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<li id="toc-The_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1870–1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1870–1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1870–1914</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1870–1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1914–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1914–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1914–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1914–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Icelandic_population_in_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item 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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Naming customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Icelandic_Festival_of_Manitoba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Icelandic_Festival_of_Manitoba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>The Icelandic Festival of Manitoba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Icelandic_Festival_of_Manitoba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_heritage_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_heritage_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Museums and heritage sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_heritage_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Icelandic_Canadians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Icelandic_Canadians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable Icelandic Canadians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Icelandic_Canadians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Icelandic Canadians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Íslensk-kanadískur</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>)</span><small><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Canadiens islandais</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Icelandic_Distribution_in_Canada,_2021_Census.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Icelandic_Distribution_in_Canada%2C_2021_Census.jpg/220px-Icelandic_Distribution_in_Canada%2C_2021_Census.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Icelandic_Distribution_in_Canada%2C_2021_Census.jpg/330px-Icelandic_Distribution_in_Canada%2C_2021_Census.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Icelandic_Distribution_in_Canada%2C_2021_Census.jpg/440px-Icelandic_Distribution_in_Canada%2C_2021_Census.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="1511" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Population distribution of Icelandic Canadians by census division, 2021 census</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>101,795</b> (by ancestry),<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnic_origin_population_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_origin_population-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><small><b>0.3% of Canada's population</b></small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31,090</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26,410</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,225</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13,215</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroese</a> Canadians <br /> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Canadians" title="Norwegian Canadians">Norwegian Canadians</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Canadians" title="Swedish Canadians">Swedish Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_Canadians" title="Danish Canadians">Danish Canadians</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Canadians">Flemish Canadians</a> <br />See <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Icelandic Canadians</b> (<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>: <i lang="is">Íslensk-kanadískur</i>) are <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian citizens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelandic</a> ancestry, or <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>-born people who reside in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> has the largest ethnic Icelandic population outside <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, with about 101,795 people of full or partial Icelandic descent as of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">Canada 2016 Census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnic_origin_population_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_origin_population-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of that population in Canada, <a href="/wiki/Gimli,_Manitoba" title="Gimli, Manitoba">Gimli, Manitoba</a>, is home to the largest Icelandic community outside Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Icelandic Canadians are descendants of people who fled an eruption of the <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Iceland" title="Volcanism of Iceland">Icelandic volcano</a> <a href="/wiki/Askja" title="Askja">Askja</a> in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Icelandic Canadian<br />Population History</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">15,876</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,382</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,050</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,307</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">30,623</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+31.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,905</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">22,755</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−18.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">53,755</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+136.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">63,340</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1996</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">70,685</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+11.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">75,090</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2006</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">88,875</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">94,205</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2016</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">101,795</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left"><i>Source: <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a></i><br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1951_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1951-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1981_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1981-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1986_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1986-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1986B_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1986B-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1991_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1991-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1996_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1996-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2001_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Note: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Middle_Ages">The Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history between <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> dates back approximately one thousand years. The first Europeans to reach North America were Icelandic and Greenlandic <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> people whose brief presence in what is today <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a>) was confirmed by archaeologists in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Icelandic sagas, <i><a href="/wiki/Saga_of_Erik_the_Red" title="Saga of Erik the Red">Eiríks saga rauða</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Saga_of_the_Greenlanders" title="Saga of the Greenlanders">Grænlendinga saga</a></i>, provide accounts of the ultimately unsuccessful attempts to create a Norse settlement in a place referred to as <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vínland</a>. </p><p>According to these same sagas, which were written several hundred years after the events they describe, the Norse settlers had significant interactions with the area's Indiegnous peoples. Just how much the Norse settlers explored further past the <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a> area has been a matter of debate for the past hundred years amongst <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalists</a> as well as historians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1870–1914"><span id="1870.E2.80.931914"></span>1870–1914</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1870–1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last three decades of the 19th century saw a new wave of Icelandic immigration in North America. In 1875, over 200 Icelanders immigrated to Manitoba and, with the support of the Canadian government, established the <a href="/wiki/New_Iceland" title="New Iceland">New Iceland</a> colony along the west shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg" title="Lake Winnipeg">Lake Winnipeg</a> in Manitoba.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first part of a large wave of immigrants who settled on the Canadian prairies, the majority of whom came to settle in block settlements in Manitoba.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1914, more than 14,000 Icelanders, or roughly 20% of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>'s then-population of 75,000, resettled in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence suggests that around 17,000 Icelanders emigrated but that roughly 2,000 returned to Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian Gunnar Karlsson, "migration from Iceland is unique in that most went to Canada, whereas from most or all other European countries the majority went to the United States. This was partly due to the late beginning of emigration from Iceland after the Canadian authorities had begun to promote emigration in cooperation with the Allan Line, which already had an agent in Iceland in 1873. Contrary to most European countries, this promotion campaign was successful in Iceland, because emigration was only just about to start from there and Icelandic emigrants had no relatives in the United States to help them take the first steps".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1914–present"><span id="1914.E2.80.93present"></span>1914–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1914–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Naturalization Act of 1914 introduced more stringent requirements for naturalization in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, this caused a rapid decrease in the number of Icelanders settling in Canada. </p><p>The onset of the war was a key and highly contentious event for Icelandic Canadians. Many saw the war as an opportunity for Icelanders to show their commitment to their new home. Others, such as the poet <a href="/wiki/Stephan_G._Stephansson" title="Stephan G. Stephansson">Stephan G. Stephansson</a>, were openly opposed to the war effort, especially in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/1917_Canadian_federal_election" title="1917 Canadian federal election">1917 Canadian federal election</a>. In the end, 1,245 Icelanders, Icelandic Americans, and Icelandic Canadians were registered as soldiers during the War. 989 fought for Canada whereas 256 fought for the United States. 391 of the combatants were born in Iceland, the rest were of Icelandic descent. 10 women of Icelandic descent and 4 women born in Iceland served as nurses during World War I. At least 144 of the combatants died during World War I (96 in combat, 19 from wounds suffered during combat, 2 from accidents, and 27 from disease), 61 of them were born in Iceland. Ten men were taken as prisoners of war by the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Second World War, over 2,100 men and women of Icelandic descent served with the Canadian and American armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Icelandic_population_in_Canada">Icelandic population in Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Icelandic population in Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The provinces with the most reported Icelandic-Canadians in 2016 are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province or territory</a></th> <th>Icelandic Canadian</th> <th>Percent Canadian </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:silver"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td style="background:silver">101,795<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnic_origin_population_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_origin_population-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:silver">0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></td> <td>31,090</td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td> <td>26,410</td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td> <td>20,225</td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td>13,215</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></td> <td>8,255</td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td>955</td> <td>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td> <td>660</td> <td>0.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></td> <td>250</td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></td> <td>215</td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></td> <td>200</td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/46px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></td> <td>190</td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/34px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></td> <td>90</td> <td>0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>0.08% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communities">Communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icelandic_population_in_North_America_Map_v3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Icelandic_population_in_North_America_Map_v3.jpg/220px-Icelandic_population_in_North_America_Map_v3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Icelandic_population_in_North_America_Map_v3.jpg/330px-Icelandic_population_in_North_America_Map_v3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Icelandic_population_in_North_America_Map_v3.jpg/440px-Icelandic_population_in_North_America_Map_v3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="1710" /></a><figcaption>Map illustrating the distribution of people of Icelandic ethnic origin or ancestry in North America</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gimli1_mb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gimli1_mb.jpg/220px-Gimli1_mb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gimli1_mb.jpg/330px-Gimli1_mb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gimli1_mb.jpg/440px-Gimli1_mb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gimli,_Manitoba" title="Gimli, Manitoba">Gimli, Manitoba</a>, is home to the largest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gimli,_Manitoba" title="Gimli, Manitoba">Gimli, Manitoba</a>, is home to the largest Icelandic community outside Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes 26% of the population of Gimli proper (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated community</a> of Gimli), and 20% of the <a href="/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Gimli" title="Rural Municipality of Gimli">Rural Municipality of Gimli</a> population claiming Icelandic ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other settlements in Canada that are notably Icelandic by foundation or ethnicity include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Markerville,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Markerville, Alberta">Markerville, Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborg,_Manitoba" title="Arborg, Manitoba">Arborg, Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur,_Manitoba" title="Baldur, Manitoba">Baldur, Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfros,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Elfros, Saskatchewan">Elfros, Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erickson,_Manitoba" title="Erickson, Manitoba">Erickson, Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenboro,_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenboro, Manitoba">Glenboro, Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Lakeview" title="Rural Municipality of Lakeview">Lakeview, Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundar,_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lundar, Manitoba">Lundar, Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morden,_Manitoba" title="Morden, Manitoba">Morden, Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Iceland" title="New Iceland">New Iceland</a> (Manitoba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverton,_Manitoba" title="Riverton, Manitoba">Riverton, Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjavik,_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Reykjavik, Manitoba">Reykjavik, Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynyard,_Saskatchewan" title="Wynyard, Saskatchewan">Wynyard, Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmount,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinmount, Ontario">Kinmount, Ontario</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Icelanders brought and maintained many of their traditional culinary customs in Canada. This included savoury food traditions such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hangikj%C3%B6t" title="Hangikjöt">hangikjöt</a></i> (smoked lamb or mutton) and <i><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0fiskur" class="mw-redirect" title="Harðfiskur">harðfiskur</a></i> (dried fish eaten with butter).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular baked goods include things like <i><a href="/wiki/Klen%C3%A4t" title="Klenät">kleinur</a></i> (donuts), <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAgbrau%C3%B0" title="Rúgbrauð">rúgbrauð</a></i> (sweet rye bread), and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B6nnuk%C3%B6kur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pönnukökur (page does not exist)">pönnukökur</a></i> (thin, crepe-like pancakes).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most powerfully symbolic food associated with the Icelandic-Canadian (and Icelandic-American) community is <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADnarterta" title="Vínarterta">vínarterta</a></i> (Viennese cake). No community event is complete without the presence of at least one of these striped fruit tortes accompanied by a spirited debate over the proper recipe and construction of the delicacy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <i>vínarterta</i> now maintains a low profile in Iceland's culinary history, its connection to Icelandic-Canadian (and Icelandic-American) identity is inextricable.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>North American Icelandic evolved mainly in Icelandic settlements in Manitoba and North Dakota and is the only version of Icelandic that is not spoken in Iceland. In addition to the heavy adoption of loanwords from English, one of the characteristic features of North American Icelandic is the use of <i><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A1m%C3%A6li" title="Flámæli">flámæli</a></i>, which refers to the merger of two sets of front vowels. Although <i>flámæli</i> was once a part of traditional Icelandic, it was considered too confusing and was systematically eradicated from the language. But in North America, <i>flámæli</i> use spread unchecked. By the early 21st century, there were very few surviving speakers of North American Icelandic.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing">Publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maintaining literacy through the production of original Icelandic language printed material was vital to the Icelandic community in Canada. The very first newspaper to be published in North America by the Icelandic immigrant population was handwritten by Jon Gudmundsson in 1876, and was called <i>Nýi Þjóðólfur</i>. In 1877, the first edition of a newspaper printed on a printing press, <i>Framfari</i>, was published out of Lundi, Manitoba between 1877 and 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equally short-lived <i>Leifur</i> followed, published out of Winnipeg from 1883 to 1886. The end of the decade saw the creation of the larger and most-lasting of the Icelandic weekly papers, <i>Heimskringla</i> in 1886 and <i>Lögberg</i> in 1888. The two papers, both published out of Winnipeg, would continue in circulation until 1959 when they amalgamated to form <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6gberg-Heimskringla" title="Lögberg-Heimskringla">Lögberg-Heimskringla</a></i>, which is still in print but gradulally became an English-language paper. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_customs">Naming customs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Naming customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notably, Icelandic Canadians do not typically follow traditional <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic naming</a> customs, by which people do not have <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surnames</a> but are instead distinguished by the use of a parent's given name as a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a>; instead, Icelandic immigrants to Canada have largely adapted to North American customs by adopting a true surname.<sup id="cite_ref-anchor_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anchor-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Icelandic surnames in Canada most commonly represent the patronymic of the person's first ancestor to settle in Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-anchor_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anchor-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they may also sometimes be chosen to represent the family's ancestral village in Iceland rather than the name of an individual ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Icelandic_Festival_of_Manitoba">The Icelandic Festival of Manitoba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Icelandic Festival of Manitoba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Festival_of_Manitoba" title="Icelandic Festival of Manitoba">Icelandic Festival of Manitoba</a> (also known as <i>Íslendingadagurinn</i>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> for 'Icelander's Day') is an annual festival held in <a href="/wiki/Gimli,_Manitoba" title="Gimli, Manitoba">Gimli, Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. The first Icelandic festival in North America was held in Milwaukee in 1874. The first Icelandic festival in Manitoba was held in Winnipeg in 1890; was held there annually until 1931, and since 1932 has been held in Gimli.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival has a tradition of selecting a woman to be the <i><a href="/wiki/Fjallkona" class="mw-redirect" title="Fjallkona">Fjallkona</a></i> ('Maid of the Mountain'), wherein the <i>Fjallkona</i> signifies Iceland, and her children are the Icelanders. At the festival, the selected woman sits on her elevated throne, clad in a formal Icelandic costume of a white gown, green robe with <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">ermine</a>, golden belt, high-crowned headdress, and white veil falling over the shoulders to the waist. Two <a href="/wiki/Maid_of_honour" title="Maid of honour">maids of honour</a>, formerly clad in plain Icelandic costume with tasseled skullcaps, are dressed in white.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_heritage_sites">Museums and heritage sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Museums and heritage sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Iceland_Heritage_Museum" title="New Iceland Heritage Museum">New Iceland Heritage Museum</a>, also located in <a href="/wiki/Gimli,_Manitoba" title="Gimli, Manitoba">Gimli, Manitoba</a>, is a museum dedicated to preserving the history and artifacts of Icelanders who migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Interlake_Region" title="Interlake Region">Interlake Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, the area known as <i><a href="/wiki/New_Iceland" title="New Iceland">New Iceland</a></i>. It houses permanent, temporary, and virtual exhibitions. It also hosts the digital “Book of Life” project, which is a prime resource for recording the family histories of life members of the New Icelandic Heritage Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Icelandic River Heritage Sites</i> in nearby Bifrost, Manitoba is a not for profit organization, incorporate din 2007, dedicated to the restoration and enhancement of local heritage buildings and sites, historic cemeteries, and other burial sites. The group also dedicates resources to the commemoration of Icelandic Canadian people and events of historical significance.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stephansson House Provincial Historic Site in <a href="/wiki/Markerville" title="Markerville">Markerville, Alberta</a> is significant for its association with the Icelandic-Canadian poet S<a href="/wiki/Stephan_G._Stephansson" title="Stephan G. Stephansson">tephan Gudmundsson Stephansson</a>, known as "Poet of the Rocky Mountains," who born in Iceland in 1853 and immigrated to North America in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephan G.'s homesteading experience speaks to the larger history of Icelandic settlement in Alberta, Canada, and North America. The site is home to a one and one-half storey log and wood-frame cottage in a vernacular Victorian neo-Gothic style, with landscape features, located on 1.7 hectares of land. It is owned and operated as a provincial historic site by Alberta Culture and Community Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Icelandic Emigration Center</i> (<i>Vesturfarasetrið</i>) is a museum and genealogy research center occupying three buildings in the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hofs%C3%B3s,_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hofsós, Iceland (page does not exist)">Hofsós, Iceland</a>. The center provides services and houses exhibitions relating to the history of Icelandic immigration to Canada, the United States of America, and Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>East Iceland Emigration Center</i>, located in the Kaupvangur Cultural Center in <a href="/wiki/Vopnafj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Vopnafjörður">Vopnafjörður</a>, Iceland is an organization of volunteers interested in re-establishing contact with the descendants of the people who left East and Northeast Iceland (primarily Vopnafjörður, North- and South-Múlasýsla, Þistilfjörður) for North and South America in the late 19th century. Like the center in Hofsós, the center in Vopnafjörður provide genealogical services and hold exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Falcons" title="Winnipeg Falcons">Winnipeg Falcons</a> hockey team was founded in 1911 with a roster made almost entirely of Icelandic Canadian players who had not been able to join other Winnipeg teams due to ethnic prejudice. In their first season, 1911–1912, they finished at the bottom of their league. However, the Falcons would eventually go on to win the <a href="/wiki/1920_Allan_Cup" title="1920 Allan Cup">1920 Allan Cup</a>. That team went on to represent Canada in the <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Ice hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Olympic games</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. There the Falcons, soundly beating all their opponents, won for Canada the first Olympic gold medal in ice hockey.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Icelandic_Canadians">Notable Icelandic Canadians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable Icelandic Canadians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stefansson-inscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Stefansson-inscript.jpg/220px-Stefansson-inscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Stefansson-inscript.jpg/330px-Stefansson-inscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Stefansson-inscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Vilhjalmur Stefansson</a> to another Icelandic Canadian</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Arnason" title="David Arnason">David Arnason</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Arngrim" title="Stefan Arngrim">Stefan Arngrim</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleigh_Baker" title="Carleigh Baker">Carleigh Baker</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bardal" title="Paul Bardal">Paul Bardal</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Beach" title="Adam Beach">Adam Beach</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Benson_(ice_hockey)" title="Robert Benson (ice hockey)">Robert Benson</a>, ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Byron_(ice_hockey)" title="Walter Byron (ice hockey)">Walter Byron</a>, ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cochrane" title="Tom Cochrane">Tom Cochrane</a>, musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fredrickson" title="Frank Fredrickson">Frank Fredrickson</a>, ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Goodman" title="Magnus Goodman">Magnus Goodman</a>, Olympic athlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a>, computer scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristjana_Gunnars" title="Kristjana Gunnars">Kristjana Gunnars</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturla_Gunnarsson" title="Sturla Gunnarsson">Sturla Gunnarsson</a>, film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldor_Halderson" title="Haldor Halderson">Haldor Halderson</a>, ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Halldorson" title="Christian Halldorson">Christian Halldorson</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaillie_Humphries" title="Kaillie Humphries">Kaillie Humphries</a>,born Kaillie Simundson, Olympic bobsleigh champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Johannesson" title="Konrad Johannesson">Konnie Johannesson</a>, ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Johannson" title="Wally Johannson">Wally Johannson</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boss_Johnson" title="Boss Johnson">Byron Johnson</a>, former Premier of British Columbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_K._Johnson" title="Donald K. Johnson">Donald K. Johnson</a>, philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janis_Johnson" title="Janis Johnson">Janis Johnson</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K.d._lang" title="K.d. lang">k.d. lang</a>, musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Maddin" title="Guy Maddin">Guy Maddin</a>, film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Petursson" title="Philip Petursson">Philip Petursson</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Samson" title="John K. Samson">John K. Samson</a>, musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Sigurjonsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Sigurjonsson">Gordon Sigurjonsson</a>, ice hockey coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_Stefansson" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldur Stefansson">Baldur Stefansson</a>, agricultural scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Vilhjalmur Stefansson</a>, explorer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signy_Stefansson_Eaton" title="Signy Stefansson Eaton">Signy Stefansson Eaton</a>, philanthropist and art collector</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_G._Stephansson" title="Stephan G. Stephansson">Stephan G. Stephansson</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Stephenson" title="Helga Stephenson">Helga Stephenson</a>, film industry executive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson" title="William Stephenson">William Stephenson</a>, secret agent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinn_O._Thompson" title="Steinn O. Thompson">Steinn O. Thompson</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Thorlakson" title="Paul Thorlakson">Paul Thorlakson</a>, physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thorson" title="Charles Thorson">Charles Thorson</a>, cartoonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thorarinn_Thorson" title="Joseph Thorarinn Thorson">Joseph Thorarinn Thorson</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Thorvaldson" title="Gunnar Thorvaldson">Gunnar Thorvaldson</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torfhildur_%C3%9Eorsteinsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Torfhildur Þorsteinsdóttir">Torfhildur Þorsteinsdóttir</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Tryggvason" title="Bjarni Tryggvason">Bjarni Tryggvason</a>, astronaut</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Valgardson" title="W. D. Valgardson">W. D. Valgardson</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelum_Vatnsdal" title="Caelum Vatnsdal">Caelum Vatnsdal</a>, filmmaker and film historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindy_Vopnfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Lindy Vopnfjörð">Lindy Vopnfjörð</a>, musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cully_Wilson" title="Cully Wilson">Cully Wilson</a>, born Karl Erlendson, ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Thor" title="Larry Thor">Larry Thor</a>, radio and film actor</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Canadians">Flemish Canadians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hofsos&rft.atitle=The+Icelandic+Emigration+Center%2C+Hofsos%2C+Vesturfarasetri%C3%B0+%7C+Genealogy+%7C+Hofs%C3%B3s%2C+Iceland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hofsos.is%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAusturland" class="citation web cs1">Austurland, Austurbrú SES / Destination. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.east.is/en/service/east-iceland-emigration-center">"East Iceland Emigration Center"</a>. <i>Visit Austurland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Austurland&rft.atitle=East+Iceland+Emigration+Center&rft.aulast=Austurland&rft.aufirst=Austurbr%C3%BA+SES+%2F+Destination&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.east.is%2Fen%2Fservice%2Feast-iceland-emigration-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliasson2022" class="citation book cs1">Eliasson, Cathie (2022). <i>Falcons Forever: The Saga of the 1920 Olympic Gold Medal Ice Hockey Team</i>. Friesen Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Falcons+Forever%3A+The+Saga+of+the+1920+Olympic+Gold+Medal+Ice+Hockey+Team&rft.pub=Friesen+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Eliasson&rft.aufirst=Cathie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boultbee, Paul G., "Icelandic-Canadian bibliography", <i>Canadian Ethnic Studies.</i> 29(3):82-94, 1997.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Canadians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ist.uwaterloo.ca/~marj/genealogy/reports/report1887ice.html">Icelandic Immigration to Canada 1887</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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<li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Canadians" title="Saudi Canadians">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Canadians" title="Syrian Canadians">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Canadians" title="Yemeni Canadians">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Canadians" title="Armenian Canadians">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Canadians" title="Azerbaijani Canadians">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Canadians" title="Iranian Canadians">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Canadians" title="Israeli Canadians">Israeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Canadians" title="Kurdish Canadians">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Canadians" title="Turkish Canadians">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Canadians" title="Austrian Canadians">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Canadians" title="Czech Canadians">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Canadians" title="Hungarian Canadians">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Canadians" title="Slovak Canadians">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Canadians" title="Slovene Canadians">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Canadians" title="Swiss Canadians">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Canadians" title="Belarusian Canadians">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Canadians" title="Russian Canadians">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Canadians" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Canadians">Nordic and Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Canadians" title="Danish Canadians">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Canadians" title="Finnish Canadians">Finnish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Canadians" title="Norwegian Canadians">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Canadians" title="Swedish Canadians">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Canadians" title="Estonian Canadians">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Canadians" title="Latvian Canadians">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Canadians" title="Lithuanian Canadians">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Canadians">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Canadians" title="Bosnian Canadians">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Canadians" title="Bulgarian Canadians">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Canadians" title="Croatian Canadians">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Canadians" title="Greek Canadians">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Canadians" title="Macedonian Canadians">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Canadians" title="Montenegrin Canadians">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Canadians" title="Romanian Canadians">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Canadians" title="Serbian Canadians">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Canadians" title="Maltese Canadians">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians" title="Portuguese Canadians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Canadians" title="Spanish Canadians">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Canadians" title="Belgian Canadians">Belgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Canadians">Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Canadians" title="Cornish Canadians">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Canadians" title="Scotch-Irish Canadians">Scotch-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Canadians" title="Breton Canadians">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Canadians" title="Luxembourgish Canadians">Luxembourger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Canadians" title="Oceanian Canadians">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Canadians" title="Australian Canadians">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Canadians" title="New Zealand Canadians">New Zealander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iceland&#124;link=Iceland_Icelanders_abroad_and_their_descendants231" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Icelandic_diaspora" title="Template:Icelandic diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Icelandic_diaspora" title="Template talk:Icelandic diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Icelandic_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Icelandic diaspora"><abbr 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Brazilians" title="Nordic Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Venezuelans" title="Nordic Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iceland"><img alt="Flag of Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/110px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/165px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/220px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_diaspora_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelanders_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icelanders in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personer_i_Sverige_f%C3%B6dda_i_Island" class="extiw" title="sv:Personer i Sverige födda i Island">sv</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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