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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definiție_matematică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definiție_matematică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definiție matematică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definiție_matematică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemplu_simplificat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemplu_simplificat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Exemplu simplificat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemplu_simplificat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geoid_precis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geoid_precis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geoid precis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geoid_precis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geoid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 65 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="مجسم أرضي – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجسم أرضي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeoide" title="Xeoide – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeoide" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Геоід – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геоід" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Геоід – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Геоід" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геоид – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Геоид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="ज्याॅइड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ज्याॅइड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95" title="ভূগোলক – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূগোলক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoide" title="Geoide – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Geoide" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoide" title="Geoide – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Geoide" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Γεωειδές – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωειδές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoido" title="Geoido – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Geoido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoide" title="Geoide – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geoide" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoide" title="Geoide – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Geoide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="زمین‌وار – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زمین‌وار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoidi" title="Geoidi – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Geoidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9o%C3%AFde" title="Géoïde – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géoïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeoide" title="Xeoide – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xeoide" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93" title="גאואיד – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאואיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Գեոիդ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեոիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoide" title="Geoide – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geoide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="ジオイド – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジオイド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="გეოიდი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეოიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геоид – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Геоид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%98%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="지오이드 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지오이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геоид – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Геоид" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2eo%C4%ABds" title="Ģeoīds – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģeoīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геоид – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Геоид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ജിയോയിഡ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജിയോയിഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1)" title="सम गुरुत्व सतह (जियोइड) – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सम गुरुत्व सतह (जियोइड)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo%C3%AFde" title="Geoïde – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geoïde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoide" title="Geoide – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geoide" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoide" title="Geoide – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geoide" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoida" title="Geoida – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geoida" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoide" title="Geoide – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geoide" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геоид – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геоид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геоид – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Геоид" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeoidi" title="Gjeoidi – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjeoidi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геоид – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Геоид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பூமிவடிவம் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூமிவடிவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Заминвора – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Заминвора" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="จีออยด์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จีออยด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoit" title="Geoit – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Geoit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B4" title="Геоїд – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геоїд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Geoid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E6%B0%B4%E5%87%86%E9%9D%A2" title="大地水准面 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大地水准面" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E6%B0%B4%E5%87%86%E9%9D%A2" title="大地水准面 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大地水准面" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%96%E9%9D%A2" title="大地水準面 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大地水準面" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185969#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie:Geoid&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discuții despre această pagină — pagină inexistentă [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geoid"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geoid"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Geoid" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Geoid" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&oldid=16309054" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Geoid&id=16309054&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeoid"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeoid"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Geoid"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Geoid&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geoid" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185969" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks plainlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Geodezie" title="Geodezie">Geodezie</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Azimutalprojektion-schief_kl-cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Azimutalprojektion-schief_kl-cropped.png/150px-Azimutalprojektion-schief_kl-cropped.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Azimutalprojektion-schief_kl-cropped.png/225px-Azimutalprojektion-schief_kl-cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Azimutalprojektion-schief_kl-cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#c5d5a5;"> Concepte fundamentale</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartografiere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartografiere — pagină inexistentă">Cartografiere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodezie" title="Geodezie">Geodezie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geodinamic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geodinamică — pagină inexistentă">Geodinamică</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geomatic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geomatică — pagină inexistentă">Geomatică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istoria_geodeziei" title="Istoria geodeziei">Istorie</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#c5d5a5;"> Concepte</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_datum" class="extiw" title="en:Geodetic datum">Date geodetice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distan%C8%9B%C4%83_geografic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distanță geografică — pagină inexistentă">Distanță geografică</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geoid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_geodezic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem geodezic — pagină inexistentă">Sistem geodezic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodezic%C4%83" title="Geodezică">Geodezică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordonate_geografice" title="Coordonate geografice">Coordonate geografice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reprezentarea_orizontului_local&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reprezentarea orizontului local — pagină inexistentă">Reprezentarea orizontului local</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Latitudine" title="Latitudine">Latitudine</a> / <a href="/wiki/Longitudine" title="Longitudine">Longitudine</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proiec%C8%9Bie_cartografic%C4%83" title="Proiecție cartografică">Proiecție cartografică</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elipsoid_de_referin%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elipsoid de referință — pagină inexistentă">Elipsoid de referință</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geodezie_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geodezie spațială — pagină inexistentă">Geodezie spațială</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_de_referin%C8%9B%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem de referință spațială — pagină inexistentă">Sistem de referință spațială</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#c5d5a5;"> Tehnologii</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_de_naviga%C8%9Bie_prin_satelit" title="Sistem de navigație prin satelit">Sistem de navigație prin satelit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Sistem de poziționare globală; (GPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(Rusia)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galileo_(navigare_prin_satelit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galileo (navigare prin satelit) — pagină inexistentă">Galileo</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(Europa)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IRNSS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IRNSS — pagină inexistentă">IRNSS</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(India)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemul_de_naviga%C8%9Bie_prin_satelit_Beidou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemul de navigație prin satelit Beidou — pagină inexistentă">BeiDou (BDS)</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(China)</span></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#c5d5a5;"> Standarde</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.2em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ED50&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ED50 — pagină inexistentă">ED50</a> </td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAD69&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAD69 — pagină inexistentă">SAD69</a> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRS_80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRS 80 — pagină inexistentă">GRS 80</a> </td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=NAD83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAD83 — pagină inexistentă">NAD83</a> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=WGS84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WGS84 — pagină inexistentă">WGS84</a> </td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=NAVD88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAVD88 — pagină inexistentă">NAVD88</a> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ETRS89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETRS89 — pagină inexistentă">ETRS89</a> </td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=GCJ-02&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GCJ-02 — pagină inexistentă">GCJ-02</a> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=SRID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRID — pagină inexistentă">SRID</a> </td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> <a href="/wiki/UTM" class="mw-disambig" title="UTM">UTM</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#c5d5a5;"> <a href="/wiki/Istoria_geodeziei" title="Istoria geodeziei">Istorie</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Level_Datum_of_1929" class="extiw" title="en:Sea Level Datum of 1929">NGVD29 <span style="font-size:90%;">(1929)</span></a></td> </tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Geodesy" class="mw-redirect" title="Format:Geodesy"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Geodesy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Geodesy — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Discută acest format">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Geodesy&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg/300px-Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg/450px-Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Anomaliile câmpului gravimetric al Pământului</figcaption></figure> <p>Geoidul reprezintă forma teoretică a suprafeței Pământului și este definit ca nivelul mediu al mărilor și oceanelor în repaus, extins sub continente, la care se raportează verticala unui loc anume. </p><p>Definit de <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a> ca figură matematică a <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământului</a>, geoidul este o figură echipotențială, perpendiculară în orice punct al ei la direcția <a href="/wiki/Accelera%C8%9Bie_gravita%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Accelerație gravitațională">accelerației gravitaționale</a>, adică la verticala dată de firul cu plumb. Suprafața geoidului, numită și suprafață de nivel zero, reprezintă suprafața de referință pentru determinarea <a href="/wiki/Altitudine" title="Altitudine">cotelor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În cazul măsurătorilor geodezice curente (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trilatera%C8%9Bie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trilaterație — pagină inexistentă">trilaterații</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triangula%C8%9Bie" title="Triangulație">triangulații</a>, poligonometrie), geoidul se poate aproxima cu un elipsoid de rotație, turtit la <a href="/wiki/Pol_geografic" title="Pol geografic">poli</a>, având semiaxa mare (<a href="/wiki/Ecuator" title="Ecuator">ecuatorială</a>) de circa 6.380 km. De asemenea, pentru lucrări geodezice de precizie mai mică, suprafața geoidului se poate aproxima și cu suprafața unei <a href="/wiki/Sfer%C4%83" title="Sferă">sfere</a> de rază medie egală cu 6.370 km. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definiție_matematică"><span id="Defini.C8.9Bie_matematic.C4.83"></span>Definiție matematică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Definiție matematică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Definiție matematică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Geoida.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Geoida.svg/350px-Geoida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Geoida.svg/525px-Geoida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Geoida.svg/700px-Geoida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>1. Ocean <br /> 2. Ellipsoid <br /> 3. Deformație locală <br /> 4. Continent <br /> 5. Geoid</figcaption></figure> <p>Fiecare punct este accelerat pe Pământ la gravitatea <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0813207178f571264fe9f81a28055e8e4ff648b8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.393ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {g}}}"></span>. Această accelerare derivă din potențialul gravitațional <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}"></span>, astfel încât: </p> <div style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {g}}={\overrightarrow {\operatorname {grad} }}(W)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>grad</mi> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {g}}={\overrightarrow {\operatorname {grad} }}(W)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cba042ba7c0ed7e47c8f6223dbcc7d856cb7e51" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-top: -0.421ex; width:14.395ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {g}}={\overrightarrow {\operatorname {grad} }}(W)}"></span></div> <p>Suprafețele unde potențialul de gravitate <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{p}=-W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{p}=-W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/44d4d48ccaca14ac7381ed7bdb1b5027e71822c5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.116ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{p}=-W}"></span> este constant sunt echipotențiale de gravitate. Un geoid este un echipotențial de greutate aproape de suprafața nivelului mediu al mării. Cum orientarea câmpului gravitațional variază pe suprafața Pământului, un geoid nu se suprapune exact cu <a href="/wiki/Elipsoid" title="Elipsoid">elipsoidul</a>. Forma unui geoid suferă un efect de „denaturare”, datorită distribuției neuniforme a greutății pe suprafața Pământului și în interiorul lui. Prezența unui munte, de exemplu, creează o deformare a suprafeței geoidului. </p><p>În concluzie, suprafața geoidului este neregulată datorită eterogenității masei Pământului, denivelărilor scoarței terestre și curenților oceanici. În acest sens este necesar ca geoidul să fie definit față de o figură geometrică cât mai apropiată de forma lui. Acesta este elipsoidul de rotație.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemplu_simplificat">Exemplu simplificat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Exemplu simplificat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Exemplu simplificat"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Câmpul gravitațional al Pământului nu este nici perfect, nici uniform. Un <a href="/wiki/Elipsoid" title="Elipsoid">elipsoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Aplatizare" title="Aplatizare">aplatizat</a> este de obicei folosit ca Pământ ideal, dar chiar dacă Pământul era perfect sferic, forța gravitației nu ar fi aceeași peste tot, deoarece densitatea (și deci masa) variază de-a lungul întregii planete. Acest lucru se datorează distribuțiilor de magmă, intervalelor de munte, tranșelor de adâncime și așa mai departe. </p><p>Dacă acea sferă perfectă ar fi fost acoperită în apă, apa nu ar fi de aceeași înălțime peste tot. În schimb, nivelul apei ar fi mai mare sau mai mic în funcție de puterea gravitațională specifică din acel loc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geoid_precis">Geoid precis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Geoid precis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Geoid precis"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soluția exactă de geoid de către Vaníček și colegii săi s-a îmbunătățit cu privire la abordarea lui <a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes">Stokes</a> a calculului geoid.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soluția lor permite o precizie de milimetru-centimetru în calculul geoidului, o îmbunătățire a ordinii de mărime față de soluțiile clasice anterioare.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/24232617/Geodezia-elipsoidala"><i>Geodezia elipsoidală</i>, Curs de Geodezie predat de Vasile Chiriac, 2008 - www.scribd.com, accesat la 1 noiembrie 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016222044/http://www.ct.upt.ro/users/CarmenGrecea/Geodezie_Concepte.pdf">„Carmen Grecea, <i>Geodezie-Concepte</i>”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Politehnica_Timi%C8%99oara" title="Universitatea Politehnica Timișoara">Universitatea Politehnica Timișoara</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ct.upt.ro/users/CarmenGrecea/Geodezie_Concepte.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> la <time datetime="2014-10-16">16 octombrie 2014</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-11-01">1 noiembrie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carmen+Grecea%2C+Geodezie-Concepte&rft.pub=Universitatea+Politehnica+Timi%C8%99oara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ct.upt.ro%2Fusers%2FCarmenGrecea%2FGeodezie_Concepte.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGeoid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.unb.ca/gge/Research/GRL/GeodesyGroup/SHGeo.html">„UNB Precise Geoid Determination Package”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-10-02">2 octombrie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNB+Precise+Geoid+Determination+Package&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.unb.ca%2Fgge%2FResearch%2FGRL%2FGeodesyGroup%2FSHGeo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGeoid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Vaníček, P.; Kleusberg, A. (<time datetime="1987">1987</time>). „The Canadian geoid-Stokesian approach”. <i>Manuscripta Geodaetica</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 86–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manuscripta+Geodaetica&rft.atitle=The+Canadian+geoid-Stokesian+approach&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=86-98&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Van%C3%AD%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Kleusberg%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGeoid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Vaníček, P.; Martinec, Z. (<time datetime="1994">1994</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gge.unb.ca/Personnel/Vanicek/StokesHelmert.pdf">„Compilation of a precise regional geoid”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Manuscripta Geodaetica</i>. <b>19</b>: 119–128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manuscripta+Geodaetica&rft.atitle=Compilation+of+a+precise+regional+geoid&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=119-128&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Van%C3%AD%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Martinec%2C+Z.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgge.unb.ca%2FPersonnel%2FVanicek%2FStokesHelmert.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGeoid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report">P., Vaníček; A., Kleusberg; Z., Martinec; W., Sun; P., Ong; M., Najafi; P., Vajda; L., Harrie; P., Tomasek; B., ter Horst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gge.unb.ca/Personnel/Vanicek/GeoidReport950327.pdf">Compilation of a Precise Regional Geoid</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (Raport). Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick. 184<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2016-12-22">22 decembrie 2016</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Compilation+of+a+Precise+Regional+Geoid&rft.pub=Department+of+Geodesy+and+Geomatics+Engineering%2C+University+of+New+Brunswick&rft.aulast=P.&rft.aufirst=Van%C3%AD%C4%8Dek&rft.au=A.%2C+Kleusberg&rft.au=Z.%2C+Martinec&rft.au=W.%2C+Sun&rft.au=P.%2C+Ong&rft.au=M.%2C+Najafi&rft.au=P.%2C+Vajda&rft.au=L.%2C+Harrie&rft.au=P.%2C+Tomasek&rft.au=B.%2C+ter+Horst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgge.unb.ca%2FPersonnel%2FVanicek%2FGeoidReport950327.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGeoid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kopeikin, Sergei; Efroimsky, Michael; Kaplan, George (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). <i>Relativistic celestial mechanics of the solar system</i>. Weinheim: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiley-VCH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiley-VCH — pagină inexistentă">Wiley-VCH</a>. p. 704. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9783527408566" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9783527408566">9783527408566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relativistic+celestial+mechanics+of+the+solar+system&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pages=704&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783527408566&rft.aulast=Kopeikin&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft.au=Efroimsky%2C+Michael&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGeoid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>*** <i>Manualul inginerului geodez</i>, Vol I-II / 1973 și vol. III / 1974, coordonator Nicolae Oprescu, Editura Tehnică, București, 1972-1974.</li> <li>Bănică Sorin, Benea Ionel, Herișanu Gheorghe - <i>Sisteme Informaționale Geografice și Prelucrarea datelor geografice</i>, Ed. Fundației România de Mâine, București, 2008</li> <li>Nicolae Zegheru, Mihai Gabriel Albotă, <i>Dicționar enciclopedic de geodezie, topografie, fotogrammetrie, teledetecție, cartografie și cadastru</i>, Editura Nemira, București, 2009.</li> <li>Prof. univ. dr. ing. Ghițău Dumitru, <i>Geodezie fizică</i>, Universitatea "Transilvania" din Brașov, 2010.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/index.html">Office of Geomatics: World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) - NGA, site oficial</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isgeoid.polimi.it">International Service for the Geoid (IGeS)</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GEOID">NOAA Geoid, pagină web</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/egm2008/index.html">Earth Gravitational Model 2008, NGA, pagină web</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoid&oldid=16309054">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoid&oldid=16309054</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Cartografie" title="Categorie:Cartografie">Cartografie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Geodezie" title="Categorie:Geodezie">Geodezie</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 27 mai 2024, ora 14:37.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. 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