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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American nutritionist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Helen Swift Mitchell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Helen_S._Mitchell.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Helen_S._Mitchell.png/220px-Helen_S._Mitchell.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Helen_S._Mitchell.png 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="499" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">September 25, 1895<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 12, 1984 (aged 89)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Hill,_Tennessee" title="Pleasant Hill, Tennessee">Pleasant Hill, Tennessee</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">Biochemist</a>, nutritionist</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Helen Swift Mitchell</b> (September 21, 1895 - December 12, 1984) was an American <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">nutritionist</a>. She was the research director at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_Creek_Sanitarium" title="Battle Creek Sanitarium">Battle Creek Sanitarium</a>, and taught courses in nutrition at <a href="/wiki/Battle_Creek_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle Creek College">Battle Creek College</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts" title="University of Massachusetts">University of Massachusetts</a> and later became an exchange professor at Hokkaido University in Japan. During World War II, she was part of government committees that did research on nutrition and was critical of fad diets that came about during that time. She did research on and published works about the dietary conditions of rats,<sup id="cite_ref-:14_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later co-authored the textbook <i>Nutrition in Health and Disease</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_S._Mitchell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Helen Mitchell was born in <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> to Walter L. and Minnie Mitchell (née Swift) in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitchell earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a> in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She continued her education at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, earning a PhD in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She studied under <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Mendel" title="Lafayette Mendel">Lafayette Mendel</a>, who continued to correspond with her later in her career.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendel was unique in the early 20th Century, as he taught and mentored female doctoral students, many of whom became leaders in their fields.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitchell's thesis was on 'the choice of adequate and inadequate diets by rats and mice'.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_S._Mitchell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1921 she became the research director at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_Creek_Sanitarium" title="Battle Creek Sanitarium">Battle Creek Sanitarium</a><sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and taught in <a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_Kellogg" title="John Harvey Kellogg">John Harvey Kellogg</a>'s School of Dietetics.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Battle Creek College, Mitchell worked as a professor in nutrition and physiology from 1921 to 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her time there, her research expertise was called upon by <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Grenfell" title="Wilfred Grenfell">Wilfred Grenfell</a> to conduct research on behalf of the Grenfell Mission in Newfoundland and Labrador.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Margery and Catherine Vaughn, they conducted a year-long survey in 1929 of gardens and livestock to determine nutritional problems that coastal fishing towns were having.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She found that many families were lacking minerals and vitamins from their overall calorie count.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitchell was research professor of nutrition at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts" title="University of Massachusetts">University of Massachusetts</a> from 1935 to 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later became the Head of the Department of Food and Nutrition and the Dean of the School of Home Economics (1947-1960).<sup id="cite_ref-:14_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_years">War years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_S._Mitchell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USDA_-_Basic_7_Food_Groups.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/USDA_-_Basic_7_Food_Groups.jpg/220px-USDA_-_Basic_7_Food_Groups.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/USDA_-_Basic_7_Food_Groups.jpg/330px-USDA_-_Basic_7_Food_Groups.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/USDA_-_Basic_7_Food_Groups.jpg/440px-USDA_-_Basic_7_Food_Groups.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption>USDA Basic 7 Food Groups during War Time</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1940, the National Research Council, wanting to predict nutritional needs for the military and civilians set up the Food and Nutrition Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitchell was a part of this committee from 1940 to 1945<sup id="cite_ref-:42_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and worked on figuring out the <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">recommended daily or dietary allowance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was one of three women, along with Lydia Roberts and Hazel Stiebeling, who overnight came up with a preliminary standard for wartime diets.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War II, she was principal nutritionist for the Office of Defense, Health and Welfare Services<sup id="cite_ref-:04_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1941-1943)<sup id="cite_ref-:72_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and chief nutritionist for the State Department Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation (1943-1944).<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul V. McNutt from the Federal Emergency Management Administration supervised Mitchell's duty of elevate nutrition throughout the U.S. by compiling state resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_S._Mitchell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1960 she also worked as an exchange professor for <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_University" title="Hokkaido University">Hokkaido University</a> in Japan and conducted research on nutrition of Japanese orphanage children after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working with Setsuko Santo, they determined in their first survey in 1960 that the children's stature was well below that of the national Hokkaido average based on nutritional disadvantages like lacking protein and vitamin A.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965 another survey of these same orphanages was conducted and found that the children's stature had increased due to increased nutritional budget. However, they were still under the Hokkaido national average.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fad_diets">Fad diets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_S._Mitchell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fad diets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1900s, Harvey Kellogg, a mentor to Mitchell, was a well known faddist who believed in the vegetarian diet at the Battle Creek Sanitarium.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He prescribed his patients individualized diets to help cure their ailments and also experimented with meat substitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helen Mitchell was publicly critical of <a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">fad diets</a>, calling out the unscientific nature of them.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was particularly critical of the <a href="/wiki/Hay_diet" title="Hay diet">Dr. Hey diet</a> which said that acidic and alkaline foods could not be digested together, she considered these claims irrational and believed they discredited the field of nutrition.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitchell thought that fad diets undermine the legitimate contributions to the field of nutrition by scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_S._Mitchell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Nutrition in Health and Disease</i> (with Edith Michael Barber; Lenna Frances Cooper, 1928)</li> <li><i>Facts, Fads and Frauds in Nutrition</i> (with Gladys Mae Cook, 1937)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3379221&view=1up&seq=55"><i>Food Fads, Facts, and Fancies</i></a> (1939)</li> <li><i>What Educators Should Know About the National Nutrition Program</i> (1941)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3073204&view=1up&seq=680"><i>Don't Be Fooled by Fads</i></a> (1958)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100718909"><i>Recommended and Non-recommended Nutrition Books for Lay Readers</i></a> (1964)</li> <li><i>Nutrition in Nursing</i> (with Henderika J. Rynbergen; Marjorie V. Dibble; Linnea Anderson, 1968)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_S._Mitchell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:14-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Marie Scott. "Recipe for citizenship: Professionalization and power in World War I dietetics." College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Helen S. Mitchell." <i>Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors</i>, Gale, 2008. <i>Gale Literature Resource Center</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rossiter, M. W. (1994). Mendel the mentor. <i>Journal of Chemical Education, 71</i>(3), 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/13/obituaries/helen-s-mitchell-dies-nutritionist-and-writer.html">"Helen S. Mitchell Dies; Nutritionist and Writer"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOgilvieHarvey2003" class="citation book cs1">Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2003-12-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUCUAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96343-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96343-9"><bdi>978-1-135-96343-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Women+in+Science%3A+Pioneering+Lives+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Mid-20th+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96343-9&rft.aulast=Ogilvie&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Joy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUCUAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+S.+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2003" class="citation journal cs1">Harper, Alfred E. (2003-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F133.11.3698">"Contributions of Women Scientists in the U.S. to the Development of Recommended Dietary Allowances"</a>. <i>The Journal of Nutrition</i>. <b>133</b> (11): 3698–3702. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F133.11.3698">10.1093/jn/133.11.3698</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3166">0022-3166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14608098">14608098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Contributions+of+Women+Scientists+in+the+U.S.+to+the+Development+of+Recommended+Dietary+Allowances&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3698-3702&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft.issn=0022-3166&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14608098&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjn%2F133.11.3698&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Alfred+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjn%252F133.11.3698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+S.+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, Gregory, and Jose Lam. "Restoring and Retelling the Story of Grenfell Gardens." <i>MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY HARRIS CENTRE APPLIED RESEARCH FUND</i>, 31 Jan. 2019, www.mun.ca/harriscentre/reports/arf/2018/Final_Report_SNCC_ARF__Wood.pdf.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/240576">"LABRADOR—A LESSON IN PRACTICAL NUTRITION"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>. <b>95</b> (9): 665–666. 1930-08-30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1930.02720090027012">10.1001/jama.1930.02720090027012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9955">0002-9955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=LABRADOR%E2%80%94A+LESSON+IN+PRACTICAL+NUTRITION&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=665-666&rft.date=1930-08-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1930.02720090027012&rft.issn=0002-9955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamanetwork.com%2Fjournals%2Fjama%2Ffullarticle%2F240576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+S.+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umass.edu/sphhs/nutrition/about/history">"History | School of Public Health & Health Sciences"</a>. <i>www.umass.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.umass.edu&rft.atitle=History+%7C+School+of+Public+Health+%26+Health+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umass.edu%2Fsphhs%2Fnutrition%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+S.+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/murg120_2-i0001259">"Helen S. Mitchell, ca. 1935"</a>. <i>credo.library.umass.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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