td>4–20 February 2022 <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">President Xi Jinping</a> </td> <td>7 (15)</td> <td>2861</td> <td>1573</td> <td>1288</td> <td>109</td> <td>91 </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="Norway at the 2022 Winter Olympics">Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2026<a href="#cite_note-Games2026-128">[124]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics" title="2026 Winter Olympics">XXV</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Italy (Milan & Cortina d'Ampezzo)" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a> </td> <td>6–22 February 2026 </td> <td>8 (16)</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA</td> <td>116</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>2030<a href="#cite_note-Games2030-201">[191]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2030_Winter_Olympics" title="2030 Winter Olympics">XXVI</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Alps" title="French Alps">French Alps</a><a href="#cite_note-Future_Games-204">[i]</a> </td> <td>1–17 February 2030 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>2034<a href="#cite_note-205">[194]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2034_Winter_Olympics" title="2034 Winter Olympics">XXVII</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a><a href="#cite_note-Future_Games-204">[i]</a> </td> <td>10–26 February 2034 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">TBA </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple_Winter_Olympic_medalists" title="List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists">List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participating_nations_at_the_Winter_Olympic_Games" title="List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games">List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Olympic_medalists" title="Lists of Olympic medalists">Lists of Olympic medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_scandals,_controversies_and_incidents" title="List of Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents">List of Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games" title="Winter Paralympic Games">Winter Paralympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> "French and English are the official languages for the Olympic Games".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IOCMilitaryPatrol-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IOCMilitaryPatrol_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOCMilitaryPatrol_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOCMilitaryPatrol_3-2">c</a> The official website of the IOC now treats Men's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as a separate discipline, without mixing it with the sports of <a href="/wiki/Nordic_skiing" title="Nordic skiing">Skiing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biathlon" title="Biathlon">Biathlon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IOC1924AllSports-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-IOC1924Biathlon-8">[5]</a> However, the 1924 Official Report treats it as an event and discipline within what was then called Skiing and is now called <a href="/wiki/Nordic_skiing" title="Nordic skiing">Nordic skiing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OffRep1924MilPat01-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-OffRep1924MilPat02-10">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> At the closing of the 1924 Games a prize was also awarded for 'alpinisme' (<a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a>), a sport that did not lend itself very well for tournaments: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin" title="Pierre de Coubertin">Pierre de Coubertin</a> presented a prize for 'alpinisme' to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Granville_Bruce" title="Charles Granville Bruce">Charles Granville Bruce</a>, the leader of the expedition that tried to climb <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> in 1922. </li> <li id="cite_note-IOC1980-USA-Finland01-77"><a href="#cite_ref-IOC1980-USA-Finland01_77-0">^</a> The US beat the Soviets as part of a <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics#Final_round" title="Ice hockey at the 1980 Winter Olympics">medal round</a> that also included <a href="/wiki/Finland_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Finland men's national ice hockey team">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Sweden men's national ice hockey team">Sweden</a>, so they did not actually win the gold medal until beating Finland a few days later.<a href="#cite_note-IOC1980-USA-Finland02-76">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opened_By-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Opened_By_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opened_By_195-1">b</a> This office is technically not head of state in and of itself, but is the presiding officer of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a> which collectively acts as head of state. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cancelled_Games-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cancelled_Games_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cancelled_Games_196-1">b</a> Unlike the Summer Olympics, the cancelled <a href="/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics" title="1940 Winter Olympics">1940 Winter Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/1944_Winter_Olympics" title="1944 Winter Olympics">1944 Winter Olympics</a> are not included in the official Roman numeral counts for the Winter Games. While the official titles of the Summer Games count <a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiads</a>, the titles of the Winter Games only count the Games themselves. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/salt-lake-city-2002">IOC site for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games</a> gives an erroneous figure of 77 participated teams; however, one can count 78 participated nations looking through <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.la84.org/digital/search/searchterm/Official%20Report%20of%20the%20XIX%20Olympic%20Winter%20Games%20Results/field/title/mode/all/conn/and">Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games</a>. This error probably resulted from the fact that Costa Rica's delegation of one athlete joined the Games after the Opening Ceremony, so 77 nations participated in the Opening Ceremony and 78 nations participated in the Games. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> The IOC site for the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/pyeongchang-2018">2018 Winter Olympic Games</a> does not include <a href="/wiki/Korea_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics" title="Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics">United Korean</a> (COR) women's ice hockey team as separate "nation" when counting participating nations. Nevertheless, the IOC shows the Korean team in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/pyeongchang-2018/results/ice-hockey/women">Pyeongchang 2018 Ice Hockey Women's Tournament Results</a>. Thus, 92 national teams plus 1 team composed of athletes from both South Korea and North Korea participated in the Games. </li> <li id="cite_note-Future_Games-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Future_Games_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Future_Games_204-1">b</a> On 29 November 2023, the IOC entered "targeted dialogue" with both a joint bid from the French Alps as the preferred city for the 2030 Winter Games, as well as Salt Lake City for the 2034 Winter Games. Both decisions were finalized in 2024. The IOC also entered "privileged dialogue" with Switzerland for the 2038 Winter Games.<a href="#cite_note-Dunbar_2023_v271-202">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fox_2023_n353-203">[193]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/General/EN-Olympic-Charter.pdf">"Olympic Charter: Section 23 Languages"</a> (PDF). 8 August 2021. p. 53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514221054/https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/General/EN-Olympic-Charter.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2021. 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Retrieved 24 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Salt+Lake+City+to+host+2034+Winter+Games+while+French+Alps+get+tentative+2030+nod&rft.date=2024-07-24&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=David+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fsports%2Folympics%2Fsalt-lake-city-host-2034-winter-games-rcna161632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarryCrawford2002" class="citation book cs1">Barry, Tim; Crawford, Dee (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ngi6PuEL5U4C">Revise for Advanced PE for Edexcel</a>. Oxford, England: Heinemann Educational Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-10045-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-10045-9"><bdi>0-435-10045-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revise+for+Advanced+PE+for+Edexcel&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Heinemann+Educational+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-435-10045-9&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Dee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNgi6PuEL5U4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownell2008" class="citation book cs1">Brownell, Susan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEt7GQbZlNcC">Beijing's games: What the Olympics mean to China</a>. Plymouth, England: Rowman & Littlefield publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5640-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5640-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-5640-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beijing%27s+games%3A+What+the+Olympics+mean+to+China&rft.place=Plymouth%2C+England&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5640-9&rft.aulast=Brownell&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCEt7GQbZlNcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashmore2005" class="citation book cs1">Cashmore, Ernest (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ivNfFOINNigC">Making sense of sports</a>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34853-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34853-6"><bdi>0-415-34853-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+sense+of+sports&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-34853-6&rft.aulast=Cashmore&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DivNfFOINNigC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashmore2003" class="citation book cs1">Cashmore, Ernest (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8lEcgZIVrhUC">Sports culture</a>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-18169-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-18169-0"><bdi>0-415-18169-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+culture&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-18169-0&rft.aulast=Cashmore&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8lEcgZIVrhUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper-Chen2005" class="citation book cs1">Cooper-Chen, Anne (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ma9Ev5O670C">Global entertainment media</a>. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-5168-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-5168-2"><bdi>0-8058-5168-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+entertainment+media&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8058-5168-2&rft.aulast=Cooper-Chen&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ma9Ev5O670C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlingPelle2004" class="citation book cs1">Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C">Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32278-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32278-3"><bdi>0-313-32278-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Olympic+Movement&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-313-32278-3&rft.aulast=Findling&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft.au=Pelle%2C+Kimberly+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQmXi_-Jujj0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlingPelle1996" class="citation book cs1">Findling, John; Pelle, Kimberly (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00find">Historical dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-28477-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-28477-6"><bdi>0-313-28477-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+the+Modern+Olympic+Movement&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-313-28477-6&rft.aulast=Findling&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Pelle%2C+Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio00find&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFry2006" class="citation book cs1">Fry, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOhrjSuy6rsC">The story of modern skiing</a>. Lebanon; New Hampshire: University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-489-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-489-6"><bdi>978-1-58465-489-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+modern+skiing&rft.place=Lebanon%3B+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58465-489-6&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFOhrjSuy6rsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershon2000" class="citation book cs1">Gershon, Richard A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3cu_PFsFYwC">Telecommunications Management:Industry structures and planning strategies</a>. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-3002-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-3002-2"><bdi>0-8058-3002-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telecommunications+Management%3AIndustry+structures+and+planning+strategies&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8058-3002-2&rft.aulast=Gershon&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3cu_PFsFYwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuttman1986" class="citation book cs1">Guttman, Allen (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CO-gmv1A-gIC">Sports Spectators</a>. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-06401-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-06401-2"><bdi>0-231-06401-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+Spectators&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-231-06401-2&rft.aulast=Guttman&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCO-gmv1A-gIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuttman1992" class="citation book cs1">Guttman, Allen (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TbLmQQG-2bQC&q=taiwan+winter+olympics+boycott&pg=PA151">The Olympics, a history of the modern games</a>. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02725-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02725-6"><bdi>0-252-02725-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Olympics%2C+a+history+of+the+modern+games&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-252-02725-6&rft.aulast=Guttman&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTbLmQQG-2bQC%26q%3Dtaiwan%2Bwinter%2Bolympics%2Bboycott%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazan1982" class="citation book cs1">Hazan, Barukh (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXKQ_gT1w3sC">Olympic sports and propaganda games</a>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87855-436-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87855-436-X"><bdi>0-87855-436-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Olympic+sports+and+propaganda+games&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Transaction+Inc.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-87855-436-X&rft.aulast=Hazan&rft.aufirst=Barukh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXKQ_gT1w3sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1992" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Christopher R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWQTAQAAIAAJ">Olympic Politics</a>. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-3542-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-3542-2"><bdi>0-7190-3542-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Olympic+Politics&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7190-3542-2&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWQTAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd2008" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Ron C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc2dCHfyh0AC">The Winter Olympics</a>. Seattle, Washington: The Mountaineers Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-063-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-063-9"><bdi>978-1-59485-063-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Winter+Olympics&rft.place=Seattle%2C+Washington&rft.pub=The+Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59485-063-9&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Ron+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHc2dCHfyh0AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallonBuchanan2006" class="citation book cs1">Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fH3hD3MkIMYC">Historical dictionary of the Olympic Movement</a>. Oxford, England: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5574-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-5574-7"><bdi>0-8108-5574-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+the+Olympic+Movement&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8108-5574-7&rft.aulast=Mallon&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Buchanan%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfH3hD3MkIMYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandell1987" class="citation book cs1">Mandell, Richard D. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CYYYeTT5mEC">The Nazi Olympics</a>. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01325-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-01325-5"><bdi>0-252-01325-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Olympics&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-252-01325-5&rft.aulast=Mandell&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8CYYYeTT5mEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerLawrenceMcKay2001" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Toby; Lawrence, Geoffrey; McKay, Jim (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rLjDQgAACAAJ">Globalization and sport</a>. London: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-5968-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-5968-8"><bdi>0-7619-5968-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+sport&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7619-5968-8&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=McKay%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrLjDQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMottram2003" class="citation book cs1">Mottram, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSvQ7ANeIJQC">Drugs in sport</a>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27937-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27937-2"><bdi>0-415-27937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drugs+in+sport&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-27937-2&rft.aulast=Mottram&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSvQ7ANeIJQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Official Report (1924) of both Summer and Winter Games: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Avé,_Comité_Olympique_Français" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110505162957/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf">Les Jeux de la VIIIe Olympiade Paris 1924 – Rapport Officiel</a> (PDF) (in French). Paris: Librairie de France. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Jeux+de+la+VIII%3Csup%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E+Olympiade+Paris+1924+%E2%80%93+Rapport+Officiel&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+de+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.la84foundation.org%2F6oic%2FOfficialReports%2F1924%2F1924.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2006" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vqtLnCWHDX0C">Olympic turnaround</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99030-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-99030-3"><bdi>0-275-99030-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Olympic+turnaround&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-275-99030-3&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvqtLnCWHDX0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreuss2004" class="citation book cs1">Preuss, Holger (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQzccu2Qw-oC">The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A Comparison of the Games 1972–2008</a>. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84376-893-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84376-893-3"><bdi>1-84376-893-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Staging+the+Olympics%3A+A+Comparison+of+the+Games+1972%E2%80%932008&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+England&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84376-893-3&rft.aulast=Preuss&rft.aufirst=Holger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQzccu2Qw-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafferSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Schaffer, Kay; Smith, Sidonie (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMzYdZpk8qMC">Olympics at the Millennium</a>. Piscataway, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2820-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2820-8"><bdi>0-8135-2820-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Olympics+at+the+Millennium&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8135-2820-8&rft.aulast=Schaffer&rft.aufirst=Kay&rft.au=Smith%2C+Sidonie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMzYdZpk8qMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligmannDavisonMcDonald2003" class="citation book cs1">Seligmann, Matthew S.; Davison, John; McDonald, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g13k9CMYTbsC">Daily Life in Hitler's Germany</a>. New York, NY: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-32811-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-32811-7"><bdi>0-312-32811-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Hitler%27s+Germany&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-312-32811-7&rft.aulast=Seligmann&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft.au=Davison%2C+John&rft.au=McDonald%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg13k9CMYTbsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenn1999" class="citation book cs1">Senn, Alfred Erich (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerpoliticsoly0000senn">Power, Politics and the Olympic Games</a>. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88011-958-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88011-958-6"><bdi>0-88011-958-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%2C+Politics+and+the+Olympic+Games&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-88011-958-6&rft.aulast=Senn&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerpoliticsoly0000senn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallechinskyLoucky2010" class="citation book cs1">Wallechinsky, David; Loucky, Jaime (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6EThoEOnGuUC">The complete book of the Winter Olympics</a> (8th ed.). Greystone Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-502-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-502-2"><bdi>978-1-55365-502-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+book+of+the+Winter+Olympics&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Greystone+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-502-2&rft.aulast=Wallechinsky&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Loucky%2C+Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6EThoEOnGuUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhannel1992" class="citation book cs1">Whannel, Garry (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fieldsinvisionte0000whan">Fields in vision television sport and cultural transformation</a>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2039-7756-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2039-7756-9"><bdi>978-0-2039-7756-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fields+in+vision+television+sport+and+cultural+transformation&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-2039-7756-9&rft.aulast=Whannel&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffieldsinvisionte0000whan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYesalis2000" class="citation book cs1">Yesalis, Charles (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKkBbf7doAUC">Anabolic steroids and sports and exercise</a>. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8801-1786-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8801-1786-9"><bdi>978-0-8801-1786-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anabolic+steroids+and+sports+and+exercise&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8801-1786-9&rft.aulast=Yesalis&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpKkBbf7doAUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+Olympic+Games" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/21px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="495"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/21px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/32px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/42px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&oldid=1276673543">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&oldid=1276673543</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 February 2025, at 05:09 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiese_Winterspele" title="Olimpiese Winterspele – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Olimpiese Winterspele" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympische_Winterspiele" title="Olympische Winterspiele – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Olympische Winterspiele" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الألعاب الأولمبية الشتوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الألعاب الأولمبية الشتوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuegos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_d%27Iviernu" title="Xuegos Olímpicos d'Iviernu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xuegos Olímpicos d'Iviernu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91embosaraipav%E1%BA%BD_Araro%27%C3%BDpe" title="Ñembosaraipavẽ Araro'ýpe – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñembosaraipavẽ Araro'ýpe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1%C5%9F_Olimpiya_Oyunlar%C4%B1" title="Qış Olimpiya Oyunları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qış Olimpiya Oyunları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8" title="শীতকালীন অলিম্পিক গেমস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শীতকালীন অলিম্পিক গেমস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-k%C3%B9i_Olympic_%C5%AAn-t%C5%8Dng-ho%C4%93" title="Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%A1%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ҡышҡы Олимпия уйындары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡышҡы Олимпия уйындары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Зімовыя Алімпійскія гульні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зімовыя Алімпійскія гульні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Зімовыя Алімпійскія гульні – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зімовыя Алімпійскія гульні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="विंटर ओलंपिक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विंटर ओलंपिक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Зимни олимпийски игри – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зимни олимпийски игри" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimske_olimpijske_igre" title="Zimske olimpijske igre – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zimske olimpijske igre" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocs_Ol%C3%ADmpics_d%27Hivern" title="Jocs Olímpics d'Hivern – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jocs Olímpics d'Hivern" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF_%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%B9%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Хĕллехи Олимп вăййисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕллехи Олимп вăййисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimn%C3%AD_olympijsk%C3%A9_hry" title="Zimní olympijské hry – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zimní olympijské hry" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemau_Olympaidd_y_Gaeaf" title="Gemau Olympaidd y Gaeaf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gemau Olympaidd y Gaeaf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinter-OL" title="Vinter-OL – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vinter-OL" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympische_Winterspiele" title="Olympische Winterspiele – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Olympische Winterspiele" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliol%C3%BCmpiam%C3%A4ngud" title="Taliolümpiamängud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taliolümpiamängud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CE%9F%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Χειμερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χειμερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juegos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_de_Invierno" title="Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintraj_Olimpikoj" title="Vintraj Olimpikoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vintraj Olimpikoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neguko_Olinpiar_Jokoak" title="Neguko Olinpiar Jokoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neguko Olinpiar Jokoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="المپیک زمستانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="المپیک زمستانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetrar-OL" title="Vetrar-OL – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vetrar-OL" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux_olympiques_d%27hiver" title="Jeux olympiques d'hiver – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jeux olympiques d'hiver" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympyske_Winterspullen" title="Olympyske Winterspullen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Olympyske Winterspullen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xogos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_de_Inverno" title="Xogos Olímpicos de Inverno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xogos Olímpicos de Inverno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBng-kui_Olympic_Yun-thung-fi" title="Tûng-kui Olympic Yun-thung-fi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tûng-kui Olympic Yun-thung-fi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EA%B3%84_%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%BD" title="동계 올림픽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동계 올림픽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ձմեռային օլիմպիական խաղեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձմեռային օլիմպիական խաղեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="शीतकालीन ओलम्पिक खेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शीतकालीन ओलम्पिक खेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimske_olimpijske_igre" title="Zimske olimpijske igre – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zimske olimpijske igre" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintrala_Olimpiala_Ludi" title="Vintrala Olimpiala Ludi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vintrala Olimpiala Ludi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Dingin" title="Olimpiade Musim Dingin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Olimpiade Musim Dingin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetrar%C3%B3lymp%C3%ADuleikarnir" title="Vetrarólympíuleikarnir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vetrarólympíuleikarnir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giochi_olimpici_invernali" title="Giochi olimpici invernali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giochi olimpici invernali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="משחקי החורף האולימפיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משחקי החורף האולימפיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಳಿಗಾಲದ ಒಲಿಂಪಿಕ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಳಿಗಾಲದ ಒಲಿಂಪಿಕ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ზამთრის ოლიმპიური თამაშები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზამთრის ოლიმპიური თამაშები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%81%D2%9B%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Қысқы Олимпиада ойындары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қысқы Олимпиада ойындары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Тел Олимпиада мадмашвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тел Олимпиада мадмашвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_hiemalia" title="Olympia hiemalia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Olympia hiemalia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemas_olimpisk%C4%81s_sp%C4%93les" title="Ziemas olimpiskās spēles – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemas olimpiskās spēles" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiemos_olimpin%C4%97s_%C5%BEaidyn%C4%97s" title="Žiemos olimpinės žaidynės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žiemos olimpinės žaidynės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Зимски олимписки игри – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зимски олимписки игри" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिवाळी ऑलिंपिक क्रीडा स्पर्धा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिवाळी ऑलिंपिक क्रीडा स्पर्धा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%B8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ზოთონჯიშ ოლიმპიური ლაჸაფეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზოთონჯიშ ოლიმპიური ლაჸაფეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="اوليمبياد شتا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوليمبياد شتا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="زمستونی المپیک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زمستونی المپیک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukan_Olimpik_Musim_Sejuk" title="Sukan Olimpik Musim Sejuk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sukan Olimpik Musim Sejuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Dingin" title="Olimpiade Musim Dingin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Olimpiade Musim Dingin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%95%CC%A4ng-gi%C3%A9_Olympic_%C3%94ng-d%C3%B4ng-hu%C3%B4i" title="Dĕ̤ng-gié Olympic Ông-dông-huôi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dĕ̤ng-gié Olympic Ông-dông-huôi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Өвлийн Олимпын наадам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өвлийн Олимпын наадам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympische_Winterspelen" title="Olympische Winterspelen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Olympische Winterspelen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="冬季オリンピック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="冬季オリンピック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiske_vinterleker" title="Olympiske vinterleker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Olympiske vinterleker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiske_vinterleikar" title="Olympiske vinterleikar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Olympiske vinterleikar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B2cs_Olimpics_d%27iv%C3%A8rn" title="Jòcs Olimpics d'ivèrn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jòcs Olimpics d'ivèrn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qishki_Olimpiada_o%CA%BByinlari" title="Qishki Olimpiada oʻyinlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qishki Olimpiada oʻyinlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%98%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8D_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%90" title="د المپیک ژمنۍ لوبې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د المپیک ژمنۍ لوبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_olimpikes_d%27iver" title="Jus olimpikes d'iver – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Jus olimpikes d'iver" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimowe_igrzyska_olimpijskie" title="Zimowe igrzyska olimpijskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zimowe igrzyska olimpijskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_de_Inverno" title="Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocuri_Olimpice_de_iarn%C4%83" title="Jocuri Olimpice de iarnă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jocuri Olimpice de iarnă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Зимние Олимпийские игры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зимние Олимпийские игры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D2%A5%D2%A5%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Кыһыҥҥы Олимпиада – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кыһыҥҥы Олимпиада" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Gemmes" title="Winter Olympic Gemmes – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Winter Olympic Gemmes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loj%C3%ABrat_olimpike_dim%C3%ABrore" title="Lojërat olimpike dimërore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lojërat olimpike dimërore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Winter Olympic Games" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimn%C3%A9_olympijsk%C3%A9_hry" title="Zimné olympijské hry – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zimné olympijské hry" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%86%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="یارییەکانی ئۆڵۆمپیادی زستانە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یارییەکانی ئۆڵۆمپیادی زستانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Зимске олимпијске игре – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зимске олимпијске игре" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimske_olimpijske_igre" title="Zimske olimpijske igre – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zimske olimpijske igre" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talviolympialaiset" title="Talviolympialaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Talviolympialaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiska_vinterspelen" title="Olympiska vinterspelen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Olympiska vinterspelen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palarong_Olimpiko_sa_Taglamig" title="Palarong Olimpiko sa Taglamig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palarong Olimpiko sa Taglamig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="குளிர்கால ஒலிம்பிக் விளையாட்டுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குளிர்கால ஒலிம்பிக் விளையாட்டுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="โอลิมปิกฤดูหนาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอลิมปิกฤดูหนาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бозиҳои олимпии зимистона – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бозиҳои олимпии зимистона" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1%C5%9F_Olimpiyat_Oyunlar%C4%B1" title="Kış Olimpiyat Oyunları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kış Olimpiyat Oyunları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C5%9Fky_olimpi%C3%BDa_o%C3%BDunlary" title="Gyşky olimpiýa oýunlary – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gyşky olimpiýa oýunlary" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Зимові Олімпійські ігри – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зимові Олімпійські ігри" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D9%BE%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="سرمائی اولمپک کھیلیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرمائی اولمپک کھیلیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_v%E1%BA%ADn_h%E1%BB%99i_M%C3%B9a_%C4%91%C3%B4ng" title="Thế vận hội Mùa đông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế vận hội Mùa đông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="冬季奥林匹克运动会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冬季奥林匹克运动会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%8Cd%C3%ADje_%C3%92l%C3%ADmp%C3%ADk%C3%AC_%C3%8Cgb%C3%A0_Ot%C3%BAt%C3%B9" title="Àwọn Ìdíje Òlímpíkì Ìgbà Otútù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn Ìdíje Òlímpíkì Ìgbà Otútù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83" title="冬季奧林匹克運動會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="冬季奧林匹克運動會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%C3%AA_Olimpiyat%C3%AA_Z%C4%B1m%C4%B1stani" title="Kayê Olimpiyatê Zımıstani – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kayê Olimpiyatê Zımıstani" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="冬季奥林匹克运动会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冬季奥林匹克运动会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 February 2025, at 05:09 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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