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<li id="toc-Ancient_parishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_parishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient parishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_parishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_and_ecclesiastical_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_and_ecclesiastical_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Civil and ecclesiastical split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_and_ecclesiastical_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1894_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1894_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1894 reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1894_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rural_parishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_parishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Rural parishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_parishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_parishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_parishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Urban parishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_parishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1965–1974_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1965–1974_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1965–1974 reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1965–1974_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Sub-divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Powers_and_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powers_and_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Powers and functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powers_and_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Councillors_and_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Councillors_and_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Councillors and elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Councillors_and_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Status and styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charter_trustees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charter_trustees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Charter trustees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charter_trustees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deserted_parishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deserted_parishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Deserted parishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deserted_parishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_abolition_of_anomalies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_abolition_of_anomalies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>General abolition of anomalies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_abolition_of_anomalies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Civil parish</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Civil parish" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبرشية مدنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبرشية مدنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0cma_(%C4%B0ngilt%C9%99r%C9%99)" title="İcma (İngiltərə) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İcma (İngiltərə)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AEn-ch%C3%A8ng_k%C3%A0u-khu" title="Bîn-chèng kàu-khu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bîn-chèng kàu-khu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrezio%C3%B9_keodedel_Bro-Saoz" title="Parrezioù keodedel Bro-Saoz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Parrezioù keodedel Bro-Saoz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiln%C3%AD_farnost" title="Civilní farnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Civilní farnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plwyf_sifil" title="Plwyf sifil – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plwyf sifil" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Parish" title="Civil Parish – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Civil Parish" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parroquia_civil_(Inglaterra)" title="Parroquia civil (Inglaterra) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parroquia civil (Inglaterra)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrokia_zibil_(Ingalaterra)" title="Parrokia zibil (Ingalaterra) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parrokia zibil (Ingalaterra)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="محله مدنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محله مدنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroisse_civile_(Grande-Bretagne)" title="Paroisse civile (Grande-Bretagne) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paroisse civile (Grande-Bretagne)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroki_sipil" title="Paroki sipil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paroki sipil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrocchie_civili_dell%27Inghilterra" title="Parrocchie civili dell'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parrocchie civili dell'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ابرشيه مدنيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابرشيه مدنيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Civil parish" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Civil parish" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdslig_sogn" title="Verdslig sogn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verdslig sogn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Civil parish" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parr%C3%B2quia_civila_(Reialme_Unit)" title="Parròquia civila (Reialme Unit) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Parròquia civila (Reialme Unit)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="شہری پیرش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شہری پیرش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Civil parish" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%B3quias_civis_na_Inglaterra" title="Paróquias civis na Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paróquias civis na Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Община (Англия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Община (Англия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceevil_pairish" title="Ceevil pairish – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ceevil pairish" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Civil parish" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englannin_kunnat" title="Englannin kunnat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Englannin kunnat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Civil parish" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Civil parish" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Цивільна парафія (Англія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цивільна парафія (Англія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="شہری پیرش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہری پیرش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A3_(Anh)" title="Xã (Anh) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xã (Anh)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Civil parish" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%8D%80" title="民政教區 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="民政教區" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%8D%80" title="民政教區 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parishes_in_England&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes in England">Civil parishes in England</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Territorial designation and lowest tier of local government in England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about civil parishes in England. For civil parishes in other countries, see <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Civil parish (disambiguation)">Civil parish (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="float: right; width: ;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #F0F0F0; vertical-align: middle">Civil parish (England)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Uk_parishes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Uk_parishes.png/220px-Uk_parishes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Uk_parishes.png/330px-Uk_parishes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Uk_parishes.png/440px-Uk_parishes.png 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="2028" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of English civil parishes and <a href="/wiki/Community_(Wales)" title="Community (Wales)">Welsh communities</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Category</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">Parish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Found in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Various, see text</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Various, see text</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Number</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">10,464</a> (as of 2023<sup id="cite_ref-dataset_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dataset-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Possible types</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>City</li><li>Community</li><li>Neighbourhood</li><li>Parish</li><li>Town</li><li>Village</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Populations</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">0–<a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_populous_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of the most populous civil parishes in England">137,387</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Government</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish councils in England">City council</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish councils in England">Community council</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish councils in England">Neighbourhood council</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish councils in England">Parish council</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish councils in England">Town council</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish councils in England">Village council</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_England" title="Category:Politics of England">a series</a> within the<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/130px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/195px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/260px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">Heir Apparent</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">Republicanism in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Angela Rayner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Legislative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Speaker" title="Lord Speaker">Lord Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McFall,_Baron_McFall_of_Alcluith" title="John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith">The Lord McFall of Alcluith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Reform of the House of Lords">Reform of the House of Lords</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Hoyle" title="Lindsay Hoyle">Sir Lindsay Hoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_England_(2024%E2%80%93present)" title="List of MPs for constituencies in England (2024–present)">MPs for England Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Affairs_Committee" title="Regional Affairs Committee">Regional Affairs Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_England" title="Elections in England">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">UK General Elections in England</div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="First Parliament of the United Kingdom">1801 co-option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1802 United Kingdom general election">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1806_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1806 United Kingdom general election">1806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1807_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1807 United Kingdom general election">1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1812 United Kingdom general election">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1818_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1818 United Kingdom general election">1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1820 United Kingdom general election">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1826 United Kingdom general election">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1830 United Kingdom general election">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1831 United Kingdom general election">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1832 United Kingdom general election">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1835 United Kingdom general election">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1837 United Kingdom general election">1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1852 United Kingdom general election">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1857 United Kingdom general election">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1859 United Kingdom general election">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1895 United Kingdom general election">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910 (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974 (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1979 United Kingdom general election in England">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1983 United Kingdom general election in England">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1987 United Kingdom general election in England">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1992 United Kingdom general election in England">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1997 United Kingdom general election in England">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2001 United Kingdom general election in England">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2005 United Kingdom general election in England">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2010 United Kingdom general election in England">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2015 United Kingdom general election in England">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2017 United Kingdom general election in England">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2019 United Kingdom general election in England">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2024 United Kingdom general election in England">2024</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/King-on-the-Bench" class="mw-redirect" title="King-on-the-Bench">King-on-the-Bench</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Reed,_Baron_Reed_of_Allermuir" title="Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir">The Lord Reed of Allermuir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English Law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">Administration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_England" title="History of local government in England">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_England" title="Subdivisions of England">Subdivisions</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template:Unitary authorities of England">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts" title="List of English districts">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan Borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Borough" class="mw-redirect" title="London Borough">London Borough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_authorities_and_combined_county_authorities" title="Combined authorities and combined county authorities">Combined authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_Council_for_England" title="Mayoral Council for England">Mayoral Council for England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes in England">Civil parishes</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">list</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_England" title="Category:Politics of England">Category</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_England" title="Template:Politics of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_England" title="Template talk:Politics of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In England, a <b>civil parish</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">administrative parish</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">local government</a>. It is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government.<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_Geography_Guide_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil parishes can trace their origin to the <a href="/wiki/Parish_(Church_of_England)" title="Parish (Church of England)">ancient system of parishes</a>, which for centuries were the principal unit of secular and religious administration in most of England and Wales. Civil and religious parishes were formally split into two types in the 19th century and are now entirely separate. Civil parishes in their modern form came into being through the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1894" title="Local Government Act 1894">Local Government Act 1894</a> (<a href="/wiki/56_%26_57_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="56 & 57 Vict.">56 & 57 Vict.</a> c. 73), which established elected <a href="/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish councils in England">parish councils</a> to take on the secular functions of the <a href="/wiki/Vestry" title="Vestry">parish vestry</a>. </p><p>A civil parish can range in size from a sparsely populated rural area with fewer than a hundred inhabitants, to a large <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">town</a> with a population <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_populous_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of the most populous civil parishes in England">in excess of 100,000</a>. This scope is similar to that of municipalities in continental Europe, such as the <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">communes of France</a>. However, unlike their continental European counterparts, parish councils are not <a href="/wiki/Principal_council" title="Principal council">principal authorities</a>, and in most cases have a relatively minor role in local government.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of September 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are 10,464 parishes in England,<sup id="cite_ref-dataset_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dataset-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2020 they covered approximately 40% of the English population.<sup id="cite_ref-UAparishHOCL_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAparishHOCL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For historical reasons, civil parishes predominantly cover rural areas and smaller urban areas, with most larger urban areas being wholly or partly <a href="/wiki/Unparished_area" title="Unparished area">unparished</a>; but since 1997 it has been possible for civil parishes to be created within unparished areas if <a href="#Revival">demanded by local residents</a>. In 2007 the right to create civil parishes was extended to <a href="/wiki/London_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="London borough">London boroughs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-reviews_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reviews-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although only one, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park,_London" title="Queen's Park, London">Queen's Park</a>, has so far been created.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eight parishes also have <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> (a status granted by the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarch</a>). A civil parish may be equally known as and confirmed as a town, village, <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">neighbourhood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> by resolution of its parish council, a right not conferred on other units of English local government. The governing body of a civil parish is usually an elected parish council (which can decide to call itself a town, village, community or neighbourhood council, or a city council if the parish has city status). Alternatively, in parishes with small populations (typically fewer than 150 electors) governance may be by a <a href="/wiki/Parish_meeting" title="Parish meeting">parish meeting</a> which all electors may attend; alternatively, parishes with small populations may be grouped with one or more neighbours under a common parish council. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> was also divided into civil parishes until 1974, when they were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Community_(Wales)" title="Community (Wales)">communities</a>, which are similar to English parishes in the way they operate. <a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Scotland" title="Civil parishes in Scotland">Civil parishes in Scotland</a> were abolished for local government purposes by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Scotland)_Act_1929" title="Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929">Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929</a>; the Scottish equivalent of English civil parishes are the <a href="/wiki/Community_council#Scotland" title="Community council">community council areas</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Scotland)_Act_1973" title="Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973">Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973</a>, which have fewer powers than their English and Welsh counterparts. There are no equivalent units in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_parishes">Ancient parishes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient parishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parish system in Europe was established between the 8th and 12th centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an early form was long established in England by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Conquest of England">Norman Conquest</a>. These areas were originally based on the territory of <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_1989_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_1989-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, in some cases, derived their bounds from Roman or Iron Age estates; some large manors were sub-divided into several parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, churches and their priests were the gift and continued patronage (benefaction) of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">lord of the manor</a>, but not all were willing and able to provide, so residents would be expected to attend the church of the nearest manor with a church. Later, the churches and priests became to a greater extent the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> thus this was formalised; the grouping of manors into one parish was recorded, as was a manor-parish existing in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boundaries changed little, and for centuries after 1180 'froze', despite changes to manors' extents.<sup id="cite_ref-or_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-or-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by <a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">subinfeudation</a>, making a new smaller manor, there was <a href="/wiki/Chapelry" title="Chapelry">a means of making a chapel</a> which, if generating or endowed with enough funds, would generally justify foundation of a parish, with its own parish priest (and in latter centuries <a href="/wiki/Vestry" title="Vestry">vestry</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-or_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-or-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This consistency was a result of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> which prized the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> in issues between local churches and so made boundary changes and sub-division difficult. </p><p>The consistency of these boundaries until the 19th century is useful to historians, and is also of cultural significance in terms of shaping local identities; reinforced by the use of grouped parish boundaries, often, by successive local authority areas; and in a very rough, operations-geared way by most postcode districts. There was (and is) wide disparity in parish size. <a href="/wiki/Writtle" title="Writtle">Writtle</a>, Essex traditionally measures 13,568 acres (21 sq mi) – two parishes neighbouring are <a href="/wiki/Shellow_Bowells" title="Shellow Bowells">Shellow Bowells</a> at 469 acres (0.7 sq mi), and <a href="/wiki/Chignall_Smealy" title="Chignall Smealy">Chignall Smealy</a> at 476 acres (0.7 sq mi) </p><p>Until the <a href="/wiki/English_reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="English reformation">break with Rome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> parishes managed ecclesiastical matters, while the manor was the principal unit of local administration and justice. Later, the church replaced the manor court as the rural administrative centre, and levied a local tax on produce known as a <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_1989_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_1989-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the medieval period, responsibilities such as relief of the poor passed increasingly from the lord of the manor to the parish's <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a>, who in practice would delegate tasks among his vestry or the (often well-endowed) monasteries. After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolution of the monasteries</a>, the power to levy a <a href="/wiki/Rates_(tax)" title="Rates (tax)">rate</a> to fund relief of the poor was conferred on the parish authorities by the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1601" title="Poor Relief Act 1601">Poor Relief Act 1601</a>. Both before and after this optional social change, local (vestry-administered) <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charities</a> are well-documented.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parish authorities were known as vestries and consisted of all the ratepayers of the parish. As the number of ratepayers of some parishes grew, it became increasingly difficult to convene meetings as an open vestry. In some, mostly built-up, areas the <a href="/wiki/Vestry#Select_vestry" title="Vestry">select vestry</a> took over responsibility from the entire body of ratepayers. This innovation improved efficiency, but allowed governance by a self-perpetuating elite.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_1989_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_1989-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration of the parish system relied on the monopoly of the established English Church, which for a few years after <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> alternated between the Roman Catholic Church and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, before settling on the latter on the accession of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> in 1558. By the 18th century, religious membership was becoming more fractured in some places, due in part to the progress of <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>. The legitimacy of the parish vestry came into question, and the perceived inefficiency and corruption inherent in the system became a source for concern in some places.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_1989_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_1989-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, during the early 19th century the parish progressively lost its powers to <i>ad hoc</i> boards and other organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_guardians" title="Board of guardians">boards of guardians</a> given responsibility for poor relief through the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Amendment Act 1834</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_district" title="Sanitary district">Sanitary districts</a> covered England in 1875 and Ireland three years later. The replacement boards were each entitled to levy their own rate in the parish; the church rate ceased to be levied in many parishes and became voluntary from 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_1989_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_1989-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_and_ecclesiastical_split">Civil and ecclesiastical split</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civil and ecclesiastical split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 17th century it was found that the 1601 Poor Law did not work well for very large parishes, which were particularly common in northern England. Such parishes were typically subdivided into multiple <a href="/wiki/Township_(England)" title="Township (England)">townships</a>, which levied their rates separately. The <a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1662" title="Poor Relief Act 1662">Poor Relief Act 1662</a> therefore directed that for poor law purposes 'parish' meant any place which maintained its own poor, thereby converting many townships into separate 'poor law parishes'.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the administration of the poor laws was the main civil function of parishes, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1866&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1866 (page does not exist)">Poor Law Amendment Act 1866</a>, which received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> on 10 August 1866, declared all areas that levied a separate rate or had their own <a href="/wiki/Overseer_of_the_poor" title="Overseer of the poor">overseer of the poor</a> to be parishes. This included the Church of England parishes (until then simply known as "parishes"), <a href="/wiki/Extra-parochial_area" title="Extra-parochial area">extra-parochial areas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Township_(England)" title="Township (England)">townships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chapelry" title="Chapelry">chapelries</a>. To have collected rates this means these beforehand had their own vestries, boards or equivalent bodies. Parishes using this definition subsequently became known as "civil parishes" to distinguish them from the ecclesiastical parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church of England parishes, which cover more than 99% of England, have become officially (and to avoid ambiguity) termed <i>ecclesiastical parishes</i>. The limits of many of these have diverged; most greatly through changes in population and church attendance (these factors can cause churches to be opened or closed). Since 1921, each has been the responsibility of its own <a href="/wiki/Parochial_church_council" title="Parochial church council">parochial church council</a>. </p><p>In the late 19th century, most of the "ancient" (a legal term equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">time immemorial</a>) irregularities inherited by the civil parish system were cleaned up, and the majority of <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclaves</a> were abolished. The <a href="/wiki/1911_United_Kingdom_census" title="1911 United Kingdom census">census of 1911</a> noted that 8,322 (58%) of "parishes" in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> were not geographically identical when comparing the <i>civil</i> to the <i>ecclesiastical</i> form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1894_reforms">1894 reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1894 reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1894, civil parishes were reformed by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1894" title="Local Government Act 1894">Local Government Act 1894</a> (<a href="/wiki/56_%26_57_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="56 & 57 Vict.">56 & 57 Vict.</a> c. 73) to become the smallest geographical area for local government in rural areas. The act abolished the civil (non-ecclesiastical) duties of <a href="/wiki/Vestry" title="Vestry">vestries</a>. Parishes which straddled county boundaries or <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_district" title="Sanitary district">sanitary districts</a> had to be split so that the part in each urban or rural sanitary district became a separate parish (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_county_exclaves_in_England_and_Wales_1844%E2%80%931974" title="List of county exclaves in England and Wales 1844–1974">List of county exclaves in England and Wales 1844–1974</a>). The sanitary districts were then reconstituted as <a href="/wiki/Urban_district_(England_and_Wales)" title="Urban district (England and Wales)">urban districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rural_district" title="Rural district">rural districts</a>, with parishes that fell within urban districts classed as urban parishes, and parishes that fell within rural districts were classed as rural parishes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rural_parishes">Rural parishes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rural parishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1894 act established elected civil parish councils as to all rural parishes with more than 300 electors, and established annual <a href="/wiki/Parish_meeting" title="Parish meeting">parish meetings</a> in all rural parishes. Civil parishes were grouped to form either rural or urban districts which are thereafter classified as either type. The parish meetings for parishes with a population of between 100 and 300 could request their county council to establish a parish council. Provision was also made for a grouped parish council to be established covering two or more rural parishes. In such groups, each parish retained its own parish meeting which could vote to leave the group, but otherwise the grouped parish council acted across the combined area of the parishes included. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_parishes">Urban parishes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Urban parishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urban civil parishes were not given their own parish councils, but were directly administered by the council of the urban district or borough in which they were contained. Many urban parishes were coterminous (geographically identical) with the <a href="/wiki/Urban_district_(England_and_Wales)" title="Urban district (England and Wales)">urban district</a> or <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">municipal borough</a> in which they lay. Towns which included multiple urban parishes often consolidated the urban parishes into one. The urban parishes continued to be used as an electoral area for electing guardians to the <a href="/wiki/Poor_law_union" title="Poor law union">poor law unions</a>. The unions took in areas in multiple parishes and had a set number of guardians for each parish, hence a final purpose of urban civil parishes. With the abolition of the Poor Law system in 1930, urban parishes became a geographical division only with no administrative power; that was exercised at the urban district or borough council level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1965–1974_reforms"><span id="1965.E2.80.931974_reforms"></span>1965–1974 reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1965–1974 reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1965 civil parishes in London were formally abolished when <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> was created, as the legislative framework for Greater London did not make provision for any local government body below a <a href="/wiki/London_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="London borough">London borough</a>. (Since the new county was beforehand a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan boroughs</a>, municipal boroughs and urban districts, no extant parish councils were abolished.) </p><p>In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a><sup id="cite_ref-lga1972_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lga1972-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retained rural parishes, but abolished most urban parishes, as well as the urban districts and boroughs which had administered them. Provision was made for smaller urban districts and boroughs to become <a href="/wiki/Successor_parish" title="Successor parish">successor parishes</a>, with a boundary coterminous with an existing urban district or borough or, if divided by a new district boundary, as much as was comprised in a single district. There were 300 such successor parishes established. In urban areas that were considered too large to be single parishes, the parishes were simply abolished, and they became <a href="/wiki/Unparished_area" title="Unparished area">unparished areas</a>. The distinction between types of parish was no longer made; whether parishes continued by virtue of being retained rural parishes or were created as successor parishes, they were all simply termed parishes. The 1972 act allowed the new district councils (outside London) to review their parishes, and many areas left unparished in 1972 have since been made parishes, either in whole or part. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hinckley" title="Hinckley">Hinckley</a>, whilst entirely unparished in 1974, now has four civil parishes, which together cover part of its area, whilst the central part of the town remains unparished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-divisions">Sub-divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sub-divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some parishes were sub-divided into smaller territories known as <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)#United_Kingdom" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tithing" title="Tithing">tithings</a> or <a href="/wiki/Township_(England)" title="Township (England)">townships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival">Revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nowadays the creation of town and <a href="/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish councils in England">parish councils</a> is encouraged in <a href="/wiki/Unparished_area" title="Unparished area">unparished areas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_and_Rating_Act_1997" title="Local Government and Rating Act 1997">Local Government and Rating Act 1997</a> created a procedure which gave residents in unparished areas the right to demand that a new parish and parish council be created.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This right was extended to <a href="/wiki/London_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="London borough">London boroughs</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_and_Public_Involvement_in_Health_Act_2007" title="Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007">Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – with this, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> is at present the only part of England where civil parishes cannot be created. If enough electors in the area of a proposed new parish (ranging from 50% in an area with less than 500 electors to 10% in one with more than 2,500) sign a <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petition</a> demanding its creation, then the local district council or unitary authority must consider the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-reviews_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reviews-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the beginning of the 21st century, numerous parish councils have been created, including some relatively large urban ones. The main driver has been the desire to have a more local tier of government when new larger authorities have been created, which are felt to be remote from local concerns and identity. A number of parishes have been created in places which used to have their own borough or district council; examples include <a href="/wiki/Daventry" title="Daventry">Daventry</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Kidderminster" title="Kidderminster">Kidderminster</a> (2015) and <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield" title="Sutton Coldfield">Sutton Coldfield</a> (2016). The trend towards the creation of geographically large <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitary authorities in England">unitary authorities</a> has been a spur to the creation of new parishes in some larger towns which were previously unparished, in order to retain a local tier of government; examples include <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a> (2009), <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a> (2009), <a href="/wiki/Crewe" title="Crewe">Crewe</a> (2013) and <a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset" title="Weymouth, Dorset">Weymouth</a> (2019).<sup id="cite_ref-UAparishHOCL_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAparishHOCL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003 seven new parish councils were set up for <a href="/wiki/Burton_upon_Trent" title="Burton upon Trent">Burton upon Trent</a>, and in 2001 the <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a> urban area became entirely parished, with ten new parishes being created. </p><p>Parishes can also be abolished where there is evidence that this is in response to "justified, clear and sustained local support" from the area's inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-reviews_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reviews-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples are <a href="/wiki/Birtley,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Birtley, Tyne and Wear">Birtley</a>, which was abolished in 2006, and <a href="/wiki/Southsea" title="Southsea">Southsea</a>, abolished in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Parish_council_(England)" title="Parish council (England)">Parish council (England)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parish_meeting" title="Parish meeting">Parish meeting</a></div> <p>Every civil parish has a parish meeting, which all the electors of the parish are entitled to attend. Generally a meeting is held once a year. A civil parish may have a <a href="/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish councils in England">parish council</a> which exercises various local responsibilities prescribed by statute. Parishes with fewer than 200 electors are usually deemed too small to have a parish council, and instead will only have a <a href="/wiki/Parish_meeting" title="Parish meeting">parish meeting</a>: an example of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>. Alternatively several small parishes can be grouped together and share a common parish council, or even a common parish meeting. </p><p>A parish council may decide to call itself a town council, village council, community council, neighbourhood council, or if the parish has city status, the parish council may call itself a city council.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Department for Communities and Local Government">Department for Communities and Local Government</a>, in England in 2011 there were 9,946 parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1997 around 100 new civil parishes have been created, in some cases by splitting existing civil parishes, but mostly by creating new ones from unparished areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powers_and_functions">Powers and functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Powers and functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parish or town councils have very few statutory duties (things they are required to do by law) but have a range of discretionary powers which they may exercise voluntarily. These powers have been defined by various pieces of legislation. The role they play can vary significantly depending on the size, resources and ability of the council, but their activities can include any of the following:<sup id="cite_ref-calc_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-localgov_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-localgov-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ackworth_Parish_Council_Community_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_339252.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ackworth_Parish_Council_Community_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_339252.jpg/220px-Ackworth_Parish_Council_Community_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_339252.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ackworth_Parish_Council_Community_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_339252.jpg/330px-Ackworth_Parish_Council_Community_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_339252.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ackworth_Parish_Council_Community_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_339252.jpg/440px-Ackworth_Parish_Council_Community_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_339252.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Parish council community centre, in <a href="/wiki/Ackworth,_West_Yorkshire" title="Ackworth, West Yorkshire">Ackworth, West Yorkshire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Parish councils have powers to provide and manage various local facilities; these can include <a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">allotments</a>, cemeteries, parks, playgrounds, playing fields and <a href="/wiki/Village_green" title="Village green">village greens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Village_hall" title="Village hall">village halls</a> or <a href="/wiki/Community_centre" title="Community centre">community centres</a>, bus shelters, street lighting, roadside verges, car parks, footpaths, litter bins and war memorials. Larger parish councils may also be involved in running <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">markets</a>, public toilets and public clocks, museums and <a href="/wiki/Leisure_centre" title="Leisure centre">leisure centres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UAparishHOCL_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAparishHOCL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-calc_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-localgov_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-localgov-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parish councils may spend money on various things they deem to be beneficial to their communities, such as providing <a href="/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grants</a> to local community groups or local projects, or fund things such as public events, crime prevention measures, community transport schemes, traffic calming or tourism promotion.<sup id="cite_ref-UAparishHOCL_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAparishHOCL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-calc_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-localgov_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-localgov-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parish councils have a role in the <a href="/wiki/Town_and_country_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town and country planning">planning</a> system; they have a statutory right to be consulted on any <a href="/wiki/Planning_permission_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Planning permission in the United Kingdom">planning applications</a> in their areas. They may also produce a <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_planning#Neighbourhood_Planning_in_England" title="Neighborhood planning">neighbourhood plan</a> to influence local development.<sup id="cite_ref-UAparishHOCL_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAparishHOCL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-calc_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Localism_Act_2011" title="Localism Act 2011">Localism Act 2011</a> allowed eligible parish councils to be granted a "<a href="/wiki/Everything_which_is_not_forbidden_is_allowed" title="Everything which is not forbidden is allowed">general power of competence</a>" which allows them within certain limits the freedom to do anything an individual can do provided it is not prohibited by other legislation, as opposed to being limited to the powers explicitly granted to them by law.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be eligible for this, a parish council must meet certain conditions such as having a clerk with suitable qualifications.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parish councils receive funding by levying a "<a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England#Precepting_authorities" title="Local government in England">precept</a>" on the <a href="/wiki/Council_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Council tax">council tax</a> paid by the residents of the parish (or parishes) served by the parish council. In a civil parish which has no parish council, the <a href="/wiki/Parish_meeting" title="Parish meeting">parish meeting</a> may levy a council tax precept for expenditure relating to specific functions, powers and rights which have been conferred on it by legislation. In places where there is no civil parish (<a href="/wiki/Unparished_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Unparished areas">unparished areas</a>), the administration of the activities normally undertaken by the parish becomes the responsibility of the district or borough council. The district council may make an additional council tax charge, known as a Special Expense, to residents of the unparished area to fund those activities.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the district council does not opt to make a Special Expenses charge, there is an element of double taxation of residents of parished areas, because services provided to residents of the unparished area are funded by council tax paid by residents of the whole district, rather than only by residents of the unparished area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Councillors_and_elections">Councillors and elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Councillors and elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parish councils comprise volunteer <a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor">councillors</a> who are <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elected</a> to serve for four years. Decisions of the council are carried out by a paid officer, typically known as a parish clerk. Councils may employ additional people (including bodies corporate, provided where necessary, by tender) to carry out specific tasks dictated by the council. Some councils have chosen to pay their elected members an allowance, as permitted under part 5 of the Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (England) Regulations 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of councillors varies roughly in proportion to the population of the parish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most rural parish councillors are elected to represent the entire parish, though in parishes with larger populations or those that cover larger areas, the parish can be divided into wards. Each of these wards then returns councillors to the parish council (the numbers depending on their population). Only if there are more candidates standing for election than there are seats on the council will an election be held. However, sometimes there are fewer candidates than seats. When this happens, the vacant seats have to be filled by <a href="/wiki/Co-option" title="Co-option">co-option</a> by the council. If a vacancy arises for a seat mid-term, an election is only held if a certain number (usually ten) of parish residents request an election. Otherwise the council will co-opt someone to be the replacement councillor. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Localism_Act_2011" title="Localism Act 2011">Localism Act 2011</a> introduced new arrangements which replaced the <a href="/wiki/Standards_Board_for_England" title="Standards Board for England">'Standards Board regime'</a> with local monitoring by district, unitary or equivalent authorities. Under new regulations which came into effect in 2012 all parish councils in England are required to adopt a code of conduct with which parish councillors must comply, and to promote and maintain high standards. A new criminal offence of failing to comply with statutory requirements was introduced. More than one 'model code' has been published, and councils are free to modify an existing code or adopt a new code. In either case the code must comply with the <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Principles_of_Public_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Nolan Principles of Public Life">Nolan Principles of Public Life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_and_styles">Status and styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Status and styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A parish can be granted <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> by <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">the Crown</a>. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, eight parishes in England have city status, each having a long-established Anglican cathedral: <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a>. </p><p>The council of an ungrouped parish may pass a resolution giving the parish the status of a town,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at which point the council becomes a <a href="/wiki/Town_council" title="Town council">town council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 400 parish councils are called town councils.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_and_Public_Involvement_in_Health_Act_2007" title="Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007">Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007</a>, a civil parish may be given one of the following alternative styles: </p> <ul><li>community</li> <li>neighbourhood</li> <li>village</li></ul> <p>As a result, a parish council can be called a town council, a community council, a village council or occasionally a city council (though most cities are not parishes but principal areas, or in England specifically <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan boroughs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan districts</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chairman of a town council will have the title "town mayor" and that of a parish council which is a city will usually have the title of <a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_England" title="Mayors in England">mayor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charter_trustees">Charter trustees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Charter trustees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a city or town has been abolished as a borough, and it is considered desirable to maintain continuity of the charter, the charter may be transferred to a parish council for its area. Where there is no such parish council, the district council may appoint <a href="/wiki/Charter_trustee" title="Charter trustee">charter trustees</a> to whom the charter and the arms of the former borough will belong. The charter trustees (who consist of the councillor or councillors for the area of the former borough) maintain traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors in the United Kingdom">mayoralty</a>. An example of such a city was <a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a>, whose city council was merged in 1998 to form a unitary <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>. The area of the city of Hereford remained unparished until 2000 when a parish council was created for the city. As another example, the charter trustees for the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Bath">City of Bath</a> make up the majority of the councillors on <a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset" title="Bath and North East Somerset">Bath and North East Somerset</a> Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Civil parishes cover 35% of England's population, with one in <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> and few in the other conurbations. Civil parishes vary greatly in population: some have populations below 100 and have no settlement larger than a <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlet</a>, while others cover towns with populations of tens of thousands. <a href="/wiki/Weston-super-Mare" title="Weston-super-Mare">Weston-super-Mare</a>, with a population of 71,758,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> is the most populous civil parish. In many cases small settlements, today popularly termed <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">villages</a>, localities or suburbs, are in a single parish which originally had one church. </p><p>Large urban areas are mostly unparished, as the government at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a> discouraged their creation for large towns or their suburbs, but there is generally nothing to stop their establishment. For example, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> has two parishes (<a href="/wiki/New_Frankley" title="New Frankley">New Frankley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield" title="Sutton Coldfield">Sutton Coldfield</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> has four, and the <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_urban_area" title="Milton Keynes urban area">Milton Keynes urban area</a> has 24. Parishes could not however be established in London until the law was changed in 2007. </p><p>A civil parish can range in area from a small village or town ward to a large tract of mostly uninhabited moorland in the Cheviots, Pennines or Dartmoor. The two largest as at December 2023<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are <a href="/wiki/Stanhope,_County_Durham" title="Stanhope, County Durham">Stanhope</a> (County Durham) at 98.6 square miles (255 km<sup>2</sup>), and <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_Forest" title="Dartmoor Forest">Dartmoor Forest</a> (Devon) at 79.07 square miles (204.8 km<sup>2</sup>). The two smallest are parcels of shared rural land: <a href="/wiki/Lands_common_to_Axminster_and_Kilmington" title="Lands common to Axminster and Kilmington">Lands Common to Axminster and Kilmington</a> (Devon) at 0.012 square miles (0.031 km<sup>2</sup>; 3.1 ha; 7.7 acres), and Lands Common to <a href="/wiki/Brancepeth" title="Brancepeth">Brancepeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandon_and_Byshottles" title="Brandon and Byshottles">Brandon and Byshottles</a> (County Durham) at 0.0165 square miles (0.043 km<sup>2</sup>; 4.3 ha; 10.6 acres). The next two smallest are parishes in built up areas: <a href="/wiki/Chester_Castle_(parish)" title="Chester Castle (parish)">Chester Castle</a> (Cheshire) at 0.0168 square miles (0.044 km<sup>2</sup>; 4.4 ha; 10.8 acres) (no recorded population) and <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Lea" title="Hamilton Lea">Hamilton Lea</a> (Leicestershire) at 0.07 square miles (0.18 km<sup>2</sup>; 18 ha; 45 acres) (1,021 residents at the 2021 census). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deserted_parishes">Deserted parishes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Deserted parishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2001 census recorded several parishes with no inhabitants. These were <a href="/wiki/Chester_Castle_(parish)" title="Chester Castle (parish)">Chester Castle</a> (in the middle of <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> city centre), <a href="/wiki/Newland_with_Woodhouse_Moor" title="Newland with Woodhouse Moor">Newland with Woodhouse Moor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Chase" title="Beaumont Chase">Beaumont Chase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinsthorpe" title="Martinsthorpe">Martinsthorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meering" title="Meering">Meering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanground_North" title="Stanground North">Stanground North</a> (subsequently abolished), <a href="/wiki/Sturston,_Norfolk" title="Sturston, Norfolk">Sturston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tottington,_Norfolk" title="Tottington, Norfolk">Tottington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tyneham" title="Tyneham">Tyneham</a> (subsequently merged). The lands of the last three were taken over by the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and remain deserted. </p><p>In the 2011 census, Newland with Woodhouse Moor and Beaumont Chase reported inhabitants, and there were no new deserted parishes recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_abolition_of_anomalies">General abolition of anomalies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General abolition of anomalies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Enclaves_and_exclaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclaves and exclaves">Enclaves and exclaves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counties_(Detached_Parts)_Act_1844" title="Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844">Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844</a></div> <p>Nearly all instances of detached parts of civil parishes (areas not contiguous with the main part of the parish) and of those straddling counties have been ended. 14 examples remain in England as at 2022, including <a href="/wiki/Barnby_Moor" title="Barnby Moor">Barnby Moor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallingwells" title="Wallingwells">Wallingwells</a>, both in Nottinghamshire.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Direct predecessors of civil parishes are most often known as "ancient parishes", although many date only from the mid 19th century. Using a longer historical lens the better terms are "pre-separation (civil and ecclesiastical) parish", "original medieval parishes" and "new parishes". The <i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_History" title="Victoria County History">Victoria County History</a></i>, a landmark collaborative work mostly written in the 20th century (although incomplete), summarises the history of each English "parish", roughly meaning late medieval parish. A minority of these had <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclaves</a>, which could be: </p> <ul><li>an enclave within another parish,</li> <li>surrounded by more than one other parish, or</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">pene-enclave</a>, partly surrounded by sea.</li></ul> <p>In some cases an exclave of a parish (a "detached part") was in a different <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">county</a>. In other cases, counties surrounded a whole parish meaning it was in an unconnected, "alien" county. These anomalies resulted in a highly localised difference in applicable <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_shire" title="Knight of the shire">representatives on the national level</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justices_of_the_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justices of the peace">justices of the peace</a>, sheriffs, bailiffs with inconvenience to the inhabitants. If a parish was split then churchwardens, highway wardens and constables would also spend more time or money travelling large distances. Some parishes straddled two or more counties, such as <a href="/wiki/Todmorden" title="Todmorden">Todmorden</a> in Lancashire and Yorkshire.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such anomalies mostly arose in the height of the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal system">feudal system</a>, when parishes evolved. Major land interests (<a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manor</a> proper or <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">church</a> lands) may have acquired non-contiguous parcels of land i.e. beyond the original parish/county bounds or what would become the boundaries of a new parish. Those extraterritorial land parcels influenced the formation of parish boundaries where the parcels were significant to the parish. Thus secular land in an exclave, almost always manor, may have been the site of a prosperous farmstead, or remained part of the manor for generations, or the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">lord/lady of the manor</a> may have held the right to appoint the parish priest (<a href="/wiki/Advowson" title="Advowson">advowson</a>) or co-founded the church as its patron. The scenario may also have arisen originally as an attempt to <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_diversification" title="Agricultural diversification">diversify</a> the lord's (or overlord's) interests, or from a large burial ground in an urban setting. It could also arise from a chance inheritance. It caused inconvenience to the residents of most exclaves/enclaves (where not numerous or economically significant enough to have their own <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_ease" title="Chapel of ease">chapel of ease</a> as to religious matters and a vestry as to civil matters). They had to attend a distant church and/or the <a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">manorial court</a> for certain <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a>, rates, baptisms, marriages, funerals, or to obtain regular poor relief and most forms of education, charitable alms and hospitalry. </p><p>The end of <a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">manorial courts</a> coincided with growing agricultural innovation, fragmentation of land ownership and housing growth. The church and vestries were reluctant to bring boundaries up to date. This meant such anomalies were irrelevant <a href="/wiki/Mischief_rule" title="Mischief rule">nuisances</a> with a real economic cost in distance of administration and confusion. They began to be remedied nationally in <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a> by Parliament in the early 19th century in the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Reforms</a> of 1834, and was more widely in 1844 when the <a href="/wiki/Counties_(Detached_Parts)_Act_1844" title="Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844">Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844</a> moved most parishes which were partly or wholly in an alien county. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_county_exclaves_in_England_and_Wales_1844%E2%80%931974" title="List of county exclaves in England and Wales 1844–1974">remaining exclaves of counties</a> were transferred in the 1890s and in 1931, with one exception: an exclave of <a href="/wiki/Tetworth" title="Tetworth">Tetworth</a>, surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, was removed in 1965 from <a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a>. </p><p>Other acts, including the <a href="/wiki/Divided_Parishes_and_Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1882" title="Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act 1882">Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act 1882</a> eliminated instances of civil parishes being split between counties, so that by 1901 <a href="/wiki/Stanground,_Peterborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanground, Peterborough">Stanground</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Ely" title="Isle of Ely">Isle of Ely</a> was the last example;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was split into two parishes, one in each county, in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> has only abolished these where locally incepted (under the Anglican and the Catholic principle of <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">subsidiarity</a>). This means it has essentially kept, often divided in urban areas, the original parishes. The Church's main website has an accessible map, showing parish boundaries church-by-church.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowley_Civil_Parish_Map_1868.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eight exclaves of highly anomalous Cowley, all in Hillingdon, then in Middlesex."><img alt="Eight exclaves of highly anomalous Cowley, all in Hillingdon, then in Middlesex." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cowley_Civil_Parish_Map_1868.svg/107px-Cowley_Civil_Parish_Map_1868.svg.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cowley_Civil_Parish_Map_1868.svg/161px-Cowley_Civil_Parish_Map_1868.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cowley_Civil_Parish_Map_1868.svg/214px-Cowley_Civil_Parish_Map_1868.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="723" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eight exclaves of highly anomalous <a href="/wiki/Cowley,_London" title="Cowley, London">Cowley</a>, all in Hillingdon, then in Middlesex.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Barnet_Valley_Civil_Parish_Map_1863.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The two tiny exclaves of Enfield."><img alt="The two tiny exclaves of Enfield." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/East_Barnet_Valley_Civil_Parish_Map_1863.svg/96px-East_Barnet_Valley_Civil_Parish_Map_1863.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/East_Barnet_Valley_Civil_Parish_Map_1863.svg/144px-East_Barnet_Valley_Civil_Parish_Map_1863.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/East_Barnet_Valley_Civil_Parish_Map_1863.svg/192px-East_Barnet_Valley_Civil_Parish_Map_1863.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The two tiny exclaves of <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Enfield" title="Municipal Borough of Enfield">Enfield</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Civil_Parish_Map_1870.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Burial exclave of the 1724-created St George Hanover Square in Paddington. It remains only in the C of E. Used for burials 1763–1852.[43][44]"><img alt="Burial exclave of the 1724-created St George Hanover Square in Paddington. It remains only in the C of E. Used for burials 1763–1852.[43][44]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Westminster_Civil_Parish_Map_1870.png/120px-Westminster_Civil_Parish_Map_1870.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Westminster_Civil_Parish_Map_1870.png/180px-Westminster_Civil_Parish_Map_1870.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Westminster_Civil_Parish_Map_1870.png/240px-Westminster_Civil_Parish_Map_1870.png 2x" data-file-width="8153" data-file-height="5384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Burial exclave of the 1724-created <a href="/wiki/St_George_Hanover_Square" title="St George Hanover Square">St George Hanover Square</a> in Paddington. It remains only in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">C of E</a>. Used for burials 1763–1852.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middlesex_parishes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the other main enclaves and exclaves in Middlesex."><img alt="Map of the other main enclaves and exclaves in Middlesex." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Middlesex_parishes.jpg/120px-Middlesex_parishes.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Middlesex_parishes.jpg/180px-Middlesex_parishes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Middlesex_parishes.jpg/240px-Middlesex_parishes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="1259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the other main enclaves and exclaves in Middlesex.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">List of civil parishes in England</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_medieval_parishes_in_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of medieval parishes in Wales (page does not exist)">List of medieval parishes in Wales</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dataset-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dataset_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dataset_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planning.data.gov.uk/dataset/parish">"Dataset: Civil parish"</a>. <i>Office for National Statistics</i>. 10 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Dataset%3A+Civil+parish&rft.date=2023-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planning.data.gov.uk%2Fdataset%2Fparish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONS_Geography_Guide_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about">"A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023)"</a>. <i>Open Geography Portal</i>. Office for National Statistics. 24 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>Parishes are subdivisions of local authorities in many parts of England, and their councils are the most local level of government. Unlike electoral wards and electoral divisions, parishes are not found in all parts of England. The Welsh and Scottish equivalents are communities. Note that the full term for administrative parishes is "civil parish", to distinguish them from the ecclesiastical parishes that are found in all parts of the UK.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Geography+Portal&rft.atitle=A+Beginners+Guide+to+UK+Geography+%282023%29&rft.date=2023-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fa-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnettSweeting2013" class="citation web cs1">Barnett, Neil; Sweeting, David (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/media-library/sites/sps/migrated/documents/neilbarnett.pdf">"Is UK local government really so big?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Bristol</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Bristol&rft.atitle=Is+UK+local+government+really+so+big%3F&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Sweeting%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristol.ac.uk%2Fmedia-library%2Fsites%2Fsps%2Fmigrated%2Fdocuments%2Fneilbarnett.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UAparishHOCL-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UAparishHOCL_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UAparishHOCL_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UAparishHOCL_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UAparishHOCL_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UAparishHOCL_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerSandford2020" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Carl; Sandford, Mark (16 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/unitary-authorities-the-role-of-parish-and-town-councils/">"Unitary authorities: The role of parish and town councils"</a>. House of Commons Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unitary+authorities%3A+The+role+of+parish+and+town+councils&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Sandford%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.parliament.uk%2Funitary-authorities-the-role-of-parish-and-town-councils%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reviews-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reviews_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reviews_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reviews_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/localgovernment/pdf/1527635.pdf"><i>Guidance on Community Governance Reviews</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Department for Communities and Local Government">Department for Communities and Local Government</a>. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4098-2421-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4098-2421-3"><bdi>978-1-4098-2421-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidance+on+Community+Governance+Reviews&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Department+for+Communities+and+Local+Government&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4098-2421-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communities.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Flocalgovernment%2Fpdf%2F1527635.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-18249803">"Queen's Park parish gets go-ahead"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Queen%27s+Park+parish+gets+go-ahead&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-18249803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopaedia Britannica 1993<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_1989-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_1989_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_1989_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_1989_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_1989_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_1989_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold-Baker1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Arnold-Baker" title="Charles Arnold-Baker">Arnold-Baker, Charles</a> (1989). <i>Local Council Administration in English Parishes and Welsh Communities</i>. Longcross Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902378-09-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-902378-09-4"><bdi>978-0-902378-09-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+Council+Administration+in+English+Parishes+and+Welsh+Communities&rft.pub=Longcross+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-902378-09-4&rft.aulast=Arnold-Baker&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1986" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, John (1986). <i>The Local Historian's Encyclopaedia</i>. Historical Publications Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Local+Historian%27s+Encyclopaedia&rft.pub=Historical+Publications+Limited&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churches in the Landscape, Richard Morris, JM Dent & Sons, 1989, Chapter 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-or-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-or_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-or_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">History of the Countryside by Oliver Rackham, 1986 p19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/types/status_page.jsp?unit_status=AP">"Status details for Ancient Parish"</a>. <i>A Vision of Britain</i>. University of Portsmouth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Vision+of+Britain&rft.atitle=Status+details+for+Ancient+Parish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Ftypes%2Fstatus_page.jsp%3Funit_status%3DAP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_Histories" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria County Histories">Victoria County Histories</a></i> provide, for most parishes but not all, evidence of local private charities with details.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbook-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-handbook_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbertJenkin1888" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, N. M.; Jenkin, A. F. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/councillorshandb00herb/page/4/mode/2up"><i>The Councillors' Handbook</i></a>. London: Haddin, Best & Co. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Councillors%27+Handbook&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Haddin%2C+Best+%26+Co.&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=N.+M.&rft.au=Jenkin%2C+A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcouncillorshandb00herb%2Fpage%2F4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SVYMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Poor+Law+Amendment+Act+1866&pg=PA574">"Poor Law Amendment Act 1866 (29 & 30 Victoria, c. 113)"</a>. <i>A collection of the public general statutes passed in the twenty-ninth and thirtieth years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria</i>. London: Google Books. 1866. pp. 574–577<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poor+Law+Amendment+Act+1866+%2829+%26+30+Victoria%2C+c.+113%29&rft.btitle=A+collection+of+the+public+general+statutes+passed+in+the+twenty-ninth+and+thirtieth+years+of+the+reign+of+Her+Majesty+Queen+Victoria&rft.place=London&rft.pages=574-577&rft.pub=Google+Books&rft.date=1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSVYMAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3DPoor%2BLaw%2BAmendment%2BAct%2B1866%26pg%3DPA574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lga1972-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lga1972_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Local Government Act 1972. 1972 c.70</i>. The Stationery Office Ltd. 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-10-547072-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-10-547072-4"><bdi>0-10-547072-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+Government+Act+1972.+1972+c.70&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office+Ltd&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-10-547072-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, Frederic A, Jr. (1979). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol.I: Southern England. London: Royal Historical Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901050-67-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-901050-67-9">0-901050-67-9</a>. pxvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nalc.gov.uk/About_NALC/What_is_a_parish_or_town_council/All_about_local_councils.aspx"><i>What is a parish or town council</i>, National Association of Local Councils website, accessed 14 August 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903020139/http://www.nalc.gov.uk/About_NALC/What_is_a_parish_or_town_council/All_about_local_councils.aspx">Archived</a> 3 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/pabills/200607/local_government_and_public_involvement_in_health.htm">"Sections 58-77 of the Act, which received Royal Assent on 30 October 2007"</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sections+58-77+of+the+Act%2C+which+received+Royal+Assent+on+30+October+2007&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fpabills%2F200607%2Flocal_government_and_public_involvement_in_health.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Birtley Town Council – Annual Return 2005/2006</i>, Gateshead Council, 29 September 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birtley+Town+Council+%E2%80%93+Annual+Return+2005%2F2006&rft.pub=Gateshead+Council&rft.date=2006-09-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101080618/http://www2.portsmouth.co.uk/pdfs/publicnotices/2010/160410.pdf">"The Portsmouth City Council (Reorganisation of Community Governance) Order 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.portsmouth.co.uk/pdfs/publicnotices/2010/160410.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Portsmouth+City+Council+%28Reorganisation+of+Community+Governance%29+Order+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fpdfs%2Fpublicnotices%2F2010%2F160410.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110506092449/http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/parishes201112">"Parishes and Charter Trustees in England 2011-12"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/parishes201112">the original</a> on 6 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parishes+and+Charter+Trustees+in+England+2011-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communities.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Fcorporate%2Fstatistics%2Fparishes201112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calc-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calc_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calc_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calc_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calc_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calc.org.uk/about/powers.asp">"Powers and Duties of Local Councils"</a>. Cumbria Association of Local Councils<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Powers+and+Duties+of+Local+Councils&rft.pub=Cumbria+Association+of+Local+Councils&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calc.org.uk%2Fabout%2Fpowers.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-localgov-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-localgov_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-localgov_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-localgov_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.localgov.co.uk/Parish-council-responsibilities/29135">"Parish council responsibilities"</a>. LocalGov.uk. 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parish+council+responsibilities&rft.pub=LocalGov.uk&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.localgov.co.uk%2FParish-council-responsibilities%2F29135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715034316/http://www.nalc.gov.uk/Document/Download.aspx?uid=079806d3-0e69-4588-9a32-ef02c91598df">Full list of powers of parish councils (archived since 15 July 2007)</a> nalc.gov.uk - Downloadable Microsoft Word Document</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.local.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/general-power-competence--0ac.pdf">"The General Power of Competence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Local government Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+General+Power+of+Competence&rft.pub=Local+government+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.local.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fgeneral-power-competence--0ac.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2012/965/made">"The Parish Councils (General Power of Competence) (Prescribed Conditions) Order 2012"</a>. legislation.gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Parish+Councils+%28General+Power+of+Competence%29+%28Prescribed+Conditions%29+Order+2012&rft.pub=legislation.gov.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F2012%2F965%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Finance_Act_1992" title="Local Government Finance Act 1992">Local Government Finance Act 1992</a>, section 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=0&linkToSearchEnacted=0&linkToSearchDay=3&linkToLocale=E%2BW%2BS%2BN.I.&linkToMatchExactLocale=0&linkToSearchMonth=12&linkToSearchYear=2008&linkToATDocumentId=840810&filesize=133430">"Local Government Act 2000 The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (England) Regulations 2003 Reg 30"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Government+Act+2000+The+Local+Authorities+%28Members%27+Allowances%29+%28England%29+Regulations+2003+Reg+30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BPrimary%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D2%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D0%26linkToSearchEnacted%3D0%26linkToSearchDay%3D3%26linkToLocale%3DE%252BW%252BS%252BN.I.%26linkToMatchExactLocale%3D0%26linkToSearchMonth%3D12%26linkToSearchYear%3D2008%26linkToATDocumentId%3D840810%26filesize%3D133430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/briefing-papers/SN05707/local-government-the-standards-regime-in-england">Local government: the standards regime in England - Commons Library Standard Note</a>, Accessed 1 May 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The council of a parish which is not grouped with any other parish may resolve that the parish shall have the status of a town"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1972/cukpga_19720070_en_35#pt13-pb1-l1g255">"Local Government Act 1972 (c.70), Part XIII"</a>. <i>Revised Statutes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information" title="Office of Public Sector Information">Office of Public Sector Information</a>. 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revised+Statutes&rft.atitle=Local+Government+Act+1972+%28c.70%29%2C+Part+XIII&rft.date=1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2FRevisedStatutes%2FActs%2Fukpga%2F1972%2Fcukpga_19720070_en_35%23pt13-pb1-l1g255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Local government in England and Wales: A Guide to the New System</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. 1974. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-750847-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-750847-0"><bdi>0-11-750847-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+government+in+England+and+Wales%3A+A+Guide+to+the+New+System&rft.place=London&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-11-750847-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nalc.gov.uk/About_NALC/What_is_a_parish_or_town_council/What_is_a_council.aspx">NALC - National Association of Local Councils</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110926170042/http://www.nalc.gov.uk/About_NALC/What_is_a_parish_or_town_council/What_is_a_council.aspx">Archived</a> 26 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/UK_Government_Web_Archive" title="UK Government Web Archive">UK Government Web Archive</a> Retrieved 26 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/localgovernment/communitygovernancereviews">Guidance on Community Governance Reviews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090517030600/http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/localgovernment/communitygovernancereviews">Archived</a> 17 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (April 2008), London: Department for Communities and Local Government. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8511-2917-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8511-2917-1">978-1-8511-2917-1</a>. Retrieved 26 December 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics2024" class="citation web cs1">Statistics, Office for National (4 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/9ab2f87b-5d21-4c39-bd35-edeff7017ca2/parishes-and-non-civil-parished-areas-december-2023-boundaries-ew-bfe">"Parishes and Non Civil Parished Areas (December 2023) Boundaries EW BFE"</a>. <i>www.data.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.data.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Parishes+and+Non+Civil+Parished+Areas+%28December+2023%29+Boundaries+EW+BFE&rft.date=2024-01-04&rft.aulast=Statistics&rft.aufirst=Office+for+National&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.gov.uk%2Fdataset%2F9ab2f87b-5d21-4c39-bd35-edeff7017ca2%2Fparishes-and-non-civil-parished-areas-december-2023-boundaries-ew-bfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/aboutus/transparencyandgovernance/freedomofinformationfoi/unpopulatedcivilparishesandcommunitiesfromthe2011census">"Unpopulated civil parishes and communities from the 2011 Census"</a>. <i>Office for National Statistics</i>. 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Unpopulated+civil+parishes+and+communities+from+the+2011+Census&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Faboutus%2Ftransparencyandgovernance%2Ffreedomofinformationfoi%2Funpopulatedcivilparishesandcommunitiesfromthe2011census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/aboutus/transparencyandgovernance/freedomofinformationfoi/detachedparishesandwardsinengland">"Detached parishes and wards in England - Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Detached+parishes+and+wards+in+England+-+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Faboutus%2Ftransparencyandgovernance%2Ffreedomofinformationfoi%2Fdetachedparishesandwardsinengland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todmorden.org.uk">Todmorden</a> Civil Parish Council and Community website. Retrieved 27 November 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=SRC_P&c_id=3&cpub_id=EW1901GEN">"1901 Census: General - Areas"</a>. <i>A Vision of Britain</i>. University of Portsmouth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423044011/https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=SRC_P&c_id=3&cpub_id=EW1901GEN">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Vision+of+Britain&rft.atitle=1901+Census%3A+General+-+Areas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Ftext%2Fchap_page.jsp%3Ft_id%3DSRC_P%26c_id%3D3%26cpub_id%3DEW1901GEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Local Government Board Order No. 56410, made under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1894" title="Local Government Act 1894">Local Government Act 1894</a> (<a href="/wiki/56_%26_57_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="56 & 57 Vict.">56 & 57 Vict.</a> c. 73) s.36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205104400/http://www.achurchnearyou.com/parishfinder.php?hascombe">Ecclesiastical parish still with detached part (example): Hascombe</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Retrieved 27 November 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was sold in 1967 to the Utopian Housing Society who built 7 blocks, housing 300 flats and maisonettes, completed in 1973 having communal woodland gardens. Many of the site's mature trees, including a plane about 250 years old and a red oak, were retained; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.php?ID=WST100">http://londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.php?ID=WST100</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142148/http://londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.php?ID=WST100">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.achurchnearyou.com/church/15772/">"St George's Hanover Square"</a>. 17 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+George%27s+Hanover+Square&rft.date=2023-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.achurchnearyou.com%2Fchurch%2F15772%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightHobhouse1884" class="citation book cs1">Wright, R S; Hobhouse, Henry (1884). <i>An Outline of Local Government and Local Taxation in England and Wales (Excluding the Metropolis)</i>. London: W Maxwell & Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+of+Local+Government+and+Local+Taxation+in+England+and+Wales+%28Excluding+the+Metropolis%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W+Maxwell+%26+Son&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=R+S&rft.au=Hobhouse%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+parish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_parish&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/16/in-praise-of-civil-parishes">In praise of ... civil parishes</a> Editorial in <i>The Guardian</i>, 16 May 2011.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_parishes_in_England" title="Template talk:Civil parishes in England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_parishes_in_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil parishes in England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_parishes_in_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil parishes</a> in England</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extra-parochial_area" title="Extra-parochial area">Extra-parochial area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Local_Councils" title="National Association of Local Councils">National Association of Local Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Local_Council_Clerks" title="Society of Local Council Clerks">Society of Local Council Clerks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish councils in England">Parish council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_meeting" title="Parish meeting">Parish meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Successor_parish" title="Successor parish">Successor parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unparished_area" title="Unparished area">Unparished area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1894" title="Local Government Act 1894">Local Government Act 1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1929" title="Local Government Act 1929">Local Government Act 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1933" title="Local Government Act 1933">Local Government Act 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Commission_for_England_(1992)" title="Local Government Commission for England (1992)">Local Government Act 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_and_Rating_Act_1997" title="Local Government and Rating Act 1997">Local Government and Rating Act 1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_2000" title="Local Government Act 2000">Local Government Act 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_and_Public_Involvement_in_Health_Act_2007" title="Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007">Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_Act_2011" title="Localism Act 2011">Localism Act 2011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">Lists by county</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Bedfordshire" title="Civil parishes in Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Berkshire" title="Civil parishes in Berkshire">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Buckinghamshire" title="List of civil parishes in Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Cambridgeshire" title="Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Cheshire" title="Civil parishes in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Cornwall" title="Civil parishes in Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Cumbria" title="Civil parishes in Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Derbyshire" title="List of civil parishes in Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Devon" title="List of civil parishes in Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Dorset" title="List of civil parishes in Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_County_Durham" title="List of civil parishes in County Durham">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_the_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="List of civil parishes in the East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_East_Sussex" title="List of civil parishes in East Sussex">East Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Essex" title="List of civil parishes in Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Gloucestershire" title="List of civil parishes in Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Greater_London" title="List of civil parishes in Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Civil parishes in Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Hampshire" title="List of civil parishes in Hampshire">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Herefordshire" title="List of civil parishes in Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of civil parishes in Hertfordshire"> Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_on_the_Isle_of_Wight" title="List of civil parishes on the Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Kent" title="List of civil parishes in Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Lancashire" title="Civil parishes in Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Leicestershire" title="List of civil parishes in Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Lincolnshire" title="List of civil parishes in Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Merseyside" title="Civil parishes in Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Norfolk" title="List of civil parishes in Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Northamptonshire" title="List of civil parishes in Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Northumberland" title="List of civil parishes in Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_North_Yorkshire" title="List of civil parishes in North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Nottinghamshire" title="List of civil parishes in Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Rutland" title="List of civil parishes in Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Shropshire" title="List of civil parishes in Shropshire">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Somerset" title="List of civil parishes in Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_South_Yorkshire" title="Civil parishes in South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Staffordshire" title="List of civil parishes in Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Suffolk" title="List of civil parishes in Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Surrey" title="List of civil parishes in Surrey">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Civil parishes in Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Warwickshire" title="List of civil parishes in Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_the_West_Midlands_(county)" title="Civil parishes in the West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_West_Sussex" title="List of civil parishes in West Sussex">West Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_West_Yorkshire" title="Civil parishes in West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Wiltshire" title="List of civil parishes in Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Worcestershire" title="List of civil parishes in Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_parishes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_parish" title="Template:Civil parish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_parish" title="Template talk:Civil parish"><abbr title="Discuss this 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of local government in the United Kingdom">History</a></li> <li>Subdivisions: <a href="/wiki/List_of_shrievalties" title="List of shrievalties">Shrievalties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenancy_area" title="Lieutenancy area">Lieutenancy areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of counties of the United Kingdom">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_counties" title="Home counties">home</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">Local government in England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_England" title="History of local government in England">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_England" title="Subdivisions of England">Subdivisions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial counties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties of England">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template:Unitary authorities of England">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts" title="List of English districts">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes in England">Civil parishes</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authorities">Combined authorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">Local government in Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland#History" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li>Subdivisions: <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Counties of Northern Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Northern Ireland">Districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government in Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Subdivisions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sheriffdom" title="Sheriffdom">Sheriffdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenancy_areas_of_Scotland" title="Lieutenancy areas of Scotland">Lieutenancy areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_areas_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Council areas of Scotland">Council areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_community_council_areas_in_Scotland" title="List of community council areas in Scotland">Community council areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Scotland" title="List of civil parishes in Scotland">Civil parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shires_of_Scotland" title="Shires of Scotland">Historic counties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government in Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local 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style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITL_1_statistical_regions_of_England" title="ITL 1 statistical regions of England">ITL 1 statistical regions of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">District</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">civil parish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">London borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authority</a> <ul><li>sui generis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> 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