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href="#Epaiketa_testuinguruan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Epaiketa testuinguruan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epaiketa_testuinguruan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinodoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinodoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sinodoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinodoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ondorioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ondorioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ondorioak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ondorioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gorpuaren Sinodoa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 31 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Трупны сінод – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трупны сінод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinod_trupla" title="Sinod trupla – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sinod trupla" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concili_Cadav%C3%A8ric" title="Concili Cadavèric – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Concili Cadavèric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoda_mrtv%C3%BDch" title="Synoda mrtvých – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Synoda mrtvých" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leichensynode" title="Leichensynode – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leichensynode" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πτωματική Σύνοδος – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πτωματική Σύνοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadaver_Synod" title="Cadaver Synod – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cadaver Synod" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinodo_de_la_kadavro" title="Sinodo de la kadavro – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sinodo de la kadavro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilio_Cadav%C3%A9rico" title="Concilio Cadavérico – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Concilio Cadavérico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="دادگاه جسد – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دادگاه جسد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concile_cadav%C3%A9rique" title="Concile cadavérique – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Concile cadavérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilio_Cadav%C3%A9rico" title="Concilio Cadavérico – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Concilio Cadavérico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A4" title="Դիակային սինոդ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիակային սինոդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinode_Jenazah" title="Sinode Jenazah – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinode Jenazah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinodo_del_cadavere" title="Sinodo del cadavere – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sinodo del cadavere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BD%93%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4" title="死体裁判 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="死体裁判" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="გარდაცვლილის საეკლესიო კრება – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გარდაცვლილის საეკლესიო კრება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%B2%B4_%EC%9E%AC%ED%8C%90" title="시체 재판 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시체 재판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ichesynod" title="Läichesynod – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Läichesynod" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="കദാവർ സിനഡ് – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കദാവർ സിനഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinod_Mayat" title="Sinod Mayat – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sinod Mayat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadaversynode" title="Kadaversynode – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kadaversynode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_trupi" title="Synod trupi – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Synod trupi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADnodo_do_Cad%C3%A1ver" title="Sínodo do Cadáver – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sínodo do Cadáver" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Трупный синод – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трупный синод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinod_trupla" title="Sinod trupla – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sinod trupla" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoda_s_m%C5%95tvolou" title="Synoda s mŕtvolou – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Synoda s mŕtvolou" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrli%C5%A1ki_zbor" title="Mrliški zbor – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mrliški zbor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadavra_Sinodu" title="Kadavra Sinodu – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kadavra Sinodu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Трупний синод – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трупний синод" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%B5%E5%B0%B8%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4" title="僵尸审判 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="僵尸审判" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Jean_Paul_Laurens_Le_Pape_Formose_et_Etienne_VI_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jean_Paul_Laurens_Le_Pape_Formose_et_Etienne_VI_1870.jpg/250px-Jean_Paul_Laurens_Le_Pape_Formose_et_Etienne_VI_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jean_Paul_Laurens_Le_Pape_Formose_et_Etienne_VI_1870.jpg/375px-Jean_Paul_Laurens_Le_Pape_Formose_et_Etienne_VI_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jean_Paul_Laurens_Le_Pape_Formose_et_Etienne_VI_1870.jpg/500px-Jean_Paul_Laurens_Le_Pape_Formose_et_Etienne_VI_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Paul_Laurens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Paul Laurens (sortu gabe)">Jean Paul Laurensen</a> <i>Formoso aita santua eta Eztebe VI.a</i> margolana, 1870an egina</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gorpuaren Sinodoa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinez</a>: <span lang="la"><i>Synodus Horrenda</i></span>, baita ere <b>Hilotzaren Epaiketa</b>) <a href="/wiki/Formoso" title="Formoso">Formoso</a> <a href="/wiki/Aita_santu" title="Aita santu">aita santuaren</a> hilondoko epaiketa izan zen, <a href="/wiki/Erroma" title="Erroma">Erromako</a> <a href="/wiki/Done_Joan_Laterangoaren_basilika" class="mw-redirect" title="Done Joan Laterangoaren basilika">Done Joan Laterangoaren basilikan</a> <a href="/wiki/897" title="897">897ko</a> urtarrilean<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Epaiketa <a href="/wiki/Eztebe_VI.a" title="Eztebe VI.a">Eztebe VI.a</a> aita santuak gidatu zuen, Formosoren ondorengoa izan zen <a href="/wiki/Bonifazio_VI.a" title="Bonifazio VI.a">Bonifazio VI.aren</a> ondorengoa. Eztebek Formosoren gorpua bere hilobitik atera zuen eta gortera eraman zuen, epaitua izan zedin. Eztebek zin faltsua egitea egotzi zion Formosori, eta aita santua izatera ilegalki iritsi izana. Epaiketaren bukaeran Formoso erruduna zela erabaki zuten eta bere aita santu izaera ezeztatu zuten modu erretroaktiboan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aurrekariak">Aurrekariak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorpuaren_Sinodoa&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aurrekariak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorpuaren_Sinodoa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Aurrekariak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gorpuaren Sinodoa eta inguruan egon ziren gertakariak <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italian</a> estabilitate politiko eskaseko garaian gertatu ziren. <a href="/wiki/IX._mendea" title="IX. mendea">IX. mendearen</a> erdialdetik <a href="/wiki/X._mendea" title="X. mendea">X. mendearen</a> erdialdera iraun zuen epean pontifikatu asko kateatu ziren bata bestearen atzetik<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gehienetan aita santuen agintaldi labur hauek Erromako fakzioen makinazio politikoen ondorio ziren, baina oso iturri gutxi iritsi dira gaur egun arte gertakari horien inguruan. </p><p>Formoso <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Portoko</a> apezpiku izendatu zuten <a href="/wiki/864" title="864">864</a>. urtean, <a href="/wiki/Nikolas_I.a" title="Nikolas I.a">Nikolas I.a</a> aita santu zelarik. Misionista jardun zuen, ostean, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a>, eta hain izan zen arrakastatsua ezen bulgarriarren euren apezpiku izan zedila eskatu zuten. Nikolasek ez zuen ondo ikusi hau eta ez zion baimenik eman, Bulgarian apezpiku izendatzeak Portoko egoitza uztea ekarriko baitzuen, eta <a href="/wiki/Nizeako_II._kontzilioa" title="Nizeako II. kontzilioa">Nizeako Bigarren Kontzilioaren</a> hamabosgarren kanonak espreski debekatzen zuen apezpiku batek bere egoitza uztea beste bat kudeatzeko. </p><p><a href="/wiki/875" title="875">875an</a> <a href="/wiki/Karlos_II.a_Burusoila" title="Karlos II.a Burusoila">Karlos II.a Burusoilaren</a> koroatze inperialaren ostean, Formosok Erromatik hanka egin zuen <a href="/wiki/Joan_VIII.a" title="Joan VIII.a">Joan VIII.a</a> aita santu berriaren beldurrez. <a href="/wiki/876" title="876">876an</a> <a href="/wiki/Agriparen_Panteoia" title="Agriparen Panteoia">Santa Maria Rotundaren</a> sinodoan Joan VIII.ak akusazio larriak egin zituen Formoso eta bere asoziatu batzuen aurka. Bere ustez Formosok bulgarriaren gogamena usteldu zuen "[Formoso] bizirik zegoen bitartean ez zutelako onartuko beste apezpikurik egoitza apostolikotik"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Joanen aita santu kargua usurpatzeko konspiratu zuen bere kideekin batera eta, azkenik, Portoko bere egoitzatik desertatu zuen eta konspiratzen ari zen "estatuaren salbazioaren aurka eta hainbeste maite dugun Karlos Burusoilaren aurka"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Formoso eta bere asoziatuak <a href="/wiki/Eskumiku" title="Eskumiku">eskumikatu</a> zituzten. </p><p><a href="/wiki/878" title="878">878an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyesen</a> egindako beste kontzilio batean, Joanek eskumikatzea berretsi zuen. Era berean elizaren ondasunak xahutzen dituztenen aurkako legislazioa gogortu zuen. <a href="/wiki/X._mendea" title="X. mendea">X. mendeko</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxilio_Napolikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auxilio Napolikoa (sortu gabe)">Auxilio Napolikoaren</a> arabera, Formoso kontzilio honetan egon zen. Auxilioren arabera apezpikuari bere barkamenta erregutu zion, eta eskumikatzea altxatzearen truke geratzen zitzaion bizialdi osoan <a href="/wiki/Laiko_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Laiko (argipena)">laikoa</a> izango zela zin egin zuen, ez zela berriro inoiz ere Erroman sartuko eta ez zela saiatuko Portoko bere egoitza bereskuratzen<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kontakizun hau dudatan dago, ordea, sinodoaren beste deskribapen batean ez delako aipatzen Formoso bertan zegoenik eta esaten delako Joanek eskumikatzea berretsi zuela<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Joan VIII.a <a href="/wiki/882" title="882">882ko</a> abenduan hil zen, eta Formosoren arazoak amaitu ziren. Portoko bere apezpikutza berreskuratu zuen, eta <a href="/wiki/891" title="891">891ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Urriaren_6" title="Urriaren 6">urriaren 6an</a> aita santu aukeratu zuen arte bertan egon zen. Hala ere Joan VIII.arekin izan zuen gatazka hori izan zen Gorpuaren Sinodoan erabilitako akusazioaren oinarria. <a href="/wiki/Liutprando_Cremonakoa" title="Liutprando Cremonakoa">Liutprand Cremonakoaren</a> arabera Eztebe VI.ak Formosoren gorpuari galdetu zion ea "zergatik usuerpatu zuen Erromako Egoitza unibertsala horrelako anbizio nahiarekin" Joan VIII.aren heriotzaren ostean, azken honek Troyesen egin zion akusazioa berriro aipatuz. Formosoren hilotzari beste bi akusazio egin zizkioten Gorpuaren Sinodoan: zin egite faltsua egin zuela eta apezpiku izaten saiatu zela laikoa izanda. Hauek Formosoren ustezko zin egitean daude oinarrituak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epaiketa_testuinguruan">Epaiketa testuinguruan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorpuaren_Sinodoa&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Epaiketa testuinguruan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorpuaren_Sinodoa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Epaiketa testuinguruan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gorpuaren Sinodoa politikoki motibatua izan zela onartzen da. Formosok <a href="/wiki/Lambert_II.a_Spoletokoa" title="Lambert II.a Spoletokoa">Lamberto Spoletokoa</a> koroatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Germaniako_Erromatar_Inperio_Santua" title="Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santua">Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santuko</a> ko-agintari <a href="/wiki/892" title="892">892an</a>; Lambertoren aita, <a href="/wiki/Guy_III.a_Spoletokoa" title="Guy III.a Spoletokoa">Guy III.a Spoletokoa</a> Joan VIII.ak koroatu zuen. 893an Formosok beldurra zion Guyren kontraerasoari eta horregatik <a href="/wiki/Arnulfo_Karintiakoa" title="Arnulfo Karintiakoa">Arnulfo Karintiakoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Karolingiar_leinua" class="mw-redirect" title="Karolingiar leinua">karolingiarra</a> gonbidatu zuen Italia inbaditu eta Inperioaren koroa jasotzera. Arnulforen inbasioak porrota jaso zuen eta Guy III.a garai berean hil zen. Formosok, beraz Arnulfo berriro gonbidatu zuen <a href="/wiki/895" title="895">895an</a> eta hurrengo urtean azken honek <a href="/wiki/Alpeak" title="Alpeak">Alpeak</a> gurutzatu eta Erroman sartu zen. Bertan Formosok Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santuko enpreadore izendatu zuen. <a href="/wiki/Frankoak" title="Frankoak">Frankoen</a> armada joan eta gutxira Arnulfo eta Formoso hil ziren, oso tarte laburrean. Formoso <a href="/wiki/Bonifazio_VI.a" title="Bonifazio VI.a">Bonifazio VI.ak</a> ordeztu zuen, bi aste beranduago hil zena. Lamberto eta bere ama, <a href="/wiki/Ageltrude" class="mw-redirect" title="Ageltrude">Ageltrude</a> enperatriza, Erroman sartu ziren Eztebe VI.a aita santu izendatu zutenean, eta Gorpuaren Sinodoa laster egin zen, 897ko urtarrilean. </p><p>XX. menderarte gertakari hauetaz egin den inprepretazio nagusia nahiko argia zen: Formoso beti izan zen Karolingiarren aldekoa, eta Lambertoren koroatzea 892an derrigortua izan zen. Arnulfo hil ostean eta Karolingiarren agintearen gainbeherarekin Erroman Lamberto hirira sartu eta Eztebe derrigortu zuen Gorpuaren Sinodoa egitera, berak Inperioko korora eskubidea zuela argi gera zedin, eta ziurrenik Formosoren aurkako hil osteko mendeku gisa. </p><p>Ikuspegi hau, gaur egun, zaharkitutzat hartzen da, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Duhr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Duhr (sortu gabe)">Joseph Duhrrek</a> <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932an</a> jarrita argudioak ikusita. Duhren arabera Lamberto <a href="/wiki/898" title="898">898ko</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravennako_Kontzilioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ravennako Kontzilioa (sortu gabe)">Ravennako Kontzilioan</a> ikusle izan zen, <a href="/wiki/Joan_IX.a" title="Joan IX.a">Joan IX.ak</a> deitua. Bertan Gorpuaren Sinodoan hartutako erabakiak bertan behera geratu ziren. Kontzilioaren aktaren arabera Lambertok aktiboki egin zuen nulifikazioaren aurka. Lamberto eta Agiltrude Formosoren degradazioaren parte izan baziren ez zen posible izango Joan IX.ak sinodoa kondenatzea eta Lambertoren eta bere apezpikuen oniritzia izatea. Ikuspegi hau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Girolamo_Arnaldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Girolamo Arnaldi (sortu gabe)">Girolamo Arnaldi</a> ikertzaileak ere defendatzen du. Bere ustez Formosok ez zuen Karolingiarren alde egin esklusiboki, eta harreman onak izan zituen Lambertorekin 895ra arte. Erlazioa okertu zen Lambertoren lehenngusu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_IV_Spoletokoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy IV Spoletokoa (sortu gabe)">Guy IV Spoletokoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Beneventon</a> sartu eta bertan zeuden <a href="/wiki/Bizantziar_Inperioa" title="Bizantziar Inperioa">bizantziarrak</a> bota zituenean. Formoso agresio horren aurrean beldurtu eta <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavierara</a> mezulariak bidali zituen, Arnulforen laguntza eskatuz. Arnaldiren arabera Guy IVa izan zen sinodoa bultzatu zuena, bera ere Lamberto eta Ageltrude sartu baitzen Erromara 897an. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sinodoa">Sinodoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorpuaren_Sinodoa&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sinodoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorpuaren_Sinodoa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sinodoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>897ko urtarrilean, ziurenik, Eztebe VI.ak Formosoren gorpua bere hilobitik aterata eta aita santuaren epaitegira eramateko eskatu zuen. Gorpua tronoan eseri zuten eta <a href="/wiki/Diakono" title="Diakono">diakono</a> bat izendatu zuten hildako pontifizearen izenean hitz egin zezan. </p><p>Formosoren aurkako akusazioak egin ziren: egoitzak transmigratzea lege kanonikoak zionearen aurka, zin egite faltsua, eta apezpiku izatea benetan laikoa zenean. Gorpua erruduna zela ebatzi zuten. Liutprandek eta beste iturri batzuek diotenez gorpuari bere aita santu arropak kendu zizkioten eta Eztebek eskubiko eskuko hiru hatz moztu zizkion, bizirik zegoenean horiek erabili baitzituen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bedeinkazio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bedeinkazio (sortu gabe)">bedeinkazioak</a> emateko. Formalki, horrela, bere ordenazio guztiak bertan behera geratu ziren. Ironikoki Eztebe VI.a <a href="/wiki/Anagni" title="Anagni">Anagniko</a> apezpiku Formosok izendatu zuen. Gorpua atzerritarrentzako hilerri batean lurperatu zuten, baina berriro ere atera zuten, pisuzko objetuetara lotu eta <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> ibaira bota zuten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ondorioak">Ondorioak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorpuaren_Sinodoa&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ondorioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorpuaren_Sinodoa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Ondorioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hain espektakulo makabroa emanda, Erromako iritzi publikoa Ezteberen aurka oldartu zen. Zurrumurruak hedatu ziren hirian zehar Formosoren gorpua Tiberren egonda mirariak egiten hasi zela. Jendea matxinatu egin zen eta Ezteberi aita santu titulua kendu eta gartzelaratu zuten. Gartzelan zegoela, <a href="/wiki/897" title="897">897ko</a> abuztuan, irato zuten. </p><p>897ko abenduan <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_II.a" title="Teodoro II.a">Teodoro II.a</a> aita santuak Gorpuaren Sinodoa anulatzeko sinodo berria egin zuen, Formoso berrezarri eta bere gorpua Tiberretik hartu eta <a href="/wiki/San_Petri_basilika" title="San Petri basilika">Done Petriko Basilikan</a> berriro lurperatzea agindu zuen, aita santu arropak berriro ere jarrita. <a href="/wiki/898" title="898">898an</a> Joan IX.ak berriro ere Gorpuaren Sinodoa anulatu zuen, horretarako Erroman eta Ravennan sinodo bana eginez, Teodoro II.aren sinodoa berretsuz eta Gorpuaren Sinodoaren akta deuseztea eskatuz. Era berean hildako pertsona baten gaineko epaiketak egitea debekatu zuen. </p><p>Hala ere <a href="/wiki/Sergio_III.a" title="Sergio III.a">Sergio III.ak</a> (904-911), epailearen laguntzaile izan zena Gorpuaren Sinodoan, Teodoro II.a eta Joan IX.aren aginduak ezeztatu zituen eta Formoso berriro erruduna zela esan. Era berean Eztebe VI.aren hilobian lausengu epitafioa idatzi zuen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorpuaren_Sinodoa&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorpuaren_Sinodoa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation">«Le concile de Ravenne in 898: la réhabilitation du pape Formose» <i>Recherches de science religieuse</i> 22: 541.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWilkers,_Jr.">Wilkers, Jr., Donald E.. <i>The Cadaver Synod: Strangest Trial in History. </i> <a href="/wiki/Athens_(Georgia)" title="Athens (Georgia)">Athens (Georgia)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">AEB</a>: Flagpole Magazine</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJoan_VIII.a">Joan VIII.a. E.L.E. Caspar ed. <i>MGH Epistolae Karolini Aevi</i>. <i> JE 3041, 327 or.</i></span><i>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Joan VIII, Epistolae</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Auxilius,<i>Auxilius,</i> In defensionem sacrae ordinationis papae Formosi<i>, I.4, ed. Dümmler,</i> Auxilius und Vulgarius <i>(Leipzig, 1866), p. 64</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Hubert Mordek eta Gerhard Schmitz, "Papst Johannes VIII. und das Konzil von Troyes," in <i>Geschichtsschreibung und Geistiges Leben im Mittelalter: Festschrift für Heinz Löwe zum 65. Geburtstag,</i> ed. Karl Hauck eta Hubert Mordeck (Köln, 1978), p. 212 n 22.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorpuaren_Sinodoa&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorpuaren_Sinodoa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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