CINXE.COM
Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School
<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> <head runat="server"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/> <title>Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://webassets.hbs.edu/libs/framework/1.0/css/framework-async.min.css?v=1.0"><script>var MTIProjectId='7104cb2a-976d-4c0f-803f-1a83c9190762';</script><script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://webassets.hbs.edu/libs/framework/1.0/js/mtiFontTrackingCode.js"></script><meta name="HBSSearchUrl" content="/faculty/Pages/search.aspx"><meta name="PageBuildDateTime" content="2024-11-27 09:10:28 AM on "><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><link rel="icon" href="https://webassets.hbs.edu/sites/home/favicon.ico"> <style>a[href*="TOFIX" i],a[href*="TODO" i] { background-color: yellow; } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .universal-banner-search-toggle svg {margin-top: -6px;} } .universal-banner-search { min-width: 400px; position: relative; } .universal-banner-menu-toggle { padding:6px; cursor: pointer; } .universal-banner-search-toggle { position: absolute; top: -9px; right: 10px; width: 50px; height: 49px; padding-top: 13px; padding-left: 2px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; box-sizing: border-box; transition: all .3s cubic-bezier(0.5, 0, 0.1, 1) ; } .universal-banner-search-toggle svg { cursor: pointer; display:block; transition: all .3s cubic-bezier(0.5, 0, 0.1, 1) ; } .universal-banner-search-toggle.toggled { background-color: #a41034; transform: scale(0.65); } .universal-banner-search-toggle.toggled svg { transform: scale(0.9) rotate(-45deg) !important; } .universal-banner-search-input { xoverflow: hidden; xposition: relative; width:269px; } .universal-banner-search-input .universal-site-search-button { display:none; } .universal-banner-search-input .slide { transition: .3s opacity, .3s transform, 0s visibility 0.7s cubic-bezier(0.5, 0, 0.1, 1); xtransform: translateX(310px); opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; } .universal-banner-search-input.open .slide { transition: .3s opacity, .3s transform cubic-bezier(0.5, 0, 0.1, 1); xtransform: translateX(0); opacity: 1; visibility: visible; } .universal-banner .hbs-logo { padding: 8px 0px; } @media (max-width: 919px) and (min-width: 651px) {.responsive-framework .site-header .site-header-button { margin-left: 10px !important; margin-top: 25px !important; } .site-header .universal-banner-hamburger { position:relative; top:2px; left:2px; } .universal-banner-hamburger span { background: #000!important; } .universal-banner .hbs-logo img { height: 52px; } } .universal-banner-hamburger { width: 23px; height: 25px; position: relative; } @media (max-width: 650px) { .responsive-framework .site-header .site-header-button { margin-left: 10px !important; margin-top: 25px !important; } .universal-banner .hbs-logo { padding: 5px 0px; display: flex; justify-content: center; } .universal-banner .hbs-logo img { height: 42px; width: 99px; }.site-header .universal-banner-hamburger { height: 22px; width: 22px; position: relative; left: 4px; } .site-header .universal-banner-hamburger span { height: 3px; } .site-header .universal-banner-hamburger span:nth-child(1) { top: 2px; } .site-header .universal-banner-hamburger span:nth-child(2) { top: 9px; } .site-header .universal-banner-hamburger span:nth-child(3) { top: 16px; } .universal-banner-search-icon svg { width: 39px !important; } .universal-banner-hamburger span { background: #000!important; } } .universal-banner-hamburger span { display: block; position: absolute; height: 4px; width: 100%; background: #FFF; opacity: 1; left: 0; transform: rotate(0deg); transition: .3s cubic-bezier(0.5, 0, 0.1, 1) ; } .universal-banner-hamburger span:nth-child(1) { top: 0px; transform-origin: left center; } .universal-banner-hamburger span:nth-child(2) { top: 8px; transform-origin: left center; } .universal-banner-hamburger span:nth-child(3) { top: 16px; transform-origin: left center; } .universal-banner-hamburger.open span:nth-child(1) { transform: rotate(45deg); } .universal-banner-hamburger.open span:nth-child(2) { width: 0%; opacity: 0; } .universal-banner-hamburger.open span:nth-child(3) { transform: rotate(-45deg); } .skipto.hideme:focus { left: 0px; top: 0px; background-color: white; padding: 6px; width: auto; height: auto; } body:not(.user-is-tabbing) #skipto-main:focus { outline: none; } .above-nav-header .navbar>li:first-child>a { border-left: 1px rgba(255,255,255,0.4) solid; } .above-nav-header .navbar>li:last-child>a { border-right: 1px rgba(255,255,255,0.4) solid; } @media (max-width: 919px) and (min-width: 651px) { header.site-header.above-nav-header .site-header-button { margin-top: 6px!important; margin-bottom: 6px!important; } } .slider-container.slider-open .slider-open[aria-expanded=false] { opacity: 0.3; } .slider-container .btn-glass.slider-open { background-color: transparent !important; } ul.navbar.four li a {padding: 4px 80px 3px 80px!important;} ul.navbar.four li.nav-downloads a {padding: 4px 10px 3px 10px!important;} ul.navbar.four li a.active {padding: 4px 80px!important;} .component-framework .btn-glass.site-header-button {border:0;}.navbar li.nav-downloads{width: 260px; text-align: center;} .navbar .nav-downloads:hover {background: black;} .navbar .nav-downloads:hover > a {border-left:none;} .nav-downloads:hover > a.dropdown-toggle2 span.icon-expand {background-position: -240px -80px !important;} .navbar .nav-downloads:hover > .menu-head, .navbar .nav-downloads.active a {color: white!important;} .navbar li.nav-downloads li{ text-align: left; } .navbar > li.nav-downloads > ul.dropdown-menu2 li a{ margin: 1px 8px;padding: 6px 8px!important; } .navbar > li.nav-downloads .dropdown-menu2 > li.divider { min-width: 100px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; } .navbar .dropdown-container2.nav-downloads > a:hover {text-decoration: none;} .navbar li.nav-downloads ul.dropdown-menu2 li a.hover { color: black!important; } .navbar .dropdown-container2.nav-downloads > a > span {margin-left: 10px;} .navbar .dropdown-container2.nav-downloads {position: relative !important;} .navbar .dropdown-container2.nav-downloads .dropdown-menu2 {position: absolute; top:38px !important;left:-1px;min-width:254px!important;} .navbar .dropdown-container2.nav-downloads.active {background-color: black;} .nav-downloads.active a.menu-head span.icon-expand {background-position: -240px -80px;} #flyout-navigation a.dropdown-toggle2 {padding-left: 0 !important;} #flyout-navigation a.dropdown-toggle2 .icon-expand {margin-left: 11px;} .flyout-panel .flyout-padding li a.dropdown-toggle2 {display:none;} @media (max-width: 1220px) and (min-width: 920px) { .site-header h1.gamma-uc.tablet-shrink { font-size: 28px!important; } .site-header h1.tablet-shrink + nav .toolbar > li > a { padding: 4px 4px 0 4px!important; } }@media (max-width: 650px) { .universal-banner-search-icon { height: 24px!important; padding-left: 10px; } .responsive-framework.pattern-framework .site-header .gamma-uc a.white.black-bg { box-shadow: 10px 0 0 black, 0px 0 0 black; padding-right: 0px; } } #sticky-header { position: fixed; overflow: hidden; background-color: inherit; height: 0; top:0!important; left:0; right:0; z-index: 110; transform: translate3d(0,0,0); transition: height .3s cubic-bezier(0.5, 0, 0.1, 1) ; } #sticky-header > div.wrapper { position: absolute; bottom:0; left:0; right:0; } #sticky-header.at-scroll-top { display: none; } .sticky-header-active .facetctrl-sticky.active, .sticky-header-active .filter-sticky.fixed { transition: margin .3s cubic-bezier(0.5, 0, 0.1, 1) ; } .sticky-header-expanded .facetctrl-sticky.active { margin-top:98px; } @media (max-width: 650px) { .sticky-header-expanded .filter-sticky.fixed { margin-top:98px; } .sticky-header-expanded .facetctrl-sticky.active { margin-top:98px; } } @media (min-width: 651px) and (max-width: 919px) { .sticky-header-expanded .filter-sticky.fixed { margin-top:118px; } .sticky-header-expanded .facetctrl-sticky.active { margin-top:113px; } } .sticky-header-active .universal-banner.sticky-header-cloned, .sticky-header-active .sticky-header-cloned .site-header-button { visibility: hidden; } @media screen and (min-width: 920px) { .body-layout { margin-left: 20px; } } .page-header h2.alpha.no-margin { margin-bottom: 0px!important; } .page-header .tagline a { text-decoration: underline; } .page-header .tagline a:hover { text-decoration: none; } @media (max-width: 650px) { .page-header .podcast-avatar-head div { position: relative!important; top: 0!important; } } .carousel-panels .readmore { max-height: none; } .ua-mobile .carousel-panels li, .ua-tablet .carousel-panels li { max-height: none !important; }@media (min-width: 1220px) { .research-hero.sidebar .span2.sidebar-image { width:160px; } } .text-block .more{ margin-top: 5px; } .text-block .description{ margin-top: 5px; } .text-block.sidebar .description{ margin-top: 15px; } .component-framework .teal-inherit .event-thumbnail-partial a.event-thumbnail:hover span { background-color: white; color: #2AA296; } .component-framework .teal-inherit .event-thumbnail-partial .event-thumbnail span { background-color: #2AA296; color: white; } .component-framework .teal-inherit .inherit-light-bg .event-thumbnail-partial a.event-thumbnail:hover span { background-color: white; color: #2AA296; } .component-framework .teal-inherit .inherit-light-bg .event-thumbnail-partial .event-thumbnail span { background-color: #2AA296; color: white; } .component-framework .salsa-inherit .event-thumbnail-partial a.event-thumbnail:hover span { background-color: white; color: #ed6a47; } .component-framework .salsa-inherit .event-thumbnail-partial .event-thumbnail span { background-color: #ed6a47; color: white; } .component-framework .salsa-inherit .inherit-light-bg .event-thumbnail-partial a.event-thumbnail:hover span { background-color: white; color: #ed6a47; } .component-framework .salsa-inherit .inherit-light-bg .event-thumbnail-partial .event-thumbnail span { background-color: #ed6a47; color: white; } .component-framework .darkblue-inherit .event-thumbnail-partial a.event-thumbnail:hover span { background-color: white; color: #3a98c7; } .component-framework .darkblue-inherit .event-thumbnail-partial .event-thumbnail span { background-color: #3a98c7; color: white; } .component-framework .darkblue-inherit .inherit-light-bg .event-thumbnail-partial a.event-thumbnail:hover span { background-color: white; color: #3a98c7; } .component-framework .darkblue-inherit .inherit-light-bg .event-thumbnail-partial .event-thumbnail span { background-color: #3a98c7; color: white; } .component-framework .citrus-inherit .event-thumbnail-partial a.event-thumbnail:hover span { background-color: white; color: #ed6a47; } .component-framework .citrus-inherit .event-thumbnail-partial .event-thumbnail span { background-color: #ed6a47; color: white; } .component-framework .citrus-inherit .inherit-light-bg .event-thumbnail-partial a.event-thumbnail:hover span { background-color: white; color: #ed6a47; } .component-framework .citrus-inherit .inherit-light-bg .event-thumbnail-partial .event-thumbnail span { background-color: #ed6a47; color: white; } .component-framework .green-inherit .event-thumbnail-partial a.event-thumbnail:hover span { background-color: white; color: #8E9617; } .component-framework .green-inherit .event-thumbnail-partial .event-thumbnail span { background-color: #8E9617; color: white; } .component-framework .green-inherit .inherit-light-bg .event-thumbnail-partial a.event-thumbnail:hover span { background-color: white; color: #8E9617; } .component-framework .green-inherit .inherit-light-bg .event-thumbnail-partial .event-thumbnail span { background-color: #8E9617; color: white; } .component-framework .lightblue-inherit .event-thumbnail-partial a.event-thumbnail:hover span { background-color: white; color: #3a98c7; } .component-framework .lightblue-inherit .event-thumbnail-partial .event-thumbnail span { background-color: #3a98c7; color: white; } .component-framework .lightblue-inherit .inherit-light-bg .event-thumbnail-partial a.event-thumbnail:hover span { background-color: white; color: #3a98c7; } .component-framework .lightblue-inherit .inherit-light-bg .event-thumbnail-partial .event-thumbnail span { background-color: #3a98c7; color: white; } .event-thumbnail-partial .event-thumbnail { min-width:54px; max-width:54px; }.event-thumbnail-partial.legacy .event-thumbnail span{ background-color: #2AA296 !important; } .event-thumbnail-partial.legacy a.event-thumbnail:hover span { background-color: white; color: black !important; } .fr-research-list .publication-extras div{ min-width: 75px; } .fr-research-list .publication-extras a.pub-extra-item{ text-decoration: underline; } .fr-research-list .publication-extras a.pub-extra-item.toggle-button{ padding-left: 10px; } .frCitation a.pdf span.pdf-append { display:none; }.component-framework .btn-arrow-partial.btn-large.btn-right { margin-right: 24px; } .component-framework .btn-arrow-partial.btn-left { margin-left: 24px; } .more a {text-decoration:underline;} .more a:hover {text-decoration:none;}@media print { .profile-details .tablet-hidden.mobile-hidden, .profile-details .span3.sidebar, .profile-details .page-tabs-container, footer .social-grid, .ms-Fabric.ms-Layer-content.content-84 {display:none !important;} .profile-details .tablet-visible.mobile-visible, .profile-details .accordian.profile-tabs dd {display:block !important;overflow:visible !important;} .component-framework dl.accordian dd {position:static !important;margin-bottom:20px;} } .universal-footer .universal-footer-copyright ul.footer-links li { margin: 0px 11px; } .universal-footer .universal-footer-copyright ul.footer-links li:first-child { margin-left: 0px; } .universal-footer .universal-footer-copyright ul.footer-links li:last-child { margin-right: 0px; } @media (max-width: 670px) { .universal-footer .universal-footer-copyright ul.footer-links { display:flex; justify-content: center; flex-wrap: wrap; } .universal-footer .universal-footer-copyright ul.footer-links li { padding-bottom: 12px; } .universal-footer .universal-footer-copyright ul.footer-links li:first-child { margin-left: 11px; } .universal-footer .universal-footer-copyright ul.footer-links li:last-child { margin-right: 11px; } } .button-partial .button { display: inline-block; padding: 3px 18px; text-decoration: none; } .button-partial .button .hbsred-onhover-border { border:2px solid #A41034; } .button-partial svg { padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 8px; vertical-align: top; } ;</style> </head> <body class="expanded-grid-framework"> <!--WCMAuthoringReact--><header aria-label="Universal HBS Header" role="banner"><a href="#skipto-main" class="hideme skipto">Skip to Main Content</a><div class="universal-banner noindex"> <div class="color-framework grid-framework type-framework component-framework pattern-framework js-framework responsive-framework"> <div class="universal-header-v3"> <div class="black-bg"> <div class="container tablet-container mobile-container"> <div class="row"> <div class="span7"> <div class="hbs-logo" style="z-index: 100;"><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/" data-link-id="header-logo" aria-label="Harvard Business School Home"><img class="fluid" style="display: block;" loading="eager" width="151" height="64" src="https://webassets.hbs.edu/libs/framework/1.0/images/hbs-shield-3line.svg" alt=""></a></div> </div> <div class="span5 desktop-visible"> <div class="search-box tablet-hidden"> <div style="display:flex;margin-right:-8px;"> <div class="universal-banner-search-input"> <div class="slide"> <fieldset class="input" role="search"><input type="search" class="universal-site-search-query" aria-label="Search Text" name="qt" value="" data-placeholder="SEARCH" id="search-text" maxlength="250" style="box-sizing: content-box;float:none;" autocomplete="false"><input type="submit" class="universal-site-search-button" value="Search" id="search-submit"></fieldset> </div> </div> <div class="universal-banner-search" style="min-width:52px;"><a href="#" class="universal-banner-search-toggle block" aria-label="Toggle Search Box"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" style="fill:white;width:44px;" viewBox="0 0 177 100" version="1.1" focusable="false"> <path d="M137.686,11.342 C137.686,-15.909 115.595,-38 88.344,-38 C61.09,-38 39,-15.909 39,11.342 C39,36.724 58.168,57.607 82.818,60.355 L82.818,72.838 C79.304,74.521 76.898,77.714 76.898,81.419 L76.898,128.148 C76.898,133.588 82.023,138 88.345,138 C94.667,138 99.789,133.589 99.789,128.148 L99.789,81.419 C99.789,77.711 97.382,74.521 93.869,72.838 L93.869,60.354 C118.515,57.606 137.686,36.726 137.686,11.342 Z M56.032,11.225 C56.032,-6.759 70.606,-21.338 88.589,-21.338 C106.572,-21.338 121.142,-6.759 121.142,11.225 C121.142,29.205 106.572,43.78 88.589,43.78 C70.606,43.78 56.032,29.205 56.032,11.225 Z" transform="translate(88.343000, 50.000000) rotate(90.000000) translate(-88.343000, -50.000000) "/></svg></a></div> <div class="universal-banner-menu"><a href="#" class="universal-banner-menu-toggle block" aria-label="Toggle Flyout Menu"> <div class="universal-banner-hamburger"><span></span><span></span><span></span></div></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="universal-slider-nav" class="hidden"> <nav class="gamma-uc site-title" aria-label="HBS Homepage"><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/Pages/default.aspx" class="white slidernav-ancillarynav-hbs-home">HBS Home</a></nav> <div class="hr" style="opacity: 0.3"></div> <nav aria-label="HBS Home Main"> <ul class="epsilon-uc unstyled unbulleted"> <li><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/about/Pages/default.aspx" class="slidernav-ancillarynav-about">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/about/academic-programs/Pages/default.aspx" class="slidernav-ancillarynav-academic-programs">Academic Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/Pages/default.aspx" class="slidernav-ancillarynav-alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/default.aspx" class="slidernav-ancillarynav-faculty-and-research">Faculty & Research</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="hr" style="opacity: 0.3"></div> <nav aria-label="HBS Home Utility"> <ul class="kappa-uc unstyled unbulleted"> <li><a href="https://www.library.hbs.edu/" class="slidernav-ancillarynav-baker-library">Baker Library</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/giving/Pages/default.aspx" class="slidernav-ancillarynav-giving">Giving</a></li> <li><a href="https://hbr.org/" class="slidernav-ancillarynav-harvard-business-review">Harvard Business Review</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/about/initiativesandprojects/Pages/default.aspx" class="slidernav-ancillarynav-initiatives">Initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/news/Pages/landing.aspx" class="slidernav-ancillarynav-news">News</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/recruiting/Pages/default.aspx" class="slidernav-ancillarynav-recruit">Recruit</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="hr" style="opacity: 0.3"></div> <nav aria-label="Footer"> <ul class="kappa-uc unstyled unbulleted"> <li><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/maps/" class="slidernav-ancillarynav-map-directions">Map / Directions</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="container" class="type-framework color-framework grid-framework component-framework pattern-framework js-framework responsive-framework"> <div class="citrus-inherit responsive-type slider-inject" ><div class="inherit-bg sticky-header-container"></div><header class=" inherit-bg site-header noindex crawl-hidden" aria-label="Site Header" role="banner"> <div class="container bg-img-container link-controller"> <div class="desktop-hidden"><button class="site-header-button slider-backdrop-above slider-open btn-glass black" data-target="flyout-navigation"> <div class="universal-banner-hamburger"><span></span><span></span><span></span></div></button><button class="site-header-button slider-backdrop-above slider-open btn-glass black" data-target="flyout-search"> <div class="universal-banner-search-icon" style="height:26px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" style="fill:black;width:44px;position:relative;" viewBox="0 0 177 100" version="1.1" focusable="false"> <path d="M137.686,11.342 C137.686,-15.909 115.595,-38 88.344,-38 C61.09,-38 39,-15.909 39,11.342 C39,36.724 58.168,57.607 82.818,60.355 L82.818,72.838 C79.304,74.521 76.898,77.714 76.898,81.419 L76.898,128.148 C76.898,133.588 82.023,138 88.345,138 C94.667,138 99.789,133.589 99.789,128.148 L99.789,81.419 C99.789,77.711 97.382,74.521 93.869,72.838 L93.869,60.354 C118.515,57.606 137.686,36.726 137.686,11.342 Z M56.032,11.225 C56.032,-6.759 70.606,-21.338 88.589,-21.338 C106.572,-21.338 121.142,-6.759 121.142,11.225 C121.142,29.205 106.572,43.78 88.589,43.78 C70.606,43.78 56.032,29.205 56.032,11.225 Z" transform="translate(88.343000, 50.000000) rotate(90.000000) translate(-88.343000, -50.000000) "/></svg></div></button></div> <h1 class="gamma-uc site-home "> <div style="margin-top: 3px;"><a href="/faculty/Pages/default.aspx" class="white black-bg">Faculty & Research</a></div> </h1> <div class="navigation" style=""> <div class="hr desktop-visible "></div> <nav class="mobile-hidden tablet-hidden " aria-label="Current Site"> <ul class="navbar sticky-header-appears" style="display:flex;justify-content:space-around;"> <li style="white-space:nowrap;" class=""><a href="/faculty/Pages/browse.aspx?faculty=Current" class=" first"> Faculty </a></li> <li style="white-space:nowrap;" class=""><a href="/faculty/research/Pages/default.aspx" class=" ">Research</a></li> <li style="white-space:nowrap;" class=""><a href="/faculty/topics/Pages/default.aspx" class=" ">Featured Topics</a></li> <li style="white-space:nowrap;" class=""><a href="/faculty/units/Pages/default.aspx" class=" last">Academic Units</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="hr desktop-visible sticky-header-invisible"></div> </div> </header> <!-- STARTINDEX --> <div class="mainContainer link-controller" runat="server"> <main id="skipto-main" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Page content"> <div class="page-header inherit-bg" id=""> <div class="page-header-inner"> <div class="container tablet-container mobile-container " style="position:relative;" id=""> <ul class="nu responsive-breadcrumb toggle-container"> <li class="responsive-breadcrumb-toggle"><a href="#" class="toggle-button">…</a><span class="txt-arrow" aria-hidden="true">→</span></li> <li><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/Pages/default.aspx" class="ink">Harvard Business School</a><span class="txt-arrow" aria-hidden="true">→</span></li> <li><a href="/faculty/Pages/default.aspx" class="ink" aria-current="page">Faculty & Research</a><span class="txt-arrow" aria-hidden="true">→</span></li> </ul> <div class="shim8 notitle"></div> <div class="row tablet-row"> <div class="span11"> <div class=""> <div class="sticky-header-hidden"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="research-hero homepage" style="position:relative"> <div class="inherit-bg" style="background-color:#fcd4a1"> <div class="container mobile-container tablet-container"> <div class="shim40 desktop-visible tablet-visible"></div> <div class="shim30 mobile-visible"></div> <div class="carousel-container"> <ul class="carousel-panels"> <li> <div class="row desktop-visible"> <div class="span2"><img loading="lazy" src="https://fdslive.oup.com/covers/gab/180-0-72-jpg-RGB-85/9780197760796.jpg" class="fluid stroke4 white-border" alt=""></div> <div class="span9 trim-container" data-wcm-edit-url="/faculty/Lists/PromoPanels/EditForm.aspx?ID=16" data-wcm-edit-position="left" style="max-height:400px;"> <div style="padding-left: 18px;"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ash">HBS Book</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div><a href="/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=63546" class="no-append"> <h2 class="beta"></h2> <h3 class="gamma">When Democracy Breaks: Studies in Democratic Erosion and Collapse, from Ancient Athens to the Present Day</h3></a><div class="shim15"></div> <div class="nu add-underline">By: Archon Fung, <strong>David Moss</strong> and Odd Arne Westad</div> <div class="shim12"></div> <p class="trim-ellipsis">Democracy is often described in two opposite ways, as either wonderfully resilient or dangerously fragile. Curiously, both characterizations can be correct, depending on the context. When Democracy Breaks aims to deepen our understanding of what separates democratic resilience from democratic fragility by focusing on the latter. The volume’s collaborators—experts in the history and politics of the societies covered in their chapters—explore eleven episodes of democratic breakdown, ranging from ancient Athens to Weimar Germany to present-day Turkey, Russia, and Venezuela.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-left tablet-visible mobile-visible"> <div class="span1"><img loading="lazy" src="https://fdslive.oup.com/covers/gab/180-0-72-jpg-RGB-85/9780197760796.jpg" class="fluid stroke4 white-border" alt=""></div> <div class="span99"> <div class="readmore" style="max-height:none;"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ash">HBS Book</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div><a href="/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=63546" class="no-append"> <h2 class="beta"></h2> <h3 class="gamma">When Democracy Breaks: Studies in Democratic Erosion and Collapse, from Ancient Athens to the Present Day</h3></a><div class="shim15"></div> <div class="nu add-underline">By: Archon Fung, <strong>David Moss</strong> and Odd Arne Westad</div> <div class="shim12"></div> <p>Democracy is often described in two opposite ways, as either wonderfully resilient or dangerously fragile. Curiously, both characterizations can be correct, depending on the context. When Democracy Breaks aims to deepen our understanding of what separates democratic resilience from democratic fragility by focusing on the latter. The volume’s...</p> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="row desktop-visible"> <div class="span2"><img loading="lazy" src="https://www.hbs.edu/Style%20Library/api/headshot.aspx?id=766753" class="fluid stroke4 white-border" alt=""></div> <div class="span9 trim-container" data-wcm-edit-url="/faculty/Lists/PromoPanels/EditForm.aspx?ID=22" data-wcm-edit-position="left" style="max-height:400px;"> <div style="padding-left: 18px;"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ash"><em>Journal of Marketing Research (JMR)</em> 61, no. 5 (October 2024): 872–890.</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div><a href="/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=65004" class="no-append"> <h2 class="beta"></h2> <h3 class="gamma">Canary Categories</h3></a><div class="shim15"></div> <div class="nu add-underline">By: Eric Anderson, Chaoqun Chen, <strong>Ayelet Israeli</strong> and Duncan Simester</div> <div class="shim12"></div> <p class="trim-ellipsis">Past customer spending in a category is generally a positive signal of future customer spending. We show that there exist “canary categories” for which the reverse is true. Purchases in these categories are a signal that customers are less likely to return to that retailer. We demonstrate the robustness of this finding at two retailers. We propose an explanation for the existence of canary categories and then develop a stylized model that illustrates four contributing factors: the probability a customer finds their favorite brand, customers’ willingness to substitute brands, the cost and attractiveness of visiting other stores, and expectations about future brand availability.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-left tablet-visible mobile-visible"> <div class="span1"><img loading="lazy" src="https://www.hbs.edu/Style%20Library/api/headshot.aspx?id=766753" class="fluid stroke4 white-border" alt=""></div> <div class="span99"> <div class="readmore" style="max-height:none;"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ash"><em>Journal of Marketing Research (JMR)</em> 61, no. 5 (October 2024): 872–890.</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div><a href="/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=65004" class="no-append"> <h2 class="beta"></h2> <h3 class="gamma">Canary Categories</h3></a><div class="shim15"></div> <div class="nu add-underline">By: Eric Anderson, Chaoqun Chen, <strong>Ayelet Israeli</strong> and Duncan Simester</div> <div class="shim12"></div> <p>Past customer spending in a category is generally a positive signal of future customer spending. We show that there exist “canary categories” for which the reverse is true. Purchases in these categories are a signal that customers are less likely to return to that retailer. We demonstrate the robustness of this finding at two retailers. We propose...</p> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="row desktop-visible"> <div class="span2"><img loading="lazy" src="https://www.hbs.edu/Style%20Library/api/headshot.aspx?id=951435" class="fluid stroke4 white-border" alt=""></div> <div class="span9 trim-container" data-wcm-edit-url="/faculty/Lists/PromoPanels/EditForm.aspx?ID=21" data-wcm-edit-position="left" style="max-height:400px;"> <div style="padding-left: 18px;"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ash">Health Care Initiative</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div><a href="/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=65257" class="no-append"> <h2 class="beta"></h2> <h3 class="gamma">Standing on the Shoulders of Science</h3></a><div class="shim15"></div> <div class="nu add-underline">By: <strong>Joshua Lev Krieger</strong>, Monika Schnitzer and Martin Watzinger</div> <div class="shim12"></div> <p class="trim-ellipsis">Today’s innovations rely on scientific discoveries of the past, yet only some corporate R&D builds directly on scientific output. In this paper, we analyze U.S. patents to investigate how firms generate value by building on prior art “closer” to science. We show that patent value is decreasing in distance-to-science. Overall, we find a science premium within firms ranging from 5.0% and 18.3%. If we allow for firm sorting into different modes of R&D based on their relative advantage, i.e., when we do not control for firm fixed effects, we find an even larger science premium: patents building directly on scientific publications are 4.0%–42.3% more valuable than patents in the same technology that are not directly based on science.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-left tablet-visible mobile-visible"> <div class="span1"><img loading="lazy" src="https://www.hbs.edu/Style%20Library/api/headshot.aspx?id=951435" class="fluid stroke4 white-border" alt=""></div> <div class="span99"> <div class="readmore" style="max-height:none;"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ash">Health Care Initiative</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div><a href="/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=65257" class="no-append"> <h2 class="beta"></h2> <h3 class="gamma">Standing on the Shoulders of Science</h3></a><div class="shim15"></div> <div class="nu add-underline">By: <strong>Joshua Lev Krieger</strong>, Monika Schnitzer and Martin Watzinger</div> <div class="shim12"></div> <p>Today’s innovations rely on scientific discoveries of the past, yet only some corporate R&D builds directly on scientific output. In this paper, we analyze U.S. patents to investigate how firms generate value by building on prior art “closer” to science. We show that patent value is decreasing in distance-to-science. Overall, we find a science...</p> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="row desktop-visible"> <div class="span2 "><img loading="lazy" src="https://pubwww.hbs.edu/faculty/PublishingImages/magnify.svg" class="fluid stroke4 white-border inherit-bg" alt=""></div> <div class="span9 trim-container" data-wcm-edit-url="/faculty/Lists/PromoPanels/EditForm.aspx?ID=20" data-wcm-edit-position="left" style="max-height:400px;"> <div style="padding-left: 18px;"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ash">Featured Case</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div><a href="/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=65622" class="no-append"> <h2 class="beta"></h2> <h3 class="gamma">Coca Cola İçecek—Managing a Sudden Turbulence</h3></a><div class="shim15"></div> <div class="nu add-underline">By: <strong>Felix Oberholzer-Gee</strong>, Namrata Arora and Gizem Cihan Dincsoy</div> <div class="shim12"></div> <p class="trim-ellipsis">In November 2021, Kerem Kerimoğlu, Coca Cola İçecek (CCI) Group Supply Chain Development Director, is alarmed by a news headline revealing a shortage of Turkish truck drivers impacting Europe. This crisis quickly affects CCI's distribution as third-party logistics companies struggle to provide trucks and drivers. Kerimoğlu urgently contacts Cem Yurdum, the Group's Supply Chain Logistics Manager, to address the escalating problem and devise immediate solutions. The challenge: finding a resolution as drivers continue to leave Türkiye for Europe.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-left tablet-visible mobile-visible"> <div class="span1 "><img loading="lazy" src="https://pubwww.hbs.edu/faculty/PublishingImages/magnify.svg" class="fluid stroke4 white-border inherit-bg" alt=""></div> <div class="span99"> <div class="readmore" style="max-height:none;"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ash">Featured Case</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div><a href="/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=65622" class="no-append"> <h2 class="beta"></h2> <h3 class="gamma">Coca Cola İçecek—Managing a Sudden Turbulence</h3></a><div class="shim15"></div> <div class="nu add-underline">By: <strong>Felix Oberholzer-Gee</strong>, Namrata Arora and Gizem Cihan Dincsoy</div> <div class="shim12"></div> <p>In November 2021, Kerem Kerimoğlu, Coca Cola İçecek (CCI) Group Supply Chain Development Director, is alarmed by a news headline revealing a shortage of Turkish truck drivers impacting Europe. This crisis quickly affects CCI's distribution as third-party logistics companies struggle to provide trucks and drivers. Kerimoğlu urgently contacts Cem...</p> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="row desktop-visible"> <div class="span2 "><img loading="lazy" src="https://pubwww.hbs.edu/faculty/PublishingImages/magnify.svg" class="fluid stroke4 white-border inherit-bg" alt=""></div> <div class="span9 trim-container" data-wcm-edit-url="/faculty/Lists/PromoPanels/EditForm.aspx?ID=19" data-wcm-edit-position="left" style="max-height:400px;"> <div style="padding-left: 18px;"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ash">Featured Case</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div><a href="/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66332" class="no-append"> <h2 class="beta"></h2> <h3 class="gamma">DBS' AI Journey</h3></a><div class="shim15"></div> <div class="nu add-underline">By: <strong>Feng Zhu</strong>, Harold Zhu and Adina Wong</div> <div class="shim12"></div> <p class="trim-ellipsis">Headquartered in Singapore, DBS Bank, one of Asia's leading financial services groups, embarked on a multi-year digital transformation under CEO Piyush Gupta in 2014. It was then that DBS also began experimenting with AI to drive value for the business and customers. As the bank scaled the use of AI, it developed an internal P-U-R-E framework for ethical AI governance. In 2022, DBS started experimenting with Generative AI use cases. It had to consider how best to leverage its existing capabilities and adapt its governance frameworks in deploying Gen AI to drive additional value while managing emergent risks.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-left tablet-visible mobile-visible"> <div class="span1 "><img loading="lazy" src="https://pubwww.hbs.edu/faculty/PublishingImages/magnify.svg" class="fluid stroke4 white-border inherit-bg" alt=""></div> <div class="span99"> <div class="readmore" style="max-height:none;"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ash">Featured Case</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div><a href="/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66332" class="no-append"> <h2 class="beta"></h2> <h3 class="gamma">DBS' AI Journey</h3></a><div class="shim15"></div> <div class="nu add-underline">By: <strong>Feng Zhu</strong>, Harold Zhu and Adina Wong</div> <div class="shim12"></div> <p>Headquartered in Singapore, DBS Bank, one of Asia's leading financial services groups, embarked on a multi-year digital transformation under CEO Piyush Gupta in 2014. It was then that DBS also began experimenting with AI to drive value for the business and customers. As the bank scaled the use of AI, it developed an internal P-U-R-E framework for...</p> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="row desktop-visible"> <div class="span2"><img loading="lazy" src="https://www.hbs.edu/Style%20Library/api/headshot.aspx?id=1457923" class="fluid stroke4 white-border" alt=""></div> <div class="span9 trim-container" data-wcm-edit-url="/faculty/Lists/PromoPanels/EditForm.aspx?ID=18" data-wcm-edit-position="left" style="max-height:400px;"> <div style="padding-left: 18px;"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ash">HBS Working Paper</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66594" class="no-append"> <h2 class="beta"></h2> <h3 class="gamma">A Gender Backlash: Does Exposure to Female Labor Market Participation Fuel Gender Conservatism?</h3></a><div class="shim15"></div> <div class="nu add-underline">By: <strong>Paula Rettl</strong>, Diane Bolet, Catherine E. De Vries, Simone Cremaschi, Tarik Abou-Chadi and Sergi Pardos-Prado</div> <div class="shim12"></div> <p class="trim-ellipsis">The growing participation of women in the labor market has marked a significant societal transformation, coinciding with the rise of gender conservatism and far-right support. We study whether the economic consequences of labor market feminization and gender backlash are causally connected beyond other well-known factors, such as cultural change. Using Swiss panel data and a novel shift-share instrument measuring men’s exposure to changes in the gender composition of the labor force across industries (labor market feminization), we make two contributions. First, labor market feminization negatively affects men’s income and employment prospects, making men more conservative in their gender attitudes. Second, while labor market feminization affects gender attitudes within the private sphere, in a context of low politicization of gender by political elites, it does not influence broader political outcomes like policy preferences or far-right voting.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-left tablet-visible mobile-visible"> <div class="span1"><img loading="lazy" src="https://www.hbs.edu/Style%20Library/api/headshot.aspx?id=1457923" class="fluid stroke4 white-border" alt=""></div> <div class="span99"> <div class="readmore" style="max-height:none;"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ash">HBS Working Paper</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66594" class="no-append"> <h2 class="beta"></h2> <h3 class="gamma">A Gender Backlash: Does Exposure to Female Labor Market Participation Fuel Gender Conservatism?</h3></a><div class="shim15"></div> <div class="nu add-underline">By: <strong>Paula Rettl</strong>, Diane Bolet, Catherine E. De Vries, Simone Cremaschi, Tarik Abou-Chadi and Sergi Pardos-Prado</div> <div class="shim12"></div> <p>The growing participation of women in the labor market has marked a significant societal transformation, coinciding with the rise of gender conservatism and far-right support. We study whether the economic consequences of labor market feminization and gender backlash are causally connected beyond other well-known factors, such as cultural change....</p> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="row desktop-visible"> <div class="span2"><img loading="lazy" src="https://www.hbs.edu/Style%20Library/api/headshot.aspx?id=1284778" class="fluid stroke4 white-border" alt=""></div> <div class="span9 trim-container" data-wcm-edit-url="/faculty/Lists/PromoPanels/EditForm.aspx?ID=17" data-wcm-edit-position="left" style="max-height:400px;"> <div style="padding-left: 18px;"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ash">Working Paper</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div><a href="/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=1284778" class="no-append"> <h2 class="beta"></h2> <h3 class="gamma">“If You’re Not There… You’re Not There”: How Art Market Platforms Induce Status Anxiety to Coerce Participation</h3></a><div class="shim15"></div> <div class="nu add-underline">By: <strong>James Riley</strong> and Ezra Zuckerman Sivan</div> <div class="shim12"></div> <p class="trim-ellipsis">This paper, an 18-month ethnographic investigation of international art fairs (IAFs), shows how market platforms can have a coercive effect, inducing sellers (i.e., art galleries) to participate despite ambivalence over their value and anxiety over the process by which participants are selected. The key to this coercive effect, clarified via the contrast between “curatorial” art fairs and low-status “pay-to-play” art fairs, is that IAFs render visible a status hierarchy that is otherwise opaque. As such, galleries who seek to cultivate demand for their artist-clients from premier collectors come to feel they have no choice but to participate lest they lose visibility and thereby raise suspicion that they have lost their capacity to support their artist-clients and by default the collectors.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-left tablet-visible mobile-visible"> <div class="span1"><img loading="lazy" src="https://www.hbs.edu/Style%20Library/api/headshot.aspx?id=1284778" class="fluid stroke4 white-border" alt=""></div> <div class="span99"> <div class="readmore" style="max-height:none;"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ash">Working Paper</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div><a href="/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=1284778" class="no-append"> <h2 class="beta"></h2> <h3 class="gamma">“If You’re Not There… You’re Not There”: How Art Market Platforms Induce Status Anxiety to Coerce Participation</h3></a><div class="shim15"></div> <div class="nu add-underline">By: <strong>James Riley</strong> and Ezra Zuckerman Sivan</div> <div class="shim12"></div> <p>This paper, an 18-month ethnographic investigation of international art fairs (IAFs), shows how market platforms can have a coercive effect, inducing sellers (i.e., art galleries) to participate despite ambivalence over their value and anxiety over the process by which participants are selected. The key to this coercive effect, clarified via the...</p> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="shim12"></div> <div class="inherit-bg carousel-nav carousel-nav-centered" style="position: absolute; bottom: 0; left: 0; width : 100%; padding: 15px 0 11px 0;"></div> </div> <div class="shim50"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container mobile-container tablet-container vrule8"> <div class="vrule-gutter desktop-visible"></div> <div class="cap mobile-cap tablet-cap"></div> <div class=""> <div class="row"> <div class="span8"> <div class="legacy-section-header"> <h2 class="legacy-section-header gamma-uc">Initiatives & Projects</h2> </div> <div> <div class="shim1 " style="height:20px"></div> </div> <div class="text-block " data-wcm-edit-url="/faculty/Lists/Initiatives/EditForm.aspx?ID=10"> <h3 class="eta"><a href="http://www.hbs.edu/competitiveness/">U.S. Competitiveness</a></h3> <div class="description add-underline">The U.S. Competitiveness Project is a research-led effort to understand and improve the competitiveness of the United States. The project is committed to identifying practical steps that business leaders can take to strengthen the U.S. economy.</div> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="more"><span class="txt-arrow" aria-hidden="true">→</span><a href="/faculty/research/Pages/initiatives-projects.aspx">All Initiatives & Projects</a></div> </div> <div class="hr4" style="margin:40px 0px 35px 0px"></div> <div class="legacy-section-header"> <h2 class="legacy-section-header gamma-uc">Seminars & Conferences</h2> </div> <div class="shim25"></div> <div class="row tablet-row mobile-row legacy-events"> <div class="span4 tablet-span4"> <div data-wcm-edit-url="" class="legacy-event-partial"> <div style="display:flex"> <div style="flex-wrap:wrap; margin-right:18px;"> <div class="event-thumbnail-partial legacy"><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/research/seminars-conferences/Pages/event.aspx?num=2675" class="event-thumbnail no-append no-pdf-hover">Dec<span> 02</span></a></div> </div> <div style="flex-wrap: wrap"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ink">02 Dec 2024</li> </ul> <h3 class="kappa" style="margin-top:0px;"><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/research/seminars-conferences/Pages/event.aspx?num=2675" class="hbsred">Seth Rockman, Brown University</a></h3> <div class="shim5"></div> <div class="mu regular add-underline"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shim1 mobile-visible" style="height:40px"></div> <div class="span4 tablet-span4"> <div data-wcm-edit-url="" class="legacy-event-partial"> <div style="display:flex"> <div style="flex-wrap:wrap; margin-right:18px;"> <div class="event-thumbnail-partial legacy"><a href="https://business.columbia.edu/faculty/people/jing-dong" class="event-thumbnail no-append no-pdf-hover">Dec<span> 03</span></a></div> </div> <div style="flex-wrap: wrap"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li class="ink">03 Dec 2024</li> </ul> <h3 class="kappa" style="margin-top:0px;"><a href="https://business.columbia.edu/faculty/people/jing-dong" class="hbsred">Jing Dong, Columbia</a></h3> <div class="shim5"></div> <div class="mu regular add-underline"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shim20"></div> <p class="more"><span class="txt-arrow" aria-hidden="true">→</span><a href="/faculty/research/seminars-conferences/Pages/default.aspx">More Seminars & Conferences</a></p> <div class="hr4" style="margin:40px 0px 35px 0px"></div> <div class="legacy-section-header"> <h2 class="legacy-section-header gamma-uc">Recent Publications</h2> </div> <div class="shim20"></div> <div class="fr-research-list"> <div class="media" data-wcm-edit-url=""> <div class="row-left"> <div class="span99"><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66613" aria-label="Everyone Steps Back?: The Widespread Retraction of Crowd-Funding Support for Minority Creators When Migration Fear Is High faculty & research publication detail page"> <h2 class="eta">Everyone Steps Back?: The Widespread Retraction of Crowd-Funding Support for Minority Creators When Migration Fear Is High</h2></a><div class="nu add-underline">By: John (Jianqui) Bai, <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=337265&click=byline">William R. Kerr</a>, Chi Wan and Alptug Yorulmaz</div> <ul class="linear mu regular ash" style="margin-top: 5px;"> <li style="margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mu-uc regular">January 2025</span> | </li> <li style="margin-right: 0px;">Article | </li> <li>Research Policy</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="add-underline">We study funding gaps on Kickstarter across multiple ethnic groups from 2009 to 2021. Scaling the concept of racially salient events, we quantify the close co-movement of minority funding gaps in crowd-funding to inflamed political rhetoric surrounding migration. The funding gap for minorities more than doubles in the most inflamed periods compared to baseline. Results are especially acute for Hispanic creators. Distant, mostly white backers are typically important for projects reaching a critical threshold of funding support. Retractions in support for minority creators during tense periods are even spatially, as present in liberal cities as in conservative ones.</div> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="publication-extras-container toggle-container add-underline"> <div class="publication-extras" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row;"> <div><a href="#frCitation1" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Citation for Everyone Steps Back?: The Widespread Retraction of Crowd-Funding Support for Minority Creators When Migration Fear Is High">Citation</a></div> <div class="relatedpopout-trigger"><a href="#frRelated1" data-item-url="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66613" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Related publications about Everyone Steps Back?: The Widespread Retraction of Crowd-Funding Support for Minority Creators When Migration Fear Is High">Related</a></div> </div> <div id="frCitation1" class="frCitation nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;">Bai, John (Jianqui), William R. Kerr, Chi Wan, and Alptug Yorulmaz. <A HREF="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/download.aspx?name=BKWY_Kickstarter_Kerr.pdf">"Everyone Steps Back? The Widespread Retraction of Crowd-Funding Support for Minority Creators When Migration Fear Is High."</A> <I>Research Policy</I> 54, no. 1 (January 2025).</div> <div id="frRelated1" class="frRelated nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;"></div> </div> <div class="shim30"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="media" data-wcm-edit-url=""> <div class="row-left"> <div class="span99"><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66609" aria-label="Coordinating the Energy Transition: Electrifying Transportation in California and Germany faculty & research publication detail page"> <h2 class="eta">Coordinating the Energy Transition: Electrifying Transportation in California and Germany</h2></a><div class="nu add-underline">By: Nicholas Goedeking and <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=1511773&click=byline">Jonas Meckling</a></div> <ul class="linear mu regular ash" style="margin-top: 5px;"> <li style="margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mu-uc regular">December 2024</span> | </li> <li style="margin-right: 0px;">Article | </li> <li>Energy Policy</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="add-underline">California and Germany share ambitious emission reduction targets. Yet California is ahead of Germany in electrifying transportation by several metrics, including the number of public charging stations. We show that variation in the politics of coordination in California and Germany explains the different outcomes. Transforming energy systems requires coordination across various complementary technologies and infrastructures—here between the supply of electric vehicles and the buildout of charging stations. In California, a strong electrification coalition emerged across automakers selling electric vehicles as well as utilities and third-party firms providing charging infrastructure. Power market rules made capital investments for charging infrastructure instantly profitable for California monopoly utilities. By contrast, in Germany's liberalized power market, investing in capital-intensive charging infrastructure was not profitable for electric utilities. As a result, utilities did not emerge as a political force in the electrification coalition. Instead, utilities and automakers were in gridlock, failing to coordinate electric vehicle rollout and public charging station buildout. Our findings highlight the limits of business-led coordination, raising the question which institutions help address coordination failures in clean energy transitions.</div> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="publication-extras-container toggle-container add-underline"> <div class="publication-extras" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row;"> <div><a href="#frCitation2" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Citation for Coordinating the Energy Transition: Electrifying Transportation in California and Germany">Citation</a></div> <div class="relatedpopout-trigger"><a href="#frRelated2" data-item-url="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66609" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Related publications about Coordinating the Energy Transition: Electrifying Transportation in California and Germany">Related</a></div> </div> <div id="frCitation2" class="frCitation nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;">Goedeking, Nicholas, and Jonas Meckling. <A HREF="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421524003410">"Coordinating the Energy Transition: Electrifying Transportation in California and Germany."</A> Art. 114321. <I>Energy Policy</I> 195 (December 2024).</div> <div id="frRelated2" class="frRelated nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;"></div> </div> <div class="shim30"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="media" data-wcm-edit-url=""> <div class="row-left"> <div class="span99"><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66601" aria-label="How to Avoid the Agility Trap faculty & research publication detail page"> <h2 class="eta">How to Avoid the Agility Trap</h2></a><div class="nu add-underline">By: Jianwen Liao and <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=14938&click=byline">Feng Zhu</a></div> <ul class="linear mu regular ash" style="margin-top: 5px;"> <li style="margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mu-uc regular">November–December 2024</span> | </li> <li style="margin-right: 0px;">Article | </li> <li>Harvard Business Review</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="add-underline">Agility is all the rage in strategy circles these days. According to conventional wisdom, organizations should rapidly react to technological advances, new market dynamics, and shifting consumer preferences. But in practice this is nearly impossible to pull off, because the environment is evolving much faster than firms can respond to. The consequences of trying to keep up with every change are stark: the erosion of competitive advantages, a myopic focus on the short term, and organizational chaos. In their research the authors have repeatedly seen that in volatile environments, firms anchoring their strategies in a few enduring factors, rather than many transient ones, are more likely to achieve sustainable growth. This approach is called strategic constancy. It involves recognizing the fundamental aspects of the company’s business model—its core values, customer relationships, brand identity, and key competencies—and remaining dedicated to them despite external pressures. It emphasizes depth over breadth—deepening the company’s competitive advantage in its core areas rather than spreading efforts thinly over many.</div> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="publication-extras-container toggle-container add-underline"> <div class="publication-extras" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row;"> <div><a href="#frCitation3" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Citation for How to Avoid the Agility Trap">Citation</a></div> <div class="relatedpopout-trigger"><a href="#frRelated3" data-item-url="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66601" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Related publications about How to Avoid the Agility Trap">Related</a></div> </div> <div id="frCitation3" class="frCitation nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;">Liao, Jianwen, and Feng Zhu. <A HREF="https://hbr.org/2024/11/how-to-avoid-the-agility-trap">"How to Avoid the Agility Trap."</A> <I>Harvard Business Review</I> 102, no. 6 (November–December 2024): 126–133.</div> <div id="frRelated3" class="frRelated nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;"></div> </div> <div class="shim30"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="media" data-wcm-edit-url=""> <div class="row-left"> <div class="span99"><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66600" aria-label="Scaling Up Transformational Innovations faculty & research publication detail page"> <h2 class="eta">Scaling Up Transformational Innovations</h2></a><div class="nu add-underline">By: Peter Koen, Ananya Sheth, Mike DiPaola and <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=6479&click=byline">Linda A. Hill</a></div> <ul class="linear mu regular ash" style="margin-top: 5px;"> <li style="margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mu-uc regular">November–December 2024</span> | </li> <li style="margin-right: 0px;">Article | </li> <li>Harvard Business Review</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="add-underline">For large companies operating in mature sectors—such as Procter & Gamble in consumer goods, Apple in consumer electronics, and Adobe in cloud software—driving growth is a perennial challenge. Growth through acquisition is always an option, but companies often quickly find that the costs outweigh the benefits. According to the authors, the only reliable path to maintaining market leadership is transformational innovation: major changes to products and services that redefine what customers expect by delivering significantly improved performance, providing new kinds of value, resolving long-standing trade-offs, and/or radically reducing manufacturing costs. To understand what makes transformational innovations successful, the authors studied two of them at Procter & Gamble: Oral-B iO, a “smart” electric toothbrush that step-changed the experience of oral hygiene, and Always Infinity, a best-in-class menstrual pad that resolved the long-standing tension between comfort and protection. In this article the authors present a playbook for scaling up transformational innovation, organized around four major challenges: providing sufficient leadership, building the right team, mobilizing resources and capabilities, and making big-bet decisions.</div> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="publication-extras-container toggle-container add-underline"> <div class="publication-extras" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row;"> <div><a href="#frCitation4" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Citation for Scaling Up Transformational Innovations">Citation</a></div> <div class="relatedpopout-trigger"><a href="#frRelated4" data-item-url="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66600" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Related publications about Scaling Up Transformational Innovations">Related</a></div> </div> <div id="frCitation4" class="frCitation nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;">Koen, Peter, Ananya Sheth, Mike DiPaola, and Linda A. Hill. <A HREF="https://hbr.org/2024/11/scaling-up-transformational-innovations">"Scaling Up Transformational Innovations."</A> <I>Harvard Business Review</I> 102, no. 6 (November–December 2024): 78–85.</div> <div id="frRelated4" class="frRelated nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;"></div> </div> <div class="shim30"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="media" data-wcm-edit-url=""> <div class="row-left"> <div class="span99"><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66599" aria-label="Why Employees Quit faculty & research publication detail page"> <h2 class="eta">Why Employees Quit</h2></a><div class="nu add-underline">By: <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=17441&click=byline">Ethan Bernstein</a>, Michael B. Horn and Bob Moesta</div> <ul class="linear mu regular ash" style="margin-top: 5px;"> <li style="margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mu-uc regular">November–December 2024</span> | </li> <li style="margin-right: 0px;">Article | </li> <li>Harvard Business Review</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="add-underline">The so-called war for talent is still raging. But in that fight, employers continue to rely on the same hiring and retention strategies they’ve been using for decades. Why? Because they’ve been so focused on challenges such as poaching by industry rivals, competing in tight labor markets, and responding to relentless cost-cutting pressures that they haven’t addressed a more fundamental problem: the widespread failure to provide sustainable work experiences. To stick around and give their best, people need meaningful work, managers and colleagues who value and trust them, and opportunities to advance in their careers, the authors say. By supporting employees in their individual quests for progress while also meeting the organization’s needs, managers can create employee experiences that are mutually beneficial and sustaining.</div> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="publication-extras-container toggle-container add-underline"> <div class="publication-extras" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row;"> <div><a href="#frCitation5" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Citation for Why Employees Quit">Citation</a></div> <div class="relatedpopout-trigger"><a href="#frRelated5" data-item-url="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66599" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Related publications about Why Employees Quit">Related</a></div> </div> <div id="frCitation5" class="frCitation nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;">Bernstein, Ethan, Michael B. Horn, and Bob Moesta. <A HREF="https://hbr.org/2024/11/why-employees-quit">"Why Employees Quit."</A> <I>Harvard Business Review</I> 102, no. 6 (November–December 2024): 44–54.</div> <div id="frRelated5" class="frRelated nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;"></div> </div> <div class="shim30"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="media" data-wcm-edit-url=""> <div class="row-left"> <div class="span99"><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66529" aria-label="How Robust Is Your Climate Governance? faculty & research publication detail page"> <h2 class="eta">How Robust Is Your Climate Governance?</h2></a><div class="nu add-underline">By: <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=6526&click=byline">Lynn S. Paine</a> and <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=10700&click=byline">Suraj Srinivasan</a></div> <ul class="linear mu regular ash" style="margin-top: 5px;"> <li style="margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mu-uc regular">November–December 2024</span> | </li> <li style="margin-right: 0px;">Article | </li> <li>Harvard Business Review</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="add-underline">During the past few years, as evidence of climate change and its effects has mounted, many corporate boards have added climate governance to their agendas. But the maturity of boards’ climate-oversight processes and activities varies widely. To better understand how climate issues are being handled in the boardroom and to determine what good climate governance looks like in practice, the authors interviewed 20 directors who hold leadership positions on the boards of S&P 500 companies. Drawing from those interviews and other research, they identify eight hallmarks of meaningful climate oversight. For example, “the board is knowledgeable about the company’s climate profile,” “the board has the expertise needed for effective climate oversight,” and “the board can articulate the company’s climate positioning and strategy.” The authors also offer their perspective on the set of issues associated with each hallmark that corporate leaders must grapple with as they decide how to incorporate climate issues into their company’s governance. Climate concerns are here to stay, and climate governance will increasingly be seen as a core element of good governance.</div> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="publication-extras-container toggle-container add-underline"> <div class="publication-extras" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row;"> <div><a href="#frCitation6" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Citation for How Robust Is Your Climate Governance?">Citation</a></div> <div class="relatedpopout-trigger"><a href="#frRelated6" data-item-url="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66529" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Related publications about How Robust Is Your Climate Governance?">Related</a></div> </div> <div id="frCitation6" class="frCitation nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;">Paine, Lynn S., and Suraj Srinivasan. <A HREF="https://hbr.org/2024/11/how-robust-is-your-climate-governance">"How Robust Is Your Climate Governance?"</A> <I>Harvard Business Review</I> 102, no. 6 (November–December 2024): 86–95.</div> <div id="frRelated6" class="frRelated nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;"></div> </div> <div class="shim30"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="media" data-wcm-edit-url=""> <div class="row-left"> <div class="span99"><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66087" aria-label="Are Bankruptcy Professional Fees Excessively High? faculty & research publication detail page"> <h2 class="eta">Are Bankruptcy Professional Fees Excessively High?</h2></a><div class="nu add-underline">By: <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=1284277&click=byline">Samuel Antill</a></div> <ul class="linear mu regular ash" style="margin-top: 5px;"> <li style="margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mu-uc regular">December 2024</span> | </li> <li style="margin-right: 0px;">Article | </li> <li>Review of Financial Studies</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="add-underline">Chapter 7 is the most popular bankruptcy system for U.S. firms and individuals. Chapter 7 professional fees are substantial. Theoretically, high fees might be an unavoidable cost of incentivizing professionals. I test this empirically. I study trustees, the most important professionals in Chapter 7, who liquidate assets in exchange for legally-mandated commissions. Exploiting kinks in the commission function, I estimate a structural model of moral hazard by trustees. I show that a policy change lowering trustee fees would harm trustee incentives, reducing liquidation values. Nonetheless, such a policy would dramatically improve creditor recovery, increasing small-business-lender recovery by 15.7%.</div> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="publication-extras-container toggle-container add-underline"> <div class="publication-extras" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row;"> <div><a href="#frCitation7" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Citation for Are Bankruptcy Professional Fees Excessively High?">Citation</a></div> <div><a href="https://academic.oup.com/rfs/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rfs/hhae057/7758072" class="pub-extra-item black mu" aria-label="Purchase Are Bankruptcy Professional Fees Excessively High?">Purchase</a></div> <div class="relatedpopout-trigger"><a href="#frRelated7" data-item-url="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66087" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Related publications about Are Bankruptcy Professional Fees Excessively High?">Related</a></div> </div> <div id="frCitation7" class="frCitation nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;">Antill, Samuel. <A HREF="https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article/37/12/3595/7758072">"Are Bankruptcy Professional Fees Excessively High?"</A> <I>Review of Financial Studies</I> 37, no. 12 (December 2024): 3595–3647. (Lead Article and Editor's Choice.)</div> <div id="frRelated7" class="frRelated nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;"></div> </div> <div class="shim30"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="media" data-wcm-edit-url=""> <div class="row-left"> <div class="span99"><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66409" aria-label="Social Enterprise in the MENA Region faculty & research publication detail page"> <h2 class="eta">Social Enterprise in the MENA Region</h2></a><div class="nu add-underline">By: <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=1132519&click=byline">Brian Trelstad</a> and Ahmed Dahawy</div> <ul class="linear mu regular ash" style="margin-top: 5px;"> <li style="margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mu-uc regular">November 2024</span> | </li> <li style="margin-right: 0px;">Background Note | </li> <li>Faculty Research</li> </ul> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="add-underline">This research note provides an overview of the socio-economic landscape of social enterprise in the Middle East and North Africa. It highlights the diversity of players in the region including social enterprise organizations (in their many forms) and supporting agencies, funders, and regulators. The note also dives briefly into the demographics of social entrepreneurs in the region as well as the common social objectives they aimed to address through their organizations.</div> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="publication-extras-container toggle-container add-underline"> <div class="publication-extras" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row;"> <div><a href="#frCitation8" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Citation for Social Enterprise in the MENA Region">Citation</a></div> <div><a href="http://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/product/325041-PDF-ENG" class="pub-extra-item black mu" aria-label="Educators for Social Enterprise in the MENA Region">Educators</a></div> <div class="relatedpopout-trigger"><a href="#frRelated8" data-item-url="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66409" class="pub-extra-item toggle-plus toggle-button black mu" role="button" aria-label="Related publications about Social Enterprise in the MENA Region">Related</a></div> </div> <div id="frCitation8" class="frCitation nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;">Trelstad, Brian, and Ahmed Dahawy. "Social Enterprise in the MENA Region." Harvard Business School Background Note 325-041, November 2024.</div> <div id="frRelated8" class="frRelated nu has-slide" style="margin-top: 10px; display:none;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shim40"></div><a href="/faculty/research/publications/Pages/default.aspx" class="btn-arrow-partial btn-arrow btn-right btn-large ">More Publications<span class="right"></span></a></div> <div class="tablet-rail4 mobile-rail4"></div> </div> <div class="span4 vrule-offset"> <div class="sidebar-margins"> <h3 class="kappa-uc" style="margin-top: 0px;">In The News</h3> <ul class="media-list3 sidebar-stream "> <li class="media"> <div class=""> <div class="span99"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li>26 Nov 2024</li> <li class="ash">Cold Call</li> </ul> <h4 class="kappa-uc"><a href="https://hbr.org/podcast/2024/11/how-entertainment-lawyer-john-branca-negotiated-for-the-beatles-songs-catalog" class="block" style="color: #2AA296;border:!px solid red;">How Entertainment Lawyer John Branca Negotiated for the Beatles Songs Catalog</a></h4> <div class="nu add-underline">Re: James Sebenius</div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="media"> <div class=""> <div class="span99"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li>22 Nov 2024</li> <li class="ash">Harvard Business School</li> </ul> <h4 class="kappa-uc"><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/news/articles/Pages/john-mulliken-profile-2024.aspx" class="block" style="color: #2AA296;border:!px solid red;">New Faculty Profiles: John Mulliken</a></h4> <div class="nu add-underline">Re: John Mulliken</div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="media"> <div class=""> <div class=""> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li>21 Nov 2024</li> <li class="ash">Harvard Crimson</li> </ul> <h4 class="kappa-uc"><a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/11/21/salata-institute-climate-faculty-hires/" class="block" style="color: #2AA296;border:!px solid red;">Harvard Hires 8 New Climate Faculty Across FAS, Graduate Schools</a></h4> <div class="nu add-underline">Re: John Mulliken & Aliya Korganbekova</div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="media"> <div class=""> <div class="span99"> <ul class="linear mu-uc"> <li>20 Nov 2024</li> <li class="ash">Bloomberg Businessweek</li> </ul> <h4 class="kappa-uc"><a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/three-innovators-offer-a-road-tested-framework-for/id393107187?i=1000677624669" class="block" style="color: #2AA296;border:!px solid red;">Three Innovators Offer a Road-Tested Framework for Career Development</a></h4> <div class="nu add-underline">Re: Ethan Bernstein</div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="more"><span class="txt-arrow" aria-hidden="true">→</span><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/news/Pages/default.aspx?type=Faculty%20News">More Faculty News</a></div> </div> <div class="hr" style="margin: 30px 0px;"></div> <div class="reusable-sidebar-2" data-wcm-edit-url="/faculty/Lists/Sidebars/EditForm.aspx?ID=2"> <div class="text-block sidebar"> <h3 class="kappa-uc"><span>The Case Method</span></h3> <div class="description add-underline"> <div>Introduced by HBS faculty to business education in 1925, the case method is a <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/mba/academic-experience/Pages/the-hbs-case-method.aspx">powerful interactive learning process</a> that puts students in the shoes of a leader faced with a real-world management issue and challenges them to propose and justify a resolution. </div> <div style="margin-top: 10px;">Today, HBS remains an authority on <a href="/teaching">teaching by the case method</a>. The School is also the world’s leading case-writing institution, with HBS faculty members contributing hundreds of new cases to the management curriculum a year via the School’s unique <a href="/faculty/research/Pages/case-development.aspx">case development and writing process</a>. </div> </div> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="more"><span class="txt-arrow" aria-hidden="true">→</span><a href="/faculty/research/publications/Pages/default.aspx?contentType=Cases">Browse HBS Case Collection</a></div> <div class="shim5"></div> <div class="more"><span class="txt-arrow" aria-hidden="true">→</span><a href="https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/pages/home">Purchase Cases</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="hr" style="margin: 30px 0px;"></div> <div class="reusable-sidebar-1" data-wcm-edit-url="/faculty/Lists/Sidebars/EditForm.aspx?ID=1"> <div class="inherit-light-bg sidebar-block edit-hidden" style="padding:18px 20px 20px 20px;"> <h3 class="eta bold2">Faculty Positions</h3> <div class="shim10"></div> <div class="nu">Harvard Business School seeks candidates in all fields for full time positions. Candidates with outstanding records in PhD or DBA programs are encouraged to apply.</div> <div class="shim20"></div> <div class="more " style=""><span class="black" style="margin-right:4px;height:11px;margin-top:2px;" aria-hidden="true">→</span><a href="/faculty/Pages/positions.aspx" class="black" aria-label="Learn more about faculty positions">Learn More</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="base mobile-base tablet-base"></div> <div class="vrule-gutter-base desktop-visible"></div> </div> </main> </div> <!-- ENDINDEX --> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div class="back-to-top"><a href="#" class="icon-back-to-top" aria-label="Scroll back to top of page"></a></div><footer role="contentinfo"> <div class="universal-footer noindex" data-feature="universal-footer"> <div class="color-framework grid-framework type-framework component-framework pattern-framework js-framework responsive-framework"> <div class="black-bg link-controller white universal-footer-v3 responsive-type"> <div class="container tablet-container mobile-container"> <div class="shim48 desktop-visible"></div> <div class="shim36 tablet-visible"></div> <div class="shim28 mobile-visible"></div> <div class="hidden">ǁ</div> <div class="row tablet-row mobile-flip crawler-noindex"> <div class="span6 mobile-span6 tablet-span7 mobile-stacks"> <div class="shim2 mobile-visible"></div> <div class="hr white-bg mobile-visible" style="margin-left:0;"></div> <div class="shim34 mobile-visible"></div> <div class="row-left"> <div class="span2 mobile-span1"><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/maps/" id="header-map-pic-tablet" class="default-map-link"><img loading="lazy" width="172" height="160" class="white-stroke4 fluid nowarn" src="https://webassets.hbs.edu/templates/headers/images/footer_baker_172x160.jpg" alt="Campus Map"></a><div class="shim17"></div> </div> <div class="span99 address-block"> Harvard Business School<br> Soldiers Field<br> Boston, MA 02163<br><div class="shim6"></div> <div class="more"> <div class="shim6"></div><span class="txt-arrow" aria-hidden="true">→</span><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/maps/" id="footer-maps" class="default-map-link">Map & Directions</a></div> <div class="more mu"> <div class="shim6"></div><span class="txt-arrow" aria-hidden="true">→</span><a href="https://www.hbs.edu/about/Pages/contact.aspx">More Contact Information</a></div> <div class="shim17 desktop-visible"></div> <div class="shim23 tablet-visible"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="span6 tablet-span5 mobile-span6 mobile-flip-up"> <ul class="social-grid new-grid inherit-color-on-hover"> <li class="fb"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Boston-MA/Harvard-Business-School/66459568171/" class="block inherit-color-onhover" style="text-decoration:none;position:relative;height:48px;width:48px;" aria-label="Facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="48px" height="48px" viewBox="0 0 110 110" version="1.1" focusable="false"> <circle cx="55" cy="55" r="50" stroke-width="6" stroke="currentColor"/></svg><div style="position:absolute;top:9px;left:8px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="30" height="30" viewBox="0 0 100 100" version="1.1" focusable="false"> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Facebook" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M71.644898,50.0163265 L57.6285714,50.0163265 L57.6285714,99.9265306 L36.8938776,99.9265306 L36.8938776,50.0163265 L27.0244898,50.0163265 L27.0244898,32.3673469 L36.8938776,32.3673469 L36.8938776,20.922449 C36.8938776,12.7510204 40.7714286,0.00816326531 57.8408163,0.00816326531 L73.2204082,0.0653061224 L73.2204082,17.2 L62.044898,17.2 C60.2326531,17.2 57.6530612,18.1061224 57.6530612,22.0163265 L57.6530612,32.3673469 L73.4571429,32.3673469 L71.644898,50.0163265 Z"/> </g> </g></svg></div></a></li> <li class="twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/HarvardHBS" class="block inherit-color-onhover" style="text-decoration:none;position:relative;height:48px;width:48px;" aria-label="Twitter"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="48px" height="48px" viewBox="0 0 110 110" version="1.1" focusable="false"> <circle cx="55" cy="55" r="50" stroke-width="6" stroke="currentColor"/></svg><div style="position:absolute;top:11px;left:11px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" height="27" width="27" viewBox="0 0 300.00006 244.18703" version="1.1" class="onhover-container twitter-icon" focusable="false"> <g transform="translate(-539.18 -568.86)" fill="currentColor" class="inherit-fill-onhover"> <path d="m633.9 812.04c112.46 0 173.96-93.168 173.96-173.96 0-2.6463-0.0539-5.2806-0.1726-7.903 11.938-8.6302 22.314-19.4 30.498-31.66-10.955 4.8694-22.744 8.1474-35.111 9.6255 12.623-7.5693 22.314-19.543 26.886-33.817-11.813 7.0031-24.895 12.093-38.824 14.841-11.157-11.884-27.041-19.317-44.629-19.317-33.764 0-61.144 27.381-61.144 61.132 0 4.7978 0.5364 9.4646 1.5854 13.941-50.815-2.5569-95.874-26.886-126.03-63.88-5.2508 9.0354-8.2785 19.531-8.2785 30.73 0 21.212 10.794 39.938 27.208 50.893-10.031-0.30992-19.454-3.0635-27.69-7.6468-0.009 0.25652-0.009 0.50661-0.009 0.78077 0 29.61 21.075 54.332 49.051 59.934-5.1376 1.4006-10.543 2.1516-16.122 2.1516-3.9336 0-7.766-0.38716-11.491-1.1026 7.7838 24.293 30.355 41.971 57.115 42.465-20.926 16.402-47.287 26.171-75.937 26.171-4.929 0-9.7983-0.28036-14.584-0.84634 27.059 17.344 59.189 27.464 93.722 27.464"/> </g></svg></div></a></li> <li class="youtube"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/HarvardBSchool/" class="block inherit-color-onhover" style="text-decoration:none;position:relative;height:48px;width:48px;" aria-label="YouTube"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="48px" height="48px" viewBox="0 0 110 110" version="1.1" focusable="false"> <circle cx="55" cy="55" r="50" stroke-width="6" stroke="currentColor"/></svg><div style="position:absolute;top:11px;left:11px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="27" height="27" viewBox="0 0 100 100" version="1.1" focusable="false"> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Youtube" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M95.8333333,27.5 C94.7048223,23.4555714 91.5444286,20.2951777 87.5,19.1666667 C80.0416667,17.1666667 50,17.1666667 50,17.1666667 C50,17.1666667 20.0416667,17.125 12.5,19.1666667 C8.45557138,20.2951777 5.29517772,23.4555714 4.16666667,27.5 C2.7520054,35.1404545 2.05452793,42.896404 2.08333333,50.6666667 C2.05971215,58.4090998 2.75716792,66.1369098 4.16666667,73.75 C5.29517772,77.7944286 8.45557138,80.9548223 12.5,82.0833333 C19.9583333,84.0833333 50,84.0833333 50,84.0833333 C50,84.0833333 79.9583333,84.0833333 87.5,82.0833333 C91.5444286,80.9548223 94.7048223,77.7944286 95.8333333,73.75 C97.2148875,66.1342926 97.8844432,58.4065038 97.8333333,50.6666667 C97.8896269,42.8990092 97.2200504,35.143081 95.8333333,27.5 Z M40.4166667,65 L40.4166667,36.2916667 L65.4166667,50.6666667 L40.4166667,65 Z"/> </g> </g></svg></div></a></li> <li class="linkedin"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/4867" class="block inherit-color-onhover" style="text-decoration:none;position:relative;height:48px;width:48px;" aria-label="LinkedIn"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="48px" height="48px" viewBox="0 0 110 110" version="1.1" focusable="false"> <circle cx="55" cy="55" r="50" stroke-width="6" stroke="currentColor"/></svg><div style="position:absolute;top:12px;left:13px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="23" height="23" viewBox="0 0 100 100" version="1.1" class="onhover-container" focusable="false"> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g fill-rule="nonzero" fill="currentColor" class="linkedin inherit-fill-onhover"> <path d="M24.4043689,12.3014563 C24.4043689,19.0956311 18.9412621,24.6031553 12.2021845,24.6031553 C5.4631068,24.6031553 0,19.0956311 0,12.3014563 C-1.72461829e-15,5.50752427 5.4631068,0 12.2021845,0 C18.9415049,0 24.4043689,5.50752427 24.4043689,12.3014563 Z M22.618932,33.3332524 L1.98373786,33.3332524 L1.98373786,100 L22.618932,100 L22.618932,33.3332524 L22.618932,33.3332524 Z M55.6046117,33.3332524 L35.8131068,33.3332524 L35.8131068,100 L55.6046117,100 C55.6046117,100 55.6046117,75.2725728 55.6046117,65.0046117 C55.6046117,55.6298544 59.9199029,50.0495146 68.1791262,50.0495146 C75.7684466,50.0495146 79.4143204,55.4065534 79.4143204,65.0046117 C79.4143204,74.6029126 79.4143204,100 79.4143204,100 L99.9495146,100 C99.9495146,100 99.9495146,75.6446602 99.9495146,57.7876214 C99.9495146,39.9305825 89.8308252,31.2995146 75.6936893,31.2995146 C61.5565534,31.2995146 55.6043689,42.3114078 55.6043689,42.3114078 L55.6043689,33.3332524 L55.6046117,33.3332524 Z" class="linkedin-icon"/> </g> </g></svg></div></a></li> <li class="default instagram"><a href="https://instagram.com/harvardhbs" class="block inherit-color-onhover" style="text-decoration:none;position:relative;height:48px;width:48px;" aria-label="Instagram"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="48px" height="48px" viewBox="0 0 110 110" version="1.1" focusable="false"> <circle cx="55" cy="55" r="50" stroke-width="6" stroke="currentColor"/></svg><div style="position:absolute;top:11px;left:11px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26" height="26" style="black-fill" viewBox="0 0 100 100" version="1.1" focusable="false"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M50,0 C36.4166667,0 34.7208333,0.0625 29.3875,0.3 C24.0625,0.55 20.4375,1.3875 17.25,2.625 C13.9625,3.9 11.1708333,5.6125 8.39166667,8.39166667 C5.6125,11.1708333 3.89583333,13.9583333 2.625,17.25 C1.3875,20.4375 0.545833333,24.0625 0.3,29.3875 C0.05,34.7208333 0,36.4166667 0,50 C0,63.5833333 0.0625,65.2791667 0.3,70.6125 C0.55,75.9333333 1.3875,79.5625 2.625,82.75 C3.9,86.0333333 5.6125,88.8291667 8.39166667,91.6083333 C11.1708333,94.3833333 13.9583333,96.1041667 17.25,97.375 C20.4416667,98.6083333 24.0666667,99.4541667 29.3875,99.7 C34.7208333,99.95 36.4166667,100 50,100 C63.5833333,100 65.2791667,99.9375 70.6125,99.7 C75.9333333,99.45 79.5625,98.6083333 82.75,97.375 C86.0333333,96.1 88.8291667,94.3833333 91.6083333,91.6083333 C94.3833333,88.8291667 96.1041667,86.0458333 97.375,82.75 C98.6083333,79.5625 99.4541667,75.9333333 99.7,70.6125 C99.95,65.2791667 100,63.5833333 100,50 C100,36.4166667 99.9375,34.7208333 99.7,29.3875 C99.45,24.0666667 98.6083333,20.4333333 97.375,17.25 C96.1,13.9625 94.3833333,11.1708333 91.6083333,8.39166667 C88.8291667,5.6125 86.0458333,3.89583333 82.75,2.625 C79.5625,1.3875 75.9333333,0.545833333 70.6125,0.3 C65.2791667,0.05 63.5833333,0 50,0 Z M50,9 C63.3458333,9 64.9375,9.06666667 70.2083333,9.29583333 C75.0833333,9.525 77.7291667,10.3333333 79.4875,11.025 C81.8291667,11.9291667 83.4875,13.0125 85.2458333,14.7583333 C86.9916667,16.5083333 88.075,18.1708333 88.9791667,20.5125 C89.6625,22.2708333 90.4791667,24.9166667 90.7,29.7916667 C90.9375,35.0666667 90.9916667,36.65 90.9916667,50 C90.9916667,63.35 90.9291667,64.9375 90.6833333,70.2083333 C90.4291667,75.0833333 89.6166667,77.7291667 88.9291667,79.4875 C87.9958333,81.8291667 86.9333333,83.4875 85.1833333,85.2458333 C83.4375,86.9916667 81.75,88.075 79.4333333,88.9791667 C77.6833333,89.6625 74.9958333,90.4791667 70.1208333,90.7 C64.8125,90.9375 63.25,90.9916667 49.875,90.9916667 C36.4958333,90.9916667 34.9333333,90.9291667 29.6291667,90.6833333 C24.75,90.4291667 22.0625,89.6166667 20.3125,88.9291667 C17.9416667,87.9958333 16.3125,86.9333333 14.5666667,85.1833333 C12.8125,83.4375 11.6916667,81.75 10.8166667,79.4333333 C10.1291667,77.6833333 9.32083333,74.9958333 9.06666667,70.1208333 C8.87916667,64.8708333 8.8125,63.25 8.8125,49.9375 C8.8125,36.6208333 8.87916667,34.9958333 9.06666667,29.6833333 C9.32083333,24.8083333 10.1291667,22.125 10.8166667,20.375 C11.6916667,18 12.8125,16.375 14.5666667,14.6208333 C16.3125,12.875 17.9416667,11.75 20.3125,10.8791667 C22.0625,10.1875 24.6916667,9.375 29.5666667,9.125 C34.8791667,8.9375 36.4416667,8.875 49.8125,8.875 L50,9 L50,9 Z M50,24.325 C35.8125,24.325 24.325,35.825 24.325,50 C24.325,64.1875 35.825,75.675 50,75.675 C64.1875,75.675 75.675,64.175 75.675,50 C75.675,35.8125 64.175,24.325 50,24.325 Z M50,66.6666667 C40.7916667,66.6666667 33.3333333,59.2083333 33.3333333,50 C33.3333333,40.7916667 40.7916667,33.3333333 50,33.3333333 C59.2083333,33.3333333 66.6666667,40.7916667 66.6666667,50 C66.6666667,59.2083333 59.2083333,66.6666667 50,66.6666667 Z M82.6916667,23.3125 C82.6916667,26.625 80,29.3125 76.6916667,29.3125 C73.3791667,29.3125 70.6916667,26.6208333 70.6916667,23.3125 C70.6916667,20.0041667 73.3833333,17.3166667 76.6916667,17.3166667 C79.9958333,17.3125 82.6916667,20.0041667 82.6916667,23.3125 Z"/></svg></div></a></li> <li class="default itunes"><a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/cold-call/id1156646189" class="block inherit-color-onhover" style="text-decoration:none;position:relative;height:48px;width:48px;" aria-label="Itunes"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="48px" height="48px" viewBox="0 0 110 110" version="1.1" focusable="false"> <circle cx="55" cy="55" r="50" stroke-width="6" stroke="currentColor"/></svg><div style="position:absolute;top:10px;left:10px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="27" height="27" viewBox="0 0 170 170" version="1.1" focusable="false"> <path fill="currentColor" d="m150.37 130.25c-2.45 5.66-5.35 10.87-8.71 15.66-4.58 6.53-8.33 11.05-11.22 13.56-4.48 4.12-9.28 6.23-14.42 6.35-3.69 0-8.14-1.05-13.32-3.18-5.197-2.12-9.973-3.17-14.34-3.17-4.58 0-9.492 1.05-14.746 3.17-5.262 2.13-9.501 3.24-12.742 3.35-4.929 0.21-9.842-1.96-14.746-6.52-3.13-2.73-7.045-7.41-11.735-14.04-5.032-7.08-9.169-15.29-12.41-24.65-3.471-10.11-5.211-19.9-5.211-29.378 0-10.857 2.346-20.221 7.045-28.068 3.693-6.303 8.606-11.275 14.755-14.925s12.793-5.51 19.948-5.629c3.915 0 9.049 1.211 15.429 3.591 6.362 2.388 10.447 3.599 12.238 3.599 1.339 0 5.877-1.416 13.57-4.239 7.275-2.618 13.415-3.702 18.445-3.275 13.63 1.1 23.87 6.473 30.68 16.153-12.19 7.386-18.22 17.731-18.1 31.002 0.11 10.337 3.86 18.939 11.23 25.769 3.34 3.17 7.07 5.62 11.22 7.36-0.9 2.61-1.85 5.11-2.86 7.51zm-31.26-123.01c0 8.1021-2.96 15.667-8.86 22.669-7.12 8.324-15.732 13.134-25.071 12.375-0.119-0.972-0.188-1.995-0.188-3.07 0-7.778 3.386-16.102 9.399-22.908 3.002-3.446 6.82-6.3113 11.45-8.597 4.62-2.2516 8.99-3.4968 13.1-3.71 0.12 1.0831 0.17 2.1663 0.17 3.2409z"/></svg></div></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@harvardhbs?lang=en" class="block inherit-color-onhover" style="text-decoration:none;position:relative;height:48px;width:48px;" aria-label="TikTok"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="48px" height="48px" viewBox="0 0 110 110" version="1.1" focusable="false"> <circle cx="55" cy="55" r="50" stroke-width="6" stroke="currentColor"/></svg><div style="position:absolute;top:2px;left:3px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="43" height="43" version="1.1" id="tik_tok" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 96 96" xml:space="preserve"> <g id="TikTok" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="currentColor"> <g> <path d="M66.9,29.6c-3.3-2.2-5.8-5.7-6.5-9.7c-0.2-0.9-0.3-1.8-0.3-2.7H49.4l0,42.7c-0.2,4.8-4.1,8.6-8.9,8.6 c-1.5,0-2.9-0.4-4.2-1c-2.9-1.5-4.8-4.5-4.8-7.9c0-4.9,4-9,9-9c0.9,0,1.8,0.2,2.6,0.4v-8.4v-2.5c-0.9-0.1-1.7-0.2-2.6-0.2 c-10.8,0-19.6,8.8-19.6,19.6c0,6.6,3.3,12.5,8.4,16.1c3.2,2.2,7.1,3.6,11.2,3.6c10.8,0,19.6-8.8,19.6-19.6V37.9 c4.2,3,9.3,4.8,14.8,4.8v-8.3V32C72,32,69.2,31.1,66.9,29.6z"/> </g> </g> </svg></div></a></li> </ul> <ul class="social-grid new-grid inherit-color-on-hover"> <li class="default more white" style="box-sizing:border-box;height:30px;padding-top: 5px;padding-left: 1px;"> <div class="button-partial"><a href="https://community.alumni.harvard.edu/give/16040805?appealcode=BW004" class="button hbsred-bg white white-bg-onhover hbsred-onhover hbsred-onhover-border eta regular" style="border: 2px solid #A41034; border: 1px solid white; display:inline-block; padding: 3px 3px; text-decoration: none; min-width: 176px; box-sizing: border-box;text-align:center;">Make a Gift</a></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="shim17"></div> <div class="shim15 mobile-visible"></div> </div> <div class="universal-footer-copyright"> <div class="container tablet-container mobile-container nu"> <div class="shim12"></div> <div> <ul class="linear footer-links"> <li><a class="footer-sitemap" data-link-id="footer-sitemap" href="https://www.hbs.edu/siteindex/">Site Map</a></li> <li><a class="footer-employment" data-link-id="footer-employment" href="https://www.hbs.edu/employment/">Jobs</a></li> <li><a class="footer-harvard" data-link-id="footer-harvard" href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a class="footer-trademarks" data-link-id="footer-trademarks" href="https://trademark.harvard.edu/pages/trademark-notice/">Trademarks</a></li> <li><a class="footer-policy" data-link-id="footer-policy" href="https://www.hbs.edu/about/campus-and-culture/policies/Pages/default.aspx">Policies</a></li> <li><a class="footer-accessibility-harvard" data-link-id="footer-accessibility-harvard" href="https://accessibility.harvard.edu/">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a class="footer-accessibility" data-link-id="footer-accessibility" href="https://accessibility.huit.harvard.edu/digital-accessibility-policy">Digital Accessibility</a></li> </ul> <div class="shim12"></div> <div class="copy-msg">Copyright <span aria-hidden="true">©</span> President & Fellows of Harvard College.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--Watchdog=Healthy--></footer> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://webassets.hbs.edu/libs/jquery/1.8.3/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://webassets.hbs.edu/libs/framework/1.0/js/framework.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://webassets.hbs.edu/libs/analytics/1.0/analytics-disabled.min.js"></script><script>window.assets = "https://webassets.hbs.edu"</script><script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-N2NWNWX');</script><script>window.IgnoreAnalyticsOverlay = true</script><script src="/faculty/js/faculty.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script> jQuery(function($){ if (window.headerinit) return; window.headerinit = 1; function toggleSearch(){ var $el = $('.universal-banner-search-toggle'); var val = $('.universal-banner-search-input .universal-site-search-query').val(); if ($el.hasClass('toggled') && $.trim(val)) { $('.universal-banner-search-input .universal-site-search-button').click() return; } $el.toggleClass('toggled'); if ($el.hasClass('toggled')) { window.setTimeout(function(){ $('.universal-site-search-query').focus(); },300) } $('.universal-banner-search-input').toggleClass('open'); } $(document).on('click','.universal-banner-search-toggle',function(){ toggleSearch(this); return false; }) $(".universal-banner-search-toggle").on("click",function(){ toggleSearch(this); return false; }) $(".slider-container").on('close',function(){ $(".universal-banner-hamburger").removeClass('open'); $(".universal-banner-menu-toggle").removeClass('toggled'); $("body").removeClass('slider-is-open'); }) $(document).on("click",".universal-banner-menu-toggle",function(){ if ($(this).hasClass('toggled')) { $('.slider-close').eq(0).click(); $(".universal-banner-hamburger").removeClass('open'); $(".universal-banner-menu-toggle").removeClass('toggled'); $("body").removeClass('slider-is-open'); } else { $('.slider-open').eq(0).click(); $("body").addClass('slider-is-open'); $('.universal-banner-hamburger').addClass('open'); $(".universal-banner-menu-toggle").addClass('toggled'); } //window.scrollTo(0,0); return false; }) $(".skipto").on("click",function(){ console.log("skip to main content"); $($(this).attr('href')).get(0).focus(); }) }); $(document).on( 'framework.resize', function() { // wait .1 seconds because the classes needed to adjust the min/max height haven't been added at this point // TODO: this is a bit kludgey and should be revisited setTimeout( function() { if (window.stickyHeader) { stickyHeader.setMinHeight(); stickyHeader.setMaxHeight(); stickyHeader.triggerExpand(); if ($(".page-header").hasClass('page-header-online')) { stickyHeader.triggerDisappear(); } } }, 100 ); }); function StickyHeader(){ this.hasScrolled = false; this.lastScrollTop = -1; this.currentHeight = 0; this.isVisible = false; this.disabled = false; this.velocitySamples = []; this.debug = $("#sticky-header-debug"); this.buildHeader(); this.setMinHeight(); this.setMaxHeight(); } StickyHeader.prototype.temporarilyDisabled = function() { this.disabled = true; var self = this; window.setTimeout(function(){ self.disabled = false; },500); } /* determine if the header navigation should be displayed while the user is scrolling down */ StickyHeader.prototype.setMinHeight = function() { // if the screen width is within the mobile or tablet range, hide the navigation on scroll, otherwise, show it if ($(".page-header").hasClass('page-header-online') && $( '.ua-mobile, .ua-tablet' ).length) { this.minHeight = 40; } else if ($(".page-header").hasClass('page-header-online')) { this.minHeight = 90; } else if ($( '.ua-mobile, .ua-tablet' ).length) { this.minHeight = 0; } else { this.minHeight = 40 } } /* determine how big the header should be when the user starts to scroll up */ StickyHeader.prototype.setMaxHeight = function() { // clear out the current max height this.maxHeight = 0; // add up the heights of the cloned stiky header elements as the new max height $( '.sticky-header-cloned' ).each( function( index, element ) { this.maxHeight += $( element ).height(); }.bind( this ) ); // Override for HBS online if($(".page-header").hasClass('page-header-online')) { if ($( '.ua-mobile, .ua-tablet' ).length > 0) { this.maxHeight = 0; } else { this.maxHeight = 90; } } } StickyHeader.prototype.buildHeader = function() { var headerHeight = $(".page-header").height(); // Override for HBS online if($(".page-header").hasClass('page-header-online')) { headerHeight = 0; } this.appearsAt = $(".page-header").offset().top + headerHeight; this.sticky = $('<div id="sticky-header" style="height:0; top: -5px;"></div>'); this.stickyWrap = $('<div class="wrapper"></div>'); var container = $(".site-header").parents('.grid-framework'); $( '.universal-banner, .site-header' ).each( function( index, element ) { this.stickyWrap.append( $( element ).clone() ); $( element ).addClass( 'sticky-header-cloned' ); }.bind( this ) ); this.sticky.append(this.stickyWrap); $(".sticky-header-container").append(this.sticky); } StickyHeader.prototype.triggerDisappear = function(){ this.sticky.addClass('at-scroll-top'); this.isVisible = false; this.currentHeight = 0; this.sticky.css('height',this.currentHeight); $("body").removeClass("sticky-header-active"); $("body").removeClass('sticky-header-expanded'); } StickyHeader.prototype.triggerAppear = function(){ if ($("body").hasClass('slider-is-open')) return; this.isVisible = true; $("body").addClass("sticky-header-active"); } StickyHeader.prototype.triggerExpand = function(){ if (this.disabled) return; if ($("body").hasClass('slider-is-open')) return; if (this.currentHeight == this.maxHeight) return; this.sticky.css('height',this.maxHeight-1); this.currentHeight = this.maxHeight; $("body").addClass('sticky-header-expanded'); } StickyHeader.prototype.triggerShrink = function(){ if ($( '.ua-mobile, .ua-tablet' ).length == 0 || !$(".page-header").hasClass('page-header-online')) { this.sticky.removeClass('at-scroll-top'); } var self = this; window.requestAnimationFrame(function(){ var newHeight = 0; if (self.isVisible) { newHeight = self.minHeight; } if (self.currentHeight == newHeight) return; self.sticky.css('height',newHeight); self.currentHeight = newHeight; $("body").removeClass('sticky-header-expanded'); }) } StickyHeader.prototype.redraw = function() { // This is costly to performance but unavoidable //const pageY = window.scrollY; //This throws a syntax error in IE11. var pageY = window.pageYOffset; var scrollUp = pageY < this.lastScrollTop; var scrollDistance = pageY - this.lastScrollTop; this.velocitySamples.push(Math.abs(scrollDistance)); if (this.velocitySamples.length > 10) { this.velocitySamples.shift(); } var totalDistance = 0; for (var i = 0;i<this.velocitySamples.length;i++){ totalDistance += this.velocitySamples[i]; } var velocity = totalDistance / this.velocitySamples.length; var debugVars = {}; if (pageY != this.lastScrollTop) { debugVars.pageY = pageY; debugVars.minHeight = this.minHeight; debugVars.maxHeight = this.maxHeight; debugVars.appearsAt = this.appearsAt; debugVars.velocity = velocity; debugVars.disabled = this.disabled; var html = ''; $.each(debugVars,function(k,v){ html += '<div>' + k + ': '+v +'</div>'; }) this.debug.html(html); if (pageY >= this.appearsAt) { this.triggerAppear(); } if ($(".page-header").hasClass('page-header-online') && $('.table-of-contents-wrapper').length && $('.table-of-contents-wrapper.jump-to').length == 0){ var tocWrap = $('.table-of-contents-wrapper'); var toc = tocWrap.children('.table-of-contents'); var tocItems = toc.find('.toc-item'); var stickyHeight = this.maxHeight; if ((pageY + stickyHeight) > tocWrap.offset().top && !toc.hasClass('sticky')) { toc.addClass('sticky'); } else if ((pageY + stickyHeight) <= tocWrap.offset().top && toc.hasClass('sticky')) { toc.removeClass('sticky'); } if (toc.hasClass('sticky')) { tocItems.each(function( index ) { var section = $($(this).children("a.toc-jump").attr("href")); if (section.length) { var sectionTop = section.offset().top - 45; var pageHeight = pageY + stickyHeight + toc.height(); if ((pageHeight > sectionTop) && !$(this).hasClass('current')) { tocItems.removeClass('current'); $(this).addClass('current'); } else if ((pageHeight <= sectionTop) && $(this).hasClass('current')) { $(this).removeClass('current'); } } }); } } if (pageY <= 0) { this.triggerDisappear(); } else if (scrollUp) { console.log('scroll up'); if ($(".page-header").hasClass('page-header-online') && pageY < (this.appearsAt - this.maxHeight)) { this.triggerDisappear(); } else if (velocity > 5 || pageY < this.appearsAt) { this.triggerExpand(); } } else if (pageY > this.appearsAt) { // If HBS online and mobile hide the sticky header if ($(".page-header").hasClass('page-header-online') && $( '.ua-mobile, .ua-tablet' ).length > 0) { this.triggerDisappear(); } this.triggerShrink(); } this.lastScrollTop = pageY; } this.hasScrolled = false; }; var _domready = _domready || []; _domready.push(function(){ if (document.getElementById('wcm-react-root')) return; if (window.stickyHeaderDisabled) return; window.stickyHeader = new StickyHeader(); var _onScroll = function () { if (!window.stickyHeader.hasScrolled) { window.requestAnimationFrame(function(){ window.stickyHeader.redraw(); }); } window.stickyHeader.hasScrolled = true; window.requestAnimationFrame(_onScroll); }; _onScroll(); //without this, the header flickers on online window.setTimeout(function(){ _onScroll(); },250) $(document).on('delay-sticky-nav',function(){ window.stickyHeader.temporarilyDisabled(); }) // needed for facet pages http://www.hbs.edu/news/Pages/default.aspx $(document).on('click',".facetctrl-sticky.active",function(){ $(document).trigger('delay-sticky-nav'); }) $(document).on('click',".filter-sticky.fixed",function(){ $(document).trigger('delay-sticky-nav'); }) }); </script> </body> </html>