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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Level of measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Level_of_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The scale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Discussion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter magnitude scale</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Riddle scale</b> (also known as <i>Riddle homophobia scale</i> or <i>Riddle scale of homophobia</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Psychometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychometric">psychometric</a> <a href="/wiki/Scale_(social_sciences)" title="Scale (social sciences)">scale</a> that measured the degree to which a person is or is not <a href="/wiki/Homophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophobic">homophobic</a>. The scale was frequently used in tolerance education about <a href="/wiki/Anti-discriminatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-discriminatory">anti-discriminatory</a> attitudes regarding <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>. It is named after its creator, psychologist <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Riddle" title="Dorothy Riddle">Dorothy Riddle</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riddle_scale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Riddle homophobia scale was developed by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Riddle" title="Dorothy Riddle">Dorothy Riddle</a> in 1973–74 while she was overseeing research for the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> Task Force on Gays and Lesbians.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scale was distributed at talks and workshops but was not formally published for a long time; it is cited in the literature either as an (unpublished) conference presentation from 1985<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as an article from 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time it was developed, Riddle's analysis was one of the first modern classifications of attitudes towards homosexuality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In that respect, the scale has served the purpose that Riddle originally had in mind: she devised the scale to explicate the continuum of attitudes toward gays and lesbians and to assess the current and desired institutional culture of an organization or a work place.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Level_of_measurement">Level of measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riddle_scale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Level of measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Riddle scale is an eight-term uni-<a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimensional</a> <a href="/wiki/Likert_scale" title="Likert scale">Likert</a>-type <a href="/wiki/Level_of_measurement#Interval_scale" title="Level of measurement">interval scale</a> with nominal labels and no explicit <a href="/wiki/Origin_(mathematics)" title="Origin (mathematics)">zero point</a>. Each term is associated with a set of attributes and beliefs; individuals are assigned a position on the scale based on the attributes they exhibit and beliefs they hold. </p><p>The scale is frequently divided into two parts, the 'homophobic levels of attitude' (first four terms) and the 'positive levels of attitude' (last four terms).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_scale">The scale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riddle_scale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Repulsion</b>: Homosexuality is seen as a crime against nature. Gays/lesbians are considered sick, crazy, immoral, sinful, wicked, etc. Anything is justified to change them: <a href="/wiki/Incarceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarceration">incarceration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reparative_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparative therapy">behavior therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroconvulsive therapy</a>, etc.</li> <li><b>Pity</b>: Represents heterosexual <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a>. Heterosexuality is considered more mature and certainly to be preferred. It is believed that any possibility of becoming straight should be reinforced, and those who seem to be born that way should be pitied as less fortunate ("the poor dears").</li> <li><b>Tolerance</b>: Homosexuality is viewed as a phase of adolescent development that many people go through and most people grow out of. Thus, lesbians/gays are less mature than straights and should be treated with the protectiveness and indulgence one uses with children who are still maturing. It is believed that lesbians/gays should not be given positions of authority because they are still working through their adolescent behavior.</li> <li><b>Acceptance</b>: Still implies that there is something to accept; the existing climate of discrimination is ignored. Characterized by such statements as "You're not lesbian to me, you're a person!" or "What you do in bed is your own business." or "That's fine with me as long as you don't flaunt it!"</li> <li><b>Support</b>: People at this level may be uncomfortable themselves, but they are aware of the homophobic climate and the irrational unfairness, and work to safeguard the rights of lesbians and gays.</li> <li><b>Admiration</b>: It is acknowledged that being lesbian/gay in our society takes strength. People at this level are willing to truly examine their homophobic attitudes, values, and behaviors.</li> <li><b>Appreciation</b>: The diversity of people is considered valuable and lesbians/gays are seen as a valid part of that diversity. People on this level are willing to combat homophobia in themselves and others.</li> <li><b>Nurturance</b>: Assumes that gay/lesbian people are indispensable in our society. People on this level view lesbians/gays with genuine affection and delight, and are willing to be their allies and advocates.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discussion">Discussion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riddle_scale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riddle's analysis has been credited for pointing out that although 'tolerance' and 'acceptance' can be seen as positive attitudes, they should actually be treated as negative because they can mask underlying fear or hatred (somebody can tolerate a baby crying on an airplane while at the same time wishing that it would stop) or indicate that there is indeed something that we need to accept, and that we are the ones with the power to reject or to accept.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This observation generalizes to attitude evaluations in other areas besides sexual orientation and is one of the strengths of Riddle's study. </p><p>Although it deals mostly with adult attitudes towards difference, the model has been positioned in the cognitive developmental tradition of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Piaget</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Kohlberg's</a> <a href="/wiki/Kohlberg%27s_stages_of_moral_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohlberg's stages of moral development">stages of moral development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a psychometric scale, the Riddle scale has been considered to have acceptable <a href="/wiki/Face_validity" title="Face validity">face validity</a> but its exact <a href="/wiki/Psychometrics#Key_concepts" title="Psychometrics">psychometric properties</a> are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riddle_scale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allport%27s_Scale" title="Allport's Scale">Allport's Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_erasure" title="Bisexual erasure">Bisexual erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinsey Scale">Kinsey Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCbler-Ross_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Kübler-Ross model">Kübler-Ross model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riddle_scale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silgbtcenter.org/">Staten Island LGBT history</a> Staten Island LGBT Community Center, Accessed Dec. 19, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riddle, D. I. (1985). Homophobia scale. <i>Opening doors to understanding and acceptance: A facilitator’s guide for presenting workshops on lesbian and gay issues</i>, Workshop organized by Kathy Obear and Amy Reynolds, Boston. Unpublished essay.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riddle, D., (1994). The Riddle scale. <i>Alone no more: Developing a school support system for gay, lesbian and bisexual youth.</i> St Paul: Minnesota State Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peterkin, A. Risdon, C., (2003). <i>Caring for lesbian and gay people: A clinical guide.</i> Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clauss-Ehlers, C. S. (ed), (2010). <i>Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology</i>. New York: Springer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blumenfeld W. J. (2000). How homophobia hurts everyone. <i>Readings for diversity and social justice</i>. New York: Routledge, 267–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ollis, D., (2004). I’m just a home economics teacher. Does discipline background impact on teachers’ ability to affirm and include <a href="/wiki/Gender_and_sexual_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender and sexual diversity">gender and sexual diversity</a> in secondary school health education programs? <i>AARE Conference</i>, Melbourne 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirscheld, S., (2001). Moving beyond the safety zone: A staff development approach to anti-heterosexist education. <i>Fordham Urban Law Journal</i>, 29, 611–641.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkel, M. J., Storaasli, R. D., Bandele, A., and Schaefer, V., (2003). Diversity training in graduate school: An exploratory evaluation of the safe zone project. <i>Professional Psychology: Research and Practice</i>, 34, 555–561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, E. W, and Potocky-Tripodi, M., (2006). Changing heterosexuals' attitudes toward homosexuals: A systematic review of the empirical literature. <i>Research on Social Work Practice,</i> 16 (2), 176–190.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riddle_scale&oldid=1244722185">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riddle_scale&oldid=1244722185</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scales" title="Category:Scales">Scales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychological_tests_and_scales" title="Category:Psychological tests and scales">Psychological tests and scales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Homophobia" title="Category:Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_orientation_and_science" title="Category:Sexual orientation and science">Sexual orientation and science</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 September 2024, at 19:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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