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id="toc-Great_migration_and_civil_rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–civil_rights_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–civil_rights_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Post–civil rights era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–civil_rights_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proportion_in_each_county" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proportion_in_each_county"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Proportion in each county </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proportion_in_each_county-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 US cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historically_Black_colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historically_Black_colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Historically Black colleges and universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historically_Black_colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Economic status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African_American_homeownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_American_homeownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 African American homeownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_American_homeownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_national_anthem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_national_anthem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Black national anthem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_national_anthem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 General health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 Sexual health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.3 Mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Genetics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genetics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genome-wide_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome-wide_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Genome-wide studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome-wide_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Y-DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y-DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Y-DNA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Y-DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mtDNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mtDNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 mtDNA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mtDNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racism_and_social_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism_and_social_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Racism and social status </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Racism_and_social_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Racism and social status subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Racism_and_social_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Policing_and_criminal_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policing_and_criminal_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Policing and criminal justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policing_and_criminal_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Social issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Political legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Media and coverage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_and_coverage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media and coverage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media_and_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black-owned_and_oriented_media_outlets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black-owned_and_oriented_media_outlets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Black-owned and oriented media outlets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black-owned_and_oriented_media_outlets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Traditional names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Literature and academics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Terminology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Terminology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Official identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admixture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admixture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Admixture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admixture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Terminology dispute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_no_longer_in_common_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_no_longer_in_common_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Terms no longer in common use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_no_longer_in_common_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Lists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">African Americans</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 103 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" > 103 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Amerikaners" title="Afro-Amerikaners – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Afro-Amerikaners" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%8D%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95" title="አፍሪካ አሜሪካውያን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አፍሪካ አሜሪካውያን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9" title="أمريكيون أفارقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمريكيون أفارقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamericanu_d%27Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Afroamericanu d'Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Afroamericanu d'Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikal%C4%B1lar" title="Afroamerikalılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Afroamerikalılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آفروآمریکالی‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آفروآمریکالی‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui-chiu-h%C4%93_B%C3%AD-kok-l%C3%A2ng" title="Hui-chiu-hē Bí-kok-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hui-chiu-hē Bí-kok-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Афраамерыканцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Афраамерыканцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Афраамэрыканцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Афраамэрыканцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Афроамериканци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Афроамериканци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikana" title="Afroamerikana – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Afroamerikana" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikanci" title="Afroamerikanci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Afroamerikanci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikaned" title="Afroamerikaned – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Afroamerikaned" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negres_estatunidencs" title="Negres estatunidencs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Negres estatunidencs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroameri%C4%8Dan%C3%A9" title="Afroameričané – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Afroameričané" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanwyr_Affricanaidd" title="Americanwyr Affricanaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Americanwyr Affricanaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikanere" title="Afroamerikanere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Afroamerikanere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikaner" title="Afroamerikaner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Afroamerikaner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroameeriklased" title="Afroameeriklased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Afroameeriklased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Αφροαμερικανοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αφροαμερικανοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroestadounidense" title="Afroestadounidense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Afroestadounidense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik-usonanoj" title="Afrik-usonanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Afrik-usonanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-amerikar" title="Afro-amerikar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Afro-amerikar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سیاه‌پوستان آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاه‌پوستان آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikanarar" title="Afroamerikanarar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Afroamerikanarar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Am%C3%A9ricains" title="Afro-Américains – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Afro-Américains" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Amerikanen" title="Afro-Amerikanen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Afro-Amerikanen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meirice%C3%A1naigh_Afracacha" title="Meiriceánaigh Afracacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meiriceánaigh Afracacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamericano" title="Afroamericano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Afroamericano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AE-y%C3%AD_M%C3%AE-koet_Het-ng%C3%ACn" title="Fî-yí Mî-koet Het-ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fî-yí Mî-koet Het-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%EA%B3%84_%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B8" title="아프리카계 미국인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아프리카계 미국인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afirkawan_Amurka" title="Afirkawan Amurka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Afirkawan Amurka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%86%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Աֆրոամերիկացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աֆրոամերիկացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="अफ़्रीकी अमेरिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अफ़्रीकी अमेरिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikanci" title="Afroamerikanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Afroamerikanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikan-Usani" title="Afrikan-Usani – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Afrikan-Usani" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%E1%BB%8B_Af%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%8Bka_%C7%B9k%C3%A8_Amer%E1%BB%8Bka" title="Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Amerika_Serikat" title="Afrika Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Afrika Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statouniteses_african" title="Statouniteses african – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Statouniteses african" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taaqsipait" title="Taaqsipait – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Taaqsipait" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartir_Bandar%C3%ADkjamenn" title="Svartir Bandaríkjamenn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartir Bandaríkjamenn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamericani" title="Afroamericani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Afroamericani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אפרו-אמריקאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפרו-אמריקאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika-Am%C3%A9rika" title="Afrika-Amérika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Afrika-Amérika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="აფრო-ამერიკელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აფრო-ამერიკელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Афроамерикалықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Афроамерикалықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamarekani_weusi" title="Wamarekani weusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wamarekani weusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afriken-Ameriken" title="Afriken-Ameriken – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Afriken-Ameriken" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamer%C3%AEk%C3%AE" title="Afroamerîkî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Afroamerîkî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamericani" title="Afroamericani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Afroamericani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerik%C4%81%C5%86i" title="Afroamerikāņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Afroamerikāņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikie%C4%8Diai" title="Afroamerikiečiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Afroamerikiečiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikaiak" title="Afroamerikaiak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Afroamerikaiak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Афроамериканци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Афроамериканци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikana-Amerikana" title="Afrikana-Amerikana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Afrikana-Amerikana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="ആഫ്രോ അമേരിക്കക്കാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആഫ്രോ അമേരിക്കക്കാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="आफ्रिकन अमेरिकन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आफ्रिकन अमेरिकन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%87" title="امريكيين افارقه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امريكيين افارقه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Amerika_Afrika" title="Orang Amerika Afrika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Amerika Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika-Amerika" title="Afrika-Amerika – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Afrika-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အာဖရိက အမေရိကန် လူမျိုးများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာဖရိက အမေရိကန် လူမျိုးများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Amerikanen" title="Afro-Amerikanen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afro-Amerikanen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans-Amerikaans" title="Afrikaans-Amerikaans – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Afrikaans-Amerikaans" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E7%B3%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="アフリカ系アメリカ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフリカ系アメリカ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikansk-amerikanere" title="Afrikansk-amerikanere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Afrikansk-amerikanere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikanarar" title="Afroamerikanarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Afroamerikanarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikaliklar" title="Afroamerikaliklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Afroamerikaliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="افریقی امریکی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="افریقی امریکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Merikano" title="Afro-Merikano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Afro-Merikano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="افریقايي امریکایان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="افریقايي امریکایان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerykanie" title="Afroamerykanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Afroamerykanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-americanos" title="Afro-americanos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Afro-americanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-americani" title="Afro-americani – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Afro-americani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikane_Amerikanura" title="Afrikane Amerikanura – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Afrikane Amerikanura" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Афроамериканцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Афроамериканцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Афроамериканнар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Афроамериканнар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamericanos" title="Afroamericanos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Afroamericanos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="African Americans" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikano-amerikan%C3%ABt" title="Afrikano-amerikanët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Afrikano-amerikanët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9D" title="අප්‍රිකානු ඇමරිකානුවෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අප්‍රිකානු ඇමරිකානුවෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="African Americans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroameri%C4%8Dania" title="Afroameričania – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Afroameričania" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroameryk%C5%8Dny" title="Afroamerykōny – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Afroamerykōny" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadka_Madoow" title="Dadka Madoow – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dadka Madoow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئەمریکییە ئەفریقییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەمریکییە ئەفریقییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikanci" title="Afroamerikanci – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Afroamerikanci" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikanci" title="Afroamerikanci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Afroamerikanci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikkalaiset" title="Afroamerikkalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Afroamerikkalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikaner" title="Afroamerikaner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Afroamerikaner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprikanong_Amerikano" title="Aprikanong Amerikano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aprikanong Amerikano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆபிரிக்க அமெரிக்கர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆபிரிக்க அமெரிக்கர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="ชาวอเมริกันเชื้อสายแอฟริกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวอเมริกันเชื้อสายแอฟริกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikal%C4%B1lar" title="Afroamerikalılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afroamerikalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="African Americans" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96" title="Афроамериканці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Афроамериканці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="افریقی-امریکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افریقی-امریکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerican" title="Afroamerican – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Afroamerican" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_M%E1%BB%B9_g%E1%BB%91c_Phi" title="Người Mỹ gốc Phi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Mỹ gốc Phi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%A3%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="非裔美国人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="非裔美国人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%8D_%C3%81f%C3%ADr%C3%ADk%C3%A0_Am%E1%BA%B9%CC%81r%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Àwọn ọmọ Áfíríkà Amẹ́ríkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn ọmọ Áfíríkà Amẹ́ríkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%A3%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="非裔美國人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="非裔美國人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroamerikan" title="Afroamerikan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Afroamerikan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">African Americans</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_2020_County.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Black_Americans_2020_County.png/220px-Black_Americans_2020_County.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Black_Americans_2020_County.png/330px-Black_Americans_2020_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Black_Americans_2020_County.png/440px-Black_Americans_2020_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="text-align: center">Proportion of Black Americans in each <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">U.S. county</a>, as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 U.S. census</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Alone (one race): <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 41,104,200<a href="#cite_note-Black_Population_2020-1">[1]</a> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 12.40% of the total U.S. population In combination (<a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">mixed race</a>): <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 5,832,533<a href="#cite_note-Black_Population_2020-1">[1]</a> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1.76% of the total U.S. population Alone or in combination: <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 46,936,733<a href="#cite_note-Black_Population_2020-1">[1]</a> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 14.16% of the total U.S. population</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">American urban centers</a>, including:</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,552,997<a href="#cite_note-Black_Population_2020-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,320,513<a href="#cite_note-Black_Population_2020-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,246,381<a href="#cite_note-Black_Population_2020-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,986,172<a href="#cite_note-Black_Population_2020-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,237,044<a href="#cite_note-Black_Population_2020-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> and <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christianity</a> (78%)<a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a> Other:<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Irreligion</a> (18%) <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Islam</a> (2%) See: <a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion of Black Americans</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Antebellum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">military history</a> during the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Jim Crow era (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement (1954–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">Business history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Migrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lifeways</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_of_freed_people_during_the_Civil_War" title="Education of freed people during the Civil War">Education of freed people during the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a>, after the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Academic study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Celebrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Economic class</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">African-American businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols and ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_beauty" title="African-American beauty">African-American beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is beautiful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">Black pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">African-American hair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Good hair">Good hair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-Christian groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African-American Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African Diaspora Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies">Joint Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ideologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liberalism" title="Black liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_patriotism" title="African-American patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Civic/economic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conductors" title="Black conductors">Black conductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransAfrica" title="TransAfrica">TransAfrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">UNCF</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Athletic associations and conferences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU (HBCUAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sub-communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Afro-Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Indians" title="Carmel Indians">Carmel Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specific ancestries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexual orientation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Dialects and languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> English dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutnese" title="Tutnese">Tutnese</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Languages and other dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Negro Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US states</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">List of neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American historic places in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Florida" title="List of African-American historic places in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Georgia" title="List of African-American historic places in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Mississippi" title="List of African-American historic places in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Missouri" title="List of African-American historic places in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="List of African-American historic places in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_North_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Texas" title="List of African-American historic places in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of African-American historic places in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population count</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">US states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">US metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations">US cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations">US communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations" title="List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations">Places by plurality of population</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Prejudice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Racism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the US census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against Black Americans">Racism against Black Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States">Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media" title="Representation of African Americans in media">media depictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans" title="Criminal stereotype of African Americans">Criminal stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_representation_in_Hollywood" title="African-American representation in Hollywood">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> African Americans, also known as Black Americans, formerly also called Afro-Americans, are an <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">American racial or ethnic group</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> with partial or total ancestry from any of the <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> racial groups of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> African Americans constitute the second largest ethno-racial group in the US after <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Africans enslaved in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Locke-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-wilkersonnyt-8">[7]</a> Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved people within the boundaries of the present United States.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> While some Black immigrants or their children may also come to identify as African American, the majority of first-generation immigrants do not, preferring to identify with their nation of origin.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Most African Americans are of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> and coastal <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central African</a> ancestry, with varying amounts of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-auto-13">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African-American history</a> began in the 16th century, with Africans from West Africa and coastal Central Africa being sold to <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">European slave traders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">transported across the Atlantic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">the Western Hemisphere</a>. After arriving in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, they were <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">sold as slaves</a> to European colonists and put to work on <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">in the southern colonies</a>. A few were able to achieve freedom through <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> or escape, and founded independent communities before and during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. After the United States was founded in 1783, most <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Black people continued to be enslaved</a>, primarily concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>, with four million enslaved people only <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">liberated</a> during and at the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>, they gained <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">citizenship</a> and adult-males the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">right to vote</a>; however, due to the widespread policy and ideology of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacy in the United States">White supremacy</a>, they were largely treated as <a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class citizens</a> and found themselves soon <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">disenfranchised in the South</a>. These circumstances changed due to participation in the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">military conflicts of the United States</a>, substantial <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">migration out of the South</a>, the elimination of legal <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> which sought political and social freedom. However, <a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">racism against African Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">racial socioeconomic disparity</a> remain a problem into the 21st century. In the 20th and 21st centuries, immigration has played an increasingly significant role in the African-American community. As of 2022, 10% of Black Americans were immigrants, and 20% were either immigrants or the children of immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> became the first, and so far only, African American to be elected president of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> became the nation's first African-American vice president in 2020. <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African-American culture</a> has had a significant influence on worldwide culture, making numerous contributions to <a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">visual arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">literature</a>, the English language, <a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">philosophy</a>, politics, <a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in sports">sports</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">music</a>. The African-American contribution to popular music is so profound that most <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">American music</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">trap</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, has its origins either partially or entirely in the African-American community.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history">African American history</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigration to the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_slave_Regions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Africa_slave_Regions.svg/200px-Africa_slave_Regions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Africa_slave_Regions.svg/300px-Africa_slave_Regions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Africa_slave_Regions.svg/400px-Africa_slave_Regions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Major slave trading regions of Africa, 15th–19th centuries</figcaption></figure> The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a> were people from several <a href="/wiki/Middle_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Africa">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> ethnic groups. They had been captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> or sold by other West Africans, or by half-European "merchant princes"<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> to European slave traders, who brought them to the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The first African slaves arrived via <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> in the Caribbean to the <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Gualdape" title="San Miguel de Gualdape">San Miguel de Gualdape</a> colony (most likely located in the <a href="/wiki/Winyah_Bay" title="Winyah Bay">Winyah Bay</a> area of present-day <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>), founded by Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Lucas_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Ayll%C3%B3n" title="Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón">Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón</a> in 1526.<a href="#cite_note-wright-22">[21]</a> The ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterward, due to an epidemic and the colony was abandoned. The settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to the Island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, whence they had come.<a href="#cite_note-wright-22">[21]</a> The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free Black domestic servant from <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, and Miguel Rodríguez, a White <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovian</a> conquistador in 1565 in <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a> (Spanish Florida), is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in what is now the continental United States.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1670_virginia_tobacco_slaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1670_virginia_tobacco_slaves.jpg/220px-1670_virginia_tobacco_slaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1670_virginia_tobacco_slaves.jpg/330px-1670_virginia_tobacco_slaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1670_virginia_tobacco_slaves.jpg/440px-1670_virginia_tobacco_slaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Slaves processing tobacco in 17th-century Virginia, illustration from 1670</figcaption></figure> The first recorded Africans in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">English America</a> (including most of the future United States) were <a href="/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia" title="First Africans in Virginia">"20 and odd negroes"</a> who arrived in <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> via <a href="/wiki/Old_Point_Comfort" title="Old Point Comfort">Cape Comfort</a> in August 1619 as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured servants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> As many Virginian settlers began to die from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> An indentured servant (who could be White or Black) would work for several years (usually four to seven) without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery. Servants could be bought, sold, or leased, and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or attempting to running away. Unlike slaves, they were freed after their term of service expired or if their freedom was purchased. Their children did not inherit their status, and on their release from contract they received "a year's provision of corn, double apparel, tools necessary", and a small cash payment called "freedom dues".<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> They raised families, married other Africans and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">intermarried</a> with Native Americans or European <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Slave_Auction_1655_Howard_Pyle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/First_Slave_Auction_1655_Howard_Pyle.jpg/170px-First_Slave_Auction_1655_Howard_Pyle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/First_Slave_Auction_1655_Howard_Pyle.jpg/255px-First_Slave_Auction_1655_Howard_Pyle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/First_Slave_Auction_1655_Howard_Pyle.jpg/340px-First_Slave_Auction_1655_Howard_Pyle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1917" /></a><figcaption>The first slave auction at <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> in 1655; illustration from 1895 by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Pyle" title="Howard Pyle">Howard Pyle</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></figcaption></figure> By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of lifetime slavery when they sentenced <a href="/wiki/John_Punch_(slave)" title="John Punch (slave)">John Punch</a>, a Negro, to lifetime servitude under his master <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gwyn" title="Hugh Gwyn">Hugh Gwyn</a>, for running away.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a> married or had <a href="/wiki/Placage" class="mw-redirect" title="Placage">unions with</a> <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_people" title="Pensacola people">Pensacola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creek</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> women, both enslaved and free, and their descendants created a mixed-race population of <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattos</a>. The Spanish encouraged slaves from the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">colony of Georgia</a> to come to Florida as a refuge, promising freedom in exchange for conversion to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">King Charles II</a> issued a royal proclamation freeing all slaves who fled to Spanish Florida and accepted conversion and baptism. Most went to the area around <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a>, but escaped slaves also reached Pensacola. St. Augustine had mustered an all-Black <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> unit defending Spanish Florida as early as 1683.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slave_Auction_Ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Slave_Auction_Ad.jpg/200px-Slave_Auction_Ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Slave_Auction_Ad.jpg/300px-Slave_Auction_Ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Slave_Auction_Ad.jpg/400px-Slave_Auction_Ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="1317" /></a><figcaption>Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave auction in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, in 1769</figcaption></figure> One of the Dutch African arrivals, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Johnson_(American_Colonial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Johnson (American Colonial)">Anthony Johnson</a>, would later own one of the first Black "slaves", <a href="/wiki/John_Casor" title="John Casor">John Casor</a>, resulting from the court ruling of a civil case.<a href="#cite_note-russell-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sweet2005-34">[33]</a> The popular conception of a race-based slave system did not fully develop until the 18th century. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven Black slaves into <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>). All the colony's slaves, however, were freed upon its surrender to the English.<a href="#cite_note-branchandroot-35">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts</a> was the first English colony to legally recognize slavery in 1641. In 1662, Virginia passed a law that children of enslaved women would take the status of the mother, rather than that of the father, as was the case under <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>. This legal principle was called <a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Partus sequitur ventrum">partus sequitur ventrum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Banks-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> By an act of 1699, Virginia ordered the deportation of all free Blacks, effectively defining all people of African descent who remained in the colony as slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-38">[37]</a> In 1670, the colonial assembly passed a law prohibiting free and baptized Blacks (and Native Americans) from purchasing Christians (in this act meaning White Europeans) but allowing them to buy people "of their owne nation".<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runaway_slave_advertisement_9-15-1774-NY.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Runaway_slave_advertisement_9-15-1774-NY.gif/220px-Runaway_slave_advertisement_9-15-1774-NY.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Runaway_slave_advertisement_9-15-1774-NY.gif/330px-Runaway_slave_advertisement_9-15-1774-NY.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Runaway_slave_advertisement_9-15-1774-NY.gif/440px-Runaway_slave_advertisement_9-15-1774-NY.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>1774 image of a <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">fugitive slave</a> in a New York newspaper, offering a $10 reward (equivalent to $279 in 2023). Slave owners, including <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, placed around 200,000 runaway slave adverts in newspapers across the US before slavery ended in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-Runaway-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fugitives-41">[40]</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>, although there was no movement toward abolition of the African slave trade, Spanish rule introduced a new law called <a href="/wiki/Coartaci%C3%B3n_(slavery)" title="Coartación (slavery)">coartación</a>, which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Although some did not have the money to do so, government measures on slavery enabled the existence of many free Blacks. This caused problems to the Spaniards with the <a href="/wiki/French_creoles" class="mw-redirect" title="French creoles">French creoles</a> (French who had settled in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>) who had also populated Spanish Louisiana. The French creoles cited that measure as one of the system's worst elements.<a href="#cite_note-louisiana-43">[42]</a> First established in South Carolina in 1704, groups of armed White men—<a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">slave patrols</a>—were formed to monitor enslaved Black people.<a href="#cite_note-Patrols-44">[43]</a> Their function was to police slaves, especially fugitives. Slave owners feared that slaves might organize revolts or <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave rebellions</a>, so state militias were formed to provide a military command structure and discipline within the slave patrols. These patrols were used to detect, encounter, and crush any organized slave meetings which might lead to revolts or <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Patrols-44">[43]</a> The earliest African American congregations and churches were organized before 1800 in both northern and southern cities following the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a>. By 1775, Africans made up 20% of the population in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonies</a>, which made them the second largest ethnic group after <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_American_Revolution_to_the_Civil_War">From the American Revolution to the Civil War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crispus_Attucks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crispus_Attucks.jpg/170px-Crispus_Attucks.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crispus_Attucks.jpg/255px-Crispus_Attucks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crispus_Attucks.jpg/340px-Crispus_Attucks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a>, the first "<a href="/wiki/Martyr_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyr (politics)">martyr</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. He was of <a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Native American and African American</a> descent.</figcaption></figure> During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious American colonists secure their independence by defeating the British in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Blacks played a role in both sides in the American Revolution. Activists in the Patriot cause included <a href="/wiki/James_Armistead" class="mw-redirect" title="James Armistead">James Armistead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Whipple" title="Prince Whipple">Prince Whipple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell_(American_soldier)" title="Oliver Cromwell (American soldier)">Oliver Cromwell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Around 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalists</a> left with the British after the war, most of them ending up as free Black people in England<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> or its colonies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Black Nova Scotians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Duke_Law-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker-51">[50]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Louisiana">Spanish Louisiana</a>, Governor <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a> organized Spanish free Black men into two militia companies to defend <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> during the American Revolution. They fought in the 1779 battle in which Spain captured <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a> from the British. Gálvez also commanded them in campaigns against the British outposts in <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pensacola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensacola">Pensacola</a>, Florida. He recruited slaves for the militia by pledging to free anyone who was seriously wounded and promised to secure a low price for coartación (buy their freedom and that of others) for those who received lesser wounds. During the 1790s, Governor <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Luis_H%C3%A9ctor_de_Carondelet" title="Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet">Francisco Luis Héctor, baron of Carondelet</a> reinforced local fortifications and recruit even more free Black men for the militia. Carondelet doubled the number of free Black men who served, creating two more militia companies—one made up of Black members and the other of <a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a> (mixed race). Serving in the militia brought free Black men one step closer to equality with Whites, allowing them, for example, the right to carry arms and boosting their earning power. However, actually these privileges distanced free Black men from enslaved Blacks and encouraged them to identify with Whites.<a href="#cite_note-louisiana-43">[42]</a> Slavery had been tacitly enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/US_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="US Constitution">US Constitution</a> through provisions such as Article I, Section 2, Clause 3, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/3/5_compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="3/5 compromise">3/5 compromise</a>. Due to the restrictions of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_Slave_trade" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section 9, Clause 1</a>, Congress was unable to pass an <a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a> until 1807.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a> (derived from the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave Clause</a> of the Constitution—<a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3</a>) were passed by Congress in both <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1793" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1793">1793</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">1850</a>, guaranteeing the right of a slaveholder to recover an escaped slave anywhere within the US.<a href="#cite_note-Fugitives-41">[40]</a> Slave owners, who viewed enslaved people as property, ensured that it became a federal crime to aid or assist those who had fled slavery or to interfere with their capture.<a href="#cite_note-Runaway-40">[39]</a> By that time, slavery, which almost exclusively targeted Black people, had become the most critical and contentious political issue in the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum United States">Antebellum United States</a>, repeatedly sparking crises and conflicts. Among these were the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, the infamous <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_decision" class="mw-redirect" title="Dred Scott decision">Dred Scott decision</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller,_1847-52.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Frederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller%2C_1847-52.png/170px-Frederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller%2C_1847-52.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Frederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller%2C_1847-52.png/255px-Frederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller%2C_1847-52.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Frederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller%2C_1847-52.png/340px-Frederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller%2C_1847-52.png 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850</figcaption></figure> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, eight serving presidents had owned slaves, a practice that was legally protected under the US Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> By 1860, the number of enslaved Black people in the US had grown to between 3.5 to 4.4 million, largely as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. In addition, 488,000–500,000 Black people lived free (with legislated limits)<a href="#cite_note-ACS-54">[53]</a> across the country.<a href="#cite_note-GomezPremdas-55">[54]</a> With legislated limits imposed upon them in addition to "unconquerable prejudice" from Whites according to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> In response to these conditions, some free Black people chose to leave the US and emigrate to <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> in West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-54">[53]</a> Liberia had been established in 1821 as a settlement by the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> (ACS), with many abolitionist members of the ACS believing Black Americans would have greater opportunities for freedom and equality in Africa than they would in the US.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-54">[53]</a> Slaves not only represented a significant financial investment for their owners, but they also played a crucial role in producing the country's most valuable product and export: <a href="/wiki/King_Cotton" title="King Cotton">cotton</a>. Enslaved people were instrumental in the construction of several prominent structures such as, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Slavery in the District of Columbia">Washington, D.C.-based</a> buildings.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a>) Similar building projects existed in the <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">slave states</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond,_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/250px-Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/375px-Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/500px-Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption>Slaves Waiting for Sale: Richmond, Virginia, 1853. Note the new clothes. The <a href="/wiki/Domestic_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic slave trade">domestic slave trade</a> broke up many families, and individuals lost their connection to families and clans.</figcaption></figure> By 1815, the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States#Domestic_slave_trade_and_forced_migration" title="Slavery in the United States">domestic slave trade</a> had become a significant and major economic activity in the United States, continuing to flourish until the 1860s.<a href="#cite_note-CUP-58">[57]</a> Historians estimate that nearly one million individuals were subjected to this forced migration, which was often referred to as a new "Middle Passage". The historian <a href="/wiki/Ira_Berlin" title="Ira Berlin">Ira Berlin</a> described this internal forced migration of enslaved people as the "central event" in the life of a slave during the period between the American Revolution and the Civil War. Berlin emphasized that whether enslaved individuals were directly uprooted or lived in constant fear that they or their families would be involuntarily relocated, "the massive deportation traumatized Black people" throughout the US.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> As a result of this large-scale forced movement, countless individuals lost their connection to families and clans, and many ethnic Africans lost their knowledge of varying tribal origins in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-CUP-58">[57]</a> The 1863 photograph of <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Chinn" title="Wilson Chinn">Wilson Chinn</a>, a branded slave from Louisiana, along with the famous image of <a href="/wiki/Gordon_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon (slave)">Gordon</a> and his scarred back, served as two of the earliest and most powerful examples of how the newborn medium of photography could be used to visually document and encapsulate the brutality and cruelty of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Colored_Troop_enlisted_African-American_soldier_reading_at_8_Whitehall_Street,_Atlanta_slave_auction_house,_Fall_1864-_%27Auction_%26_Negro_Sales,%27_Whitehall_Street_LOC_cwpb.03351_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/United_States_Colored_Troop_enlisted_African-American_soldier_reading_at_8_Whitehall_Street%2C_Atlanta_slave_auction_house%2C_Fall_1864-_%27Auction_%26_Negro_Sales%2C%27_Whitehall_Street_LOC_cwpb.03351_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/United_States_Colored_Troop_enlisted_African-American_soldier_reading_at_8_Whitehall_Street%2C_Atlanta_slave_auction_house%2C_Fall_1864-_%27Auction_%26_Negro_Sales%2C%27_Whitehall_Street_LOC_cwpb.03351_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/United_States_Colored_Troop_enlisted_African-American_soldier_reading_at_8_Whitehall_Street%2C_Atlanta_slave_auction_house%2C_Fall_1864-_%27Auction_%26_Negro_Sales%2C%27_Whitehall_Street_LOC_cwpb.03351_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="1955" /></a><figcaption>Slave trader's business on Whitehall Street <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, 1864 during the American Civil War with a <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> corporal of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a> sitting by the door.</figcaption></figure> Emigration of free Blacks to their continent of origin had been proposed since the Revolutionary war. After <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> became independent, it tried to recruit African Americans to migrate there after it re-established trade relations with the United States. The Haitian Union was a group formed to promote relations between the countries.<a href="#cite_note-Nikki-61">[60]</a> After riots against Blacks in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, its Black community sponsored founding of the <a href="/wiki/Wilberforce_Colony" title="Wilberforce Colony">Wilberforce Colony</a>, an initially successful settlement of African American immigrants to Canada. The colony was one of the first such independent political entities. It lasted for a number of decades and provided a destination for about 200 Black families emigrating from a number of locations in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Nikki-61">[60]</a> In 1863, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>. The proclamation declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were free.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Advancing Union troops enforced the proclamation, with Texas being the last state to be emancipated, in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harriet_Tubman_c1868-69_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Harriet_Tubman_c1868-69_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Harriet_Tubman_c1868-69_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Harriet_Tubman_c1868-69_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Harriet_Tubman_c1868-69_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Harriet_Tubman_c1868-69_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Harriet_Tubman_c1868-69_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3618" data-file-height="4490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a>, around 1869</figcaption></figure> Slavery in a few border states continued until the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> in December 1865.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act of 1790</a> limited US citizenship to Whites only,<a href="#cite_note-Schultz-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sato-66">[65]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a> (1868) gave Black people citizenship, and the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a> (1870) gave Black men the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_era_and_Jim_Crow">Reconstruction era and Jim Crow</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></div> African Americans quickly set up congregations for themselves, as well as schools and community/civic associations, to have space away from White control or oversight. While the post-war Reconstruction era was initially a time of progress for African Americans, that period ended in 1876. By the late 1890s, Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after the American Civil War">disenfranchisement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Segregation was now imposed with Jim Crow laws, using signs used to show Blacks where they could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat.<a href="#cite_note-Leon_Litwack_2004-69">[68]</a> For those places that were racially mixed, non-Whites had to wait until all White customers were dealt with.<a href="#cite_note-Leon_Litwack_2004-69">[68]</a> Most African Americans obeyed the Jim Crow laws, to avoid <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">racially motivated violence</a>. To maintain self-esteem and dignity, African Americans such as <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Overton" title="Anthony Overton">Anthony Overton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a> continued to build their own <a href="/wiki/Historically_Black_colleges_and_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically Black colleges and universities">schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">churches</a>, banks, social clubs, and other businesses.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In the last decade of the 19th century, racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans began to mushroom in the United States, a period often referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">nadir of American race relations</a>". These discriminatory acts included racial segregation—upheld by the United States Supreme Court decision in <a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> in 1896—which was legally mandated by southern states and nationwide at the local level of government, <a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="Voter suppression in the United States">voter suppression</a> or disenfranchisement in the southern states, denial of economic opportunity or resources nationwide, and private acts of violence and mass racial violence aimed at African Americans unhindered or encouraged by government authorities.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_migration_and_civil_rights_movement">Great migration and civil rights movement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omaha_courthouse_lynching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Omaha_courthouse_lynching.jpg/220px-Omaha_courthouse_lynching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Omaha_courthouse_lynching.jpg/330px-Omaha_courthouse_lynching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Omaha_courthouse_lynching.jpg/440px-Omaha_courthouse_lynching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>A group of White men pose for a 1919 photograph as they stand over the Black victim, Will Brown, who had been <a href="/wiki/Lynched" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynched">lynched</a> and had his body mutilated and burned during the <a href="/wiki/Omaha_race_riot_of_1919" title="Omaha race riot of 1919">Omaha race riot of 1919</a> in <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>. Postcards and photographs of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the US.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></figcaption></figure> The desperate conditions of African Americans in the South sparked the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> during the first half of the 20th century which led to a growing African American community in <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a> and Western United States.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The rapid influx of Blacks disturbed the racial balance within Northern and Western cities, exacerbating hostility between both Blacks and Whites in the two regions.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a> of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the US as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_race_riot_of_1919" title="Chicago race riot of 1919">Chicago race riot of 1919</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Omaha_race_riot_of_1919" title="Omaha race riot of 1919">Omaha race riot of 1919</a>. Overall, Blacks in Northern and Western cities experienced <a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against Black Americans">systemic discrimination</a> in a plethora of aspects of life. Within employment, economic opportunities for Blacks were routed to the lowest-status and restrictive in potential mobility. At the 1900 <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Negro_Conference" title="Hampton Negro Conference">Hampton Negro Conference</a>, Reverend Matthew Anderson said: "...the lines along most of the avenues of wage earning are more rigidly drawn in the North than in the South."<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Within the housing market, stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx, resulting in a mix of "targeted violence, <a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_covenants" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusionary covenants">restrictive covenants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">racial steering</a>".<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> While many Whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics toward African Americans, many other Whites migrated to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions, a process known as <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22,_1956,_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22%2C_1956%2C_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg/220px-Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22%2C_1956%2C_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22%2C_1956%2C_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg/330px-Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22%2C_1956%2C_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22%2C_1956%2C_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg/440px-Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22%2C_1956%2C_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5748" data-file-height="4549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> being fingerprinted after being arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus to a White person</figcaption></figure> Despite discrimination, drawing cards for leaving the hopelessness in the South were the growth of African American institutions and communities in Northern cities. Institutions included Black oriented organizations (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Urban_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban League">Urban League</a>, <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>), churches, businesses, and newspapers, as well as successes in the development in African American intellectual culture, music, and popular culture (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Black_Renaissance" title="Chicago Black Renaissance">Chicago Black Renaissance</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Club" title="Cotton Club">Cotton Club</a> in Harlem was a Whites-only establishment, with Blacks (such as <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>) allowed to perform, but to a White audience.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Black Americans also found a new ground for political power in Northern cities, without the enforced disabilities of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> By the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> was gaining momentum. A 1955 lynching that sparked public outrage about injustice was that of <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a>, a 14-year-old boy from Chicago. Spending the summer with relatives in <a href="/wiki/Money,_Mississippi" title="Money, Mississippi">Money, Mississippi</a>, Till was killed for allegedly having <a href="/wiki/Wolf-whistle" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-whistle">wolf-whistled</a> at a White woman. Till had been badly beaten, one of his eyes was gouged out, and he was shot in the head. The visceral response to his mother's decision to have an open-casket funeral mobilized the Black community throughout the US.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-81">[80]</a> Vann R. Newkirk wrote "the trial of his killers became a pageant illuminating the tyranny of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-81">[80]</a> The state of Mississippi tried two defendants, but they were speedily acquitted by an <a href="/wiki/All-White_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="All-White jury">all-White jury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> One hundred days after Emmett Till's murder, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> refused to give up her seat on the bus in Alabama—indeed, Parks told Emmett's mother <a href="/wiki/Mamie_Till" title="Mamie Till">Mamie Till</a> that "the photograph of Emmett's disfigured face in the casket was set in her mind when she refused to give up her seat on the Montgomery bus."<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpg/220px-March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpg/330px-March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpg/440px-March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1978" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a>, August 28, 1963, shows civil rights leaders and union leaders</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> and the conditions which brought it into being are credited with putting pressure on presidents <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. Johnson put his support behind passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> that banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">labor unions</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> of 1965, which expanded federal authority over states to ensure Black political participation through protection of voter registration and elections.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> By 1966, the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a> movement, which lasted from 1966 to 1975, expanded upon the aims of the civil rights movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from White authority.<a href="#cite_note-abbeville-85">[84]</a> During the post-war period, many African Americans continued to be economically disadvantaged relative to other Americans. Average Black income stood at 54 percent of that of White workers in 1947, and 55 percent in 1962. In 1959, median family income for Whites was $5,600 (equivalent to $58,532 in 2023), compared with $2,900 (equivalent to $30,311 in 2023) for non-White families. In 1965, 43 percent of all Black families fell into the poverty bracket, earning under $3,000 (equivalent to $29,005 in 2023) a year. The 1960s saw improvements in the social and economic conditions of many Black Americans.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-86">[85]</a> From 1965 to 1969, Black family income rose from 54 to 60 percent of White family income. In 1968, 23 percent of Black families earned under $3,000 (equivalent to $26,285 in 2023) a year, compared with 41 percent in 1960. In 1965, 19 percent of Black Americans had incomes equal to the national median, a proportion that rose to 27 percent by 1967. In 1960, the median level of education for Blacks had been 10.8 years, and by the late 1960s, the figure rose to 12.2 years, half a year behind the median for Whites.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–civil_rights_era">Post–civil rights era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era in African-American history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_at_JJ_Hill_-_Philando_Castile_(27547111053).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Crowd_at_JJ_Hill_-_Philando_Castile_%2827547111053%29.jpg/220px-Crowd_at_JJ_Hill_-_Philando_Castile_%2827547111053%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Crowd_at_JJ_Hill_-_Philando_Castile_%2827547111053%29.jpg/330px-Crowd_at_JJ_Hill_-_Philando_Castile_%2827547111053%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Crowd_at_JJ_Hill_-_Philando_Castile_%2827547111053%29.jpg/440px-Crowd_at_JJ_Hill_-_Philando_Castile_%2827547111053%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> protest in response to the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Philando_Castile" title="Killing of Philando Castile">fatal shooting of Philando Castile</a> in July 2016</figcaption></figure> Politically and economically, African Americans have made substantial strides during the post–civil rights era. In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_federal_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American federal judges">first African American</a> Supreme Court Justice. In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a> became the first Black woman elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">US Congress</a>. In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a> became the first African American elected governor in US history. <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> succeeded Marshall to become the second African American Supreme Court Justice in 1991. In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley-Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Moseley-Braun">Carol Moseley-Braun</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> became the first African American woman elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senate</a>. There were 8,936 Black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001, there were 484 Black mayors.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In 2005, the number of Africans immigrating to the United States, in a single year, surpassed the peak number who were involuntarily brought to the United States during the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> On November 4, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>—the son of a White American mother and a Kenyan father—<a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">defeated</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> to become the first African American to be elected president. At least 95 percent of African American voters voted for Obama.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-Obama-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Politico-Obama-90">[89]</a> He also received overwhelming support from young and educated Whites, a majority of <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-exitpoll-91">[90]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-exitpoll-91">[90]</a> picking up a number of new states in the Democratic electoral column.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-Obama-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Politico-Obama-90">[89]</a> Obama lost the overall White vote, although he won a larger proportion of White votes than any previous non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate since <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Obama was <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">reelected</a> for a second and <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">final term</a>, by a similar margin on November 6, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>, the daughter of a Jamaican father and Indian mother, became the first woman, the first African American, and the first <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian American</a> to serve as <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> In June 2021, <a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a>, a day which commemorates the end of slavery in the US, became a federal holiday.<a href="#cite_note-Juneteenth-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historical_racial_and_ethnic_demographics_of_the_United_States#Black_population_as_a_percentage_of_the_total_population_by_U.S._region_and_state_(1790–2010)" title="Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States">Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States § Black population as a percentage of the total population by U.S. region and state (1790–2010)</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations">List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_with_African-American_majority_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. counties with African-American majority populations">List of U.S. counties with African-American majority populations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_African-American_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by African-American population">List of U.S. states by African-American population</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Black_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg/220px-Black_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Black_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg/330px-Black_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Black_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg/440px-Black_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption>Black Americans (alone) population pyramid in 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Americans_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/African_Americans_by_state.svg/220px-African_Americans_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/African_Americans_by_state.svg/330px-African_Americans_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/African_Americans_by_state.svg/440px-African_Americans_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center">Proportion of African Americans in each US state, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_by_county.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Black_Americans_by_county.png/220px-Black_Americans_by_county.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Black_Americans_by_county.png/330px-Black_Americans_by_county.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Black_Americans_by_county.png/440px-Black_Americans_by_county.png 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center">Proportion of <a href="/wiki/Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Americans">Black Americans</a> (alone or in combination) in each county of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">fifty states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Census_-_Majority-Black_Counties_in_the_United_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/2020_Census_-_Majority-Black_Counties_in_the_United_States.png/220px-2020_Census_-_Majority-Black_Counties_in_the_United_States.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/2020_Census_-_Majority-Black_Counties_in_the_United_States.png/330px-2020_Census_-_Majority-Black_Counties_in_the_United_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/2020_Census_-_Majority-Black_Counties_in_the_United_States.png/440px-2020_Census_-_Majority-Black_Counties_in_the_United_States.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_majority-Black_counties_in_the_United_States" title="List of majority-Black counties in the United States">Majority Black American counties</a> in the United States according to the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Absenceblacks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Absenceblacks.png/220px-Absenceblacks.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Absenceblacks.png/330px-Absenceblacks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Absenceblacks.png/440px-Absenceblacks.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>US census map indicating US counties with fewer than 25 Black or African American inhabitants</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_African_American_population_living_in_the_American_South.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Percentage_of_African_American_population_living_in_the_American_South.png/220px-Percentage_of_African_American_population_living_in_the_American_South.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Percentage_of_African_American_population_living_in_the_American_South.png/330px-Percentage_of_African_American_population_living_in_the_American_South.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Percentage_of_African_American_population_living_in_the_American_South.png/440px-Percentage_of_African_American_population_living_in_the_American_South.png 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Graph showing the percentage of the African American population living in the American South, 1790–2010. Note <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">the major declines between 1910 and 1940</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">1940–1970</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">the reverse trend post-1970</a>. Nonetheless, the absolute majority of the African American population has always lived in the American South.</figcaption></figure> In 1790, when the <a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">first US census</a> was taken, Africans (including slaves and free people) numbered about 760,000—about 19.3% of the population. In 1860, at the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, the African American population had increased to 4.4 million, but the percentage rate dropped to 14% of the overall population of the country. The vast majority were slaves, with only 488,000 counted as "<a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freemen</a>". By 1900, the Black population had doubled and reached 8.8 million.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> In 1910, about 90% of African Americans lived in the South. Large numbers began migrating north looking for better job opportunities and living conditions, and to escape <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> and racial violence. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>, as it was called, spanned the 1890s to the 1970s. From 1916 through the 1960s, more than 6 million <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a> moved north. But in the 1970s and 1980s, <a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">that trend reversed</a>, with more African Americans moving south to the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> than leaving it.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> The following table of the African American population in the United States over time shows that the African American population, as a percentage of the total population, declined until 1930 and has been rising since then. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;"> <caption>African Americans in the United States<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Number</th> <th>% of total population</th> <th>% Change (10 yr)</th> <th>Slaves</th> <th>% in slavery </th></tr> <tr> <td>1790</td> <td>757,208</td> <td>19.3% (highest)</td> <td> –</td> <td>697,681</td> <td>92% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800</td> <td>1,002,037</td> <td>18.9%</td> <td>32.3%</td> <td>893,602</td> <td>89% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1810</td> <td>1,377,808</td> <td>19.0%</td> <td>37.5%</td> <td>1,191,362</td> <td>86% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1820</td> <td>1,771,656</td> <td>18.4%</td> <td>28.6%</td> <td>1,538,022</td> <td>87% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1830</td> <td>2,328,642</td> <td>18.1%</td> <td>31.4%</td> <td>2,009,043</td> <td>86% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1840</td> <td>2,873,648</td> <td>16.8%</td> <td>23.4%</td> <td>2,487,355</td> <td>87% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1850</td> <td>3,638,808</td> <td>15.7%</td> <td>26.6%</td> <td>3,204,287</td> <td>88% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860</td> <td>4,441,830</td> <td>14.1%</td> <td>22.1%</td> <td>3,953,731</td> <td>89% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1870</td> <td>4,880,009</td> <td>12.7%</td> <td>9.9%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880</td> <td>6,580,793</td> <td>13.1%</td> <td>34.9%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890</td> <td>7,488,788</td> <td>11.9%</td> <td>13.8%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900</td> <td>8,833,994</td> <td>11.6%</td> <td>18.0%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910</td> <td>9,827,763</td> <td>10.7%</td> <td>11.2%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td>10.5 million</td> <td>9.9%</td> <td>6.8%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930</td> <td>11.9 million</td> <td>9.7% (lowest)</td> <td>13%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940</td> <td>12.9 million</td> <td>9.8%</td> <td>8.4%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950</td> <td>15.0 million</td> <td>10.0%</td> <td>16%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td>18.9 million</td> <td>10.5%</td> <td>26%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td>22.6 million</td> <td>11.1%</td> <td>20%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td>26.5 million</td> <td>11.7%</td> <td>17%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>30.0 million</td> <td>12.1%</td> <td>13%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>34.6 million</td> <td>12.3%</td> <td>15%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>38.9 million</td> <td>12.6%</td> <td>12%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>41.1 million</td> <td>12.4%</td> <td>5.6%</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr></tbody></table> By 1990, the African American population reached about 30 million and represented 12% of the US population, roughly the same proportion as in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption>African American groups in the USA </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Years </th> <th colspan="2">Non-Hispanic Blacks </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanics</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Total </th></tr> <tr> <th># </th> <th>% </th> <th># </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>39,940,338 </td> <td>12.1% </td> <td>1,163,862 </td> <td>0.3' % </td> <td>41,104,200 </td></tr> </tbody></table> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000 US census</a>, 54.8% of African Americans lived in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>. In that year, 17.6% of African Americans lived in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and 18.7% in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, while only 8.9% lived in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a> states. The west does have a sizable Black population in certain areas, however. California, the nation's most populous state, has the fifth largest African American population, only behind New York, Texas, Georgia, and Florida. According to the 2000 census, approximately 2.05% of <a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">African Americans identified as Hispanic or Latino in origin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tthqvu-100">[99]</a> many of whom may be of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Brazilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Cuban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Latin_Americans" title="Afro–Latin Americans">Latin American</a> descent. The only self-reported ancestral groups larger than African Americans are the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">Germans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harlem_Street_rehearsal_(125th_street).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Harlem_Street_rehearsal_%28125th_street%29.jpg/220px-Harlem_Street_rehearsal_%28125th_street%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Harlem_Street_rehearsal_%28125th_street%29.jpg/330px-Harlem_Street_rehearsal_%28125th_street%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Harlem_Street_rehearsal_%28125th_street%29.jpg/440px-Harlem_Street_rehearsal_%28125th_street%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">Band rehearsal</a> on <a href="/wiki/125th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="125th Street (Manhattan)">125th Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, the historic epicenter of African American culture. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> is home by a significant margin to the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> population of any city outside <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, at over 2.2 million. <a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigration to New York City</a> is now driving the growth of the city's Black population.<a href="#cite_note-AfricanMigrationNYC-102">[101]</a></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a>, nearly 3% of people who self-identified as Black had recent ancestors who immigrated from another country. Self-reported <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">non-Hispanic Black immigrants from the Caribbean</a>, mostly from Jamaica and Haiti, represented 0.9% of the US population, at 2.6 million.<a href="#cite_note-factfinder2.census.gov-103">[102]</a> Self-reported Black immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa also represented 0.9%, at about 2.8 million.<a href="#cite_note-factfinder2.census.gov-103">[102]</a> Additionally, self-identified <a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanics</a> represented 0.4% of the United States population, at about 1.2 million people, largely found within the Puerto Rican and Dominican communities.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Self-reported Black immigrants hailing from other countries in the Americas, such as Brazil and Canada, as well as several European countries, represented less than 0.1% of the population. Mixed-race Hispanic and non-Hispanic Americans who identified as being part Black, represented 0.9% of the population. Of the 12.6% of United States residents who identified as Black, around 10.3% were "native Black American" or ethnic African Americans, who are direct descendants of West/Central Africans brought to the US as slaves. These individuals make up well over 80% of all Blacks in the country. When including <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">people of mixed-race origin</a>, about 13.5% of the US population self-identified as Black or "mixed with Black".<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> However, according to the US Census Bureau, evidence from the 2000 census indicates that many African and Caribbean immigrant ethnic groups do not identify as "Black, African Am., or Negro". Instead, they wrote in their own respective ethnic groups in the "Some Other Race" write-in entry. As a result, the census bureau devised a new, separate "African American" ethnic group category in 2010 for ethnic African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-Tcpms-106">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a> were the most reported sub-Saharan African groups in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Historically, African Americans have been undercounted in the US census due to a number of factors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">example needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In the 2020 census, the African American population was undercounted at an estimated rate of 3.3%, up from 2.1% in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proportion_in_each_county">Proportion in each county</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">African American (Alone) population distribution over time</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1790_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1790"><img alt="1790" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Black_Americans_1790_County.png/222px-Black_Americans_1790_County.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Black_Americans_1790_County.png/334px-Black_Americans_1790_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Black_Americans_1790_County.png/445px-Black_Americans_1790_County.png 2x" data-file-width="10218" data-file-height="8273" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1790</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1800_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1800"><img alt="1800" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Black_Americans_1800_County.png/216px-Black_Americans_1800_County.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Black_Americans_1800_County.png/325px-Black_Americans_1800_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Black_Americans_1800_County.png/433px-Black_Americans_1800_County.png 2x" data-file-width="10218" data-file-height="8500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1800</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_American_1810_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1810"><img alt="1810" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Black_American_1810_County.png/304px-Black_American_1810_County.png" decoding="async" width="203" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Black_American_1810_County.png/456px-Black_American_1810_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Black_American_1810_County.png/607px-Black_American_1810_County.png 2x" data-file-width="14950" data-file-height="8865" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1810</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1820_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1820"><img alt="1820" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Black_Americans_1820_County.png/297px-Black_Americans_1820_County.png" decoding="async" width="198" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Black_Americans_1820_County.png/445px-Black_Americans_1820_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Black_Americans_1820_County.png/593px-Black_Americans_1820_County.png 2x" data-file-width="14818" data-file-height="9000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1820</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1830_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1830"><img alt="1830" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Black_Americans_1830_County.png/268px-Black_Americans_1830_County.png" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Black_Americans_1830_County.png/402px-Black_Americans_1830_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Black_Americans_1830_County.png/536px-Black_Americans_1830_County.png 2x" data-file-width="13100" data-file-height="8800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1830</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1840_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1840"><img alt="1840" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Black_Americans_1840_County.png/267px-Black_Americans_1840_County.png" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Black_Americans_1840_County.png/401px-Black_Americans_1840_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Black_Americans_1840_County.png/535px-Black_Americans_1840_County.png 2x" data-file-width="13210" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1840</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1850_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1850"><img alt="1850" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Black_Americans_1850_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_1850_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Black_Americans_1850_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_1850_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Black_Americans_1850_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_1850_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1850</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1860_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1860"><img alt="1860" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Black_Americans_1860_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_1860_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Black_Americans_1860_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_1860_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Black_Americans_1860_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_1860_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1860</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1870_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1870"><img alt="1870" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Black_Americans_1870_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_1870_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Black_Americans_1870_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_1870_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Black_Americans_1870_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_1870_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1870</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1880_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1880"><img alt="1880" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Black_Americans_1880_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_1880_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Black_Americans_1880_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_1880_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Black_Americans_1880_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_1880_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1880</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1890_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1890"><img alt="1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Black_Americans_1890_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_1890_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Black_Americans_1890_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_1890_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Black_Americans_1890_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_1890_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1900_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1900"><img alt="1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Black_Americans_1900_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_1900_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Black_Americans_1900_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_1900_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Black_Americans_1900_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_1900_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1910_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1910"><img alt="1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Black_Americans_1910_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_1910_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Black_Americans_1910_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_1910_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Black_Americans_1910_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_1910_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1920_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1920"><img alt="1920" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Black_Americans_1920_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_1920_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Black_Americans_1920_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_1920_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Black_Americans_1920_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_1920_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1920</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1930_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1930"><img alt="1930" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Black_Americans_1930_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_1930_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Black_Americans_1930_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_1930_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Black_Americans_1930_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_1930_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1930</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1940_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1940"><img alt="1940" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Black_Americans_1940_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_1940_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Black_Americans_1940_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_1940_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Black_Americans_1940_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_1940_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1940</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1970_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1970"><img alt="1970" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Black_Americans_1970_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_1970_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Black_Americans_1970_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_1970_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Black_Americans_1970_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_1970_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1970</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1980_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1980"><img alt="1980" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Black_Americans_1980_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_1980_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Black_Americans_1980_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_1980_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Black_Americans_1980_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_1980_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1980</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1990_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1990"><img alt="1990" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Black_Americans_1990_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_1990_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Black_Americans_1990_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_1990_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Black_Americans_1990_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_1990_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1990</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_2000_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2000"><img alt="2000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Black_Americans_2000_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_2000_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Black_Americans_2000_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_2000_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Black_Americans_2000_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_2000_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">2000</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_2010_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2010"><img alt="2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Black_Americans_2010_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_2010_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Black_Americans_2010_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_2010_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Black_Americans_2010_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_2010_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_2020_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2020"><img alt="2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Black_Americans_2020_County.png/316px-Black_Americans_2020_County.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Black_Americans_2020_County.png/474px-Black_Americans_2020_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Black_Americans_2020_County.png/632px-Black_Americans_2020_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">2020</div> </li> </ul> <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> has the largest African American population by state. Followed by Texas is <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, with 3.8 million, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, with 3.6 million.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_cities">US cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">List of U.S. cities with large Black populations</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations</a></div> After 100 years of African Americans leaving the south in large numbers seeking better opportunities and treatment in the west and north, a movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>, there is now a reverse trend, called the <a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a>. As with the earlier Great Migration, the New Great Migration is primarily directed toward cities and large urban areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Worth">Fort Worth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampa">Tampa</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a>, and so forth.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-112">[111]</a> A growing percentage of African Americans from the west and north are migrating to the southern region of the US for economic and cultural reasons. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> metropolitan areas have the highest decline in African Americans, while <a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlanta" title="Metro Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Houston</a> have the highest increase respectively.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-112">[111]</a> Several smaller metro areas also saw sizable gains, including San Antonio;<a href="#cite_note-expressnews.com-113">[112]</a> Raleigh and Greensboro, N.C.; and Orlando.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Despite recent declines, as of 2020, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City metropolitan area">New York City metropolitan area</a> still has the largest African American metropolitan population in the United States and the only to have over 3 million African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">cities of 100,000 or more</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Fulton,_Georgia" title="South Fulton, Georgia">South Fulton, Georgia</a> had the highest percentage of Black residents of any large US city in 2020, with 93%. Other large cities with African American majorities include <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a> (80%), <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit, Michigan</a> (80%), <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a> (70%), <a href="/wiki/Miami_Gardens,_Florida" title="Miami Gardens, Florida">Miami Gardens, Florida</a> (67%), <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a> (63%), <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a> (62%), <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a> (60%), <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a> (59%), <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport, Louisiana</a> (58%), <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a> (57%), <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon, Georgia</a> (56%), <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge, Louisiana</a> (55%), <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a> (53%), <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a> (53%), <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a> (53%), <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a> (52%), <a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton, Massachusetts</a> (51%), and <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a> (51%). The nation's most affluent community with an African American majority resides in <a href="/wiki/View_Park%E2%80%93Windsor_Hills,_California" title="View Park–Windsor Hills, California">View Park–Windsor Hills, California</a>, with an annual median household income of $159,618.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Other largely affluent and African American communities include <a href="/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Prince George's County, Maryland">Prince George's County</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Mitchellville,_Maryland" title="Mitchellville, Maryland">Mitchellville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodmore,_Maryland" title="Woodmore, Maryland">Woodmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Marlboro,_Maryland" title="Upper Marlboro, Maryland">Upper Marlboro</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_County,_Maryland" title="Charles County, Maryland">Charles County</a> in Maryland,<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Georgia" title="DeKalb County, Georgia">Dekalb County</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Stonecrest,_Georgia" title="Stonecrest, Georgia">Stonecrest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithonia,_Georgia" title="Lithonia, Georgia">Lithonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoke_Rise,_Georgia" title="Smoke Rise, Georgia">Smoke Rise</a>) and South Fulton in Georgia, <a href="/wiki/Charles_City_County,_Virginia" title="Charles City County, Virginia">Charles City County</a> in Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Hills,_Los_Angeles" title="Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles">Baldwin Hills</a> in California, <a href="/wiki/Hillcrest,_Rockland_County,_New_York" title="Hillcrest, Rockland County, New York">Hillcrest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uniondale,_New_York" title="Uniondale, New York">Uniondale</a> in New York, and <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Hill,_Texas" title="Cedar Hill, Texas">Cedar Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/DeSoto,_Texas" title="DeSoto, Texas">DeSoto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Missouri_City,_Texas" title="Missouri City, Texas">Missouri City</a> in Texas. Additionally, there is a significant affluent Black presence in the southern Chicago suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook County, Illinois</a>. A report from the National Association of Real Estate Brokers (NAREB) indicated that 5 of the top 10 municipalities nationwide (with at least 500 Black households) registering the highest Black homeownership rates were in this area - including <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Fields,_Illinois" title="Olympia Fields, Illinois">Olympia Fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Holland,_Illinois" title="South Holland, Illinois">South Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flossmoor,_Illinois" title="Flossmoor, Illinois">Flossmoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matteson,_Illinois" title="Matteson, Illinois">Matteson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lynwood,_Illinois" title="Lynwood, Illinois">Lynwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens County, New York</a> is the only county with a population of 65,000 or more where African Americans have a higher median household income than White Americans.<a href="#cite_note-Queens-120">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seatack,_Virginia" title="Seatack, Virginia">Seatack, Virginia</a> is currently the oldest African American community in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> It survives today with a vibrant and active civic community.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Slave_Reading.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Former_Slave_Reading.jpg/180px-Former_Slave_Reading.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Former_Slave_Reading.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Former slave reading, 1870</figcaption></figure> During slavery, <a href="/wiki/Anti-literacy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-literacy laws in the United States">anti-literacy laws</a> were enacted in the US that prohibited education for Black people. Slave owners saw literacy as a threat to the institution of slavery. As a North Carolina statute stated, "Teaching slaves to read and write, tends to excite dissatisfaction in their minds, and to produce insurrection and <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">rebellion</a>."<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> When slavery was finally abolished in 1865, public educational systems were expanding across the country. By 1870, around seventy-four institutions in the south provided a form of advanced education for African American students. By 1900, over a hundred programs at these schools provided training for Black professionals, including teachers. Many of the students at Fisk University, including the young <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, taught school during the summers to support their studies.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> African Americans were very concerned to provide quality education for their children, but White supremacy limited their ability to participate in educational policymaking on the political level. State governments soon moved to undermine their citizenship by restricting their right to vote. By the late 1870s, Blacks were disenfranchised and segregated across the American South.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> White politicians in Mississippi and other states withheld financial resources and supplies from Black schools. Nevertheless, the presence of Black teachers, and their engagement with their communities both inside and outside the classroom, ensured that Black students had access to education despite these external constraints.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, demands for unity and racial tolerance on the home front provided an opening for the first Black history curriculum in the country.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> For example, during the early 1940s, Madeline Morgan, a Black teacher in the Chicago public schools, created a curriculum for students in grades one through eight highlighting the contributions of Black people to the history of the United States. At the close of the war, Chicago's Board of Education downgraded the curriculum's status from mandatory to optional.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Predominantly Black schools for kindergarten through twelfth grade students were common throughout the US before the 1970s. By 1972, however, desegregation efforts meant that only 25% of Black students were in schools with more than 90% non-White students. However, since then, a trend towards re-segregation affected communities across the country: by 2011, 2.9 million African American students were in such overwhelmingly minority schools, including 53% of Black students in school districts that were formerly under desegregation orders.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> As late as 1947, about one third of African Americans over 65 were considered to lack the literacy to read and write their own names. By 1969, <a href="/wiki/Illiteracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiteracy">illiteracy</a> as it had been traditionally defined, had been largely eradicated among younger African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> US census surveys showed that by 1998, 89 percent of African Americans aged 25 to 29 had completed a high-school education, less than Whites or Asians, but more than Hispanics. On many college and university entrance exams or on standardized tests and grades, African Americans have historically lagged behind Whites, but some studies suggest that the <a href="/wiki/Achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Achievement gap in the United States">achievement gap</a> has been closing. Many policy makers have proposed that this gap can and will be eliminated through policies such as <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>, desegregation, and multiculturalism.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neil_deGrasse_Tyson_-_NAC_Nov_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson_-_NAC_Nov_2005.jpg/170px-Neil_deGrasse_Tyson_-_NAC_Nov_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson_-_NAC_Nov_2005.jpg/255px-Neil_deGrasse_Tyson_-_NAC_Nov_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson_-_NAC_Nov_2005.jpg/340px-Neil_deGrasse_Tyson_-_NAC_Nov_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="2363" /></a><figcaption>Astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson" title="Neil deGrasse Tyson">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a> is director of New York City's <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Planetarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayden Planetarium">Hayden Planetarium</a></figcaption></figure> Between 1995 and 2009, freshmen college enrollment for African Americans increased by 73 percent and only 15 percent for Whites.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Black women are enrolled in college more than any other race and gender group, leading all with 9.7% enrolled according to the 2011 US census.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> The average high school graduation rate of Blacks in the United States has steadily increased to 71% in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Separating this statistic into component parts shows it varies greatly depending upon the state and the school district examined. 38% of Black males graduated in the state of New York but in Maine 97% graduated and exceeded the White male graduation rate by 11 percentage points.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> In much of the southeastern United States and some parts of the southwestern United States the graduation rate of White males was in fact below 70% such as in Florida where 62% of White males graduated from high school. Examining specific school districts paints an even more complex picture. In the Detroit school district, the graduation rate of Black males was 20% but 7% for White males. In the New York City school district 28% of Black males graduate from high school compared to 57% of White males. In Newark County[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] 76% of Black males graduated compared to 67% for White males. Further academic improvement has occurred in 2015. Roughly 23% of all Blacks have bachelor's degrees. In 1988, 21% of Whites had obtained a bachelor's degree versus 11% of Blacks. In 2015, 23% of Blacks had obtained a bachelor's degree versus 36% of Whites.<a href="#cite_note-Census_Report-139">[138]</a> Foreign born Blacks, 9% of the Black population, made even greater strides. They exceed native born Blacks by 10 percentage points.<a href="#cite_note-Census_Report-139">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/College_Board" title="College Board">College Board</a>, which runs the official college-level <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Placement" title="Advanced Placement">advanced placement</a> (AP) programs in American high schools, have has received criticism in recent years that its curricula have focused too much on <a href="/wiki/Euro-centric" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro-centric">Euro-centric</a> history.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-140">[139]</a> In 2020, College Board reshaped some curricula among history-based courses to further reflect the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> In 2021, College Board announced it would be piloting an <a href="/wiki/AP_African_American_Studies" title="AP African American Studies">AP African American Studies</a> course between 2022 and 2024. The course is expected to launch in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-TIG-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historically_Black_colleges_and_universities">Historically Black colleges and universities</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="List of historically black colleges and universities">List of historically black colleges and universities</a></div> Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs), which were founded when <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregated institutions</a> of higher learning did not admit African Americans, continue to thrive and educate students of all races today. There are 101 HBCUs representing three percent of the nation's colleges and universities with the majority established in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> HBCUs have been largely responsible for establishing and expanding the African American middle-class by providing more career opportunities for African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_status">Economic status</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Black-owned business</a></div> The economic disparity between the races in the US has marginally improved since the end of slavery. In 1863, two years prior to emancipation, Black people owned 0.5 percent of the national wealth, while in 2019 it is just over 1.5 percent.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial disparity in poverty rates</a> has narrowed since the civil rights era, with the <a href="/wiki/African-American_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American poverty">poverty rate among African Americans</a> decreasing from 24.7% in 2004 to 18.8% in 2020, compared to 10.5% for all Americans.<a href="#cite_note-DeNavas-Walt-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Poverty is associated with higher rates of marital stress and dissolution, <a href="/wiki/Physical_disorder" title="Physical disorder">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental health</a> problems, <a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">disability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive deficit">cognitive deficits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Achievement gap in the United States">low educational attainment</a>, and crime.<a href="#cite_note-CharacOfFam-150">[149]</a> African Americans have a long and diverse history of business ownership. Although the first African American business is unknown, slaves captured from West Africa are believed to have established commercial enterprises as peddlers and skilled craftspeople as far back as the 17th century. Around 1900, Booker T. Washington became the most famous proponent of African American businesses. His critic and rival W. E. B. DuBois also commended business as a vehicle for African American advancement.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_real_median_household_income_1967_-_2011.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/US_real_median_household_income_1967_-_2011.PNG/220px-US_real_median_household_income_1967_-_2011.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/US_real_median_household_income_1967_-_2011.PNG/330px-US_real_median_household_income_1967_-_2011.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/US_real_median_household_income_1967_-_2011.PNG/440px-US_real_median_household_income_1967_-_2011.PNG 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>This graph shows the real median <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">US household income</a> by race: 1967 to 2011, in 2011 dollars.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a></figcaption></figure> African Americans had a combined buying power of over $1.6 trillion as of 2021, a 171% increase of their buying power in 2000 but lagging significantly in growth behind American <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latinos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asians</a> in the same timer period (with 288% and 383%, respectively; for reference, US growth overall was 144% in the same period); however, African American net worth had shrunk 14% in the previous year despite strong growth in property prices and the <a href="/wiki/S%26P_500" title="S&P 500">S&P 500</a>. In 2002, African American-owned businesses accounted for 1.2 million of the US's 23 million businesses.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Americans&action=edit">[update]</a>, African American-owned businesses account for approximately 2 million <a href="/wiki/US_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="US businesses">US businesses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tozzi-154">[153]</a> Black-owned businesses experienced the largest growth in number of businesses among minorities from 2002 to 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Tozzi-154">[153]</a> Twenty-five percent of Blacks had <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar</a> occupations (management, professional, and related fields) in 2000, compared with 33.6% of Americans overall.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Black_Pop-March_2002-156">[155]</a> In 2001, over half of African American households of married couples earned $50,000 or more.<a href="#cite_note-Black_Pop-March_2002-156">[155]</a> Although in the same year African Americans were over-represented among the nation's poor, this was directly related to the disproportionate percentage of African American families headed by single women; such families are collectively poorer, regardless of ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-Black_Pop-March_2002-156">[155]</a> In 2006, the median earnings of African American men was more than Black and non-Black American women overall, and in all educational levels.<a href="#cite_note-census.gov-PINC03-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-census.gov-254-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-census.gov-259-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-census.gov-135-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> At the same time, among American men, income disparities were significant; the median income of African American men was approximately 76 cents for every dollar of their European American counterparts, although the gap narrowed somewhat with a rise in educational level.<a href="#cite_note-census.gov-PINC03-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Overall, the median earnings of African American men were 72 cents for every dollar earned of their Asian American counterparts, and $1.17 for every dollar earned by Hispanic men.<a href="#cite_note-census.gov-PINC03-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-census.gov-135-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> On the other hand, by 2006, among American women with post-secondary education, African American women have made significant advances; the median income of African American women was more than those of their Asian-, European- and Hispanic American counterparts with at least some college education.<a href="#cite_note-census.gov-254-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-census.gov-259-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> is the single most important source of employment for African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-laborcenter.berkeley.edu-165">[164]</a> During 2008–2010, 21.2% of all Black workers were public employees, compared with 16.3% of non-Black workers.<a href="#cite_note-laborcenter.berkeley.edu-165">[164]</a> Both before and after the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, African Americans were 30% more likely than other workers to be employed in the public sector.<a href="#cite_note-laborcenter.berkeley.edu-165">[164]</a> The public sector is also a critical source of decent-paying jobs for Black Americans. For both men and women, the median wage earned by Black employees is significantly higher in the public sector than in other industries.<a href="#cite_note-laborcenter.berkeley.edu-165">[164]</a> In 1999, the median income of African American families was $33,255 compared to $53,356 of European Americans. In times of economic hardship for the nation, African Americans suffer disproportionately from job loss and <a href="/wiki/Underemployment" title="Underemployment">underemployment</a>, with the Black underclass being hardest hit. The phrase "last hired and first fired" is reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> unemployment figures. Nationwide, the October 2008 unemployment rate for African Americans was 11.1%,<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> while the nationwide rate was 6.5%.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> In 2007, the average income for African Americans was approximately $34,000, compared to $55,000 for Whites.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> African Americans experience a higher rate of unemployment than the general population.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> The income gap between Black and White families is also significant. In 2005, employed Blacks earned 65% of the wages of Whites, down from 82% in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-DeNavas-Walt-148">[147]</a> The New York Times reported in 2006 that in <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, New York, the median income among African American families exceeded that of White families, which the newspaper attributed to the growth in the number of two-parent Black families. It noted that Queens was the only county with more than 65,000 residents where that was true.<a href="#cite_note-Queens-120">[119]</a> In 2011, it was reported that <a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">72% of Black babies were born to unwed mothers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> The poverty rate among single-parent Black families was 39.5% in 2005, according to <a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Walter E. Williams</a>, while it was 9.9% among married-couple Black families. Among White families, the respective rates were 26.4% and 6% in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Collectively, African Americans are more involved in the American political process than other minority groups in the United States, indicated by the highest level of voter registration and participation in elections among these groups in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-vote-nov2007-172">[171]</a> African Americans also have the highest level of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congressional representation</a> of any minority group in the US.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African_American_homeownership">African American homeownership</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Homeownership_by_Race_2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/US_Homeownership_by_Race_2009.png/220px-US_Homeownership_by_Race_2009.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/US_Homeownership_by_Race_2009.png/330px-US_Homeownership_by_Race_2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/US_Homeownership_by_Race_2009.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">US homeownership rate</a> according to race<a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_homeownership_by_race-174">[173]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Homeownership in the US</a> is the strongest indicator of financial stability and the primary asset most Americans use to generate wealth. African Americans continue to lag behind other racial groups in homeownership.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> In the first quarter of 2021, 45.1% of African Americans owned their homes, compared to 65.3% of all Americans.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> The African American homeownership rate has remained relatively flat since the 1970s despite an increase in <a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Housing discrimination in the United States">anti-discrimination housing laws and protections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> The African American homeownership rate peaked in 2004 at 49.7%.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> The average White high school drop-out still has a slightly better chance of owning a home than the average African American college graduate usually due to unfavorable <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-income_ratio" title="Debt-to-income ratio">debt-to-income ratios</a> or <a href="/wiki/Credit_score_in_the_United_States" title="Credit score in the United States">credit scores</a> among most African American college graduates.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Since 2000, fast-growing housing costs in most cities have made it even more difficult for the US African American homeownership rate to significantly grow and reach over 50% for the first time in history. From 2000 to 2022, the median home price in the US grew 160%, outpacing average annual household income growth in that same period, which only grew about 30%.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> is the state with the most African American homeownership, with about 55% of African Americans owning their own homes.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Candidate of the plurality </th> <th>Political party </th> <th>% of Black vote </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>83% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>91% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>89% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>83% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>84% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>90% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>88% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>95% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>93% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>88% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>87% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>85% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Black_women_in_American_politics" title="Black women in American politics">Black women in American politics</a></div> Since the mid 20th century, a large majority of African Americans support the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 Presidential election</a>, 91% of African American voters supported Democrat <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, while 8% supported Republican <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Although there is an African American lobby in foreign policy, it has not had the impact that African American organizations have had in domestic policy.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> Many African Americans were excluded from electoral politics in the decades following the end of Reconstruction. For those that could participate, until the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, African Americans were supporters of the Republican Party because it was Republican President Abraham Lincoln who helped in granting freedom to American slaves; at the time, the Republicans and Democrats represented the <a href="/wiki/Sectionalism" title="Sectionalism">sectional</a> interests of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, respectively, rather than any specific ideology, and both <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> were represented equally in both parties. The African American trend of voting for Democrats can be traced back to the 1930s during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> program provided economic relief to African Americans. Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a> turned the Democratic Party into an organization of the working class and their liberal allies, regardless of region. The African American vote became even more solidly Democratic when Democratic presidents <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> pushed for civil rights legislation during the 1960s. In 1960, nearly a third of African Americans voted for Republican <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_national_anthem">Black national anthem</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Obamas_sing_with_Smokey_Robinson,_Joan_Baez_and_others,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Obamas_sing_with_Smokey_Robinson%2C_Joan_Baez_and_others%2C_2014.jpg/220px-The_Obamas_sing_with_Smokey_Robinson%2C_Joan_Baez_and_others%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Obamas_sing_with_Smokey_Robinson%2C_Joan_Baez_and_others%2C_2014.jpg/330px-The_Obamas_sing_with_Smokey_Robinson%2C_Joan_Baez_and_others%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Obamas_sing_with_Smokey_Robinson%2C_Joan_Baez_and_others%2C_2014.jpg/440px-The_Obamas_sing_with_Smokey_Robinson%2C_Joan_Baez_and_others%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption> "<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>" being sung by the <a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">family of Barack Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a> and others in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> "<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>" is often referred to as the Black national anthem in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> In 1919, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had dubbed it the "Negro national anthem" for its power in voicing a cry for liberation and affirmation for African-American people.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">African-American LGBT community</a></div> According to a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup survey">Gallup survey</a>, 4.6% of Black or African Americans self-identified as <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT</a> in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-More_Adults-191">[190]</a> while the total portion of American adults in all ethnic groups identifying as LGBT was 4.1% in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-More_Adults-191">[190]</a> African Americans are more likely to identify themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender than any other racial or ethnic group in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States#African_Americans" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health in the United States § African Americans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_black_people#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on black people">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on black people § United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_health">General health</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease_in_African_Americans" title="Alzheimer's disease in African Americans">Alzheimer's disease in African Americans</a></div> The life expectancy for Black men in 2008 was 70.8 years.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-193">[192]</a> Life expectancy for Black women was 77.5 years in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-193">[192]</a> In 1900, when information on Black life expectancy started being collated, a Black man could expect to live to 32.5 years and a Black woman 33.5 years.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-193">[192]</a> In 1900, White men lived an average of 46.3 years and White women lived an average of 48.3 years.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-193">[192]</a> African American life expectancy at birth is persistently five to seven years lower than <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lavest-194">[193]</a> Black men have shorter lifespans than any other group in the US besides Native American men.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-195">[194]</a> Black people have higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> than the US average.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-193">[192]</a> For adult Black men, the rate of obesity was 31.6% in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-196">[195]</a> For adult Black women, the rate of obesity was 41.2% in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-196">[195]</a> African Americans have higher rates of mortality than any other racial or ethnic group for 8 of the top 10 causes of death.<a href="#cite_note-hummer2004-197">[196]</a> In 2013, among men, Black men had the highest rate of getting cancer, followed by White, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI), and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) men. Among women, White women had the highest rate of getting cancer, followed by Black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native women.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> African Americans also have higher prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease compared to the overall average.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> African-Americans are more likely than White Americans to die due to health-related problems developed by <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>. Alcohol abuse is the main contributor to the top 3 causes of death among African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> In December 2020, African Americans were less likely to be <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">vaccinated</a> against <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> due to mistrust in the US medical system. From 2021 to 2022, there was an increase in African Americans who became vaccinated.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> Still, in 2022, COVID-19 complications became the third leading cause of death for African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> Violence is a major problem within the African American community.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> A report from the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Justice">US Department of Justice</a> states "In 2005, homicide victimization rates for Blacks were 6 times higher than the rates for whites".<a href="#cite_note-Homicide_trends_in_the_US-208">[207]</a> The report also found that "94% of Black victims were killed by Blacks."<a href="#cite_note-Homicide_trends_in_the_US-208">[207]</a> Of the nearly 20,000 recorded US homicides in 2022, African Americans made up the majority of offenders and victims despite making up less than 20% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> In 2024, all of the top 5 most dangerous US cities have a significant Black population and disturbing Black-on-Black violent crime rate.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Black males age 15–44 are the only race/sex category for which homicide is a top 5 cause of death.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-195">[194]</a> Black women are 3 times more likely to be killed by an intimate partner than white women.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> Black children are 3 times more likely to die due to parental abuse and neglect than white children.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexual_health">Sexual health</h4></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>, African Americans have higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">sexually transmitted infections</a> (STIs) compared to Whites, with 5 times the rates of <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydia infection">chlamydia</a>, and 7.5 times the rate of <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> The disproportionately high incidence of <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">HIV/AIDS among African Americans</a> has been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Homophobia_in_the_African_American_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophobia in the African American community">homophobic</a> influences and lack of proper healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> The prevalence of <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> among Black men is seven times higher than the prevalence for White men, and Black men are more than nine times as likely to die from HIV/AIDS-related illness than White men.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-195">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h4></div> African Americans have several <a href="/wiki/Obstacles_to_receiving_mental_health_services_among_African_American_youth" title="Obstacles to receiving mental health services among African American youth">barriers for accessing mental health</a> services. <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_counselor" title="Mental health counselor">Counseling</a> has been frowned upon and distant in utility and proximity to many people in the African American community. In 2004, a qualitative research study explored the disconnect with African Americans and mental health. The study was conducted as a semi-structured discussion which allowed the focus group to express their opinions and life experiences. The results revealed a couple key variables that create barriers for many African American communities to seek mental health services such as the stigma, lack of four important necessities; trust, affordability, cultural understanding and impersonal services.<a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[214]</a> Historically, many African American communities did not seek counseling because religion was a part of the family values.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> African American who have a faith background are more likely to seek prayer as a coping mechanism for mental issues rather than seeking professional mental health services.<a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[214]</a> In 2015 a study concluded, African Americans with high value in religion are less likely to utilize mental health services compared to those who have low value in religion.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> In the United States, counseling approaches are based on the experience of <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> and do not fit within the African American culture. African American families tend to resolve concerns within the family, and it is viewed by the family as a strength. On the other hand, when African Americans seek counseling, they face a social backlash and are criticized. They may be labeled "crazy", viewed as weak, and their pride is diminished.<a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[214]</a> Because of this, many African Americans instead seek mentorship within communities they trust. Terminology is another barrier in relation to African Americans and mental health. There is more stigma on the term <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> versus counseling. In one study, psychotherapy is associated with mental illness whereas counseling approaches problem-solving, guidance and help.<a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[214]</a> More African Americans seek assistance when it is called counseling and not psychotherapy because it is more welcoming within the cultural and community.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Counselors are encouraged to be aware of such barriers for the well-being of African American clients. Without <a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_healthcare" title="Cultural competence in healthcare">cultural competency</a> training in health care, many African Americans go unheard and misunderstood.<a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[214]</a> In 2021, African Americans had the third highest <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> rate trailing American Indians/Alaska Natives and White Americans. However, African Americans had the second highest increase of its suicide rate from 2011 to 2021, growing 58%.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> As of 2024, suicide is the second leading cause of death among African-Americans between the ages of 15 and 24, with Black men being four times more likely to kill themselves than Black women.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Genetic history of the African diaspora">Genetic history of the African diaspora</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome-wide_studies">Genome-wide studies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PCA_and_individual_ancestry_estimates_for_African_Americans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PCA_and_individual_ancestry_estimates_for_African_Americans.png/350px-PCA_and_individual_ancestry_estimates_for_African_Americans.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PCA_and_individual_ancestry_estimates_for_African_Americans.png/525px-PCA_and_individual_ancestry_estimates_for_African_Americans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PCA_and_individual_ancestry_estimates_for_African_Americans.png/700px-PCA_and_individual_ancestry_estimates_for_African_Americans.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>Genetic clustering of 128 African Americans, by Zakharia et al. (2009). Each vertical bar represents an individual. The color scheme of the bar plot matches that in the PCA plot.<a href="#cite_note-Zakharia2009-221">[220]</a></figcaption></figure> Recent studies of African Americans using genetic testing have found ancestry to vary by region and sex of ancestors. These studies found that on average, African Americans have 73.2–82.1% Sub-Saharan African, 16.7–24% European, and 0.8–1.2% Native American genetic ancestry, with large variation between individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Bryc2009-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bryc_2015-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> Commercial testing services have reported similar variation, with ranges from 0.6 to 2 percent Native American, 19 to 29 percent European, and 65 to 80 percent Sub-Saharan African ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> According to a genome-wide study by Bryc et al. (2009), the mixed ancestry of African Americans in varying ratios came about as the result of sexual contact between West/Central Africans (more frequently females) and Europeans (more frequently males). This can be understood as being the result of enslaved African American females being <a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States#Under_chattel_slavery" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">raped</a> by White males.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> Historians estimate that 58% of enslaved women in the US aged 15–30 years were sexually assaulted by their slave owners and other White men.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Consequently, the 365 African Americans in their sample have a genome-wide average of 78.1% West African ancestry and 18.5% European ancestry, with large variation among individuals (ranging from 99% to 1% West African ancestry). The West African ancestral component in African Americans is most similar to that in present-day speakers from the non-<a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> branches of the <a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-Bryc2009-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[note 2]</a> Correspondingly, Montinaro et al. (2014) observed that around 50% of the overall ancestry of African Americans traces comes from a population similar to the Niger-Congo-speaking <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, reflecting the centrality of this West African region in the Atlantic slave trade. The next most frequent ancestral component found among African Americans was derived from Great Britain, in keeping with historical records. It constitutes a little over 10% of their overall ancestry and is most similar to the Northwest European ancestral component also carried by <a href="/wiki/Barbadians" title="Barbadians">Barbadians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Montinaro2014-230">[228]</a> Zakharia et al. (2009) found a similar proportion of Yoruba-like ancestry in their African American samples, with a minority also drawn from <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandenka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> populations. Additionally, the researchers observed an average European ancestry of 21.9%, again with significant variation between individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Zakharia2009-221">[220]</a> Bryc et al. (2009) note that populations from other parts of the continent may also constitute adequate proxies for the ancestors of some African American individuals; namely, ancestral populations from <a href="/wiki/Guinea_Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea Bissau">Guinea Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> in West Africa and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> in Southern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Bryc2009-222">[221]</a> An individual African American person can have over fifteen African ethnic groups in their genetic makeup alone due to the slave trade covering such vast areas.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Altogether, genetic studies suggest that African Americans are a genetically diverse people. According to DNA analysis led in 2006 by <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Penn State</a> geneticist <a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Shriver" title="Mark D. Shriver">Mark D. Shriver</a>, around 58 percent of African Americans have at least 12.5% European ancestry (equivalent to one European great-grandparent and their forebears), 19.6 percent of African Americans have at least 25% European ancestry (equivalent to one European grandparent and their forebears), and 1 percent of African Americans have at least 50% European ancestry (equivalent to one European parent and their forebears).<a href="#cite_note-auto-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> According to Shriver, around 5 percent of African Americans also have at least 12.5% Native American ancestry (equivalent to one Native American great-grandparent and their forebears).<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> Research suggests that Native American ancestry among people who identify as African American is a result of relationships that occurred soon after slave ships arrived in the American colonies, and European ancestry is of more recent origin, often from the decades before the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-dnana1-235">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</h3></div> Africans bearing the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-V38" title="Haplogroup E-V38">E-V38</a> (E1b1a) likely traversed across the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, from <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">east</a> to <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">west</a>, approximately 19,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Shrine-236">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M2" title="Haplogroup E-M2">E-M2</a> (E1b1a1) likely originated in West Africa or Central Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Trombetta-237">[235]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y-DNA</a> study by Sims et al. (2007), the majority (≈60%) of African Americans belong to various subclades of the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M2" title="Haplogroup E-M2">E-M2</a> (E1b1a1, formerly E3a) paternal haplogroup. This is the most common genetic paternal lineage found today among West/Central African males and is also a signature of the historical <a href="/wiki/Bantu_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu migration">Bantu migrations</a>. The next most frequent Y-DNA haplogroup observed among African Americans is the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)">R1b</a> clade, which around 15% of African Americans carry. This lineage is most common today among Northwestern European males. The remaining African Americans mainly belong to the paternal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M170" title="Haplogroup I-M170">haplogroup I</a> (≈7%), which is also frequent in Northwestern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Sims2007-238">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="mtDNA">mtDNA</h3></div> According to an <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> study by Salas et al. (2005), the maternal lineages of African Americans are most similar to haplogroups that are today especially common in West Africa (>55%), followed closely by West-Central Africa and Southwestern Africa (<41%). The characteristic West African haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L1_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)">L1b</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L2_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)">L2b,c,d</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L3_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)">L3b,d</a> and West-Central African haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L1_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)">L1c</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L3_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)">L3e</a> in particular occur at high frequencies among African Americans. As with the paternal DNA of African Americans, contributions from other parts of the continent to their maternal gene pool are insignificant.<a href="#cite_note-Salas2005-239">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racism_and_social_status">Racism and social status</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality in the United States</a></div> Formal political, economic and social discrimination against minorities has been present throughout American history. Leland T. Saito, Associate Professor of Sociology and American Studies & Ethnicity at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, writes, "Political rights have been circumscribed by race, class and gender since the founding of the United States, when the right to vote was restricted to White men of property. Throughout the history of the United States, race has been used by Whites for legitimizing and creating difference and social, economic and political exclusion."<a href="#cite_note-Sato-66">[65]</a> Although they have gained a greater degree of social equality since the civil rights movement, African Americans have remained stagnant economically, which has hindered their ability to break into the middle class and beyond. As of 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">racial wealth gap</a> between Whites and Blacks remains as large as it was in 1968, with the typical net worth of a White household equivalent to that of 11.5 Black households.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> Despite this, African Americans have increased employment rates and gained representation in the highest levels of American government in the post–civil rights era.<a href="#cite_note-Brookings-241">[239]</a> However, widespread <a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">racism</a> remains an issue that continues to undermine the development of social status.<a href="#cite_note-Brookings-241">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> Economically, of all the racially Black ethnic groups on the globe, African Americans are the wealthiest and most successful, with one in every fifty African American families being millionaires.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> This equates in 2023 to approximately 1.79 million African American millionaires in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> which is more than the total amount of millionaires in any racially Black country, and many other countries, around the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policing_and_criminal_justice">Policing and criminal justice</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_States" title="Race and crime in the United States">Race and crime in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling_in_the_United_States" title="Racial profiling in the United States">Racial profiling in the United States</a></div> In the US, which has the largest per-capita prison population in the world, African Americans are overrepresented as the second largest population of prison inmates (38%) in 2023, coming second to Whites who made up 57% of the prison population.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Registry_of_Exonerations" title="National Registry of Exonerations">National Registry of Exonerations</a>, Blacks are roughly 7.5 times more likely to be wrongfully convicted of murder in the US than Whites.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> In 2012, the New York City Police Department detained people more than 500,000 times under the city's <a href="/wiki/Stop-and-frisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop-and-frisk">stop-and-frisk</a> law. Of the total detained, 55% were African-Americans, while Black people made up 20% of the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford-248">[246]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC_0008_(50283939071).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DSC_0008_%2850283939071%29.jpg/220px-DSC_0008_%2850283939071%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DSC_0008_%2850283939071%29.jpg/330px-DSC_0008_%2850283939071%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DSC_0008_%2850283939071%29.jpg/440px-DSC_0008_%2850283939071%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Commitment_March:_Get_Your_Knee_Off_Our_Necks" title="Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks">Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks</a> protest on August 28, 2020.</figcaption></figure> African American males are more likely to be <a href="/wiki/Police_use_of_deadly_force_in_the_United_States" title="Police use of deadly force in the United States">killed by police</a> when compared to other races.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> This is one of the factors that led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> A historical issue in the US where women have weaponized their White privilege in the country by reporting on Black people, often instigating racial violence,<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> difficult White women—who have been given a <a href="/wiki/Karen_(slang)#Origin" title="Karen (slang)">different name over the centuries</a> by African Americans—calling the police on Black people became widely publicized in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> According to The Guardian, "The specter of <a href="/wiki/Karen_(slang)" title="Karen (slang)">Karen</a> persisted as Black Lives Matter protests and civil unrest spread around the country following <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">Floyd’s murder</a> and reckonings with racism began to roil institutions, toppling careers as well as statues".<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> Although there is not enough evidence that suggest Black people consume <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> with greater regularity than Whites do, they have disproportionately higher arrest rates than Whites: in 2010, for example, Blacks were 3.73 times as likely to get arrested for using cannabis than Whites, despite not significantly more frequently being users.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> Even since the legalization of cannabis, there are still more arrests made for Black users than White, wasting taxpayer money, due to many of those cases being abandoned or dropped, with no charges being filed after the trivial, racially-biased arrests.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h3></div> After over 50 years, marriage rates for all Americans began to decline while divorce rates and out-of-wedlock births have climbed.<a href="#cite_note-media.hoover.org-260">[258]</a> These changes have been greatest among African Americans. After more than 70 years of racial parity Black marriage rates began to fall behind Whites.<a href="#cite_note-media.hoover.org-260">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Single_parents_in_the_United_States" title="Single parents in the United States">Single-parent</a> households have become common, and according to US census figures released in January 2010, only 38 percent of Black children live with both their parents.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> In 2021, statistics show that over 80 percent marriages in the African American ethnic group marry within their ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sammy_Davis_Jr._1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sammy_Davis_Jr._1972.jpg/170px-Sammy_Davis_Jr._1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sammy_Davis_Jr._1972.jpg/255px-Sammy_Davis_Jr._1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sammy_Davis_Jr._1972.jpg/340px-Sammy_Davis_Jr._1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Although the <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">ban on interracial marriage</a> ended in California in 1948, entertainer <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a> faced a backlash for his involvement with a White woman in 1957 </figcaption></figure> The first ever <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-miscegenation law">anti-miscegenation law</a> was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly" title="Maryland General Assembly">Maryland General Assembly</a> in 1691, criminalizing <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anti-miscegenation-263">[261]</a> In a speech in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_Illinois" title="Charleston, Illinois">Charleston, Illinois</a> in 1858, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people".<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> By the late 1800s, 38 US states had anti-miscegenation statutes.<a href="#cite_note-Anti-miscegenation-263">[261]</a> By 1924, the ban on interracial marriage was still in force in 29 states.<a href="#cite_note-Anti-miscegenation-263">[261]</a> While interracial marriage had been legal in California since 1948, in 1957 actor <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a> faced a backlash for his involvement with White actress <a href="/wiki/Kim_Novak" title="Kim Novak">Kim Novak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-265">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Cohn" title="Harry Cohn">Harry Cohn</a>, the president of Columbia Pictures, with whom Novak was under contract, gave in to his concerns that a racist backlash against the relationship could hurt the studio.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-265">[263]</a> Davis briefly married Black dancer Loray White in 1958 to protect himself from mob violence.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-265">[263]</a> Inebriated at the wedding ceremony, Davis despairingly said to his best friend, Arthur Silber Jr., "Why won't they let me live my life?" The couple never lived together, and commenced divorce proceedings in September 1958.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-265">[263]</a> In 1958, officers in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> entered the home of <a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia#Plaintiffs" title="Loving v. Virginia">Mildred and Richard Loving</a> and dragged them out of bed for living together as an interracial couple, on the basis that "any white person intermarry with a colored person"—or vice versa—each party "shall be guilty of a felony" and face prison terms of five years.<a href="#cite_note-Anti-miscegenation-263">[261]</a> In 1967 the law was ruled unconstitutional (via the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a> adopted in 1868) by the US Supreme Court in <a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anti-miscegenation-263">[261]</a> In 2008, Democrats overwhelmingly voted 70% against <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_8" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 8">California Proposition 8</a>, African Americans voted 58% in favor of it while 42% voted against Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> On May 9, 2012, Barack Obama, the first Black president, became the first US president to support same-sex marriage. Since Obama's endorsement there has been a rapid growth in support for same-sex marriage among African Americans. As of 2012, 59% of African Americans support same-sex marriage, which is higher than support among the national average (53%) and White Americans (50%).<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> Polls in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> Florida,<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> have also shown an increase in support for same sex marriage among African Americans. On November 6, 2012, <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Question_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Question 6">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine_Question_1,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Maine Question 1, 2012">Maine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Referendum_74" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Referendum 74">Washington</a> all voted for approve of same-sex marriage, along with Minnesota rejecting a <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Amendment_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Amendment 1">constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage</a>. Exit polls in Maryland show about 50% of African Americans voted for same-sex marriage, showing a vast evolution among African Americans on the issue and was crucial in helping pass same-sex marriage in Maryland.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> Black Americans hold far more conservative opinions on abortion, <a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">extramarital sex</a>, and raising children out of wedlock than Democrats as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-social-276">[274]</a> On financial issues, however, African Americans are in line with Democrats, generally supporting a more <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive tax</a> structure to provide more government spending on social services.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_legacy">Political legacy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg/170px-Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg/255px-Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg/340px-Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3327" data-file-height="4590" /></a><figcaption>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> remains the most prominent political leader in the American civil rights movement and perhaps the most influential African American political figure in general.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans have fought in every war</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">history of the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> The gains made by African Americans in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a> not only obtained certain rights for African Americans but changed American society in far-reaching and fundamentally important ways. Prior to the 1950s, Black Americans in the South were subject to de jure discrimination, or <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>. They were often the victims of extreme cruelty and violence, sometimes resulting in deaths: by the post World War II era, African Americans became increasingly discontented with their long-standing inequality. In the words of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, African Americans and their supporters challenged the nation to "rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed that all men are created equal ..."<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> The civil rights movement marked an enormous change in American social, political, economic and civic life. It brought with it <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent">nonviolent</a> demonstrations and marches, court battles, bombings and other violence; prompted worldwide media coverage and intense public debate; forged enduring civic, economic and religious alliances; and disrupted and realigned the nation's two major political parties. Over time, it has changed in fundamental ways the manner in which Blacks and Whites interact with and relate to one another. The movement resulted in the removal of codified, de jure racial segregation and discrimination from American life and law, and heavily influenced other groups and movements in struggles for civil rights and social equality within American society, including the <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabled</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">women's movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrant workers">migrant workers</a>. It also inspired the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American rights movement">Native American rights movement</a>, and in King's 1964 book <a href="/wiki/Why_We_Can%27t_Wait" title="Why We Can't Wait">Why We Can't Wait</a> he wrote the US "was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race."<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_and_coverage">Media and coverage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media" title="Representation of African Americans in media">Representation of African Americans in media</a> and <a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">African-American newspapers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_is_welcomed_by_Bob_Johnson,_founder_and_chairman_of_the_RLJ_Companies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/President_George_W._Bush_is_welcomed_by_Bob_Johnson%2C_founder_and_chairman_of_the_RLJ_Companies.jpg/170px-President_George_W._Bush_is_welcomed_by_Bob_Johnson%2C_founder_and_chairman_of_the_RLJ_Companies.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/President_George_W._Bush_is_welcomed_by_Bob_Johnson%2C_founder_and_chairman_of_the_RLJ_Companies.jpg/255px-President_George_W._Bush_is_welcomed_by_Bob_Johnson%2C_founder_and_chairman_of_the_RLJ_Companies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/President_George_W._Bush_is_welcomed_by_Bob_Johnson%2C_founder_and_chairman_of_the_RLJ_Companies.jpg/340px-President_George_W._Bush_is_welcomed_by_Bob_Johnson%2C_founder_and_chairman_of_the_RLJ_Companies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>BET founder <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Johnson" title="Robert L. Johnson">Robert L. Johnson</a> with former US President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></figcaption></figure> Some activists and academics contend that American news media coverage of African American news, concerns, or dilemmas is inadequate,<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> or that the news media present distorted images of African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> To combat this, <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Johnson" title="Robert L. Johnson">Robert L. Johnson</a> founded Black Entertainment Television (<a href="/wiki/BET" title="BET">BET</a>), a network that targets young African Americans and urban audiences in the United States. Over the years, the network has aired such programming as <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">rap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">R&B</a> music videos, urban-oriented movies and television series, and some public affairs programs. On Sunday mornings, BET would broadcast Christian programming; the network would also broadcast non-affiliated Christian programs during the early morning hours daily. According to <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%932019)" title="Viacom (2005–2019)">Viacom</a>, BET is now a global network that reaches households in the United States, Caribbean, Canada, and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> The network has gone on to spawn several spin-off channels, including <a href="/wiki/BET_Her" title="BET Her">BET Her</a> (originally launched as BET on Jazz).<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> Another network targeting African Americans is <a href="/wiki/TV_One_(Radio_One)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV One (Radio One)">TV One</a>. TV One is owned by <a href="/wiki/Urban_One" title="Urban One">Urban One</a>, founded and controlled by <a href="/wiki/Cathy_Hughes" title="Cathy Hughes">Catherine Hughes</a>. Urban One is one of the nation's largest radio broadcasting companies and the largest African American-owned radio broadcasting company in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> In June 2009, <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> launched a new website named <a href="/wiki/TheGrio" title="TheGrio">TheGrio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> It is the first African American video <a href="/wiki/News_site" class="mw-redirect" title="News site">news site</a> that focuses on underrepresented stories in existing national news.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black-owned_and_oriented_media_outlets">Black-owned and oriented media outlets</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Africa_Channel" title="The Africa Channel">The Africa Channel</a> – Dedicated to programming about African culture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspire_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspire (TV network)">aspireTV</a> – a digital cable and satellite channel owned by businessman and former basketball player <a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Magic Johnson</a>.</li> <li>ATTV – an independent public affairs and educational channel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET_Media_Group" title="BET Media Group">BET Media Group</a> – The most prominent multimedia outlet targeting Afro-Americans. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BET" title="BET">BET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET_Her" title="BET Her">BET Her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a> – Originally a <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> spin-off focused on light genres of music, the network's programming became slanted towards African American culture during the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_TV" title="Bounce TV">Bounce TV</a> – a digital multicast network owned by the <a href="/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company" title="E. W. Scripps Company">E. W. Scripps Company</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Soul" title="Fox Soul">Fox Soul</a> – a digital television and streaming network primarily airing original talk shows and syndicated programming</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey_Network" title="Oprah Winfrey Network">Oprah Winfrey Network</a> – a cable and satellite network founded by <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> and jointly owned by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery" title="Warner Bros. Discovery">Warner Bros. Discovery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harpo_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpo Studios">Harpo Studios</a>. While not exclusively targeting African Americans, much of its original programming is geared towards a similar demographic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_(TV_network)" title="Revolt (TV network)">Revolt</a> – a music channel and media company founded by <a href="/wiki/Sean_Combs" title="Sean Combs">Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_of_the_South_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul of the South Network">Soul of the South Network</a> – a regional broadcast network.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TheGrio" title="TheGrio">TheGrio</a> – a digital multicast network focused on news and opinion-based programming.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_One_(U.S._TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV One (U.S. TV network)">TV One</a> – a general entertainment network targeting adults. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TV_One_(American_TV_channel)#Cleo_TV" title="TV One (American TV channel)">Cleo TV</a> – a sister network targeting <a href="/wiki/Millennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennial">millennial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a> women</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_TV" title="We TV">We TV</a> – Owned by <a href="/wiki/AMC_Networks" title="AMC Networks">AMC Networks</a>, became slanted towards Black women during the 2010s</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African-American culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soul_Food_at_Powell%27s_Place.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Soul_Food_at_Powell%27s_Place.jpg/220px-Soul_Food_at_Powell%27s_Place.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Soul_Food_at_Powell%27s_Place.jpg/330px-Soul_Food_at_Powell%27s_Place.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Soul_Food_at_Powell%27s_Place.jpg/440px-Soul_Food_at_Powell%27s_Place.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A traditional <a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">soul food</a> dinner consisting of <a href="/wiki/Fried_chicken" title="Fried chicken">fried chicken</a> with <a href="/wiki/Macaroni_and_cheese" title="Macaroni and cheese">macaroni and cheese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collard_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Collard greens">collard greens</a>, breaded <a href="/wiki/Fried_okra" title="Fried okra">fried okra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cornbread" title="Cornbread">cornbread</a></figcaption></figure> From their earliest presence in North America, African Americans have significantly contributed literature, art, agricultural skills, cuisine, clothing styles, music, language, and social and technological innovation to American culture. The cultivation and use of many agricultural products in the United States, such as <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">yams</a>, peanuts, rice, <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grits" title="Grits">grits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo dyes</a>, and cotton, can be traced to West African and African American influences. Notable examples include <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a>, who created nearly 500 products from peanuts, sweet potatoes, and pecans.<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a> is a variety of cuisine popular among African Americans. It is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">cuisine of the Southern United States</a>. The descriptive terminology may have originated in the mid-1960s, when <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soul" class="extiw" title="wikt:soul">soul</a> was a common definer used to describe African American culture (for example, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a>). African Americans were the first peoples in the United States to make fried chicken, along with <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> immigrants to the South. Although the Scottish had been frying chicken before they emigrated, they lacked the spices and flavor that African Americans had used when preparing the meal. The Scottish American settlers therefore adopted the African American method of seasoning chicken.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> However, fried chicken was generally a rare meal in the African American community and was usually reserved for special events or celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></div> <a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnolect" title="Ethnolect">ethnolect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a>) of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, commonly spoken by urban <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working-class</a> and largely <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bidialectal" class="extiw" title="wikt:bidialectal">bi-dialectal</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle-class</a> African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> African American English evolved during the antebellum period through interaction between speakers of 16th- and 17th-century English of Great Britain and Ireland and various West African languages. As a result, the variety shares parts of its <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a> dialect. African American English differs from Standard American English (SAE) in certain pronunciation characteristics, tense usage, and grammatical structures, which were derived from West African languages (particularly those belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> family).<a href="#cite_note-Aave-296">[294]</a> Virtually all habitual speakers of African American English can understand and communicate in Standard American English. As with all linguistic forms, AAVE's usage is influenced by various factors, including geographical, educational and socioeconomic background, as well as formality of setting.<a href="#cite_note-Aave-296">[294]</a> Additionally, there are many literary uses of this variety of English, particularly in <a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African American literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> Other languages are spoken by specific sub-communities. The <a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah language</a> is an English-based <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> language spoken mostly in the coastal regions of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a>;<a href="#cite_note-cross-298">[296]</a> an off-shoot of this is <a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a> spoken by <a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a> mostly now in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brackettville,_Texas" title="Brackettville, Texas">Brackettville, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a> is a <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole</a> and spoken mostly in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_names">Traditional names</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American names</a></div> <a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American names</a> are part of the cultural traditions of African Americans, most of these cultural names having no connection to Africa but strictly an African American cultural practice that developed in the United States during enslavement.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-301">[299]</a> This new evidence became apparent by census records which show African Americans and White Americans, though they spoke the same language, chose to use different names even during times of enslavement, which is where and when the development of African American cultural names began.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-301">[299]</a> Prior to this newer information, it was only thought that before the 1950s, and 1960s, most African-American names closely resembled those used within European-American culture.<a href="#cite_note-Norman-302">[300]</a> Babies of that era were generally given a few common names, with children using nicknames to distinguish the various people with the same name. With the rise of 1960s civil rights movement, there was a dramatic increase in names of various origins.<a href="#cite_note-Moskowitz-303">[301]</a> By the 1970s, and 1980s, it had become common among African Americans to invent new names for themselves, although many of these invented names took elements from popular existing names. Prefixes such as La/Le, Da/De, Ra/Re and Ja/Je, and suffixes like -ique/iqua, -isha and -aun/-awn are common, as are inventive spellings for common names. The book Baby Names Now: From Classic to Cool—The Very Last Word on First Names places the origins of "La" names in African-American culture in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenkrantz-304">[302]</a> Even with the rise of inventive names, it is still common for African Americans to use biblical, historical, or traditional European names. Daniel, Christopher, Michael, David, James, Joseph, and Matthew were thus among the most frequent names for African-American boys in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Norman-302">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conley-306">[304]</a> The name LaKeisha is typically considered American in origin but has elements that were drawn from both French and West/Central African roots. Names such as LaTanisha, JaMarcus, DeAndre, and Shaniqua were created in the same way. Punctuation marks are seen more often within African American names than other American names, such as the names Mo'nique and D'Andre.<a href="#cite_note-Norman-302">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:gray; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 791.58150883059px; border-left-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 93.906250581749px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 82.727194597248px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 72.654252800536px; border-left-color:LightBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:LightBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:LightBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 63.461929754415px; border-left-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 54.975465219277px; border-left-color:Indigo"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Indigo"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Indigo"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 19.076020221857px; border-left-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.802672842827px 6.2790519529313px 0 0; border-top-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:53.5826794979px 84.432792550202px 0 0; border-top-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religious affiliation of African Americans in 2007<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Black_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Protestant">Black Protestant</a> (59%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">Evangelical Protestant</a> (15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a> (4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's Witness">Jehovah's Witness</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other Christian (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Muslim (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other religion (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Unaffiliated (11%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Atheist or agnostic (2%)</div> </div> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion of Black Americans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(folk_magic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoodoo (folk magic)">Hoodoo (folk magic)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Zion_United_Methodist_Church_-_facade.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mount_Zion_United_Methodist_Church_-_facade.JPG/220px-Mount_Zion_United_Methodist_Church_-_facade.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mount_Zion_United_Methodist_Church_-_facade.JPG/330px-Mount_Zion_United_Methodist_Church_-_facade.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mount_Zion_United_Methodist_Church_-_facade.JPG/440px-Mount_Zion_United_Methodist_Church_-_facade.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="2289" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion_United_Methodist_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Mount Zion United Methodist Church (Washington, D.C.)">Mount Zion United Methodist Church</a> is the oldest African American congregation in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malcolm_Shabazz_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Malcolm_Shabazz_Mosque.jpg/220px-Malcolm_Shabazz_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Malcolm_Shabazz_Mosque.jpg/330px-Malcolm_Shabazz_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Malcolm_Shabazz_Mosque.jpg/440px-Malcolm_Shabazz_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3570" data-file-height="2390" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Masjid_Malcolm_Shabazz" title="Masjid Malcolm Shabazz">Masjid Malcolm Shabazz</a> in Harlem, New York City</figcaption></figure> The majority of African Americans are <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, many of whom follow the historically Black churches.<a href="#cite_note-PewForum-308">[306]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> refers to churches which minister to predominantly African American congregations. Black congregations were first established by freed slaves at the end of the 17th century, and later when slavery was abolished more African Americans were allowed to create a unique form of Christianity that was culturally influenced by African spiritual traditions.<a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> One of these early African American Christian cultural traditions in the Black Church is the <a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">Watchnight service</a>, also called Freedom's Eve, where African American congregations all over the nation come together on New Year's Eve through New Years morning in remembrance of the eve and New Year of their emancipation, sharing testimonies, being baptized and partaking in praise and worship.<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a> According to a 2007 survey, more than half of the African American population are part of the historically Black churches.<a href="#cite_note-religions-311">[309]</a> The largest Protestant denomination among African Americans are the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> distributed mainly in four denominations, the largest being the <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc." title="National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.">National Baptist Convention, USA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention_of_America,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.">National Baptist Convention of America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-church-313">[311]</a> The second largest are the <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-doindrugs-314">[312]</a> the largest denominations are the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-church-313">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostals</a> are distributed among several different religious bodies, with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a> as the largest among them by far.<a href="#cite_note-church-313">[311]</a> About 16% of African American Christians are members of White Protestant communions,<a href="#cite_note-doindrugs-314">[312]</a> these denominations (which include the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>) mostly have a 2 to 3% African American membership.<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> There are also large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, constituting 5% of the African American population.<a href="#cite_note-religions-311">[309]</a> Of the total number of <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, 22% are Black.<a href="#cite_note-PewForum-308">[306]</a> Some African Americans follow <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Historically, between 15 and 30% of enslaved Africans brought to the Americas were <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, but most of these Africans were converted to Christianity during the era of American slavery.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a> During the twentieth century, some African Americans converted to Islam, mainly through the influence of <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalist</a> groups that preached with distinctive Islamic practices; including the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a>, and the largest organization, the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>, founded in the 1930s, which attracted at least 20,000 people by 1963.<a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> Prominent members included activist <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> and boxer <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg/170px-Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg/255px-Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg/340px-Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="3669" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> converted to Islam in 1964</figcaption></figure> Malcolm X is considered the first person to start the movement among African Americans towards mainstream Islam, after he left the Nation and made the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage to Mecca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">Warith Deen Mohammed</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a> took control of the Nation after his father's death and guided the majority of its members to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">orthodox Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a> <a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African American Muslims</a> constitute 20% of the total <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">US Muslim population</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PewMuslim-323">[321]</a> the majority are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> or orthodox Muslims, some of these identify under the community of <a href="/wiki/W._Deen_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Deen Mohammed">W. Deen Mohammed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a> The Nation of Islam led by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a> has a membership ranging from 20,000 to 50,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a> There is also a small but growing group of <a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African American Jews</a>, making up less than 0.5% of African Americans or about 2% of the <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish population in the United States</a>. The majority of African-American Jews are <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a>, while smaller numbers identify as <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a>, or other.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-327">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a> Many African-American Jews are affiliated with denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> branches of Judaism, but the majority identify as "Jews of no religion", commonly known as secular Jews. A significant number of people who identify themselves as "Black Jews" are affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretic</a> religious groups, largely the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a>, whose beliefs include the claim that African Americans are descended from the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-northstar-330">[328]</a> Jews of all races typically do not accept Black Hebrew Israelites as Jews, in part because they are usually not Jewish <a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Who is a Jew">according to Jewish law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> and in part because these groups are sometimes associated with antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a> African-American Jews have criticized the Black Hebrew Israelites, regarding the movement as primarily composed of Black non-Jews who have appropriated Black-Jewish identity.<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a> Confirmed <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> are less than one half of one percent, similar to numbers for <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jazzing_orchestra_1921.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Jazzing_orchestra_1921.png/207px-Jazzing_orchestra_1921.png" decoding="async" width="207" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Jazzing_orchestra_1921.png/311px-Jazzing_orchestra_1921.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Jazzing_orchestra_1921.png/414px-Jazzing_orchestra_1921.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="529" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The King & Carter <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazzing</a> Orchestra photographed in Houston, Texas, January 1921</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck-berry-2007-07-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chuck-berry-2007-07-18.jpg/127px-Chuck-berry-2007-07-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chuck-berry-2007-07-18.jpg/191px-Chuck-berry-2007-07-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chuck-berry-2007-07-18.jpg/254px-Chuck-berry-2007-07-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> was considered a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African American music</a> is one of the most pervasive African American cultural influences in the United States today and is among the most dominant in mainstream popular music. <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, and other contemporary American musical forms originated in Black communities and evolved from other Black forms of music, including <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">doo-wop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbershop_music" title="Barbershop music">barbershop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">ragtime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a>. African American-derived musical forms have also influenced and been incorporated into virtually every other <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> genre in the world, including <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>. African American genres are the most important ethnic vernacular tradition in America, as they have developed independent of African traditions from which they arise more so than any other immigrant groups, including Europeans; make up the broadest and longest lasting range of styles in America; and have, historically, been more influential, interculturally, geographically, and economically, than other American vernacular traditions.<a href="#cite_note-stewart-338">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3></div> African Americans have also had an important role in American dance. <a href="/wiki/Bill_T._Jones" title="Bill T. Jones">Bill T. Jones</a>, a prominent modern choreographer and dancer, has included historical African American themes in his work, particularly in the piece "Last Supper at Uncle Tom's Cabin/The Promised Land". Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a>'s artistic work, including his "Revelations" based on his experience growing up as an African American in the South during the 1930s, has had a significant influence on modern dance. Another form of dance, <a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">stepping</a>, is an African American tradition whose performance and competition has been formalized through the traditionally Black fraternities and sororities at universities.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-339">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_academics">Literature and academics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toni_Morrison_(The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg/170px-Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg/255px-Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg/340px-Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a>, recipient of the Nobel Prize for literature</figcaption></figure> Many African American authors have written stories, poems, and essays influenced by their experiences as African Americans. <a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African American literature</a> is a major genre in American literature. Famous examples include <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Baldwin (writer)">James Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a>, Nobel Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a>. <a href="/wiki/African-American_inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American inventor">African American inventors</a> have created many widely used devices in the world and have contributed to international <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Rillieux" title="Norbert Rillieux">Norbert Rillieux</a> created the technique for converting sugar cane juice into white sugar crystals. Moreover, Rillieux left <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> in 1854 and went to France, where he spent ten years working with the Champollions deciphering <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphics</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a> Most slave inventors were nameless, such as the slave owned by the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> President <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> who designed the ship propeller used by the Confederate navy.<a href="#cite_note-341">[339]</a> By 1913, over 1,000 inventions were patented by Black Americans. Among the most notable inventors were <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matzeliger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Matzeliger">Jan Matzeliger</a>, who developed the first machine to mass-produce shoes,<a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elijah_McCoy" title="Elijah McCoy">Elijah McCoy</a>, who invented automatic lubrication devices for steam engines.<a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> <a href="/wiki/Granville_Woods" title="Granville Woods">Granville Woods</a> had 35 patents to improve electric railway systems, including the first system to allow moving trains to communicate.<a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a> <a href="/wiki/Garrett_A._Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrett A. Morgan">Garrett A. Morgan</a> developed the first automatic traffic signal and gas mask.<a href="#cite_note-345">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Howard_Latimer" title="Lewis Howard Latimer">Lewis Howard Latimer</a> invented an improvement for the incandescent light bulb.<a href="#cite_note-346">[344]</a> More recent inventors include <a href="/wiki/Frederick_McKinley_Jones" title="Frederick McKinley Jones">Frederick McKinley Jones</a>, who invented the movable refrigeration unit for food transport in trucks and trains.<a href="#cite_note-FMJones-347">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Quarterman" title="Lloyd Quarterman">Lloyd Quarterman</a> worked with six other Black scientists on the creation of the atomic bomb (code named the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a> Quarterman also helped develop the first nuclear reactor, which was used in the atomically powered <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> called the Nautilus.<a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a> As part of the preservation of their culture, African Americans have continuously launched their own publications and publishing houses, such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sengstacke_Abbott" title="Robert Sengstacke Abbott">Robert Sengstacke Abbott</a>, founder of the Chicago Defender newspaper, and <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a> who spent over thirty years documenting and publishing African American history in journals and books. The <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Publishing_Company" title="Johnson Publishing Company">Johnson Publishing Company</a>, founded by John H. Johnson in 1942, is a National Historic Landmark.<a href="#cite_note-350">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Afro-Americans%22_float_in_Golden_Potlatch_parade,_Seattle,_July_1911_(MOHAI_5590).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%22Afro-Americans%22_float_in_Golden_Potlatch_parade%2C_Seattle%2C_July_1911_%28MOHAI_5590%29.jpg/220px-%22Afro-Americans%22_float_in_Golden_Potlatch_parade%2C_Seattle%2C_July_1911_%28MOHAI_5590%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%22Afro-Americans%22_float_in_Golden_Potlatch_parade%2C_Seattle%2C_July_1911_%28MOHAI_5590%29.jpg/330px-%22Afro-Americans%22_float_in_Golden_Potlatch_parade%2C_Seattle%2C_July_1911_%28MOHAI_5590%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%22Afro-Americans%22_float_in_Golden_Potlatch_parade%2C_Seattle%2C_July_1911_%28MOHAI_5590%29.jpg/440px-%22Afro-Americans%22_float_in_Golden_Potlatch_parade%2C_Seattle%2C_July_1911_%28MOHAI_5590%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>This parade float displayed the word "Afro-Americans" in 1911.</figcaption></figure> The term African American was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> in the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-wilkersonnyt-8">[7]</a> although there are recorded uses from the 18th and 19th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a> for example, in post-emancipation holidays and conferences.<a href="#cite_note-352">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a> Earlier terms also used to describe Americans of African ancestry referred more to skin color than to ancestry. Other terms (such as <a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">colored</a>, <a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color">person of color</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">negro</a>) were included in the wording of various laws and legal decisions which some thought were being used as tools of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-354">[352]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelle_Obama_official_portrait_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Michelle_Obama_official_portrait_crop.jpg/170px-Michelle_Obama_official_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Michelle_Obama_official_portrait_crop.jpg/255px-Michelle_Obama_official_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Michelle_Obama_official_portrait_crop.jpg/340px-Michelle_Obama_official_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="2422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> was the <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a> of the United States; she and her husband, President Barack Obama, are the first African Americans to hold these positions.</figcaption></figure> A 16-page pamphlet entitled "A Sermon on the Capture of Lord Cornwallis" is notable for the attribution of its <a href="/wiki/Authorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorship">authorship</a> to "An African American". Published in 1782, the book's use of this phrase predates any other yet identified by more than 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a> In the 1980s, the term African American was advanced on the model of, for example, <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a>, to give descendants of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">American slaves</a>, and other American Blacks who lived through the slavery era, a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">heritage</a> and a cultural base.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-354">[352]</a> The term was popularized in Black communities around the country via <a href="/wiki/Word_of_mouth" title="Word of mouth">word of mouth</a> and ultimately received mainstream use after <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> publicly used the term in front of a national audience in 1988. Subsequently, major media outlets adopted its use.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-354">[352]</a> Surveys in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century showed that the majority of Black Americans had no preference for African American versus Black American,<a href="#cite_note-356">[354]</a> although they had a slight preference for the latter in personal settings and the former in more formal settings.<a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a> By 2021, according to polling from <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a>, 58% of Black Americans expressed no preference for what their group should be called, with 17% each preferring Black and African-American. Among those with no preference, Gallup found a slight majority favored Black "if [they] had to choose."<a href="#cite_note-358">[356]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> updated its <a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a> to direct its writers to capitalize the first letter of Black when it is used "in a racial, ethnic or cultural sense, conveying an essential and shared sense of history, identity and community among people who identify as Black, including those in the African diaspora and within Africa."<a href="#cite_note-359">[357]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and other outlets made similar changes at the same time, to put "Black" on the same footing as other racial and ethnic terms, such as Latino, Asian, and African-American.<a href="#cite_note-360">[358]</a> In 2023, the government released a new more detailed breakdown due to the rise in racially Black immigration into the US, listing African American as a compound termed ethnicity, distinguished from other racially Black ethnicities such as Nigerian, Jamaican etc.<a href="#cite_note-361">[359]</a> The term African American embraces <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">pan-Africanism</a> as earlier enunciated by prominent African thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">George Padmore</a>. The term Afro-<a href="/wiki/Usonia" title="Usonia">Usonian</a>, and variations of such, are more rarely used.<a href="#cite_note-362">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_identity">Official identity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Census_Bureau_keypunch_operators,_Negro_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/US_Census_Bureau_keypunch_operators%2C_Negro_section.jpg/220px-US_Census_Bureau_keypunch_operators%2C_Negro_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/US_Census_Bureau_keypunch_operators%2C_Negro_section.jpg/330px-US_Census_Bureau_keypunch_operators%2C_Negro_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/US_Census_Bureau_keypunch_operators%2C_Negro_section.jpg/440px-US_Census_Bureau_keypunch_operators%2C_Negro_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Racially_segregated" class="mw-redirect" title="Racially segregated">Racially segregated</a> Negro section of keypunch operators at the <a href="/wiki/US_Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="US Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a></figcaption></figure> Since 1977, in an attempt to keep up with changing social opinion, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a> has officially classified Black people (revised to Black or African American in 1997) as "having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa."<a href="#cite_note-censusblack-364">[362]</a> Other federal offices, such as the US Census Bureau, adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> standards on race in their data collection and tabulation efforts.<a href="#cite_note-OMB-365">[363]</a> In preparation for the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 US census</a>, a marketing and outreach plan called 2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan (ICC) recognized and defined African Americans as Black people born in the United States. From the ICC perspective, African Americans are one of three groups of Black people in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-US2010ICCBlkAud-366">[364]</a> The ICC plan was to reach the three groups by acknowledging that each group has its own sense of community that is based on geography and ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-US2010ICCBstRch-367">[365]</a> The best way to market the census process toward any of the three groups is to reach them through their own unique communication channels and not treat the entire Black population of the US as though they are all African Americans with a single ethnic and geographical background. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">US Department of Justice</a> categorizes Black or African American people as "[a] person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa" through racial categories used in the UCR Program adopted from the Statistical Policy Handbook (1978) and published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">US Department of Commerce</a>, derived from the 1977 <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> classification.<a href="#cite_note-FBIpop-368">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admixture">Admixture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation#United_States" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation § United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Multiracial American</a>, <a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">hypodescent</a></div> Historically, "<a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">race mixing</a>" between Black and White people was <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> in the United States. So-called <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">anti-miscegenation laws</a>, barring Blacks and Whites from <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Interracial marriage in the United States">marrying</a> or having sex, were established in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">colonial America</a> as early as 1691,<a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a> and endured in many <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern states</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> ruled them unconstitutional in <a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a> (1967). The taboo among American Whites surrounding White-Black relations is a historical consequence of the oppression and <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> of African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-370">[368]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">David Brion Davis</a> notes the racial mixing that occurred during slavery was frequently attributed by the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">planter class</a> to the "lower-class white males" but Davis concludes that "there is abundant evidence that many slaveowners, sons of slaveowners, and overseers took Black mistresses or in effect raped the wives and daughters of slave families."<a href="#cite_note-371">[369]</a> A famous example was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s mistress, <a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[370]</a> Although publicly opposed to race mixing, Jefferson, in his <a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a> published in 1785, wrote: "The improvement of the Blacks in body and mind, in the first instance of their mixture with the whites, has been observed by every one, and proves that their inferiority is not the effect merely of their condition of life".<a href="#cite_note-373">[371]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Henry Louis Gates Jr.</a> wrote in 2009 that "African Americans...are a racially mixed or <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> people—deeply and overwhelmingly so" (see <a href="#Genetics">genetics</a>). After the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a> men married African American women in high proportions to their total marriage numbers due to few Chinese American women being in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-The_United_States-374">[372]</a> African slaves and their descendants have also had a history of cultural exchange and <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">intermarriage</a> with Native Americans,<a href="#cite_note-gen2-375">[373]</a> although they did not necessarily retain social, cultural or linguistic ties to Native peoples.<a href="#cite_note-sad-376">[374]</a> There are also increasing intermarriages and offspring between non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics of any race, especially between <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a> and African Americans (American-born Blacks).<a href="#cite_note-377">[375]</a> According to author M. M. Drymon, many African Americans identify as having <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch-Irish American">Scots-Irish</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-378">[376]</a> Racially mixed marriages have become increasingly accepted in the United States since the civil rights movement and up to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-Swanbrow-379">[377]</a> Approval in national opinion polls has risen from 36% in 1978, to 48% in 1991, 65% in 2002, 77% in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-380">[378]</a> A Gallup poll conducted in 2013 found that 84% of Whites and 96% of Blacks approved of interracial marriage, and 87% overall.<a href="#cite_note-381">[379]</a> At the end of World War II, some African American military men who had been stationed in Japan married <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Japanese women</a>, who then immigrated to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-382">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology_dispute">Terminology dispute</h3></div> In her book The End of Blackness, as well as in an essay for <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-colorblind-salon-383">[381]</a> author <a href="/wiki/Debra_Dickerson" title="Debra Dickerson">Debra Dickerson</a> has argued that the term <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> should refer strictly to the descendants of Africans who were brought to America as slaves, and not to the sons and daughters of Black immigrants who lack that ancestry. Thus, under her definition, President Barack Obama, who is the son of a Kenyan, is not Black.<a href="#cite_note-colorblind-salon-383">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-colbertnation.com-384">[382]</a> She makes the argument that grouping all people of African descent together regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would inevitably deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American community of slave descendants, in addition to denying Black immigrants recognition of their own unique ancestral backgrounds. "Lumping us all together", Dickerson wrote, "erases the significance of slavery and continuing racism while giving the appearance of progress."<a href="#cite_note-colorblind-salon-383">[381]</a> Similar comments have been made concerning Kamala Harris, the daughter of a Caribbean immigrant, who was elected vice president in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Libactivists-385">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-386">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-387">[385]</a> Similar viewpoints to Dickerson's have been expressed by author <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Crouch" title="Stanley Crouch">Stanley Crouch</a> in a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a> piece, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Steele_Jr." title="Charles Steele Jr.">Charles Steele Jr.</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[386]</a> and African American columnist <a href="/wiki/David_Ehrenstein" title="David Ehrenstein">David Ehrenstein</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, who accused White liberals of flocking to Blacks who were <a href="/wiki/Magic_Negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic Negro">Magic Negros</a>, a term that refers to a Black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream White (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda.<a href="#cite_note-Obama_the_'Magic_Negro'-389">[387]</a> Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."<a href="#cite_note-Obama_the_'Magic_Negro'-389">[387]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Descendants_of_Slavery" title="American Descendants of Slavery">American Descendants of Slavery</a> (ADOS) movement coalesces around this view, arguing that Black descendants of American slavery deserve a separate ethnic category that distinguishes them from other Black groups in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-NY_Times_overview-390">[388]</a> Their terminology has gained popularity in some circles, but others have criticized the movement for a perceived bias against (especially poor and Black) immigrants, and for its often inflammatory rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-Libactivists-385">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[390]</a> Politicians such as Obama and Harris have received especially pointed criticism from the movement, as neither are ADOS and have spoken out at times against policies specific to them.<a href="#cite_note-:1-386">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-387">[385]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-African</a> movements and organizations that are ideologically <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialist</a> like The <a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party">All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP)</a>, have argued that <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African</a> (relating to the diaspora) or <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Afrika" title="Republic of New Afrika">New Afrikan</a> should be used instead of African American.<a href="#cite_note-393">[391]</a> Most notably, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Kwame Ture</a> expressed similar views that African Americans are Africans who "happen to be in America", and should not claim or identify as being American if they are fighting for Black (New Afrikan) liberation. Historically, this is due to the enslavement of Africans during the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Trans-Atlantic slave trade</a>, ongoing anti-Black violence, and structural racism in countries like the United States.<a href="#cite_note-394">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[393]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_no_longer_in_common_use">Terms no longer in common use</h3></div> Before the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> until the abolition of slavery in 1865, an African American slave was commonly known as a <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">negro</a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negro">Free negro</a> was the legal status in the territory of an African American person who was not enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-396">[394]</a> In response to the project of the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> to transport free Blacks to the future Liberia, a project most Blacks strongly rejected, the Blacks at the time said they were no more African than White Americans were European, and referred to themselves with what they considered a more acceptable term, "<a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">colored</a> Americans". The term was used until the second quarter of the 20th century, when it was considered outmoded and generally gave way again to the exclusive use of negro. By the 1940s, the term was commonly capitalized (Negro); but by the mid-1960s, it was considered disparaging. By the end of the 20th century, negro had come to be considered inappropriate and was rarely used and perceived as a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-397">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[396]</a> The term is rarely used by younger Black people, but remained in use by many older African Americans who had grown up with the term, particularly in the Southern US.<a href="#cite_note-399">[397]</a> The term remains in use in some contexts, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Negro_College_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="United Negro College Fund">United Negro College Fund</a>, an American philanthropic organization that funds scholarships for Black students and general scholarship funds for 39 private historically Black colleges and universities. There are many other deliberately insulting terms, many of which were in common use (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">nigger</a>), but had become unacceptable in normal discourse before the end of the 20th century. One exception is the use, among the Black community, of the slur nigger rendered as <a href="/wiki/Nigga" title="Nigga">nigga</a>, representing the pronunciation of the word in <a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African American English</a>. This usage has been popularized by American <a href="/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap">rap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">music cultures</a> and is used as part of an <a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">in-group</a> <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> and speech. It is not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">derogatory</a> and, when used among Black people, the word is often used to mean "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homie" class="extiw" title="wikt:homie">homie</a>" or "friend".<a href="#cite_note-400">[398]</a> Acceptance of intra-group usage of the word nigga is still debated, although it has established a foothold among younger generations. The <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> denounces the use of both nigga and nigger.<a href="#cite_note-BaltSun-401">[399]</a> Mixed-race usage of nigga is still considered taboo, particularly if the speaker is White. However, trends indicate that usage of the term in intragroup settings is increasing even among White youth due to the popularity of rap and hip hop culture.<a href="#cite_note-ENQ-402">[400]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_cinema" title="African American cinema">African American cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">African-American middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">African-American neighborhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">African-American upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrophobia">Afrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AP_African_American_Studies" title="AP African American Studies">AP African American Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Ozarkers" title="Black Ozarkers">Black Ozarkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil rights movement (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Society and Black people in the Spanish Colonial Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes of African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">Timeline of the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigration to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="African American–Jewish relations">African American–Jewish relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American%E2%80%93Korean_American_relations" title="African American–Korean American relations">African American–Korean American relations</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">African Americans in Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">African Americans in Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">African Americans in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">African Americans in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">African Americans in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Black Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haitian emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of articles related to African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">List of African-American neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_majority-Black_counties_in_the_United_States" title="List of majority-Black counties in the United States">List of majority-Black counties in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_newspapers_and_media_outlets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American newspapers and media outlets">List of African-American newspapers and media outlets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="List of historically black colleges and universities">List of historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">List of African-American astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">List of African-American inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_LGBT_people" title="List of African-American LGBT people">List of African-American LGBT people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_poets" title="List of African American poets">List of African American poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">List of African-American visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">List of monuments to African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations" title="List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations">List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">List of topics related to the African diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_holidays" title="List of African-American holidays">List of African-American holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">Lists of African Americans</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestantism</a> (71%), including the <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">African-American Church</a> (53%), <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">Evangelicalism</a> (14%), and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline Protestantism">Mainline Protestantism</a> (4%). Other <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> include <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholicism</a> (5%) and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (2%). </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> DNA studies of African-Americans have determined that they primarily descend from various <a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a>-speaking West/Central African ethnic groups: <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti people">Ashanti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fante_people" title="Fante people">Fante</a> subgroups), <a href="/wiki/Balanta_people" title="Balanta people">Balanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamileke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamileke">Bamileke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamum_people" title="Bamum people">Bamun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biafada_people" title="Biafada people">Biafara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abron_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Abron tribe">Bran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chokwe_people" title="Chokwe people">Chokwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagomba_people" title="Dagomba people">Dagomba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edo_people" title="Edo people">Edo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ga_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ga people">Ga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurma" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurma">Gurma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a> subgroup), <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igala_people" title="Igala people">Igala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Kalabari_tribe" title="Kalabari tribe">Kalabari</a> subgroup), <a href="/wiki/Itsekiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Itsekiri">Itsekiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luchazes" title="Luchazes">Luchaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunda_people" title="Lunda people">Lunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kpelle_people" title="Kpelle people">Kpele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kru_people" title="Kru people">Kru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahi_people" title="Mahi people">Mahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Mende_people" title="Mende people">Mende</a> subgroup), <a href="/wiki/Nalu_people" title="Nalu people">Naulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temne_people" title="Temne people">Temne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikar">Tikar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaka_people" title="Yaka people">Yaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a>; specifically the <a href="/wiki/Duala_people" title="Duala people">Duala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luba_people" title="Luba people">Luba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambundu" title="Ambundu">Mbundu</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Ovimbundu" title="Ovimbundu">Ovimbundu</a> subgroup) and <a href="/wiki/Teke_people" title="Teke people">Teke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Black_Population_2020-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Population_2020_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Population_2020_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Population_2020_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Population_2020_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Population_2020_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Population_2020_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Population_2020_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Population_2020_1-7">h</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html">"Race and Ethnicity in the United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Race+and+Ethnicity+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2Frace-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/compare/religious-tradition/by/racial-and-ethnic-composition/">"Religious tradition by race/ethnicity (2014)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518010639/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/compare/religious-tradition/by/racial-and-ethnic-composition/">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+tradition+by+race%2Fethnicity+%282014%29&rft.pub=The+Pew+Forum+on+Religion+%26+Public+Life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Freligious-landscape-study%2Fcompare%2Freligious-tradition%2Fby%2Fracial-and-ethnic-composition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301190109/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-06.pdf">"The Black Population: 2010" (PDF)</a>, Census Bureau, September 2011. "Black or African Americans" refers to a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The Black racial category includes people who marked the "Black, African Am., or Negro" checkbox. It also includes respondents who reported entries such as African American; Sub-Saharan African entries, such as Kenyan and Nigerian; and Afro-Caribbean entries, such as Haitian and Jamaican." </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://definitions.uslegal.com/a/african-americans/">African Americans Law & Legal Definition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817202929/https://definitions.uslegal.com/a/african-americans/">Archived</a> August 17, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "African Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry." </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2021/08/measuring-racial-ethnic-diversity-2020-census.html">"Measuring Racial and Ethnic Diversity for the 2020 Census"</a>. The United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430114126/https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2021/08/measuring-racial-ethnic-diversity-2020-census.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Measuring+Racial+and+Ethnic+Diversity+for+the+2020+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fblogs%2Frandom-samplings%2F2021%2F08%2Fmeasuring-racial-ethnic-diversity-2020-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Locke-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Locke_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockeBailey2013" class="citation book cs1">Locke, Don C.; Bailey, Deryl F. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7nJFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">Increasing Multicultural Understanding</a>. Sage Publications. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483314211" title="Special:BookSources/978-1483314211"><bdi>978-1483314211</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818040343/https://books.google.com/books?id=7nJFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018. <q>African American refers to descendants of enslaved Black people who are from the United States. The reason we use an entire continent (Africa) instead of a country (e.g., Irish American) is because slave masters purposefully obliterated tribal ancestry, language, and family units in order to destroy the spirit of the people they enslaved, thereby making it impossible for their descendants to trace their history prior to being born into slavery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Increasing+Multicultural+Understanding&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1483314211&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=Don+C.&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Deryl+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7nJFBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilkersonnyt-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilkersonnyt_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilkersonnyt_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkerson1989" class="citation news cs1">Wilkerson, Isabel (January 31, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/31/us/african-american-favored-by-many-of-america-s-blacks.html">"'African-American' Favored By Many of America's Blacks"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved December 28, 2020. <q>A movement led by the Rev. Jesse Jackson to call blacks African-Americans has met with both rousing approval and deep-seated skepticism in a debate that is coming to symbolize the role and history of blacks in this country. ... The question of a name has caused pain and controversy since the first Africans were captured and shipped to the Americas in the 17th century. The slaves called themselves Africans at first, but slave masters gave them English names and called them Negroes, the Portuguese word for black, historians say. That term was resented by some blacks who said it was degrading when whites mispronounced it, accidentally or intentionally.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27African-American%27+Favored+By+Many+of+America%27s+Blacks&rft.date=1989-01-31&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wilkerson&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F01%2F31%2Fus%2Fafrican-american-favored-by-many-of-america-s-blacks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Gomez, Michael A: Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South, p. 29. 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LSU Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3109-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3109-1"><bdi>978-0-8071-3109-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+River+Flows+On%3A+Black+resistance%2C+culture%2C+and+identity+formation+in+early+America&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-3109-1&rft.aulast=Rucker&rft.aufirst=Walter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc2XlG4rRK4QC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForson2018" class="citation news cs1">Forson, Tracy Scott (February 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/02/21/black-history-african-american-definition/1002344001/">"Who is an 'African American'? Definition evolves as USA does"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516231442/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/02/21/black-history-african-american-definition/1002344001/">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2023. 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Retrieved June 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Exit+polls%3A+How+Obama+won&rft.date=2008-11-05&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=David+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F1108%2F15297.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-exitpoll-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exitpoll_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-exitpoll_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/exit-polls.html">"Exit polls"</a>. 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Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110124183415/https://www.slate.com/id/2204251/">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2011. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150417162701/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/after-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012/2012/11/06/d1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+wins+a+second+term+as+U.S.+president&rft.date=2012-11-06&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fdecision2012%2Fafter-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012%2F2012%2F11%2F06%2Fd1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloodRiccardi2020" class="citation news cs1">Blood, Michael R.; Riccardi, Nicholas (December 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-elections-electoral-college-3e0b852c3cfadf853b08aecbfc3569fa">"Biden officially secures enough electors to become president"</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208201209/https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-elections-electoral-college-3e0b852c3cfadf853b08aecbfc3569fa">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Biden+officially+secures+enough+electors+to+become+president&rft.date=2020-12-05&rft.aulast=Blood&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft.au=Riccardi%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Felection-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-elections-electoral-college-3e0b852c3cfadf853b08aecbfc3569fa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juneteenth-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Juneteenth_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUjBhwFcQ4U&t=3811s">"President Biden Signs the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act Into Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 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US Bureau of Census. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/wepeople/we-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Bureau+of+Census&rft.atitle=We+the+Americans%3A+Blacks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fcen1990%2Fwepeople%2Fwe-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timealmanac2006w00brun">Time: Almanac 2005</a>. Time Incorporated Home Entertainment. December 7, 2004. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timealmanac2006w00brun/page/377">377</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932994414" title="Special:BookSources/9781932994414"><bdi>9781932994414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%3A+Almanac+2005&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=Time+Incorporated+Home+Entertainment&rft.date=2004-12-07&rft.isbn=9781932994414&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimealmanac2006w00brun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> This table gives the African American population in the United States over time, based on US census figures. (Numbers from years 1920 to 2000 are based on US census figures as given by the Time Almanac of 2005, p. 377.) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aap/timelin2.html">"Time Line of African American History, 1881–1900"</a>. Lcweb2.loc.gov. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519110018/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aap/timelin2.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+Line+of+African+American+History%2C+1881%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Lcweb2.loc.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Faap%2Ftimelin2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tthqvu-100"><a href="#cite_ref-tthqvu_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_FactFinder,_United_States_Census_Bureau" class="citation web cs1">American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606042749/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP4&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-redoLog=false">"United States – QT-P4. Race, Combinations of Two Races, and Not Hispanic or Latino: 2000"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP4&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-redoLog=false">the original</a> on June 6, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+%E2%80%93+QT-P4.+Race%2C+Combinations+of+Two+Races%2C+and+Not+Hispanic+or+Latino%3A+2000&rft.au=American+FactFinder%2C+United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FQTTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-geo_id%3D01000US%26-qr_name%3DDEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP4%26-ds_name%3DDEC_2000_SF1_U%26-redoLog%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040920132346/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf">"c2kbr01-2.qxd"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 20, 2004. Retrieved January 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=c2kbr01-2.qxd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2004pubs%2Fc2kbr-35.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AfricanMigrationNYC-102"><a href="#cite_ref-AfricanMigrationNYC_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimiko_de_Freytas-Tamura2023" class="citation news cs1">Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura (January 13, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/13/nyregion/west-african-immigrants-nyc.html">"African and Invisible: The Other New York Migrant Crisis"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125220924/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/13/nyregion/west-african-immigrants-nyc.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=African+and+Invisible%3A+The+Other+New+York+Migrant+Crisis&rft.date=2023-01-13&rft.au=Kimiko+de+Freytas-Tamura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F01%2F13%2Fnyregion%2Fwest-african-immigrants-nyc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-factfinder2.census.gov-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factfinder2.census.gov_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factfinder2.census.gov_103-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">"Total Ancestry Reported"</a>, American FactFinder. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf">"The Hispanic Population: 2010"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127044304/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf">Archived</a> January 27, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2010 Census Briefs. 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Retrieved October 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+black+names%2C+from+Perlie+to+Latasha&rft.date=2020-01-23&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Trevon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fa-brief-history-of-black-names-from-perlie-to-latasha-130102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norman_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norman_302-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norman_302-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1998" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Teresa (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPkLGtzsKv0C">The African-American Baby Name Book</a>. Berkley Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0425159392" title="Special:BookSources/978-0425159392"><bdi>978-0425159392</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331121650/https://books.google.com/books?id=XPkLGtzsKv0C">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African-American+Baby+Name+Book&rft.pub=Berkley+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0425159392&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXPkLGtzsKv0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moskowitz-303"><a href="#cite_ref-Moskowitz_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskowitz2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clara_Moskowitz" title="Clara Moskowitz">Moskowitz, Clara</a> (November 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/9027-baby-names-reveal-parents.html">"Baby Names Reveal More About Parents Than Ever Before"</a>. Live Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721103020/https://www.livescience.com/9027-baby-names-reveal-parents.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Baby+Names+Reveal+More+About+Parents+Than+Ever+Before&rft.date=2010-11-30&rft.aulast=Moskowitz&rft.aufirst=Clara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F9027-baby-names-reveal-parents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenkrantz-304"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenkrantz_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenkrantzSatran,_Paula_Redmond2001" class="citation book cs1">Rosenkrantz, Linda; Satran, Paula Redmond (August 16, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/babynamesnow00rose">Baby Names Now: From Classic to Cool—The Very Last Word on First Names</a>. St. Martin's Griffin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312267575" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312267575"><bdi>978-0312267575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baby+Names+Now%3A+From+Classic+to+Cool%E2%80%94The+Very+Last+Word+on+First+Names&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2001-08-16&rft.isbn=978-0312267575&rft.aulast=Rosenkrantz&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Satran%2C+Paula+Redmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbabynamesnow00rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLack" class="citation web cs1">Lack, Evonne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.babycenter.com/0_popular-african-american-names_10329236.bc">"Popular African American Names"</a>. babycenter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222002808/http://www.babycenter.com/0_popular-african-american-names_10329236.bc">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=babycenter.com&rft.atitle=Popular+African+American+Names&rft.aulast=Lack&rft.aufirst=Evonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.babycenter.com%2F0_popular-african-american-names_10329236.bc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conley-306"><a href="#cite_ref-Conley_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConley2010" class="citation journal cs1">Conley, Dalton (March 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201003/raising-e-and-yo">"Raising E and Yo..."</a> Psychology Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107113146/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/articles/201003/raising-e-and-yo">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=Raising+E+and+Yo...&rft.date=2010-03-10&rft.aulast=Conley&rft.aufirst=Dalton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Farticles%2F201003%2Fraising-e-and-yo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2009/01/30/a-religious-portrait-of-african-americans/">"A Religious Portrait of African-Americans"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. January 30, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721132557/https://www.pewforum.org/2009/01/30/a-religious-portrait-of-african-americans/">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved November 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=A+Religious+Portrait+of+African-Americans&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2009%2F01%2F30%2Fa-religious-portrait-of-african-americans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PewForum-308">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PewForum_308-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PewForum_308-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf">US Religious Landscape Survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423044142/http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf">Archived</a> April 23, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (February 2008). Retrieved July 20, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Charyn D. Sutton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energizeinc.com/art/apas.html">"The Black Church"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010002126/http://www.energizeinc.com/art/apas.html">Archived</a> October 10, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Energize Inc. Retrieved November 18, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/historical-legacy-watch-night">"The Historical Legacy of Watch Night"</a>. National Museum of African American History and Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209203550/https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/historical-legacy-watch-night">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+African+American+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Legacy+of+Watch+Night&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmaahc.si.edu%2Fexplore%2Fstories%2Fhistorical-legacy-watch-night&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religions-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-religions_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-religions_311-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425171741/http://www.pewforum.org/A-Religious-Portrait-of-African-Americans.aspx">"A Religious Portrait of African-Americans"</a>. Pewforum.org. January 30, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/A-Religious-Portrait-of-African-Americans.aspx">the original</a> on April 25, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Religious+Portrait+of+African-Americans&rft.pub=Pewforum.org&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2FA-Religious-Portrait-of-African-Americans.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_J._Leonard" title="Bill J. Leonard">Bill J. Leonard</a> (2007), <a href="//archive.org/details/baptistsinameric0000leon/page/34/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:baptistsinameric0000leon/page/34/mode/2up">Baptists in America</a>, Columbia University Press, p. 34. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12703-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12703-0">0-231-12703-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-church-313">^ <a href="#cite_ref-church_313-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-church_313-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-church_313-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncccusa.org/news/080215yearbook1.html">The NCC's 2008 Yearbook of Churches reports a wide range of health care ministries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519163031/http://www.ncccusa.org/news/080215yearbook1.html">Archived</a> May 19, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Council of Churches USA. February 14, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-doindrugs-314">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doindrugs_314-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-doindrugs_314-1">b</a> William Henry James, Stephen Lloyd Johnson (1997). Doin' drugs: patterns of African American addiction. University of Texas Press. p. 135. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-74041-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-74041-7">0-292-74041-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> Roger Finke, Rodney Stark (2005). The Churching of America, 1776–2005: Winners and Losers in our Religious Economy. Rutgers University Press, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> Alfred Abioseh Jarrett (2000). The Impact of Macro Social Systems on Ethnic Minorities in the United States, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 235. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-93880-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-93880-8">0-275-93880-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson. Encyclopedia of religion in the South. Mercer University Press (2005), p. 394. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-758-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-758-2">978-0-86554-758-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomax1979" class="citation book cs1">Lomax (1979). When the Word Is Given. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21002-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21002-0"><bdi>978-0-313-21002-0</bdi></a>. <q>Estimates of Black Muslim membership vary from a quarter of a million down to fifty thousand. Available evidence indicates that about one hundred thousand Negroes have joined the movement at one time or another, but few objective observers believe that the Black Muslims can muster more than twenty or twenty-five thousand active temple people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Word+Is+Given&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-313-21002-0&rft.au=Lomax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClegg1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Clegg" title="Claude Clegg">Clegg, Claude Andrew</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nva1ULVYh3QC">An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad</a>. Macmillan. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312181536" title="Special:BookSources/9780312181536"><bdi>9780312181536</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107113203/https://books.google.com/books?id=nva1ULVYh3QC">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2015. <q>The common response of Malcolm X to questions about numbers—'Those who know aren't saying, and those who say don't know'—was typical of the attitude of the leadership.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Original+Man%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Elijah+Muhammad&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780312181536&rft.aulast=Clegg&rft.aufirst=Claude+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnva1ULVYh3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> Jacob Neusner, World Religions in America: An Introduction, Westminster John Knox Press (2003), pp. 180–181. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22475-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22475-2">978-0-664-22475-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> William W. Sales (1994). From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. South End Press, p. 37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-480-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-480-3">978-0-89608-480-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> Uzra Zeya (1990–01) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0190/9001042.htm">Islam in America: The Growing Presence of American Converts to Islam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724183609/http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0190/9001042.htm">Archived</a> July 24, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Washington Report on Middle East Reports. Retrieved November 16, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-PewMuslim-323"><a href="#cite_ref-PewMuslim_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation techreport cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121125081805/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/483/muslim-americans">Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream</a> (Technical report). <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. May 22, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewresearch.org/pubs/483/muslim-americans">the original</a> on November 25, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Muslim+Americans%3A+Middle+Class+and+Mostly+Mainstream&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2007-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpewresearch.org%2Fpubs%2F483%2Fmuslim-americans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacirbey2001" class="citation web cs1">Sacirbey, Omar (September 11, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Islam/2006/05/When-Unity-Is-Long-Overdue.aspx">"When Unity is Long Overdue"</a>. Beliefnet.com. Retrieved April 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Unity+is+Long+Overdue&rft.pub=Beliefnet.com&rft.date=2001-09-11&rft.aulast=Sacirbey&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliefnet.com%2FFaiths%2FIslam%2F2006%2F05%2FWhen-Unity-Is-Long-Overdue.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry1993" class="citation news cs1">Terry, Don (May 3, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/03/us/black-muslims-enter-islamic-mainstream.html">"Black Muslims Enter Islamic Mainstream"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Black+Muslims+Enter+Islamic+Mainstream&rft.date=1993-05-03&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F05%2F03%2Fus%2Fblack-muslims-enter-islamic-mainstream.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/farrakhan-set-to-give-final-address-at-nation-of-islams-birthplace">"Farrakhan Set to Give Final Address at Nation of Islam's Birthplace"</a>. Fox News Channel. 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Journal of English Linguistics. 40 (2): 137–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0075424211414807">10.1177/0075424211414807</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4242">0075-4242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144164210">144164210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+English+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+N+Word%3A+Its+History+and+Use+in+the+African+American+Community&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-171&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144164210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0075-4242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0075424211414807&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Jacquelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaltSun-401"><a href="#cite_ref-BaltSun_401-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewington2007" class="citation news cs1">Brewington, Kelly (July 10, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024221608/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2007-07-10-0707100124-story.html">"NAACP aims to bury the 'N-word'"</a>. The Baltimore Sun. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2007-07-10-0707100124-story.html">the original</a> on October 24, 2019. Retrieved June 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=NAACP+aims+to+bury+the+%27N-word%27&rft.date=2007-07-10&rft.aulast=Brewington&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-2007-07-10-0707100124-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENQ-402"><a href="#cite_ref-ENQ_402-0">^</a> Kevin Aldridge, Richelle Thompson and Earnest Winston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130110202405/http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2001/08/05/loc_1the_n-word.html">"The evolving N-word"</a>, The Cincinnati Enquirer, August 5, 2001. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltman2000" class="citation book cs1">Altman, Susan (2000). The Encyclopedia of African-American Heritage. Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4125-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-4125-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+African-American+Heritage&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4125-1&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Finkelman, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass (3 vol Oxford University Press, 2006). <ul><li>Finkelman, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century (5 vol. Oxford University Press, US, 2009).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a>, Alfred Moss, From Slavery to Freedom. A History of African Americans, McGraw-Hill Education 2001, standard work, first edition in 1947.</li> <li>Gates, Henry L. and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (eds), African American Lives, Oxford University Press, 2004 – more than 600 biographies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlene_Clark_Hine" title="Darlene Clark Hine">Hine, Darlene Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Terborg-Penn" title="Rosalyn Terborg-Penn">Rosalyn Terborg-Penn</a>, Elsa Barkley Brown (eds), Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia, (Indiana University Press 2005).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtiz,_Paul2018" class="citation book cs1">Ortiz, Paul (2018). An African American and Latinx History of the United States. Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807005934" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807005934"><bdi>978-0807005934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+African+American+and+Latinx+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0807005934&rft.au=Ortiz%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Horton, James Oliver, and Lois E. Horton. Hard Road to Freedom: The Story of African America, African Roots Through the Civil War. Vol. 1 (Rutgers University Press, 2002); Hard Road to Freedom: The Story of African America: Volume 2: From the Civil War to the Millennium (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hardroadtofreedo0000hort">online</a></li> <li>Kranz, Rachel. African-American Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs (Infobase Publishing, 2004).</li> <li>Salzman, Jack, ed. Encyclopedia of Afro-American culture and history, New York City: Macmillan Library Reference US, 1996.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1998" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Earl L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780028602943">African American Music: An Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-860294-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-860294-3"><bdi>978-0-02-860294-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+American+Music%3A+An+Introduction&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-02-860294-3&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Earl+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780028602943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Southern" title="Eileen Southern">Southern, Eileen</a> (1997). The Music of Black Americans: A History (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97141-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97141-5"><bdi>978-0-393-97141-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+Black+Americans%3A+A+History&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-393-97141-5&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> African Americans at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/African_American" class="extiw" title="wikt:African American">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:African_Americans" class="extiw" title="c:Category:African Americans">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/African_Americans" class="extiw" title="q:African Americans">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49085" class="extiw" title="d:Q49085">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Richard Thompson Ford <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slate.com/id/2106753/">Name Games</a>, Slate, September 16, 2004. Article discussing the problems of defining African American</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015191820/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa004&articleID=000C97BA-94E0-146C-944583414B7FFE9F">Scientific American Magazine (June 2006) Trace Elements</a> Reconnecting African Americans to an ancestral past</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815220254/http://go.footnote.com/blackhistory/">Black History related original documents and photos</a></li> <li>Frank Newport, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallup.com/poll/28816/black-african-american.aspx">"Black or African American?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100906124630/https://www.gallup.com/poll/28816/Black-African-American.aspx">Archived</a> September 6, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Gallup, September 28, 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110901161306/http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/45800,news-comment,news-politics,in-pictures-the-long-journey-of-black-americans">"The Long Journey of Black Americans"</a> – slideshow by <a href="/wiki/The_First_Post" title="The First Post">The First Post</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_diaspora" title="Template:African diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_diaspora" title="Template talk:African diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">Americas</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Latin_Americans" title="Afro–Latin Americans">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Anguillians" title="Afro-Anguillians">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Antiguans_and_Barbudans" title="Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arubans" title="Afro-Arubans">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bahamians" title="Afro-Bahamians">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadians" title="Afro-Barbadians">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bermudians" title="Black Bermudians">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caymanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caymanians">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1" title="Arará">Arará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdeans_in_Cuba" title="Cape Verdeans in Cuba">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga-Longoba" title="Ganga-Longoba">Ganga-Longoba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cura%C3%A7aoans" title="Afro-Curaçaoans">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans_(Dominica)" title="Afro-Dominicans (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans" title="Afro-Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocolo" title="Cocolo">Cocolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Grenadians" title="Afro-Grenadians">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Haitians" title="Afro-Haitians">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons#Haiti" title="Maroons">Marron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaicans" title="Afro-Jamaicans">Jamaica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_Jamaica" title="Igbo people in Jamaica">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Jamaican Maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Kittitians_and_Nevisians" title="Afro–Kittitians and Nevisians">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Saint_Lucians" title="Afro–Saint Lucians">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Vincentians" title="Afro-Vincentians">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islanders" title="Afro–Turks and Caicos Islanders">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Central America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole_people" title="Belizean Creole people">Belize</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Costa_Ricans" title="Afro–Costa Ricans">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Salvadorans" title="Afro-Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guatemalans" title="Afro-Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Hondurans" title="Afro-Hondurans">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Sambu" title="Miskito Sambu">Miskito Sambu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Nicaraguans" title="Afro-Nicaraguans">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Panamanians" title="Afro-Panamanians">Panama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_people_(Panama)" title="Cimarron people (Panama)">Cimarrón</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Black_Canadians" title="Indigenous Black Canadians">Indigenous Black Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_New_Brunswick" title="Black Canadians in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_Ontario" title="Black Canadians in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Canada" title="African immigration to Canada">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affrilachia" title="Affrilachia">Affrilachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw#Post–Civil_War" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Seminole freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Ridge_people" title="Chestnut Ridge people">Chestnut Ridge people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_Americans" title="Garifuna Americans">Garifuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)#Louisiana_Redbone_cultural_group" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Louisiana Redbones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somali_Bantus_in_Maine" title="History of Somali Bantus in Maine">Somali Bantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Argentines" title="Afro-Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivians" title="Afro-Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalungas" title="Kalungas">Kalungas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocambo_(settlement)" title="Mocambo (settlement)">Macombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilombola" title="Quilombola">Quilombola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Chileans" title="Afro-Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombians" title="Afro-Colombians">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raizal" title="Raizal">Raizal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians" title="Afro-Ecuadorians">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93French_Guianans" title="Afro–French Guianans">French Guiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluku" title="Aluku">Aluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guyanese" title="Afro-Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Paraguayans" title="Afro-Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Peruvians" title="Black Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Surinamese" title="Afro-Surinamese">Suriname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwinti_people" title="Kwinti people">Kwinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matawai_people" title="Matawai people">Matawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramaccan_people" title="Paramaccan people">Paramaccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Uruguayans" title="Afro-Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Venezuelans" title="Afro-Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Europe" title="African immigration to Europe">Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_Europeans" title="Black Europeans">Blacks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians_of_African_descent" title="Abkhazians of African descent">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Austrians" title="Afro-Austrians">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belgians" title="Black Belgians">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Danish_people_of_African_descent" title="Category:Danish people of African descent">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_Finland" title="African diaspora in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_French_people" title="Black French people">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_community_of_Paris" title="Sub-Saharan African community of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Greeks" title="African Greeks">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Greeks" title="Black Greeks">Blacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Ireland" title="Black people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_emigrants_to_Italy" title="African emigrants to Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dutch_people" title="Afro-Dutch people">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Norway" title="African immigration to Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Poland" title="Africans in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Portuguese_people" title="Afro-Portuguese people">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romanians" title="Afro-Romanians">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Russians" title="Afro-Russians">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Spaniards" title="Afro-Spaniards">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Sweden" title="African immigrants to Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Switzerland" title="African immigrants to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ukrainians" title="Afro-Ukrainians">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Cambridge" title="Black people in Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Liverpool" title="Black people in Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_presence_in_London" title="History of African presence in London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Scottish_people" title="Black Scottish people">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Welsh_people" title="Black Welsh people">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arabs" title="Afro-Arabs">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iranians" title="Afro-Iranians">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iraqis" title="Afro-Iraqis">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel" title="African immigration to Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_in_Israel" title="Sudanese in Israel">Sudanese refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jordanians" title="Afro-Jordanians">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Omanis" title="Afro-Omanis">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Palestinians" title="Afro-Palestinians">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Saudis" title="Afro-Saudis">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_of_Yarmouk_Basin" title="Black people of Yarmouk Basin">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Turks" title="Afro-Turks">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Turkey" title="Africans in Turkey">Africans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Emiratis" title="Afro-Emiratis">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhamash%C4%ABn" title="Al-Muhamashīn">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Asia</a> and Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians in South Asia</a></li> <li>India and Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddis_of_Karnataka" title="Siddis of Karnataka">in Karnataka</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_New_Zealanders" title="African New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Africans in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs" title="Sri Lanka Kaffirs">Kaffirs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha#Saint_Helena" title="Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Secondary Afro-American diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ghana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabom_people" title="Tabom people">Tabom</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liberia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Nigeria" title="Brazilians in Nigeria">Afro-Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">Saro</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sierra Leone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_France" title="Haitians in France">Haitians</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom#African_Americans" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Jamaicans" title="British Jamaicans">British Jamaicans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Asia and Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_in_Israel" title="African Hebrew Israelites in Israel">African Hebrew Israelites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">Anti-African sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Anti-Black racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_people" title="Tikar people">Tikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Yoruba people in the Atlantic slave trade">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Genetic history of the African diaspora">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_diaspora" title="Category:African diaspora">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:African_diaspora" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:African diaspora">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By economic and social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBT demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_people" title="Suisun people">Suisunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongva people">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintun" title="Wintun">Wintun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Maps of American ancestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the census</a></li></ul></li> <li>Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_(EEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity (EEO)">Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gullah_people_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gullah_topics" title="Template:Gullah topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gullah_topics" title="Template talk:Gullah topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gullah_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gullah topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gullah_people_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah people</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Film and television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrack" title="Conrack">Conrack</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_House_Divided:_Denmark_Vesey%27s_Rebellion" title="A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion">A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Soldier%27s_Story" title="A Soldier's Story">A Soldier's Story</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(1989_film)" title="Glory (1989 film)">Glory</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Dust" title="Daughters of the Dust">Daughters of the Dust</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_Gullah_Island" title="Gullah Gullah Island">Gullah Gullah Island</a> (1994–2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruh_Rabbit_and_the_Tar_Baby_Girl" title="Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl">Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration_Cooking" title="Vibration Cooking">Vibration Cooking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Religion and folklore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Church_(African_American)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Church (African American)">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boo_Hag" class="mw-redirect" title="Boo Hag">Boo Hag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Africans" title="Flying Africans">Flying Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(folk_magic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoodoo (folk magic)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cat_bone" title="Black cat bone">Black cat bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haint_blue" title="Haint blue">Haint blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_foot_powder" title="Hot foot powder">Hot foot powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Conqueror" title="John the Conqueror">John the Conqueror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit%27s_foot" title="Rabbit's foot">Rabbit's foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_shout" title="Ring shout">Ring shout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_and_Seventh_Books_of_Moses" title="Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses">Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Music and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_red_rice" title="Charleston red rice">Charleston red rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah/Geechee_Cultural_Heritage_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor">Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">Kumbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Row_the_Boat_Ashore" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Row the Boat Ashore">Michael Row the Boat Ashore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranky_Tanky" title="Ranky Tanky">Ranky Tanky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_Hive/Exodus" title="Robot Hive/Exodus">Robot Hive/Exodus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Related culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African-American culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">Culture of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden_rice_mortar_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wooden_rice_mortar_3.jpg/100px-Wooden_rice_mortar_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wooden_rice_mortar_3.jpg/150px-Wooden_rice_mortar_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wooden_rice_mortar_3.jpg/200px-Wooden_rice_mortar_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1161" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gullah_basket.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gullah_basket.JPG/100px-Gullah_basket.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gullah_basket.JPG/150px-Gullah_basket.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gullah_basket.JPG/200px-Gullah_basket.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%;text-align:center;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">History topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilali_Document" title="Bilali Document">Bilali Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Landing" title="Igbo Landing">Igbo Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal_Experiment" title="Port Royal Experiment">Port Royal Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stono_Rebellion" title="Stono Rebellion">Stono Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort,_South_Carolina" title="Beaufort, South Carolina">Beaufort, South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daufuskie_Island" title="Daufuskie Island">Daufuskie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulonia,_Georgia" title="Eulonia, Georgia">Eulonia, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Isles_of_Georgia" title="Golden Isles of Georgia">Golden Isles of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapelo_Island" title="Sapelo Island">Sapelo Island</a> (protected site) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hog_Hammock,_Georgia" title="Hog Hammock, Georgia">Hog Hammock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Lowcountry" title="South Carolina Lowcountry">South Carolina Lowcountry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Related history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African-American history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline of African-American history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Angola" title="History of Angola">History of Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Benin" title="History of Benin">History of Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Republic of the Congo">History of Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">History of Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of Guinea-Bissau">History of Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia" title="History of Liberia">History of Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">History of Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Senegambia_Confederation" title="Senegambia Confederation">Senegambia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">History of Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Gambia" title="History of the Gambia">History of the Gambia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone" title="History of Sierra Leone">History of Sierra Leone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunce_Island" title="Bunce Island">Bunce Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambundu" title="Ambundu">Ambundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baga_people" title="Baga people">Baga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissi_people" title="Kissi people">Kissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_people" title="Kpelle people">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limba_people_(Sierra_Leone)" title="Limba people (Sierra Leone)">Limba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_people" title="Mende people">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temne_people" title="Temne people">Temne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_people" title="Vai people">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Laalaa" title="Serer-Laalaa">Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Ndut_people" title="Serer-Ndut people">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niominka_people" title="Niominka people">Niominka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Noon" title="Serer-Noon">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_people" title="Palor people">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saafi_people" title="Saafi people">Saafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gullah" title="Category:Gullah">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49085#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/799558/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7506235-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85001932">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119768348">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119768348">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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