Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732884643"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732884643"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732884643"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732884643"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732884643" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732884643"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732884643"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732884643"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732884643"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732884643"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732884643"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732884643"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732884643"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732884643"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732884643"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/machines-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/machines-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/machines-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732884643"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732884643"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/xml2html/article-html.css?230b005b39af4260?1732884643"> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(14,7,115,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(14,7,115,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(14,7,115,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(14,7,115,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(14,7,115,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732884643"> <meta name="title" content="Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining"> <meta name="description" content="Current advances and trends in the fields of mechanical, material, and software engineering have allowed mining technology to undergo a significant transformation. Aiming to maximize the efficiency and safety of the mining process, several enabling technologies, such as the recent advances in artificial intelligence, IoT, sensor fusion, computational modeling, and advanced robotics, are being progressively adopted in mining machine manufacturing while replacing conventional parts and approaches that used to be the norm in the rock ore extraction industry. This article aims to provide an overview of research trends and state-of-the-art technologies in face exploration and drilling operations in order to define the vision toward the realization of fully autonomous mining exploration machines of the future, capable of operating without any external infrastructure. As the trend of mining at large depths is increasing and as the re-opening of abandoned mines is gaining more interest, near-to-face mining exploration approaches for identifying new ore bodies need to undergo significant revision. This article aims to contribute to future developments in the use of fully autonomous and cooperative smaller mining exploration machines." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/machines-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Athanasios Kokkinis"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Theodore Frantzis"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Konstantinos Skordis"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="George Nikolakopoulos"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Panagiotis Koustoumpardis"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Review"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Machines 2024, Vol. 12, Page 845"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-11-25"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/machines12120845"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Current advances and trends in the fields of mechanical, material, and software engineering have allowed mining technology to undergo a significant transformation. Aiming to maximize the efficiency and safety of the mining process, several enabling technologies, such as the recent advances in artificial intelligence, IoT, sensor fusion, computational modeling, and advanced robotics, are being progressively adopted in mining machine manufacturing while replacing conventional parts and approaches that used to be the norm in the rock ore extraction industry. This article aims to provide an overview of research trends and state-of-the-art technologies in face exploration and drilling operations in order to define the vision toward the realization of fully autonomous mining exploration machines of the future, capable of operating without any external infrastructure. As the trend of mining at large depths is increasing and as the re-opening of abandoned mines is gaining more interest, near-to-face mining exploration approaches for identifying new ore bodies need to undergo significant revision. This article aims to contribute to future developments in the use of fully autonomous and cooperative smaller mining exploration machines." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="drilling robots" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="mining" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="mining sensors" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="autonomous mining" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2075-1702"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Machines"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-11-25"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="12"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="12"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Review" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="845" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2075-1702"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Machines"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/12"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/11/25"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="12"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="12"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="845"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kokkinis, Athanasios"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Frantzis, Theodore"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Skordis, Konstantinos"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Nikolakopoulos, George"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Koustoumpardis, Panagiotis"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/machines12120845"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-machines12120845"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/pdf?version=1732527370"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/pdf?version=1732527370"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/pdf?version=1732527370"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/machines-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Current advances and trends in the fields of mechanical, material, and software engineering have allowed mining technology to undergo a significant transformation. Aiming to maximize the efficiency and safety of the mining process, several enabling technologies, such as the recent advances in artificial intelligence, IoT, sensor fusion, computational modeling, and advanced robotics, are being progressively adopted in mining machine manufacturing while replacing conventional parts and approaches that used to be the norm in the rock ore extraction industry. This article aims to provide an overview of research trends and state-of-the-art technologies in face exploration and drilling operations in order to define the vision toward the realization of fully autonomous mining exploration machines of the future, capable of operating without any external infrastructure. As the trend of mining at large depths is increasing and as the re-opening of abandoned mines is gaining more interest, near-to-face mining exploration approaches for identifying new ore bodies need to undergo significant revision. This article aims to contribute to future developments in the use of fully autonomous and cooperative smaller mining exploration machines." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g001-550.jpg?1732527551" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction direction_right" id="small_right" style="border-right-width: 0px; padding:0;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction direction_right" id="big_right" style="border-right-width: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: right;"> Next Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2075-1702/12/12/846">Cross-Shaped Peg-in-Hole Autonomous Assembly System via BP Neural Network Based on Force/Moment and Visual Information</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="direction" id="small_left" style="border-left-width: 0px"> <i class="fa fa-caret-left fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction" id="big_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <div> Previous Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2075-1702/12/12/844">Fault-Tolerant Closed-Loop Controller Using Online Fault Detection by Neural Networks</a></div> Previous Article in Special Issue<br> <div><a href="/2075-1702/12/11/797">Proposed Multi-ST Model for Collaborating Multiple Robots in Dynamic Environments</a></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732884643" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732884643" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=machines " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" selected='selected'> Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="12" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="12" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/journal/machines">Machines</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2075-1702/12">Volume 12</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2075-1702/12/12">Issue 12</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">10.3390/machines12120845</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width row-fixed-left-column"> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/machines"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/machines-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="machines-logo" title="Machines" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_ArticleSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form%5Bjournal_id%5D%3D49" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleEditIssueButton" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/machines" data-path="/2075-1702/12/12/845" data-disabledmessage="proposing new special issue is not possible."> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item link-article-menu show-for-small"> <a href="#" class="link-article-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Article Menu </a> </div> <div class="hide-small-down-initially UI_ArticleMenu"> <div class="generic-item"> <h2>Article Menu</h2> </div> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#academic_editors" class="accordion__title">Academic Editor</a> <div id="academic_editors" class="content active"> <div class="academic-editor-container " title="Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><a class="sciprofiles-link__link" href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/736893?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/736893/thumb/Raul_Campilho.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Raul D. S. G. Campilho</span></a></div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link"> <a href="/2075-1702/12/12/845/scifeed_display" data-reveal-id="scifeed-modal" data-reveal-ajax="true">Subscribe SciFeed</a> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link js-article-similarity-container" style="display: none"> <a href="#" class="js-similarity-related-articles">Recommended Articles</a> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#related" class="accordion__title">Related Info Link</a> <div id="related" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_RelatedLinks"> <ul> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Review%20of%20Automated%20Operations%20in%20Drilling%20and%20Mining" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Google Scholar</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#authors" class="accordion__title">More by Authors Links</a> <div id="authors" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_AuthorsLinks"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on DOAJ</a> </li> <div id="AuthorDOAJExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Athanasios%20Kokkinis%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kokkinis, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Theodore%20Frantzis%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Frantzis, T.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Konstantinos%20Skordis%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Skordis, K.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22George%20Nikolakopoulos%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Nikolakopoulos, G.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Panagiotis%20Koustoumpardis%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Koustoumpardis, P.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on Google Scholar</a> </li> <div id="AuthorGoogleExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Athanasios%20Kokkinis" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kokkinis, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Theodore%20Frantzis" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Frantzis, T.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Konstantinos%20Skordis" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Skordis, K.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=George%20Nikolakopoulos" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Nikolakopoulos, G.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Panagiotis%20Koustoumpardis" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Koustoumpardis, P.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on PubMed</a> </li> <div id="AuthorPubMedExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Athanasios%20Kokkinis" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kokkinis, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Theodore%20Frantzis" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Frantzis, T.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Konstantinos%20Skordis" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Skordis, K.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=George%20Nikolakopoulos" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Nikolakopoulos, G.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Panagiotis%20Koustoumpardis" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Koustoumpardis, P.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_hidden_flag"></span> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_subscribe_url">/ajax/scifeed/subscribe</span> </div> </div> <div class="content__container responsive-moving-container large medium active hidden" data-id="article-counters"> <div id="counts-wrapper" class="row generic-item no-border" data-equalizer> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__views" class="small-12 hide columns count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Article Views</span> <span class="count view-number"></span> </div> </a> </div> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__citations" class="small-12 columns hide count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Citations</span> <span class="count citations-number Var_ArticleMaxCitations">-</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="hide-small-down-initially"> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#table_of_contents" class="accordion__title">Table of Contents</a> <div id="table_of_contents" class="content active"> <div class="menu-caption" id="html-quick-links-title"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="pbgrd-sky"></div> <script src="https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-mdpi.js"></script> <style>.content__container { min-width: 300px; }</style>  </div> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-9 medium-9 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div class="middle-column__help"> <div class="middle-column__help__fixed show-for-medium-up"> <span id="js-altmetrics-donut" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="display: none;"> <span data-badge-type='donut' class='altmetric-embed' data-doi='10.3390/machines12120845'></span> <span>Altmetric</span> </span> <a href="#" class="UA_ShareButton" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal" title="Share"> <i class="material-icons">share</i> <span>Share</span> </a> <a href="#" data-reveal-id="main-help-modal" title="Help"> <i class="material-icons">announcement</i> <span>Help</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" data-reveal-id="cite-modal" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/cite" > <i class="material-icons">format_quote</i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/discussion-groups/public/10.3390/machines12120845?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=publication&utm_campaign=discuss_in_sciprofiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Discuss in Sciprofiles"> <i class="material-icons">question_answer</i> <span>Discuss in SciProfiles</span> </a> <a href="#" class="" data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab title="Endorse"> <i data-hypothesis-endorse-trigger class="material-icons" >thumb_up</i> <div data-hypothesis-endorsement-count data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Endorse</span> </a> <a href="#" data-hypothesis-trigger class="js-hypothesis-open UI_ArticleAnnotationsButton" title="Comment"> <i class="material-icons">textsms</i> <div data-hypothesis-annotation-count class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Comment</span> </a> </div> <div id="main-help-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Need Help?</h2> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Support</h3> <p> Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/about/contactform" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Support </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Feedback</h3> <p> Please let us know what you think of our products and services. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/feedback/send" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Give Feedback </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns end"> <h3>Information</h3> <p> Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/authors" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Information </a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main "> <div class="page-highlight"> <style type="text/css"> img.review-status { width: 30px; } </style> <div id="jmolModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2>JSmol Viewer</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns text-center"> <iframe style="width: 520px; height: 520px;" frameborder="0" id="jsmol-content"></iframe> <div class="content"></div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" id="abstract" class="abstract_div"> <div class="js-check-update-container"></div> <div class="html-content__container content__container content__container__combined-for-large__first" style="overflow: auto; position: inherit;"> <div class='html-profile-nav'> <div class='top-bar'> <div class='nav-sidebar-btn show-for-large-up' data-status='opened' > <i class='material-icons'>first_page</i> </div> <a id="js-button-download" class="button button--color-inversed" style="display: none;" href="/2075-1702/12/12/845/pdf?version=1732527370" data-name="Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining" data-journal="machines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> Download PDF </a> <div class='nav-btn'> <i class='material-icons'>settings</i> </div> <a href="/2075-1702/12/12/845/reprints" id="js-button-reprints" class="button button--color-inversed"> Order Article Reprints </a> </div> <div class='html-article-menu'> <div class='html-first-step row'> <div class='html-font-family large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'> Font Type: </div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif'>Arial</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Georgia1, Georgia, serif;' data-fontfamily='Georgia1, Georgia, serif'>Georgia</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif' >Verdana</i></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-font-resize large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Font Size:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-percent="100">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-percent="120">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-percent="160">Aa</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-line-space large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Line Spacing:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-line-height="1.5em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-line-height="1.8em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-line-height="2.1em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-column-width large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Column Width:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-column-width="20%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-column-width="10%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-column-width="0%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-bg large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Background:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-bright" data-bg="bright"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-dark" data-bg="dark"> <i class="fa fa-file-text-o"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-creme" data-bg="creme"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article ><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13442449' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Athanasios Kokkinis</div><div id="profile-card-drop13442449" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Athanasios Kokkinis</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/b1pYeUNETjJrZjBBSU9kUEFVWi9uOUFtZXJ1OUt1MlQvR2hPSTNkMnF3QT0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Athanasios%20Kokkinis" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Athanasios%20Kokkinis&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Athanasios%20Kokkinis" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13442449" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#5e713d303a733d39377132713b333f3732732e2c312a3b3d2a3731307d6e6e6e6b696b6a6a6a6b6a6c6a696a686a6d6a6d6d6b6f6a6f686b3c6e6e6e6b6f6a6e6f6e696f6a6e686b3c6f6c6e69"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13442450' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Theodore Frantzis</div><div id="profile-card-drop13442450" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Theodore Frantzis</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3892485?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Theodore%20Frantzis" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Theodore%20Frantzis&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Theodore%20Frantzis" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13442450" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#36195558521b55515f195a19535b575f5a1b464459425355425f5958150606075501020707075407060704060007030757060606530752060105020703070103570607060207030606060007030601035707050600"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9527-9223" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732884643" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13442451' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Konstantinos Skordis</div><div id="profile-card-drop13442451" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Konstantinos Skordis</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3893495?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Konstantinos%20Skordis" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Konstantinos%20Skordis&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Konstantinos%20Skordis" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13442451" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#dff0bcb1bbf2bcb8b6f0b3f0bab2beb6b3f2afadb0abbabcabb6b0b1fcefefefeae8eaebebebeaebbcebedebeeebedebe8eceaeeebeee9eabdefefefeaeeebefeeefe8eeebefe9eabdeeedefe8"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13442452' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> George Nikolakopoulos</div><div id="profile-card-drop13442452" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/2314987/thumb/George_Nikolakopoulos.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">George Nikolakopoulos</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/2314987?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=George%20Nikolakopoulos" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=George%20Nikolakopoulos&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=George%20Nikolakopoulos" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,2</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13442452" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#69460a070d440a0e004605460c0408000544191b061d0c0a1d0006074a5959595b5f5e59515950590c590a5b5e590b585a585b5d50585d595b"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-1897" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732884643" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13442453' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Panagiotis Koustoumpardis</div><div id="profile-card-drop13442453" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/1490841/thumb/Panagiotis_Koustoumpardis.jpg" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Panagiotis Koustoumpardis</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1490841?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Panagiotis%20Koustoumpardis" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Panagiotis%20Koustoumpardis&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Panagiotis%20Koustoumpardis" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13442453" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#46692528226b25212f692a69232b272f2a6b363429322325322f2928657676767270247723777e772074247723772476277720777f7627777e72737625777f"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3051-7321" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732884643" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Robotics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Robotics and AI Team, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Machines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 845; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12120845">https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12120845</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 9 October 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 20 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 21 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 25 November 2024</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/machines/special_issues/SBK53621ME ">Recent Developments in Machine Design, Automation and Robotics</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-1528714" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1528714" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-1528714" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2075-1702/12/12/845/pdf?version=1732527370" data-name="Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining" data-journal="machines">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2075-1702/12/12/845/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2075-1702/12/12/845/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2075-1702/12/12/845/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g001.png?1732527550" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The Schlumberger PowerDrive system. Figure taken from [<a href="#B8-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g002.png?1732527552" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The Halliburton Sperry-sun Geo-Pilot system. Figure taken from [<a href="#B8-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g003.png?1732527553" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>A longwall system with most of its parts. Figure taken from [<a href="#B12-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">12</a>].</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g004.png?1732527554" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Autonomous scraper with human-control capability. Figure taken from [<a href="#B16-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">16</a>].</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g005.png?1732527555" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Obtaining a point cloud map using a LIDAR sensor using a quadruped robot. (<b>a</b>) A visual representation of the experimental environment (mine). (<b>b</b>) The estimated pose in the global point cloud map as perceived by the sensors on the robot. The estimated pose is depicted in the form of XYZ-axis (X-axis in red, Y-axis in green and Z-axis in blue). (<b>c</b>) The created point cloud map. Figures taken from [<a href="#B80-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">80</a>].</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g006.png?1732527557" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The proposed DT-based architecture for the mining industry. Figure taken from [<a href="#B37-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">37</a>].</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g007.png?1732527558" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>e-Drilling’s wellAhead module’s digital twin in action. Figure taken from [<a href="#B81-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">81</a>].</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g008.png?1732527562" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>A YOLOv8 model detects personnel and hazardous areas. Figure taken from [<a href="#B89-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">89</a>].</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g009.png?1732527564" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Automatic drill operating through pistons with water. Figure taken from [<a href="#B55-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">55</a>].</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2075-1702/12/12/845/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">Current advances and trends in the fields of mechanical, material, and software engineering have allowed mining technology to undergo a significant transformation. Aiming to maximize the efficiency and safety of the mining process, several enabling technologies, such as the recent advances in artificial intelligence, IoT, sensor fusion, computational modeling, and advanced robotics, are being progressively adopted in mining machine manufacturing while replacing conventional parts and approaches that used to be the norm in the rock ore extraction industry. This article aims to provide an overview of research trends and state-of-the-art technologies in face exploration and drilling operations in order to define the vision toward the realization of fully autonomous mining exploration machines of the future, capable of operating without any external infrastructure. As the trend of mining at large depths is increasing and as the re-opening of abandoned mines is gaining more interest, near-to-face mining exploration approaches for identifying new ore bodies need to undergo significant revision. This article aims to contribute to future developments in the use of fully autonomous and cooperative smaller mining exploration machines.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=drilling+robots">drilling robots</a>; <a href="/search?q=mining">mining</a>; <a href="/search?q=mining+sensors">mining sensors</a>; <a href="/search?q=autonomous+mining">autonomous mining</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-machines-12-00845' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>Rock ores have an integral role in product manufacturing. It is widely accepted that modern society’s needs and ore extraction requirements are highly correlated. It is without a doubt that traditional methods, which require the participation of human personnel, will not be sufficient to satisfy production demand, since they have a high downtime and may cause harm to the personnel in hazardous environments [<a href="#B1-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B2-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. It is also important to consider that the inefficiency of human-curated processes may cause harm to the environment. Lastly, it is becoming increasingly more important to reduce the overall environmental impact, whenever possible [<a href="#B3-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">3</a>,<a href="#B4-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">4</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The aforementioned problems underline a need for a radical transformation in the way the mining industry undergoes exploration and production drilling, as well as extraction processes. This transformation can be observed through an already developing trend, as there is an increase in automation and the use of robots in these fields. Regarding software implementations, from human-assisted monitoring systems to remotely operated or fully autonomous mining operations, the boundaries of automation have substantially expanded within the mining engineering field. This article reviews automation in drilling and mining, focusing on trends and state-of-the-art technologies for face exploration and production drilling. In other words, this review focuses on fully autonomous, smaller, and cooperative mining machines.</div><div class='html-p'>The mapping of knowledge domains for automated operations in drilling and mining referenced in this article can be examined in <a href="#machines-12-00845-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>. The rest of this article is structured as follows. <a href="#sec2-machines-12-00845" class="html-sec">Section 2</a> will briefly describe the current state of the mining industry, focusing on the current challenges that it faces and how fully automated mining can be the main route to overcoming those challenges. <a href="#sec3-machines-12-00845" class="html-sec">Section 3</a> will provide an overview of drilling approaches, focusing on conventional methods used in the mining industry. <a href="#sec4-machines-12-00845" class="html-sec">Section 4</a> will present the state of the art in automated mining and intelligent systems, summarizing current advancements and research trends. In <a href="#sec5-machines-12-00845" class="html-sec">Section 5</a>, the technological infrastructure utilized in automated mining will be presented, including various sensors and software crucial to these processes. <a href="#sec6-machines-12-00845" class="html-sec">Section 6</a> will touch upon potential advancements in intelligent mining systems, such as the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and neural networks, aiming to enhance safety, efficiency, and precision in automated operations. Finally, <a href="#sec7-machines-12-00845" class="html-sec">Section 7</a> will conclude the article by sharing additional research visions, particularly emphasizing the development of infrastructure-less systems adaptable to various deep mine and abandoned mine situations.</div></section><section id='sec2-machines-12-00845' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Problem Statement and Motivation</h2><div class='html-p'>Assessing the current state of the mining industry, it can be observed that an important part of the operations is conducted sub-optimally, while the need for resource extraction is constantly increasing. In the meantime, the quality of ore grades located on the surface is decreasing, which leads to the extraction of ores from deeper depths [<a href="#B69-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">69</a>]. Furthermore, the increasing focus on net-zero emission policies encourages mining companies to adopt more environmentally friendly policies that require the acquisition of different equipment and raises the need for more effective ways of mining [<a href="#B66-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">66</a>,<a href="#B76-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">76</a>,<a href="#B77-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">77</a>,<a href="#B78-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">78</a>,<a href="#B79-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">79</a>]. Society’s interest in worker health and safety also requires companies to protect their workers from extreme mining conditions, such as dust, dirt, poorly lit areas, and areas with a high potential for rock tumbling [<a href="#B78-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">78</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The current issues that the rock ore mining industry is facing can be resolved or at least mitigated by fully automating the processes of mining and drilling while utilizing intelligent systems [<a href="#B77-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">77</a>,<a href="#B79-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">79</a>]. Intelligent systems can increase efficiency if they are used for the scheduling and monitoring of the operation of fully autonomous machines such as hauling fleets. This efficiency can be translated into a reduction in machine wait time, a reduction in equipment energy consumption and resource usage, and the ability to adapt to random events that would normally cause disruptions in the ore extraction process [<a href="#B78-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">78</a>]. Additionally, fully automating the mining industry can aid in the protection of workers, who can observe machines operating in hazardous areas such as blasting zones with the use of proper sensors from virtually identical environments (DTs) [<a href="#B77-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">77</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The fully automated and intelligent approaches discussed in this paper cannot be implemented immediately. There are plenty of specifications that need to be met in order for the proposed technologies to be mature enough to be implemented in raw material production. For instance, the intelligent methods that are currently being researched are characterized by high computational intensity and increasing learning time depending on the project’s complexity [<a href="#B66-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">66</a>]. Additionally, both fully automated processes and intelligent systems need to be robust, flexible, and adaptable, incorporating uncertainties that are a result of insufficient data or unpredictable events that might occur during the mining operation [<a href="#B78-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">78</a>]. Furthermore, for intelligent systems to be implemented, maintenance and operational costs must be considered, along with the large variety of smart sensors needed for the collection of proper data. Finally, the reliability of these sensors under difficult conditions, such as environments with high dust concentration, humidity, and a lack of proper lighting, should be considered [<a href="#B77-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">77</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3-machines-12-00845' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Overview of Drilling Approaches</h2><div class='html-p'>Drilling has been the subject of significant change throughout history, providing many different approaches when it comes to mining. To date, the approaches described below have appeared in the mining industry.</div><section id='sec3dot1-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. Cable Tool Drilling</h4><div class='html-p'>Cable tool drilling was the first developed drilling technique, and it was used to extract salt from salt quarries [<a href="#B5-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. Its modern implementation follows the same principle: a drilling bit is lifted through a mechanism to a great height and is then allowed to fall down the borehole to break the rock formation [<a href="#B5-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B6-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">6</a>], and after that, a <span class='html-italic'>bailer</span> collects the fragments [<a href="#B6-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot2-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. Auger Drilling</h4><div class='html-p'>Auger drilling utilizes a screw-like drill bit to break the formation [<a href="#B5-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. This method does not usually include the use of <span class='html-italic'>mud</span>; instead, it uses the helical path of its bit, called a <span class='html-italic'>flight</span>, to force the fragments to the surface [<a href="#B6-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">6</a>,<a href="#B7-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">7</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot3-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.3. Rotary Drilling</h4><div class='html-p'>Rotary drilling is a technique that utilizes the rotational motion of the drill bit to deepen the borehole [<a href="#B5-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. It uses a motor and a long shaft to rotate the drill bit and a mining fluid, called <span class='html-italic'>mud</span>, to force the fragments to the surface, and it then sieves through the fluid to separate the solid materials [<a href="#B6-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot4-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.4. Diamond Drilling</h4><div class='html-p'>Diamond drilling applies the same principle of operation that the rotary drilling technique uses. The main difference between the two is that diamond drilling relies on the abrasive wear its drill bit causes to produce an uninterrupted cylindrical output of whatever ore it is drilling. This is achievable because its bit is actually a metallic matrix with embedded synthetic industrial diamonds with high hardness [<a href="#B5-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B6-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot5-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.5. Directional Drilling</h4><div class='html-p'>Directional drilling allows the boring procedure to be performed at a controlled angle and normally features a down-the-hole motor. The system may or may not have the ability to change its angle multiple times [<a href="#B8-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. Normally, this can be accomplished in a multitude of ways, such as the following:</div><div class='html-p'><ul class='html-bullet'><li><div class='html-p'>Whipstock: A special geometry that allows the drill bit to slide off its surface. The geometry’s angle is what directs the drilling bit [<a href="#B8-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Bent-house PDM: The motor’s housing is at an angle, allowing the motor to drill at a specific, predefined trajectory [<a href="#B8-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Best sub: In this configuration, there are hubs that connect two different bent subs at different angles. It provides a greater degree of freedom when drilling [<a href="#B8-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</div></li></ul></div></section></section><section id='sec4-machines-12-00845' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Automated Mining and Intelligent Machines</h2><section id='sec4dot1-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.1. Rotary Steerable Drilling Systems</h4><div class='html-p'>The evolution of directional drilling systems led to <span class='html-italic'>Rotary Steerable Drilling Systems</span> (<span class='html-italic'>RSDSs</span>). These systems can change the drill bit’s trajectory mid-operation, allowing the implementation of complex trajectory planning and exploration, as reported in [<a href="#B9-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B10-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">10</a>]. These systems are primarily down-the-hole motor systems that can be divided based on the method they employ to affect the bit’s direction and can be roughly divided into the following types:</div><div class='html-p'><ul class='html-bullet'><li><div class='html-p'>Push-the-bit systems: Push-the-bit systems have a pump that pushes actuators fixated on the system’s external housing. These pneumatic systems utilize the polar array of these actuators, normally pads, to push the bit to the desired direction [<a href="#B10-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">10</a>], as can be seen in <a href="#machines-12-00845-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>. The most famous implementations are the Schlumberger PowerDrive and Baker-Hughes Autotrak systems, as in [<a href="#B9-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B11-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">11</a>].</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Point-the-bit systems: These systems vary from the push-the-bit systems in that the actuators reside on the inside of the configuration [<a href="#B10-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">10</a>,<a href="#B11-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. The most well-explored example of this is the Halliburton Sperry-sun Geo-Pilot system [<a href="#B9-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">9</a>]. In these cases, the control of the direction of the bit is possible by using two eccentric rings, changing its angle directly using motors, as shown in <a href="#machines-12-00845-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>.</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Hybrid systems: Hybrid systems are, in essence, a combination of the previous two systems. They have multiple actuators that assist them in better controlling every aspect of the drilling procedure. In the Schlumberger PowerDrive Archer system, the bit’s shaft uses a universal joint and internal actuators to push to orient it at the desired angle [<a href="#B9-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B11-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">11</a>].</div></li></ul></div></section><section id='sec4dot2-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.2. Longwall</h4><div class='html-p'>Longwall systems (<a href="#machines-12-00845-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>) are large robotic systems that combine the drilling and hauling operations through the use of a conveyor belt system and several horizontal motors with drill bits that perform the drilling [<a href="#B12-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B13-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. Famur’s MIKRUS longwall system features a cutting and loading head, which has two cutting drums that can break coal and a conveyor belt that can retrieve it from the mine [<a href="#B14-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. It also has a multitude of sensors that allow the process to be even more automated [<a href="#B15-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">15</a>].</div></section><section id='sec4dot3-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.3. Automated Hauling</h4><div class='html-p'>Automated hauling is the process in which the drilled formations are reclaimed automatically. The state-of-the-art choice for such a process is a robotic hauler, also called a <span class='html-italic'>scraper</span>.</div><div class='html-p'>Scrapers are intelligent systems that can transport ore fragments from the drilling point to a preset point. They utilize sensors to understand their position and orientation in the world and use weight sensors while digging the ore fragments to provide data about the extracted ore [<a href="#B16-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. Additionally, they can be operated autonomously or remotely by a human. Such a system is shown in <a href="#machines-12-00845-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>These robots are designed with a dual capability to handle various challenges in complex environments. They can operate autonomously, adjusting to issues like limited signal propagation in underground areas, or be controlled by human operators when direct guidance is needed.</div><div class='html-p'>Aside from scrapers, there are also automatic mining trucks that are used for the same purpose as the scrapers, but they have a much larger capacity than the scrapers and are used to retrieve extracted ore [<a href="#B16-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">16</a>].</div></section><section id='sec4dot4-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.4. Charging Robots</h4><div class='html-p'>In mining, a controlled explosion can be used to break the rock formation. This process may prove dangerous due to the possible cave-in of the mine. Instead of using humans to transport and charge explosives, robots are used to carry, secure, and charge them [<a href="#B16-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">16</a>,<a href="#B17-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">17</a>].</div></section><section id='sec4dot5-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.5. Intelligent Rock-Drilling Jumbo and DTH Drill</h4><div class='html-p'>Rock drilling is a process that is implemented during excavation procedures or during the production of ore through blasting. Depending on the method of drilling, different machines are used. Such machines are the hydraulic rock-drilling jumbo and the down-the-hole (DTH) drill. Intelligent and unmanned versions of these machines allow for efficient ore mining and accurate blasting. This efficiency stems from systems that incorporate smart blockage prevention mechanisms for the drilling pipes, alongside a fully automated drill-pipe bank that oversees the management of the drilling tubes based on the drill’s wear status. The accuracy in blasting is supported by systems that utilize anti-deviation control technology that controls the drilling pipes in real time [<a href="#B16-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">16</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>By observing the trends mentioned in this section on the automation process of mining operations, it can be noticed that there are different automated systems that can partially fulfill the tasks needed for mining without the need for a human presence on site. Given the fact that the collapse of rocks in mines is one of the common causes of fatal accidents [<a href="#B1-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">1</a>], it seems that removing human workers from these sites can lead to an important increase in the safety of the overall mining industry.</div></section></section><section id='sec5-machines-12-00845' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 5. Technological Infrastructure in Automated Mining</h2><section id='sec5dot1-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 5.1. Sensors Used in Automated Mining</h4><div class='html-p'>Aside from the sensors used by specific robotic systems to perform tasks, there are sensors that orchestrate the coordinated action of several systems and provide analytics regarding the mining progress.</div><section id='sec5dot1dot1-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 5.1.1. LIBS</h4><div class='html-p'>Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy is a method of examining the contents of the core extracted by a mining machine. It utilizes a laser to emit photons onto the cylinder’s surface, which creates plasma that excites electrons, and a spectrometer measures the response photons. This technology was recently adapted as an integrated system in down-the-hole equipment after being exclusively used in the laboratory [<a href="#B18-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B20-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</div></section><section id='sec5dot1dot2-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 5.1.2. LIDAR</h4><div class='html-p'>Lidar technology has always been an important technology when the mapping of an area is required. There are currently systems that employ this technology to map and navigate entire caves and mines through the application of SLAM algorithms [<a href="#B21-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B22-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B24-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">24</a>], such as automatic loading trucks [<a href="#B25-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. An example of the sensor’s output is shown in <a href="#machines-12-00845-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>.</div></section><section id='sec5dot1dot3-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 5.1.3. Time-of-Flight Camera</h4><div class='html-p'>A time-of-flight camera (TFC) or sensor (TFS) uses human-made signals of light, which can be created by either a laser or an LED [<a href="#B26-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">26</a>,<a href="#B27-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">27</a>]. The laser TFC is a scanner-less LiDAR type of sensor. The main difference that separates these sensors from LiDARs is that only one pulse is needed to capture the surrounding scene instead of many consecutive scans. Real-world applications of TFCs show their practicality. Such an example is their use in the local planning of a group of quadrupedal robots for the exploration of mines, as described in [<a href="#B51-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">51</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec5dot2-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 5.2. Communication and Localization Systems Used in Automated Mining</h4><div class='html-p'>Sensors provide useful data that can later be utilized for the localization of the robot and the workers. Successful localization and sensor information require a robust and effective network to transmit the information to all the machines and workers, both in the mine and at the control center.</div><section id='sec5dot2dot1-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 5.2.1. Light-Based Localization Systems</h4><div class='html-p'>Currently, there are navigation platforms that allow for the precise localization of each robot in a 3D-digitized environment [<a href="#B28-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. This can be implemented by using multiple navigation stations with lasers mounted on top of them, which allow them to perceive their pose through rotary encoders and predefined installation location coordinates [<a href="#B16-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">16</a>] or through alternative advanced positioning methods [<a href="#B29-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</div></section><section id='sec5dot2dot2-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 5.2.2. Daisy Chaining of Fiducial Markers</h4><div class='html-p'>It is evident that localization in the mining environment may prove difficult due to the fact that technologies and methods, such as GPS and motion-based sensor tracking, may prove inaccurate or unavailable in deep mines. High-end systems often employ additional robots whose job is to place easily recognizable constructs so that the robots can extrapolate their positions [<a href="#B30-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">30</a>,<a href="#B31-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">31</a>].</div></section><section id='sec5dot2dot3-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 5.2.3. Magnetic Induction</h4><div class='html-p'>In order to solve the problem that the underground environment poses during the localization process of robotic systems and personnel, non-RF methods have been employed, which include the use of magnetic induction methods [<a href="#B32-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">32</a>]. Whether they use the Earth’s magnetic field, which varies because of the mine’s unique local structure, or the superposition effect of artificial magnetic fields through coils [<a href="#B21-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">21</a>], it is possible for the sensor to extrapolate its position extremely accurately [<a href="#B33-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">33</a>] if the coils’ positions are known or if the local magnetic field is already mapped.</div></section><section id='sec5dot2dot4-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 5.2.4. WiFi and LoRaWAN</h4><div class='html-p'>WiFi is a major RF technology that can be implemented in mines in the form of a large network of signal repeaters to help the propagation of information in complex tunnels [<a href="#B21-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B24-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">24</a>]. Another major RF technology is LoRaWAN (Long-Range WAN), which operates at a lower frequency (that translates to a larger wavelength), which enables stations to receive and transmit data through soil and minerals at a greater distance [<a href="#B21-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B34-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">34</a>,<a href="#B35-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">35</a>], albeit with lower bandwidth.</div></section></section><section id='sec5dot3-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 5.3. Simulations Using Digital Models</h4><div class='html-p'>Digital twins (DTs) are digitized models of the actual electromechanical elements and mimic their behavior throughout the process. They provide the operators with a more comprehensive visualization of the physical world’s state than traditional graphs by using multiple sensors and reducing resource expenditure while allowing the implementation of more complex and targeted software for decision-making. The cost of implementing DTs comes in the form of increased hardware demands and the need for high computational power, which is reflected by the quality of the sensing systems [<a href="#B36-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">36</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Ref. [<a href="#B37-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">37</a>] proposes the six-layer digital twin architecture shown in <a href="#machines-12-00845-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>. By combining IoT sensors, cloud networking, and simulation software, it is possible to transform the physical world into a digitized model and apply secure and automated data-driven decision-making to carry out equipment maintenance and control through the different data analysis layers. Furthermore, this model allows streamlined information communication to every member of the mining crew.</div></section><section id='sec5dot4-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 5.4. Software Used in Intelligent Systems</h4><div class='html-p'>While the systems’ hardware may be able to perform various tasks, without the direction of specialized software, it would not be possible to automate them.</div><section id='sec5dot4dot1-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 5.4.1. e-Drilling’s Software Suite</h4><div class='html-p'>e-Drilling, located in Stavanger, Norway offers a software suite that allows the constant evaluation of the state of the drill and the well’s borehole. It falls under the general digital twin tools that mimic the movement and state of the actual machine through a simulated model. This software also allows for better visualization and control of the process by the workers through its various modules [<a href="#B38-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B39-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. For example, the wellAhead module is used to simulate a digital twin of the well, and the wellSIM module handles the mechanical loads and drilling parameter simulation of the drill itself. The wellAhead module’s digital twin is depicted in <a href="#machines-12-00845-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>.</div></section><section id='sec5dot4dot2-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 5.4.2. Draco</h4><div class='html-p'>Draco is an open-source library that compresses and decompresses three-dimensional geometrical meshes and point clouds [<a href="#B42-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">42</a>]. By compressing the data, it is possible to upload them wirelessly with restricted available bandwidth from separate actors with limited computational power to a main computational system, which will then only send back motion commands [<a href="#B40-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B41-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B42-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">42</a>].</div></section><section id='sec5dot4dot3-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 5.4.3. Forestall</h4><div class='html-p'>Forestall uses proven predictive algorithms for the mining and oil industries and, coupled with cloud-based machine health and predictive maintenance products, offers optimized asset performance with minimized downtime. Platform-agnostic health monitoring ensures comprehensive insights into critical machinery’s condition [<a href="#B43-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B44-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">44</a>].</div></section><section id='sec5dot4dot4-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 5.4.4. TIMining Aware</h4><div class='html-p'>TIMining Aware creates real-time mine and block model visualization. The live mine plan compliance feature ensures that operations align with predefined strategies and regulatory requirements, and global accessibility across multiple devices fosters collaboration and productivity among users [<a href="#B44-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B45-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">45</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec5dot5-machines-12-00845' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 5.5. Collaborative Robotics in Mining</h4><div class='html-p'>The above technologies have all been utilized in individual units and in networks of robots. The true extent of their usefulness can only be expressed through the coordination of many different systems for the betterment of the mining process. Currently, in the mining industry, several types of robots are being used. As mentioned above, autonomous hauling trucks as a part of an Autonomous Haulage System (AHS), especially in open-pit mines [<a href="#B82-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">82</a>], drilling robots, charging robots, and automated conveyor belts are some of the categories that they can be separated into [<a href="#B83-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">83</a>,<a href="#B84-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">84</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Examples of commercially available collaborative systems include the AutoMine drill and machine fleet, which allow the simultaneous control of several pieces of mining equipment [<a href="#B47-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B61-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B85-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">85</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Another example is Caterpillar’s MineStar Command for Underground Systems, which automates multiple hauling trucks while allowing human operators to watch from afar [<a href="#B46-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B49-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">49</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>An additional commercial application is EH-RemoteHeadControl v2 by Elgór-Hanses S.A., which requires the collaboration of a roadheader, a power supply unit, and some of the many sensors mentioned above for the creation of a DT around the shearer so that the roadheader can be operated remotely and safely for the creation of drifts in the mine [<a href="#B15-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">15</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Furthermore, research trends include examining the benefits of automated systems such as AHSs in open pits and exploring how decentralized AHSs can be applied in underground mines [<a href="#B86-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">86</a>]. Also, the usage of Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is considered beneficial for mine inspections and rescue missions [<a href="#B50-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B51-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B53-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B54-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">54</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Research on systems of collaborative robots such as AHSs shows that they allow more efficient battery and fuel consumption in autonomous vehicles in comparison to manually driven ones while removing the operators of the hauling tracks from the mines and assigning them the role of observers. Furthermore, there is no longer a delay when changing shifts, since the trucks operate continuously [<a href="#B82-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">82</a>,<a href="#B86-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">86</a>,<a href="#B87-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">87</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Research on the use of UGVs and UAVs for inspection and rescue missions aims to increase the safety of inspectors from dangers that they may face, such as high concentrations of toxic gases or weak mine ceilings that might lead to the need for a rescue mission or even fatal accidents [<a href="#B52-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B88-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">88</a>]. In rescue missions, where time is of the essence, the use of robots aims to reduce the focus on the safety of the rescue team, thus providing trapped miners with a faster and more efficient rescue plan [<a href="#B50-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B54-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">54</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The current infrastructure shows that it is possible to digitize mines and deploy robots that can collaborate on a peer-to-peer basis, while the human factor can be integrated with the role of the observer.</div></section></section><section id='sec6-machines-12-00845' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 6. Possible Evolution of Intelligent Mining Machines</h2><div class='html-p'>Aside from the aforementioned and already implemented systems, there are also numerous others that are currently being tested or researched. Some examples are listed below:</div><div class='html-p'><ul class='html-bullet'><li><div class='html-p'>Drill piston control for better bit-pointing accuracy: This approach promises better results when it comes to pointing the bit of an RSDS. It uses multiple pistons, valves, water, and stabilization clamp pads to better control the orientation and force applied by the bit [<a href="#B55-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">55</a>].</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Photogrammetry in the mining industry: While Virtual Reality technology is being used today for minor tasks, it is being researched and worked upon extensively due to the presently unexplored advantages described in [<a href="#B56-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B57-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">57</a>], especially with the improvement in modern cameras. Mining professionals are already adopting technologies from research, especially within the area of the digitization and mapping of mines with high-resolution cameras. Additionally, large-area scans for open-pit sites, which once required the use of special fiducial markers (ground control points) [<a href="#B58-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">58</a>], are no longer needed with the introduction of Real-Time Kinematics and Post-Process Kinematics technologies [<a href="#B59-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">59</a>]. Furthermore, there is ongoing research on multi-camera systems that can produce rock-mass digital models with a camera rig and can also support UAVs [<a href="#B25-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">25</a>].</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Neural networks for augmented personnel safety: Neural networks can be used for a diversity of tasks. Research has shown that one of their uses can be the monitoring of the activity of personnel inside the mine to decrease accidents and exposure to hazardous areas [<a href="#B60-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">60</a>]. One such example is the use of a YOLOv8 model (<a href="#machines-12-00845-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a>) to determine the location of humans and hazardous areas [<a href="#B61-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">61</a>]. YOLOv8 is a convolutional neural network that makes predictions of bounding boxes and class probabilities all at once.</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Virtual Reality simulation for multi-agent system action planning: Virtual Reality’s importance is already underlined, but the range of its applications cannot be stressed enough. Currently, there are ready-to-use software solutions that allow for the simulation of multiple robots in a virtual mining environment, expressed through the game development engine Unity3D [<a href="#B62-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">62</a>]. Simulators of this kind may prove essential in mining procedure planning, especially in more complex systems with multiple interactions [<a href="#B57-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">57</a>].</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>AI-assisted DTs: Advancements that are currently being made in the field of artificial intelligence suggest that AI will be further integrated into FEA simulation software to provide better insights regarding mining data [<a href="#B63-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">63</a>,<a href="#B64-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">64</a>]. Surveys report that AI will be refined enough to be widely accepted in the industry by 2030 [<a href="#B65-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">65</a>], providing a better bridge of communication between the real and digital worlds.</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Optimized haulage scheduling using Reinforcement Learning: Reinforcement Learning (RL) methods can be used to schedule the operation of fleets of autonomous haulers in real time utilizing model-free Q-Learning algorithms. In a simulated environment, this method resulted in a reduction in the wait time of each hauler and reduced the emission of greenhouse gases that resulted from the extensive fuel consumption of the machines. This reduction in fuel consumption was as high as 30% in comparison to fixed-schedule approaches while increasing productivity by 50% [<a href="#B66-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">66</a>].</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Controlling equipment using Deep Reinforcement Learning: Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) can be used to control underground, individually operating machines as a substitute for human operators. Machines such as Load-Haul-Dump machines can be controlled with the use of a DRL framework by implementing a soft actor-critic (SAC) algorithm in a simulated environment, lowering energy consumption and increasing productivity [<a href="#B68-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">68</a>]. In more detail, in [<a href="#B68-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">68</a>], the energy consumption was found to be 21% lower for the autonomous vehicle in comparison with the energy consumed when a similar vehicle was operated by a human in the real world, and productivity was increased by 7%. Another example of operating multiple machines using RL, implementing proximal policy optimization (PPO) and SAC, can be examined in [<a href="#B67-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">67</a>].</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Using DRL in mine production scheduling: DRL methods can even be utilized for the design of underground mine production layouts [<a href="#B69-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">69</a>]. Utilizing DRL in the pre-production stages of the mining process allows for a better evaluation of the mineral grade since it utilizes uncertainty to create a stochastic design in comparison to deterministic designs. Deterministic designs are created by the more conventional geostatistical methods, such as mineable shape optimizers, which tend to lead to the under-performance of mining projects. A case study of underground stoping for gold production in [<a href="#B69-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">69</a>] resulted in 8.3% higher expected profit and 3.4% more gold mined than the baseline that was provided by a mineable shape optimizer.</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Development and research for environmental monitoring: To ensure that the mining industry does not damage the environment, tools, indices, and methodologies are being developed to ensure the minimization of pollution [<a href="#B70-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">70</a>,<a href="#B71-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">71</a>]. One such example can be seen in <a href="#machines-12-00845-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>.</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Monitoring of the drilling rig: Research on monitoring drilling bit wear has been conducted to predict and analyze the drilling bit’s condition. These studies have shown that sound and vibration signals, as well as examining the geological and mechanical properties of rocks, can be used to survey the drilling bit’s wear condition [<a href="#B72-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">72</a>].</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Intelligent control of the drilling: Computer vision and Deep Neural Networks for image classification are used to control the drilling rig and improve procedures such as drilling path planning and intelligent hole positioning [<a href="#B72-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">72</a>].</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Measurement while drilling (MWD) and machine learning for rock monitoring: MWD is a technology that provides real-time measurements of drilling parameters, e.g., torque, rotation speed, and drilling speed. These parameters are used to determine the magnitude of the rock stress caused by the drilling operation with the aid of digital panoramic imaging technology for boreholes. Additionally, intelligent rock property sensing can be achieved by implementing machine learning techniques with the data provided by MWD [<a href="#B72-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">72</a>].</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>AI and big data technology in ventilation systems: Current research on ventilation systems focuses on acquiring ventilation parameters, such as wind volume and pressure, temperature, humidity, and the detection/concentration of toxic gases. To achieve this, research focuses on the proper placement of the minimum number of sensors that provide reliable data about those parameters. After obtaining these data, diagnostic methods are proposed based on learning algorithms and big data analysis, as well as airflow control methods [<a href="#B72-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">72</a>].</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Intelligent rock stress monitoring: Rock stress during drilling operations causes the deformation of the surrounding rock. Therefore, real-time monitoring methods have been developed based on machine vision and learning algorithms that provide early warning and predictions about surrounding rock deformation and damage [<a href="#B72-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">72</a>].</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Quantum computing for open-pit profile optimization: There are currently studies that show that it is possible to implement quantum computing to determine the best possible parameters for ore extraction in open-pit mines. This could potentially help with the planning of the drill site [<a href="#B73-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">73</a>,<a href="#B74-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">74</a>,<a href="#B75-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">75</a>].</div></li></ul></div><div class='html-p'>There seems to be a trend of using digital technology to further improve the efficiency and capabilities of mining robotic solutions. This also means that there is a constant need for additional data-gathering sensors and systems that will help tune the function of the software to match the physical needs of the mine.</div></section><section id='sec7-machines-12-00845' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 7. Future Trends and Visions in the Robotization and Digitalization of the Mining Industry</h2><div class='html-p'>Emerging technologies seem to be heavily dependent on the current state of mining technology, which does not necessarily mean that they will be able to satisfy the current needs of the mining industry. Case studies seem to refer to technologies that follow implementations that require pre-existing communication systems. It is also apparent that modern practices tend to favor non-modular approaches that often rely on specific proprietary equipment and software to operate. While today’s systems seem to be adequate for standard mines, they are not expected to work in environments that have been abandoned before the installation of such infrastructure.</div><div class='html-p'>While this approach may be sufficient for most mining industries, it is often not flexible enough to cover all of the possible mine configurations. To better generalize automation solutions, creating a unified framework is essential. This framework needs to categorize the different layers and parts of the data handling and the physical aspects of these systems in order to encourage the standardization of the software and methodology used.</div><div class='html-p'>Additionally, it would be interesting to test rig-less and infrastructure-less methods of automation, since installing these technologies may not be available in old, abandoned mines. For example, it is not realistic to expect that 5G and UHF communication systems will be present in every mine. This points to the fact that decentralized approaches may need to be investigated in a more thorough way. However, the limitations of this approach should be taken into account, such as bandwidth limitations and latency in the communication between different machines and systems. As the mining industry is currently focusing on extraction technologies at large depths and revisiting the extractions at abandoned mines, there are major trends in miniaturizing mining machines, revisiting mining plans, e.g., the volume of drifts, and moving toward a future with completely autonomous mining operations.</div><div class='html-p'>Even with a technology standard, it is imperative that safety and health considerations be taken into account before sending crew members into mines to install the necessary infrastructure. To that end, it would be beneficial to implement systems that allow for the better inspection of hazardous elements without the necessary control or supervision from a human operator. To achieve this, the introduction of robotic systems that monitor the necessary non-automated operations while also being able to contribute to reducing the personnel’s exposure time to potentially adversarial conditions is envisioned. It is evident that such automation for mining safety, while still an immature field, is something that can be expanded on.</div><div class='html-p'>Lastly, it seems that while intelligent systems are being studied and developed to reduce environmental strain from mining operations, said systems are not yet mature enough to minimize the environmental impact. Thus, it should be noted that there are still not enough solutions when it comes to automated waste management, and this is something that has to be addressed in the near future. Currently, practices such as the use of waste neutralization tanks and ground storage are used to combat solid mining waste (slag, tailings, etc.), but even they may pose problems with specific types of waste [<a href="#B3-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">3</a>]. These intelligent systems will require the corresponding machines to operate properly. The machines need to contain adequate sensors and the proper computational power. They require an intelligent and generative design.</div></section><section id='sec8-machines-12-00845' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 8. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>There are a number of new technologies developed for the automation of the mining process, which is a testament to the ever-increasing need for better efficiency. The inclusion of automation systems is what allows modern manufacturing needs to be met while reducing possible human harm and human error. From partially automated to fully automated systems, this integration reshapes the foundation of the mining industry and engineering. The use of many different types of autonomous and intelligent machines that can communicate on a peer-to-peer basis in situations where pre-existing communication networks are weak, faulty, or nonexistent can raise the efficiency of the ore extraction and increase the safety of the workers in the mines. The use of automated systems for mining operations could improve workers’ health and increase their safety. This might lead to a reduction in needed unspecialized personnel and an increase in personnel with higher educational backgrounds. The digitization of the mining process and the use of more sophisticated digital models can also enhance the remote monitoring of mining operations. Automated mining is still a field with a lot of progress to be made. As time goes by, with continued intellectual and financial investments in intelligent systems design, it will become even clearer that these systems should be embraced and implemented as the new standard in the mining industry.</div><div class='html-p'>Finally, it should be noted that this article focuses on the automation and robotization of drilling and mining operations, and as such, the focus has been on these areas. Other important aspects of mining, e.g., the effectiveness of the selected methods and environmental impact, have not been addressed, as they are considered out of scope.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization, A.K. and T.F.; writing—original draft preparation, A.K., T.F. and K.S.; writing—review and editing, A.K., T.F., K.S., G.N. and P.K.; supervision, G.N. and P.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research work was funded by the Horizon Europe project PERSEPHONE [grant number 101138451].</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Data are contained within the article.</div></section><section id='html-ack' class='html-ack'><h2 >Acknowledgments</h2><div class='html-p'>We would like to express our gratitude toward Achilleas Kousios for providing us with his insights during the editing process of this paper.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.</div></section><section id='html-glossary'><h2 >Abbreviations</h2><div class='html-p'>The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: <table class='html-array_table'><tbody ><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >3D</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Three-dimensional</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >5G</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Fifth-generation mobile network</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >AHS</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Autonomous Haulage System</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >AI</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Artificial intelligence</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >DRL</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Deep Reinforcement Learning</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >DT</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Digital twin</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >DTH</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Down the hole</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >FEA</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Finite Element Analysis</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >GPS</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Global Positioning System</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >IoT</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Internet of Things</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >LED</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Light-Emitting Diode</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >LIBS</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >LiDAR</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Light Detection and Ranging</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >LoRaWAN</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Long-Range Wide-Area Network</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >MWD</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Measurement while drilling</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >PPO</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Proximal policy optimization</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >RF</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Radio Frequency</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >RL</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Reinforcement Learning</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >RSDS</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Rotary Steerable Drilling System</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >SAC</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Soft actor-critic</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >SLAM</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Simultaneous Localization and Mapping</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >TFC</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Time-of-flight camera</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >TFS</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Time-of-flight sensor</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >UAV</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Unmanned Aerial Vehicle</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >UGV</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Unmanned Ground Vehicle</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >UHF</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Ultra-High Frequency</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >YOLO</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >You Only Look Once</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-machines-12-00845' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Yinka-Banjo, C.; Bagula, A.; Osunmakinde, I.O. Autonimous multi-robot behaviours for safety inspection under the constraints of underground mine terrains. <span class='html-italic'>Ubiquitous Comput. Commun. J.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 1316–1328. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Autonimous+multi-robot+behaviours+for+safety+inspection+under+the+constraints+of+underground+mine+terrains&author=Yinka-Banjo,+C.&author=Bagula,+A.&author=Osunmakinde,+I.O.&publication_year=2012&journal=Ubiquitous+Comput.+Commun.+J.&volume=7&pages=1316%E2%80%931328" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B2-machines-12-00845' class='html-x' data-content='2.'>Mueller, C.; Assibey-Bonsu, W.; Baafi, E.; Dauber, C.; Doran, C.; Jerzy Jaszczuk, M.; Nagovitsyn, O. <span class='html-italic'>Mining Goes Digital: Proceedings of the 39th International Symposium’Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Mineral Industry’ (APCOM 2019), June 4–6, 2019, Wroclaw, Poland</span>, 1st ed.; CRC Press: London, UK, 2019. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mining+Goes+Digital:+Proceedings+of+the+39th+International+Symposium%E2%80%99Application+of+Computers+and+Operations+Research+in+the+Mineral+Industry%E2%80%99+(APCOM+2019),+June+4%E2%80%936,+2019,+Wroclaw,+Poland&author=Mueller,+C.&author=Assibey-Bonsu,+W.&author=Baafi,+E.&author=Dauber,+C.&author=Doran,+C.&author=Jerzy+Jaszczuk,+M.&author=Nagovitsyn,+O.&publication_year=2019" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429320774" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B3-machines-12-00845' class='html-x' data-content='3.'>Kalisz, S.; Kibort, K.; Mioduska, J.; Lieder, M.; Małachowska, A. Waste Management in the Mining Industry of Metals Ores, Coal, Oil and Natural Gas—A Review. <span class='html-italic'>J. Environ. Manag.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>304</span>, 114239. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Waste+Management+in+the+Mining+Industry+of+Metals+Ores,+Coal,+Oil+and+Natural+Gas%E2%80%94A+Review&author=Kalisz,+S.&author=Kibort,+K.&author=Mioduska,+J.&author=Lieder,+M.&author=Ma%C5%82achowska,+A.&publication_year=2022&journal=J.+Environ.+Manag.&volume=304&pages=114239&doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114239&pmid=34902687" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114239" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34902687" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B4-machines-12-00845' class='html-x' data-content='4.'>Agboola, O.; Babatunde, D.E.; Isaac Fayomi, O.S.; Sadiku, E.R.; Popoola, P.; Moropeng, L.; Yahaya, A.; Mamudu, O.A. A Review on the Impact of Mining Operation: Monitoring, Assessment and Management. <span class='html-italic'>Results Eng.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 100181. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Review+on+the+Impact+of+Mining+Operation:+Monitoring,+Assessment+and+Management&author=Agboola,+O.&author=Babatunde,+D.E.&author=Isaac+Fayomi,+O.S.&author=Sadiku,+E.R.&author=Popoola,+P.&author=Moropeng,+L.&author=Yahaya,+A.&author=Mamudu,+O.A.&publication_year=2020&journal=Results+Eng.&volume=8&pages=100181&doi=10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100181" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100181" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B5-machines-12-00845' class='html-x' data-content='5.'>Akpedeye, K.U. Advancement on Drilling Technology in Petroleum Industry. Bachelor’s Thesis, University of Applied Sciences, Riihimäki, Finland, 2010. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Advancement+on+Drilling+Technology+in+Petroleum+Industry&author=Akpedeye,+K.U.&publication_year=2010" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B6-machines-12-00845' class='html-x' data-content='6.'>Todd, D.K.; Mays, L.W. <span class='html-italic'>Groundwater Hydrology</span>; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Groundwater+Hydrology&author=Todd,+D.K.&author=Mays,+L.W.&publication_year=2004" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B7-machines-12-00845' class='html-x' data-content='7.'>Zacny, K.; Paulsen, G.; McKay, C.; Glass, B.; Dave, A.; Davila, A.; Marinova, M.; Mellerowicz, B.; Heldmann, J.; Stoker, C.; et al. Reaching 1m Deep on Mars: The Icebreaker Drill. <span class='html-italic'>Astrobiology</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 1166–1198. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Reaching+1m+Deep+on+Mars:+The+Icebreaker+Drill&author=Zacny,+K.&author=Paulsen,+G.&author=McKay,+C.&author=Glass,+B.&author=Dave,+A.&author=Davila,+A.&author=Marinova,+M.&author=Mellerowicz,+B.&author=Heldmann,+J.&author=Stoker,+C.&publication_year=2013&journal=Astrobiology&volume=13&pages=1166%E2%80%931198&doi=10.1089/ast.2013.1038&pmid=24303959" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2013.1038" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24303959" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B8-machines-12-00845' class='html-x' data-content='8.'>Tianshou, M.; Chen, P.; Zhao, J. Overview on Vertical and Directional Drilling Technologies for the Exploration and Exploitation of Deep Petroleum Resources. <span class='html-italic'>Geomech. Geophys. Geo-Energy Geo-Resour.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2</span>, 365–395. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Overview+on+Vertical+and+Directional+Drilling+Technologies+for+the+Exploration+and+Exploitation+of+Deep+Petroleum+Resources&author=Tianshou,+M.&author=Chen,+P.&author=Zhao,+J.&publication_year=2016&journal=Geomech.+Geophys.+Geo-Energy+Geo-Resour.&volume=2&pages=365%E2%80%93395&doi=10.1007/s40948-016-0038-y" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-016-0038-y" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B9-machines-12-00845' class='html-x' data-content='9.'>Li, F.; Ma, X.; Tan, Y. Review of the Development of Rotary Steerable Systems. <span class='html-italic'>J. Phys. Conf. Ser.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>1617</span>, 012085. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Review+of+the+Development+of+Rotary+Steerable+Systems&author=Li,+F.&author=Ma,+X.&author=Tan,+Y.&publication_year=2020&journal=J.+Phys.+Conf.+Ser.&volume=1617&pages=012085&doi=10.1088/1742-6596/1617/1/012085" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1617/1/012085" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B10-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='10.'>Sugiura, J. Systematic Testing with Push- and Point-the-Bit Rotary-Steerable Systems Leads to the Optimal BHA Design for Stability, Steerability and Borehole Quality. In Proceedings of the 2008 AADE Fluids Conference and Exhibition held at the Wyndam Greenspoint Hotel, Houston, TX, USA, 8–9 April 2008. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Systematic+Testing+with+Push-+and+Point-the-Bit+Rotary-Steerable+Systems+Leads+to+the+Optimal+BHA+Design+for+Stability,+Steerability+and+Borehole+Quality&conference=Proceedings+of+the+2008+AADE+Fluids+Conference+and+Exhibition+held+at+the+Wyndam+Greenspoint+Hotel&author=Sugiura,+J.&publication_year=2008" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B11-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='11.'>Ivanova, T.; Božek, P.; Korshunov, A.; Koretskiy, V. Analysis of Distortion Mechanisms Used in Rotary Steerable Systems. <span class='html-italic'>Multidiscip. Asp. Prod. Eng.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>3</span>, 331–346. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analysis+of+Distortion+Mechanisms+Used+in+Rotary+Steerable+Systems&author=Ivanova,+T.&author=Bo%C5%BEek,+P.&author=Korshunov,+A.&author=Koretskiy,+V.&publication_year=2020&journal=Multidiscip.+Asp.+Prod.+Eng.&volume=3&pages=331%E2%80%93346&doi=10.2478/mape-2020-0029" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2478/mape-2020-0029" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B12-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='12.'>Saki, S. Gob Ventilation Borehole Design and Performance Optimization for Longwall Coal Mining Using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Ph.D. Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA, 2016. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Gob+Ventilation+Borehole+Design+and+Performance+Optimization+for+Longwall+Coal+Mining+Using+Computational+Fluid+Dynamics&author=Saki,+S.&publication_year=2016&doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.5119.9129" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5119.9129" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B13-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='13.'>Peng, S. <span class='html-italic'>Longwall Mining</span>, 3rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2019. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Longwall+Mining&author=Peng,+S.&publication_year=2019" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B14-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='14.'>Famur. ‘Machinery & Equipment for Underground Mining’, 6 October 2024. Available online: <a href="https://famur.com/en/machinery-equipment-for-underground-mining/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://famur.com/en/machinery-equipment-for-underground-mining/</a> (accessed on 6 October 2024).</li><li id='B15-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='15.'>Bołoz, Ł.; Biały, W. Automation and Robotization of Underground Mining in Poland. <span class='html-italic'>Appl. Sci.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 7221. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Automation+and+Robotization+of+Underground+Mining+in+Poland&author=Bo%C5%82oz,+%C5%81.&author=Bia%C5%82y,+W.&publication_year=2020&journal=Appl.+Sci.&volume=10&pages=7221&doi=10.3390/app10207221" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207221" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B16-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='16.'>Li, J.; Zhan, K. Intelligent Mining Technology for an Underground Metal Mine Based on Unmanned Equipment. <span class='html-italic'>Engineering</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 381–391. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Intelligent+Mining+Technology+for+an+Underground+Metal+Mine+Based+on+Unmanned+Equipment&author=Li,+J.&author=Zhan,+K.&publication_year=2018&journal=Engineering&volume=4&pages=381%E2%80%93391&doi=10.1016/j.eng.2018.05.013" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2018.05.013" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B17-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='17.'>Bonchis, A.; Duff, E.; Roberts, J.; Bosse, M. Robotic Explosive Charging in Mining and Construction Applications. <span class='html-italic'>IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 245–250. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Robotic+Explosive+Charging+in+Mining+and+Construction+Applications&author=Bonchis,+A.&author=Duff,+E.&author=Roberts,+J.&author=Bosse,+M.&publication_year=2014&journal=IEEE+Trans.+Autom.+Sci.+Eng.&volume=11&pages=245%E2%80%93250&doi=10.1109/TASE.2013.2241425" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TASE.2013.2241425" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B18-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='18.'>Fayyaz, A.; Ali, R.; Waqas, M.; Liaqat, U.; Ahmad, R.; Umar, Z.A.; Baig, M.A. Analysis of Rare Earth Ores Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Laser Ablation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. <span class='html-italic'>Minerals</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 787. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analysis+of+Rare+Earth+Ores+Using+Laser-Induced+Breakdown+Spectroscopy+and+Laser+Ablation+Time-of-Flight+Mass+Spectrometry&author=Fayyaz,+A.&author=Ali,+R.&author=Waqas,+M.&author=Liaqat,+U.&author=Ahmad,+R.&author=Umar,+Z.A.&author=Baig,+M.A.&publication_year=2023&journal=Minerals&volume=13&pages=787&doi=10.3390/min13060787" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/min13060787" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B19-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='19.'>Bhatt, C.R.; Jain, J.C.; Goueguel, C.L.; McIntyre, D.L.; Singh, J.P. Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). <span class='html-italic'>Appl. Spectrosc.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>72</span>, 114–121. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Determination+of+Rare+Earth+Elements+in+Geological+Samples+Using+Laser-Induced+Breakdown+Spectroscopy+(LIBS)&author=Bhatt,+C.R.&author=Jain,+J.C.&author=Goueguel,+C.L.&author=McIntyre,+D.L.&author=Singh,+J.P.&publication_year=2018&journal=Appl.+Spectrosc.&volume=72&pages=114%E2%80%93121&doi=10.1177/0003702817734854&pmid=28905652" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702817734854" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28905652" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B20-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='20.'>Bellie, V.; Gokulraju, R.; Rajasekar, C.; Vinoth, S.; Mohankumar, V.; Gunapriya, B. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for New Product Development in Mining Industry. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Today Proc.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>45</span>, 8157–8161. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Laser+Induced+Breakdown+Spectroscopy+for+New+Product+Development+in+Mining+Industry&author=Bellie,+V.&author=Gokulraju,+R.&author=Rajasekar,+C.&author=Vinoth,+S.&author=Mohankumar,+V.&author=Gunapriya,+B.&publication_year=2021&journal=Mater.+Today+Proc.&volume=45&pages=8157%E2%80%938161&doi=10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.459" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.459" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B21-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='21.'>Zeeshan, M.; Chavda, M.; Ehshan, K.M.; Nayek, R.; Malik, S. A Review on Non-RF Underground Positioning Techniques for Mining Applications. <span class='html-italic'>IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>72</span>, 9510217. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Review+on+Non-RF+Underground+Positioning+Techniques+for+Mining+Applications&author=Zeeshan,+M.&author=Chavda,+M.&author=Ehshan,+K.M.&author=Nayek,+R.&author=Malik,+S.&publication_year=2023&journal=IEEE+Trans.+Instrum.+Meas.&volume=72&pages=9510217&doi=10.1109/TIM.2023.3297230" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2023.3297230" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B22-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='22.'>Dima, E.; Sjöström, M. Camera and Lidar-Based View Generation for Augmented Remote Operation in Mining Applications. <span class='html-italic'>IEEE Access</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 82199–82212. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Camera+and+Lidar-Based+View+Generation+for+Augmented+Remote+Operation+in+Mining+Applications&author=Dima,+E.&author=Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m,+M.&publication_year=2021&journal=IEEE+Access&volume=9&pages=82199%E2%80%9382212&doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3086894" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3086894" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B23-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='23.'>Wang, G.; Wu, J.; Xu, T.; Tian, B. 3D Vehicle Detection With RSU LiDAR for Autonomous Mine. <span class='html-italic'>IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>70</span>, 344–355. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=3D+Vehicle+Detection+With+RSU+LiDAR+for+Autonomous+Mine&author=Wang,+G.&author=Wu,+J.&author=Xu,+T.&author=Tian,+B.&publication_year=2021&journal=IEEE+Trans.+Veh.+Technol.&volume=70&pages=344%E2%80%93355&doi=10.1109/TVT.2020.3048985" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2020.3048985" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B24-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='24.'>Stathoulopoulos, N.; Pagliari, E.; Davoli, L.; Nikolakopoulos, G. Redundant and Loosely Coupled LiDAR-Wi-Fi Integration for Robust Global Localization in Autonomous Mobile Robotics. In Proceedings of the 2023 21st International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 5–8 December 2023; pp. 121–127. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Redundant+and+Loosely+Coupled+LiDAR-Wi-Fi+Integration+for+Robust+Global+Localization+in+Autonomous+Mobile+Robotics&conference=Proceedings+of+the+2023+21st+International+Conference+on+Advanced+Robotics+(ICAR)&author=Stathoulopoulos,+N.&author=Pagliari,+E.&author=Davoli,+L.&author=Nikolakopoulos,+G.&publication_year=2023&pages=121%E2%80%93127&doi=10.1109/ICAR58858.2023.10406402" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAR58858.2023.10406402" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B25-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='25.'>Janiszewski, M.; Prittinen, M.; Uotinen, L.; Torkan, M.; Rinne, M. Rapid Photogrammetric Method for Rock Mass Characterization in Underground Excavations. In Proceedings of the ISRM IV Nordic Symposium on Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Reykjavik, Iceland, 24–26 May 2023. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Rapid+Photogrammetric+Method+for+Rock+Mass+Characterization+in+Underground+Excavations&conference=Proceedings+of+the+ISRM+IV+Nordic+Symposium+on+Rock+Mechanics+and+Rock+Engineering&author=Janiszewski,+M.&author=Prittinen,+M.&author=Uotinen,+L.&author=Torkan,+M.&author=Rinne,+M.&publication_year=2023&doi=10.33112/nrock2023.20" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.33112/nrock2023.20" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B26-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='26.'>Hansard, M.; Lee, S.; Choi, O.; Horaud, R.P. <span class='html-italic'>Time-of-Flight Cameras: Principles, Methods and Applications</span>; Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin, Germany, 2012. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Time-of-Flight+Cameras:+Principles,+Methods+and+Applications&author=Hansard,+M.&author=Lee,+S.&author=Choi,+O.&author=Horaud,+R.P.&publication_year=2012" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B27-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='27.'>Horaud, R.; Hansard, M.; Evangelidis, G.; Ménier, C. An Overview of Depth Cameras and Range Scanners Based on Time-of-Flight Technologies. <span class='html-italic'>Mach. Vis. Appl.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>27</span>, 1005–1020. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An+Overview+of+Depth+Cameras+and+Range+Scanners+Based+on+Time-of-Flight+Technologies&author=Horaud,+R.&author=Hansard,+M.&author=Evangelidis,+G.&author=M%C3%A9nier,+C.&publication_year=2016&journal=Mach.+Vis.+Appl.&volume=27&pages=1005%E2%80%931020&doi=10.1007/s00138-016-0784-4" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-016-0784-4" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B28-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='28.'>Kanellakis, C.; Nikolakopoulos, G. Evaluation of Visual Localization Systems in Underground Mining. In Proceedings of the 2016 24th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED), Athens, Greece, 21–24 June 2016; pp. 539–544. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+Visual+Localization+Systems+in+Underground+Mining&conference=Proceedings+of+the+2016+24th+Mediterranean+Conference+on+Control+and+Automation+(MED)&author=Kanellakis,+C.&author=Nikolakopoulos,+G.&publication_year=2016&pages=539%E2%80%93544&doi=10.1109/MED.2016.7535853" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/MED.2016.7535853" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B29-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='29.'>Keskin, M.F.; Sezer, A.D.; Gezici, S. Localization via Visible Light Systems. <span class='html-italic'>Proc. IEEE</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>106</span>, 1063–1088. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Localization+via+Visible+Light+Systems&author=Keskin,+M.F.&author=Sezer,+A.D.&author=Gezici,+S.&publication_year=2018&journal=Proc.+IEEE&volume=106&pages=1063%E2%80%931088&doi=10.1109/JPROC.2018.2823500" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2018.2823500" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B30-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='30.'>Capozzi, R.; Wilde, M.; Kish, B. Daisy Chain Navigation and Communication in Underground Environments. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Aerospace Conference (50100), Big Sky, MT, USA, 6–13 March 2021; pp. 1–9. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Daisy+Chain+Navigation+and+Communication+in+Underground+Environments&conference=Proceedings+of+the+2021+IEEE+Aerospace+Conference+(50100)&author=Capozzi,+R.&author=Wilde,+M.&author=Kish,+B.&publication_year=2021&pages=1%E2%80%939&doi=10.1109/AERO50100.2021.9438304" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO50100.2021.9438304" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B31-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='31.'>Tardioli, D.; Riazuelo, L.; Sicignano, D.; Rizzo, C.; Lera, F.; Villarroel, J.L.; Montano, L. Ground Robotics in Tunnels: Keys and Lessons Learned after 10 Years of Research and Experiments. <span class='html-italic'>J. Field Robot.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>36</span>, 1074–1101. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Ground+Robotics+in+Tunnels:+Keys+and+Lessons+Learned+after+10+Years+of+Research+and+Experiments&author=Tardioli,+D.&author=Riazuelo,+L.&author=Sicignano,+D.&author=Rizzo,+C.&author=Lera,+F.&author=Villarroel,+J.L.&author=Montano,+L.&publication_year=2019&journal=J.+Field+Robot.&volume=36&pages=1074%E2%80%931101&doi=10.1002/rob.21871" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/rob.21871" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B32-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='32.'>Pasku, V.; De Angelis, A.; De Angelis, G.; Arumugam, D.D.; Dionigi, M.; Carbone, P.; Moschitta, A.; Ricketts, D.S. Magnetic Field-Based Positioning Systems. <span class='html-italic'>IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>19</span>, 2003–2017. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Magnetic+Field-Based+Positioning+Systems&author=Pasku,+V.&author=De+Angelis,+A.&author=De+Angelis,+G.&author=Arumugam,+D.D.&author=Dionigi,+M.&author=Carbone,+P.&author=Moschitta,+A.&author=Ricketts,+D.S.&publication_year=2017&journal=IEEE+Commun.+Surv.+Tutor.&volume=19&pages=2003%E2%80%932017&doi=10.1109/COMST.2017.2684087" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2017.2684087" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B33-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='33.'>Lin, S.C.; Alshehri, A.; Wang, P.; Akyildiz, I. Magnetic Induction-Based Localization in Randomly-Deployed Wireless Underground Sensor Networks. <span class='html-italic'>IEEE Internet Things J.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 1454–1465. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Magnetic+Induction-Based+Localization+in+Randomly-Deployed+Wireless+Underground+Sensor+Networks&author=Lin,+S.C.&author=Alshehri,+A.&author=Wang,+P.&author=Akyildiz,+I.&publication_year=2017&journal=IEEE+Internet+Things+J.&volume=4&pages=1454%E2%80%931465&doi=10.1109/JIOT.2017.2729887" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2729887" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B34-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='34.'>Seguel, F.; Palacios-Játiva, P.; Azurdia-Meza, C.A.; Krommenacker, N.; Charpentier, P.; Soto, I. Underground Mine Positioning: A Review. <span class='html-italic'>IEEE Sens. J.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>22</span>, 4755–4771. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Underground+Mine+Positioning:+A+Review&author=Seguel,+F.&author=Palacios-J%C3%A1tiva,+P.&author=Azurdia-Meza,+C.A.&author=Krommenacker,+N.&author=Charpentier,+P.&author=Soto,+I.&publication_year=2022&journal=IEEE+Sens.+J.&volume=22&pages=4755%E2%80%934771&doi=10.1109/JSEN.2021.3112547" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2021.3112547" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B35-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='35.'>Branch, P.; Cricenti, T. A LoRa Relay Based System for Detonating Explosives in Underground Mines. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Buenos Aires, Argentina, 26–28 February 2020; pp. 259–264. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+LoRa+Relay+Based+System+for+Detonating+Explosives+in+Underground+Mines&conference=Proceedings+of+the+2020+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Industrial+Technology+(ICIT)&author=Branch,+P.&author=Cricenti,+T.&publication_year=2020&pages=259%E2%80%93264&doi=10.1109/ICIT45562.2020.9067213" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT45562.2020.9067213" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B36-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='36.'>Botín-Sanabria, D.M.; Mihaita, A.S.; Peimbert-García, R.E.; Ramírez-Moreno, M.A.; Ramírez-Mendoza, R.A.; Lozoya-Santos, J.d.J. Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review. <span class='html-italic'>Remote Sens.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 1335. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Digital+Twin+Technology+Challenges+and+Applications:+A+Comprehensive+Review&author=Bot%C3%ADn-Sanabria,+D.M.&author=Mihaita,+A.S.&author=Peimbert-Garc%C3%ADa,+R.E.&author=Ram%C3%ADrez-Moreno,+M.A.&author=Ram%C3%ADrez-Mendoza,+R.A.&author=Lozoya-Santos,+J.d.J.&publication_year=2022&journal=Remote+Sens.&volume=14&pages=1335&doi=10.3390/rs14061335" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14061335" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B37-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='37.'>Hazrathosseini, A.; Moradi Afrapoli, A. The Advent of Digital Twins in Surface Mining: Its Time Has Finally Arrived. <span class='html-italic'>Resour. Policy</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>80</span>, 103155. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Advent+of+Digital+Twins+in+Surface+Mining:+Its+Time+Has+Finally+Arrived&author=Hazrathosseini,+A.&author=Moradi+Afrapoli,+A.&publication_year=2023&journal=Resour.+Policy&volume=80&pages=103155&doi=10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103155" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103155" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B38-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='38.'>Josef, N. Using Digital Technologies to Automat and Optimize Drilling Parameters in Real-Time, Its Impact on Value Creation, and Work Process. Master’s Thesis, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway, 2023. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Using+Digital+Technologies+to+Automat+and+Optimize+Drilling+Parameters+in+Real-Time,+Its+Impact+on+Value+Creation,+and+Work+Process&author=Josef,+N.&publication_year=2023" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B39-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='39.'>eDrilling. eDrilling Products, 6 Octomber 2024. Available online: <a href="https://www.edrilling.no/products" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.edrilling.no/products</a> (accessed on 6 October 2024).</li><li id='B40-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='40.'>Jansen van Rensburg, B.; Puech, W.; Pedeboy, J.P. The First Draco 3D Object Crypto-Compression Scheme. <span class='html-italic'>IEEE Access</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 10566–10574. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+First+Draco+3D+Object+Crypto-Compression+Scheme&author=Jansen+van+Rensburg,+B.&author=Puech,+W.&author=Pedeboy,+J.P.&publication_year=2022&journal=IEEE+Access&volume=10&pages=10566%E2%80%9310574&doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3144533" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3144533" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B41-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='41.'>Source, G.O. Google Open Source. Introducing Draco: Compression for 3D Graphics. Google Open Source Blog(blog), 6 October 2024. Available online: <a href="https://opensource.googleblog.com/2017/01/introducing-draco-compression-for-3d.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://opensource.googleblog.com/2017/01/introducing-draco-compression-for-3d.html</a> (accessed on 6 October 2024).</li><li id='B42-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='42.'>Google/Draco. C++. 2016.Reprint, Google, 5 October 2024. Available online: <a href="https://github.com/google/draco" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/google/draco</a> (accessed on 6 October 2024).</li><li id='B43-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='43.'>PETRA. FORESTALL®, 16 July 2024. Available online: <a href="https://www.petradatascience.com/forestall/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.petradatascience.com/forestall/</a> (accessed on 6 October 2024).</li><li id='B44-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='44.'>Hazrathosseini, A.; Afrapoli, A.M. Intelligent Fleet Management Systems in Surface Mining: Status, Threats, and Opportunities. <span class='html-italic'>Min. Metall. Explor.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>40</span>, 2087–2106. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Intelligent+Fleet+Management+Systems+in+Surface+Mining:+Status,+Threats,+and+Opportunities&author=Hazrathosseini,+A.&author=Afrapoli,+A.M.&publication_year=2023&journal=Min.+Metall.+Explor.&volume=40&pages=2087%E2%80%932106&doi=10.1007/s42461-023-00875-2" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-023-00875-2" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B45-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='45.'>TIMining. TIMining AWARE—TIMining. TIMining AWARE, 6 October 2024. Available online: <a href="https://www.timining.com/en/timining-aware/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.timining.com/en/timining-aware/</a> (accessed on 6 October 2024).</li><li id='B46-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='46.'>Cat Mining. Cat® MineStar™ Command for Underground, 17 October 2016. Available online: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WU6u5XTMKNI" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WU6u5XTMKNI</a> (accessed on 6 October 2024).</li><li id='B47-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='47.'>Gustafson, A.; Paraszczak, J.; Tuleau, J.; Schunnesson, H. Impact of Technical and Operational Factors on Effectiveness of Automatic Load-Haul-Dump Machines. <span class='html-italic'>Min. Technol.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>126</span>, 185–190. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Impact+of+Technical+and+Operational+Factors+on+Effectiveness+of+Automatic+Load-Haul-Dump+Machines&author=Gustafson,+A.&author=Paraszczak,+J.&author=Tuleau,+J.&author=Schunnesson,+H.&publication_year=2017&journal=Min.+Technol.&volume=126&pages=185%E2%80%93190&doi=10.1080/14749009.2017.1285980" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14749009.2017.1285980" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B48-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='48.'>George, B.K. Optimization of Quarry Operations and Maintenance Schedules. Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA, 2023. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Optimization+of+Quarry+Operations+and+Maintenance+Schedules&author=George,+B.K.&publication_year=2023" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B49-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='49.'>George, B.; Nojabaei, B. Data Analyses of Quarry Operations and Maintenance Schedules: A Production Optimization Study. <span class='html-italic'>Mining</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>3</span>, 347–366. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Data+Analyses+of+Quarry+Operations+and+Maintenance+Schedules:+A+Production+Optimization+Study&author=George,+B.&author=Nojabaei,+B.&publication_year=2023&journal=Mining&volume=3&pages=347%E2%80%93366&doi=10.3390/mining3020021" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mining3020021" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B50-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='50.'>Dinelli, C.; Racette, J.; Escarcega, M.; Lotero, S.; Gordon, J.; Montoya, J.; Dunaway, C.; Androulakis, V.; Khaniani, H.; Shao, S.; et al. Configurations and Applications of Multi-Agent Hybrid Drone/Unmanned Ground Vehicle for Underground Environments: A Review. <span class='html-italic'>Drones</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 136. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Configurations+and+Applications+of+Multi-Agent+Hybrid+Drone/Unmanned+Ground+Vehicle+for+Underground+Environments:+A+Review&author=Dinelli,+C.&author=Racette,+J.&author=Escarcega,+M.&author=Lotero,+S.&author=Gordon,+J.&author=Montoya,+J.&author=Dunaway,+C.&author=Androulakis,+V.&author=Khaniani,+H.&author=Shao,+S.&publication_year=2023&journal=Drones&volume=7&pages=136&doi=10.3390/drones7020136" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/drones7020136" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B51-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='51.'>Miller, I.D.; Cladera, F.; Cowley, A.; Shivakumar, S.S.; Lee, E.S.; Jarin-Lipschitz, L.; Bhat, A.; Rodrigues, N.; Zhou, A.; Cohen, A.; et al. Mine Tunnel Exploration Using Multiple Quadrupedal Robots. <span class='html-italic'>arXiv</span> <b>2020</b>, arXiv:1909.09662. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mine+Tunnel+Exploration+Using+Multiple+Quadrupedal+Robots&author=Miller,+I.D.&author=Cladera,+F.&author=Cowley,+A.&author=Shivakumar,+S.S.&author=Lee,+E.S.&author=Jarin-Lipschitz,+L.&author=Bhat,+A.&author=Rodrigues,+N.&author=Zhou,+A.&author=Cohen,+A.&publication_year=2020&journal=arXiv&doi=10.1109/LRA.2020.2972872" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2020.2972872" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B52-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='52.'>Nordström, S.; Stathoulopoulos, N.; Dahlquist, N.; Lindqvist, B.; Tevetzidis, I.; Kanellakis, C.; Nikolakopoulos, G. Safety Inspections and Gas Monitoring in Hazardous Mining Areas Shortly After Blasting Using Autonomous UAVs. <span class='html-italic'>Authorea</span> <b>2024</b>. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Safety+Inspections+and+Gas+Monitoring+in+Hazardous+Mining+Areas+Shortly+After+Blasting+Using+Autonomous+UAVs&author=Nordstr%C3%B6m,+S.&author=Stathoulopoulos,+N.&author=Dahlquist,+N.&author=Lindqvist,+B.&author=Tevetzidis,+I.&author=Kanellakis,+C.&author=Nikolakopoulos,+G.&publication_year=2024&journal=Authorea&doi=10.22541/au.171027386.64290736/v1" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.22541/au.171027386.64290736/v1" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B53-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='53.'>Lindqvist, B.; Stathoulopoulos, N.; Karlsson, S.; Bai, Y.; Haluska, J.; Tevetzidis, I.; Koval, A.; Kanellakis, C.; Nikolakopoulos, G.; Patel, A. Deployment of Autonomous Uavs in Underground Mines: Field Evaluations and Use-Case Demonstrations. <span class='html-italic'>SSRN Electron. J.</span> <b>2023</b>. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Deployment+of+Autonomous+Uavs+in+Underground+Mines:+Field+Evaluations+and+Use-Case+Demonstrations&author=Lindqvist,+B.&author=Stathoulopoulos,+N.&author=Karlsson,+S.&author=Bai,+Y.&author=Haluska,+J.&author=Tevetzidis,+I.&author=Koval,+A.&author=Kanellakis,+C.&author=Nikolakopoulos,+G.&author=Patel,+A.&publication_year=2023&journal=SSRN+Electron.+J.&doi=10.2139/ssrn.4374895" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4374895" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B54-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='54.'>Zimroz, P.; Trybała, P.; Wróblewski, A.; Góralczyk, M.; Szrek, J.; Wójcik, A.; Zimroz, R. Application of UAV in Search and Rescue Actions in Underground Mine—A Specific Sound Detection in Noisy Acoustic Signal. <span class='html-italic'>Energies</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 3725. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Application+of+UAV+in+Search+and+Rescue+Actions+in+Underground+Mine%E2%80%94A+Specific+Sound+Detection+in+Noisy+Acoustic+Signal&author=Zimroz,+P.&author=Tryba%C5%82a,+P.&author=Wr%C3%B3blewski,+A.&author=G%C3%B3ralczyk,+M.&author=Szrek,+J.&author=W%C3%B3jcik,+A.&author=Zimroz,+R.&publication_year=2021&journal=Energies&volume=14&pages=3725&doi=10.3390/en14133725" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en14133725" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B55-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='55.'>Wendt, M.; Einicke, G. Development of a Water-Hydraulic Self-Propelled Robotic Drill for Underground Mining. In <span class='html-italic'>Field and Service Robotics</span>; Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2005; Volume 25, pp. 355–366. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Development+of+a+Water-Hydraulic+Self-Propelled+Robotic+Drill+for+Underground+Mining&author=Wendt,+M.&author=Einicke,+G.&publication_year=2005&pages=355%E2%80%93366" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33453-8_30" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B56-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='56.'>Akbulut, N.; Anani, A. Application of Virtual Reality in the Mining Industry—Where Are We Now? In Proceedings of the SME Annual Conference and Expo, Denver, CO, USA, 26 February–1 March 2023. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Application+of+Virtual+Reality+in+the+Mining+Industry%E2%80%94Where+Are+We+Now?&conference=Proceedings+of+the+SME+Annual+Conference+and+Expo&author=Akbulut,+N.&author=Anani,+A.&publication_year=2023" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B57-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='57.'>Xie, J.; Yang, Z.; Wang, X.; Zeng, Q.; Li, J.; Li, B. A Virtual Reality Collaborative Planning Simulator and Its Method for Three Machines in a Fully Mechanized Coal Mining Face. <span class='html-italic'>Arab. J. Sci. Eng.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>43</span>, 4835–4854. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Virtual+Reality+Collaborative+Planning+Simulator+and+Its+Method+for+Three+Machines+in+a+Fully+Mechanized+Coal+Mining+Face&author=Xie,+J.&author=Yang,+Z.&author=Wang,+X.&author=Zeng,+Q.&author=Li,+J.&author=Li,+B.&publication_year=2018&journal=Arab.+J.+Sci.+Eng.&volume=43&pages=4835%E2%80%934854&doi=10.1007/s13369-018-3164-8" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3164-8" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B58-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='58.'>Patikova, A. Digital Photogrammetry In The Practice Of Open Pit Mining. <span class='html-italic'>Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci.</span> <b>2004</b>, <span class='html-italic'>34</span>, 1–4. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Digital+Photogrammetry+In+The+Practice+Of+Open+Pit+Mining&author=Patikova,+A.&publication_year=2004&journal=Int.+Arch.+Photogramm.+Remote+Sens.+Spat.+Inf.+Sci.&volume=34&pages=1%E2%80%934" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B59-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='59.'>Jaud, M.; Bertin, S.; Beauverger, M.; Augereau, E.; Delacourt, C. RTK GNSS-Assisted Terrestrial SfM Photogrammetry without GCP: Application to Coastal Morphodynamics Monitoring. <span class='html-italic'>Remote Sens.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 1889. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=RTK+GNSS-Assisted+Terrestrial+SfM+Photogrammetry+without+GCP:+Application+to+Coastal+Morphodynamics+Monitoring&author=Jaud,+M.&author=Bertin,+S.&author=Beauverger,+M.&author=Augereau,+E.&author=Delacourt,+C.&publication_year=2020&journal=Remote+Sens.&volume=12&pages=1889&doi=10.3390/rs12111889" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12111889" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B60-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='60.'>Akhmetov, T. Industrial Safety Using Augmented Reality and Artificial Intelligence. Ph.D. Thesis, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan, 2023. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Industrial+Safety+Using+Augmented+Reality+and+Artificial+Intelligence&author=Akhmetov,+T.&publication_year=2023" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B61-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='61.'>Automation.AutoMine®, 16 July 2024. Available online: <a href="https://www.rocktechnology.sandvik/En/Products/Technology/Automation/Automine/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.rocktechnology.sandvik/En/Products/Technology/Automation/Automine/</a> (accessed on 6 October 2024).</li><li id='B62-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='62.'>Shi, H.; Xie, J.; Wang, X.; Li, J.; Ge, X. An Operation Optimization Method of a Fully Mechanized Coal Mining Face Based on Semi-Physical Virtual Simulation. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 147–163. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An+Operation+Optimization+Method+of+a+Fully+Mechanized+Coal+Mining+Face+Based+on+Semi-Physical+Virtual+Simulation&author=Shi,+H.&author=Xie,+J.&author=Wang,+X.&author=Li,+J.&author=Ge,+X.&publication_year=2019&journal=Int.+J.+Coal+Sci.+Technol.&volume=7&pages=147%E2%80%93163&doi=10.1007/s40789-019-00282-3" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-019-00282-3" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B63-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='63.'>Zayed, S.M.; Attiya, G.M.; El-Sayed, A.; Hemdan, E.E.D. A Review Study on Digital Twins with Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things: Concepts, Opportunities, Challenges, Tools and Future Scope. <span class='html-italic'>Multimed. Tools Appl.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>82</span>, 47081–47107. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Review+Study+on+Digital+Twins+with+Artificial+Intelligence+and+Internet+of+Things:+Concepts,+Opportunities,+Challenges,+Tools+and+Future+Scope&author=Zayed,+S.M.&author=Attiya,+G.M.&author=El-Sayed,+A.&author=Hemdan,+E.E.D.&publication_year=2023&journal=Multimed.+Tools+Appl.&volume=82&pages=47081%E2%80%9347107&doi=10.1007/s11042-023-15611-7" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15611-7" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B64-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='64.'>Huang, Z.; Shen, Y.; Li, J.; Fey, M.; Brecher, C. A Survey on AI-Driven Digital Twins in Industry 4.0: Smart Manufacturing and Advanced Robotics. <span class='html-italic'>Sensors</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>21</span>, 6340. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Survey+on+AI-Driven+Digital+Twins+in+Industry+4.0:+Smart+Manufacturing+and+Advanced+Robotics&author=Huang,+Z.&author=Shen,+Y.&author=Li,+J.&author=Fey,+M.&author=Brecher,+C.&publication_year=2021&journal=Sensors&volume=21&pages=6340&doi=10.3390/s21196340" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196340" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B65-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='65.'>Rosen, R.; Hartmann, D.; Van der Auweraer, H.; Hermann, M.; Wolfrum, P. <span class='html-italic'>Simulation & DigitalTwin</span>; Siemens Corporation: Princeton, NJ, USA, 2020. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Simulation+&+DigitalTwin&author=Rosen,+R.&author=Hartmann,+D.&author=Van+der+Auweraer,+H.&author=Hermann,+M.&author=Wolfrum,+P.&publication_year=2020" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B66-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='66.'>Huo, D.; Sari, Y.A.; Kealey, R.; Zhang, Q. Reinforcement Learning-Based Fleet Dispatching for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in Open-Pit Mining Operations. <span class='html-italic'>Resour. Conserv. Recycl.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>188</span>, 106664. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Reinforcement+Learning-Based+Fleet+Dispatching+for+Greenhouse+Gas+Emission+Reduction+in+Open-Pit+Mining+Operations&author=Huo,+D.&author=Sari,+Y.A.&author=Kealey,+R.&author=Zhang,+Q.&publication_year=2023&journal=Resour.+Conserv.+Recycl.&volume=188&pages=106664&doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106664" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106664" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B67-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='67.'>Fidêncio, A.X.; Glasmachers, T.; Naro, D. Application of Reinforcement Learning to a Mining System. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 19th World Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI), Herl’any, Slovakia, 21–23 January 2021; pp. 000111–000118. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Application+of+Reinforcement+Learning+to+a+Mining+System&conference=Proceedings+of+the+2021+IEEE+19th+World+Symposium+on+Applied+Machine+Intelligence+and+Informatics+(SAMI)&author=Fid%C3%AAncio,+A.X.&author=Glasmachers,+T.&author=Naro,+D.&publication_year=2021&pages=000111%E2%80%93000118&doi=10.1109/SAMI50585.2021.9378663" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/SAMI50585.2021.9378663" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B68-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='68.'>Backman, S.; Lindmark, D.; Bodin, K.; Servin, M.; Mörk, J.; Löfgren, H. Continuous Control of an Underground Loader Using Deep Reinforcement Learning. <span class='html-italic'>Machines</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 216. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Continuous+Control+of+an+Underground+Loader+Using+Deep+Reinforcement+Learning&author=Backman,+S.&author=Lindmark,+D.&author=Bodin,+K.&author=Servin,+M.&author=M%C3%B6rk,+J.&author=L%C3%B6fgren,+H.&publication_year=2021&journal=Machines&volume=9&pages=216&doi=10.3390/machines9100216" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9100216" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B69-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='69.'>Noriega, R.; Boisvert, J. Optimization of Underground Mining Production Layouts Considering Geological Uncertainty Using Deep Reinforcement Learning. <span class='html-italic'>Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell.</span> <b>2025</b>, <span class='html-italic'>139</span>, 109493. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Optimization+of+Underground+Mining+Production+Layouts+Considering+Geological+Uncertainty+Using+Deep+Reinforcement+Learning&author=Noriega,+R.&author=Boisvert,+J.&publication_year=2025&journal=Eng.+Appl.+Artif.+Intell.&volume=139&pages=109493&doi=10.1016/j.engappai.2024.109493" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2024.109493" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B70-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='70.'>Song, W.; Song, W.; Gu, H.; Li, F. Progress in the Remote Sensing Monitoring of the Ecological Environment in Mining Areas. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>17</span>, 1846. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Progress+in+the+Remote+Sensing+Monitoring+of+the+Ecological+Environment+in+Mining+Areas&author=Song,+W.&author=Song,+W.&author=Gu,+H.&author=Li,+F.&publication_year=2020&journal=Int.+J.+Environ.+Res.+Public+Health&volume=17&pages=1846&doi=10.3390/ijerph17061846&pmid=32178376" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061846" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32178376" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B71-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='71.'>Myaskov, A.; Temkin, I.; Deryabin, S.; Marinova, D. Factors and Objectives of Sustainable Development at the Implementation of Digital Technologies and Automated Systems in the Mining Industry. <span class='html-italic'>E3S Web Conf.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>174</span>, 04023. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Factors+and+Objectives+of+Sustainable+Development+at+the+Implementation+of+Digital+Technologies+and+Automated+Systems+in+the+Mining+Industry&author=Myaskov,+A.&author=Temkin,+I.&author=Deryabin,+S.&author=Marinova,+D.&publication_year=2020&journal=E3S+Web+Conf.&volume=174&pages=04023&doi=10.1051/e3sconf/202017404023" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017404023" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B72-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='72.'>Liu, X.; Zhang, X.; Wang, L.; Qu, F.; Shao, A.; Zhao, L.; Wang, H.; Yue, X.; Li, Y.; Yan, W.; et al. Research Progress and Prospects of Intelligent Technology in Underground Mining of Hard Rock Mines. <span class='html-italic'>Green Smart Min. Eng.</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>1</span>, 12–26. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Research+Progress+and+Prospects+of+Intelligent+Technology+in+Underground+Mining+of+Hard+Rock+Mines&author=Liu,+X.&author=Zhang,+X.&author=Wang,+L.&author=Qu,+F.&author=Shao,+A.&author=Zhao,+L.&author=Wang,+H.&author=Yue,+X.&author=Li,+Y.&author=Yan,+W.&publication_year=2024&journal=Green+Smart+Min.+Eng.&volume=1&pages=12%E2%80%9326&doi=10.1016/j.gsme.2024.03.007" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsme.2024.03.007" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B73-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='73.'>Hindy, Y.; Pointing, J.; Tolunay, M.; Venkatarao, S.; Motta, M.; Latone, J. A Quantum Computational Approach to the Open-Pit Mining Problem. <span class='html-italic'>arXiv</span> <b>2021</b>, arXiv:2107.11345. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Quantum+Computational+Approach+to+the+Open-Pit+Mining+Problem&author=Hindy,+Y.&author=Pointing,+J.&author=Tolunay,+M.&author=Venkatarao,+S.&author=Motta,+M.&author=Latone,+J.&publication_year=2021&journal=arXiv" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B74-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='74.'>Paradezhenko, G.; Pervishko, A.; Yudin, D. Quantum-Assisted Open-Pit Optimization. <span class='html-italic'>JETP Lett.</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>119</span>, 470–478. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Quantum-Assisted+Open-Pit+Optimization&author=Paradezhenko,+G.&author=Pervishko,+A.&author=Yudin,+D.&publication_year=2024&journal=JETP+Lett.&volume=119&pages=470%E2%80%93478&doi=10.1134/S0021364023604256" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1134/S0021364023604256" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B75-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='75.'>Hindy, Y.; Pointing, J.; Tolunay, M.; Venkatarao, S.; Motta, M.; Latone, J.A. Application of the Variational Quantum Eigensolver to the Ultimate Pit Problem. In Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE), Bellevue, WA, USA, 17–22 September 2023; Volume 1, pp. 681–691. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Application+of+the+Variational+Quantum+Eigensolver+to+the+Ultimate+Pit+Problem&conference=Proceedings+of+the+2023+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Quantum+Computing+and+Engineering+(QCE)&author=Hindy,+Y.&author=Pointing,+J.&author=Tolunay,+M.&author=Venkatarao,+S.&author=Motta,+M.&author=Latone,+J.A.&publication_year=2023&pages=681%E2%80%93691&doi=10.1109/QCE57702.2023.00083" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/QCE57702.2023.00083" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B76-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='76.'>Zhironkina, O.; Zhironkin, S. Technological and Intellectual Transition to Mining 4.0: A Review. <span class='html-italic'>Energies</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>16</span>, 1427. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Technological+and+Intellectual+Transition+to+Mining+4.0:+A+Review&author=Zhironkina,+O.&author=Zhironkin,+S.&publication_year=2023&journal=Energies&volume=16&pages=1427&doi=10.3390/en16031427" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031427" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B77-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='77.'>Zhironkin, S.; Ezdina, N. Review of Transition from Mining 4.0 to Mining 5.0 Innovative Technologies. <span class='html-italic'>Appl. Sci.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 4917. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Review+of+Transition+from+Mining+4.0+to+Mining+5.0+Innovative+Technologies&author=Zhironkin,+S.&author=Ezdina,+N.&publication_year=2023&journal=Appl.+Sci.&volume=13&pages=4917&doi=10.3390/app13084917" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app13084917" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B78-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='78.'>Clausen, E.; Sörensen, A.; Nienhaus, K. Mining 4.0. In <span class='html-italic'>Handbook Industry 4.0: Law, Technology, Society</span>; Frenz, W., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2022; pp. 785–792. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mining+4.0&author=Clausen,+E.&author=S%C3%B6rensen,+A.&author=Nienhaus,+K.&publication_year=2022&pages=785%E2%80%93792" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64448-5_40" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B79-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='79.'>Faz-Mendoza, A.; Gamboa-Rosales, N.K.; Medina-Rodríguez, C.E.; Casas-Valadez, M.A.; Castorena-Robles, A.; López-Robles, J.R. Intelligent Processes in the Context of Mining 4.0: Trends, Research Challenges and Opportunities. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Application (DASA), Sakheer, Bahrain, 8–9 November 2020; pp. 480–484. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Intelligent+Processes+in+the+Context+of+Mining+4.0:+Trends,+Research+Challenges+and+Opportunities&conference=Proceedings+of+the+2020+International+Conference+on+Decision+Aid+Sciences+and+Application+(DASA)&author=Faz-Mendoza,+A.&author=Gamboa-Rosales,+N.K.&author=Medina-Rodr%C3%ADguez,+C.E.&author=Casas-Valadez,+M.A.&author=Castorena-Robles,+A.&author=L%C3%B3pez-Robles,+J.R.&publication_year=2020&pages=480%E2%80%93484&doi=10.1109/DASA51403.2020.9317095" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/DASA51403.2020.9317095" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B80-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='80.'>Stathoulopoulos, N.; Koval, A.; Nikolakopoulos, G. A Comparative Field Study of Global Pose Estimation Algorithms in Subterranean Environments. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Control Autom. Syst.</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>22</span>, 690–704. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Comparative+Field+Study+of+Global+Pose+Estimation+Algorithms+in+Subterranean+Environments&author=Stathoulopoulos,+N.&author=Koval,+A.&author=Nikolakopoulos,+G.&publication_year=2024&journal=Int.+J.+Control+Autom.+Syst.&volume=22&pages=690%E2%80%93704&doi=10.1007/s12555-023-0026-2" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-023-0026-2" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B81-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='81.'>Automatic Realtime Monitoring Enhances Safety and Reduces Cost of Drilling Operations—eDrilling. 2024. Available online: <a href="https://www.edrilling.no/blogs/post/automatic-realtime-monitoring-enhances-safety-and-reduces-cost-of-drilling-operations" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.edrilling.no/blogs/post/automatic-realtime-monitoring-enhances-safety-and-reduces-cost-of-drilling-operations</a> (accessed on 6 October 2024).</li><li id='B82-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='82.'>Cerna, G.E.P.; Hernández, J.R.C.; Herazo, J.C.M.; Castillo, A.P. Evaluation of the Overall Effectiveness (OEE) of Autonomous Transportation System (AHS) Equipment and Its Impact on Mine Design. Open Pit Mine Case Study. <span class='html-italic'>Procedia Comput. Sci.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>224</span>, 468–473. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+the+Overall+Effectiveness+(OEE)+of+Autonomous+Transportation+System+(AHS)+Equipment+and+Its+Impact+on+Mine+Design.+Open+Pit+Mine+Case+Study&author=Cerna,+G.E.P.&author=Hern%C3%A1ndez,+J.R.C.&author=Herazo,+J.C.M.&author=Castillo,+A.P.&publication_year=2023&journal=Procedia+Comput.+Sci.&volume=224&pages=468%E2%80%93473&doi=10.1016/j.procs.2023.09.066" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.09.066" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B83-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='83.'>Frank, M. <span class='html-italic'>A Step Towards the Design of Collaborative Autonomous Machines: A Study on Construction and Mining Equipment</span>; Blekinge Institute of Technology: Karlskrona, Sweden, 2019. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Step+Towards+the+Design+of+Collaborative+Autonomous+Machines:+A+Study+on+Construction+and+Mining+Equipment&author=Frank,+M.&publication_year=2019" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B84-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='84.'>Ding, X.; Guo, J.; Ren, Z.; Deng, P. State-of-the-Art in Perception Technologies for Collaborative Robots. <span class='html-italic'>IEEE Sens. J.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>22</span>, 17635–17645. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=State-of-the-Art+in+Perception+Technologies+for+Collaborative+Robots&author=Ding,+X.&author=Guo,+J.&author=Ren,+Z.&author=Deng,+P.&publication_year=2022&journal=IEEE+Sens.+J.&volume=22&pages=17635%E2%80%9317645&doi=10.1109/JSEN.2021.3064588" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2021.3064588" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B85-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='85.'>Patil, S.D.; Mitra, A.; Tuggali Katarikonda, K.; Wansink, J.D. Predictive Asset Availability Optimization for Underground Trucks and Loaders in the Mining Industry. <span class='html-italic'>Opsearch</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>58</span>, 751–772. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Predictive+Asset+Availability+Optimization+for+Underground+Trucks+and+Loaders+in+the+Mining+Industry&author=Patil,+S.D.&author=Mitra,+A.&author=Tuggali+Katarikonda,+K.&author=Wansink,+J.D.&publication_year=2021&journal=Opsearch&volume=58&pages=751%E2%80%93772&doi=10.1007/s12597-020-00502-4" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12597-020-00502-4" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B86-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='86.'>Matsui, K.; Adan, F.; Angeloudis, P. Decentralised Motion Planning for Autonomous Mining Haulage Trucks Using Prioritised Multi-Agent MPPI. <span class='html-italic'>IFAC-PapersOnLine</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>58</span>, 154–161. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Decentralised+Motion+Planning+for+Autonomous+Mining+Haulage+Trucks+Using+Prioritised+Multi-Agent+MPPI&author=Matsui,+K.&author=Adan,+F.&author=Angeloudis,+P.&publication_year=2024&journal=IFAC-PapersOnLine&volume=58&pages=154%E2%80%93161&doi=10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.07.333" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.07.333" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B87-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='87.'>Ishimoto, H.; Hamada, T. Safety Concept and Architecture for Autonomous Haulage System in Mining. In Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Kitakyushu, Japan, 27–28 October 2020. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Safety+Concept+and+Architecture+for+Autonomous+Haulage+System+in+Mining&conference=Proceedings+of+the+37th+International+Symposium+on+Automation+and+Robotics+in+Construction&author=Ishimoto,+H.&author=Hamada,+T.&publication_year=2020&doi=10.22260/ISARC2020/0054" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2020/0054" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B88-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='88.'>Yinka-Banjo, C.; Osunmakinde, I.O.; Bagula, A. Multi-Robot Systems: A Cooperative Behaviour and Performance Evaluations for Mine Safety Inspections. In Proceedings of the Southern African Institute for Computer Scientist and Information Technologists Annual Conference 2014 on SAICSIT 2014 Empowered by Technology, New York, NY, USA, 29 September–1 October 2014; SAICSIT ’14. pp. 241–250. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Multi-Robot+Systems:+A+Cooperative+Behaviour+and+Performance+Evaluations+for+Mine+Safety+Inspections&conference=Proceedings+of+the+Southern+African+Institute+for+Computer+Scientist+and+Information+Technologists+Annual+Conference+2014+on+SAICSIT+2014+Empowered+by+Technology&author=Yinka-Banjo,+C.&author=Osunmakinde,+I.O.&author=Bagula,+A.&publication_year=2014&pages=241%E2%80%93250&doi=10.1145/2664591.2664593" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/2664591.2664593" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B89-machines-12-00845' class='html-xx' data-content='89.'>Ni, Y.; Huo, J.; Hou, Y.; Wang, J.; Guo, P. Detection of Underground Dangerous Area Based on Improving YOLOV8. <span class='html-italic'>Electronics</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 623. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Detection+of+Underground+Dangerous+Area+Based+on+Improving+YOLOV8&author=Ni,+Y.&author=Huo,+J.&author=Hou,+Y.&author=Wang,+J.&author=Guo,+P.&publication_year=2024&journal=Electronics&volume=13&pages=623&doi=10.3390/electronics13030623" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030623" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li></ol></section><section id='FiguresandTable' type='display-objects'><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="machines-12-00845-f001"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f001"> <img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g001.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g001.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g001" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g001-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 1.</b> The Schlumberger PowerDrive system. Figure taken from [<a href="#B8-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">8</a>].  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f001"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 1.</b> The Schlumberger PowerDrive system. Figure taken from [<a href="#B8-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g001.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g001.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g001" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g001.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="machines-12-00845-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f002"> <img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g002.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g002.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g002" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> The Halliburton Sperry-sun Geo-Pilot system. Figure taken from [<a href="#B8-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">8</a>].  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f002"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 2.</b> The Halliburton Sperry-sun Geo-Pilot system. Figure taken from [<a href="#B8-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g002.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g002.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g002" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g002.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="machines-12-00845-f003"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f003"> <img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g003.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g003.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g003" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g003-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 3.</b> A longwall system with most of its parts. Figure taken from [<a href="#B12-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">12</a>].  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f003"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 3.</b> A longwall system with most of its parts. Figure taken from [<a href="#B12-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">12</a>].</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g003.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g003.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g003" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g003.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="machines-12-00845-f004"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f004"> <img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g004.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g004.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g004" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g004-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 4.</b> Autonomous scraper with human-control capability. Figure taken from [<a href="#B16-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">16</a>].  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f004"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 4.</b> Autonomous scraper with human-control capability. Figure taken from [<a href="#B16-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">16</a>].</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g004.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g004.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g004" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g004.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="machines-12-00845-f005"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f005"> <img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g005.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g005.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g005" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g005-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 5.</b> Obtaining a point cloud map using a LIDAR sensor using a quadruped robot. (<b>a</b>) A visual representation of the experimental environment (mine). (<b>b</b>) The estimated pose in the global point cloud map as perceived by the sensors on the robot. The estimated pose is depicted in the form of XYZ-axis (X-axis in red, Y-axis in green and Z-axis in blue). (<b>c</b>) The created point cloud map. Figures taken from [<a href="#B80-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">80</a>].  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f005"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 5.</b> Obtaining a point cloud map using a LIDAR sensor using a quadruped robot. (<b>a</b>) A visual representation of the experimental environment (mine). (<b>b</b>) The estimated pose in the global point cloud map as perceived by the sensors on the robot. The estimated pose is depicted in the form of XYZ-axis (X-axis in red, Y-axis in green and Z-axis in blue). (<b>c</b>) The created point cloud map. Figures taken from [<a href="#B80-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">80</a>].</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g005.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g005.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g005" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g005.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="machines-12-00845-f006"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f006"> <img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g006.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g006.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g006" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g006-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f006"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 6.</b> The proposed DT-based architecture for the mining industry. Figure taken from [<a href="#B37-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">37</a>].  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f006"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 6.</b> The proposed DT-based architecture for the mining industry. Figure taken from [<a href="#B37-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">37</a>].</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g006.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g006.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g006" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g006.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="machines-12-00845-f007"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f007"> <img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g007.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g007.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g007" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g007-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f007"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 7.</b> e-Drilling’s wellAhead module’s digital twin in action. Figure taken from [<a href="#B81-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">81</a>].  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f007"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 7.</b> e-Drilling’s wellAhead module’s digital twin in action. Figure taken from [<a href="#B81-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">81</a>].</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g007.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g007.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g007" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g007.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="machines-12-00845-f008"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f008"> <img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g008.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g008.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g008" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g008-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f008"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 8.</b> A YOLOv8 model detects personnel and hazardous areas. Figure taken from [<a href="#B89-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">89</a>].  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f008"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 8.</b> A YOLOv8 model detects personnel and hazardous areas. Figure taken from [<a href="#B89-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">89</a>].</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g008.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g008.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g008" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g008.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="machines-12-00845-f009"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f009"> <img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g009.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g009.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g009" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g009-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f009"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 9.</b> Automatic drill operating through pistons with water. Figure taken from [<a href="#B55-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">55</a>].  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_machines-12-00845-f009"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 9.</b> Automatic drill operating through pistons with water. Figure taken from [<a href="#B55-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">55</a>].</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g009.png" data-original="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g009.png" alt="Machines 12 00845 g009" data-lsrc="/machines/machines-12-00845/article_deploy/html/images/machines-12-00845-g009.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="machines-12-00845-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href='#table_body_display_machines-12-00845-t001'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/12/12/845/display" href="#table_body_display_machines-12-00845-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> The mapping of knowledge domains for automated operations in drilling and mining. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_machines-12-00845-t001"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 1.</b> The mapping of knowledge domains for automated operations in drilling and mining.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-top:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Type</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-top:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Topic</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-top:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >References</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td rowspan='5' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Drilling approaches</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cable tool drilling</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B5-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B6-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">6</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Auger drilling</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B5-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B6-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">6</a>,<a href="#B7-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">7</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Rotary drilling</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B5-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B6-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">6</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Diamond drilling</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B5-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B6-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">6</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Directional drilling</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B8-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">8</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='5' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Automated mining <br>intelligent machines</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Rotary Steerable Drilling Systems</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B9-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B10-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">10</a>,<a href="#B11-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">11</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Longwall</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B12-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B13-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">13</a>,<a href="#B14-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B15-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">15</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Automated hauling</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B16-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">16</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Charging robots</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B16-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">16</a>,<a href="#B17-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">17</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Intelligent Rock-Drilling Jumbo and DTH Drill</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B16-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">16</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sensors in automated mining</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >LIBS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B18-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B20-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">20</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >LIDAR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B21-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B22-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B24-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B25-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">25</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TFS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B26-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">26</a>,<a href="#B27-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">27</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Localization systems</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Light-based localization systems</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B16-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">16</a>,<a href="#B28-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">28</a>,<a href="#B29-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">29</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Daisy chaining of fiducial markers</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B30-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">30</a>,<a href="#B31-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">31</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Magnetic induction</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B21-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B32-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B33-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">33</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Communication systems</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >WiFi</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B21-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B24-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">24</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >LoRaWAN</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B21-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B34-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">34</a>,<a href="#B35-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">35</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Digital model</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >DT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B36-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B37-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">37</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Software in intelligent systems</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >e-Drilling’s software suite</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B38-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B39-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">39</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Draco</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B40-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B41-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B42-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">42</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Forestall</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B43-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B44-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">44</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TIMining Aware</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B44-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B45-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">45</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Collaborative robotics</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Caterpillar’s MineStar Command <br>for Underground Systems (AHS)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B46-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B49-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">49</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >EH-RemoteHeadControl<br>v2 by Elgór-Hanses S.A.</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B15-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">15</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UGVs</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B50-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">50</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UAVs</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B50-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B51-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B53-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B54-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">54</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Research about intelligent<br>mining machines</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Drill piston control</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B55-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">55</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Photogrammetry</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B25-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B56-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B57-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">57</a>,<a href="#B58-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B59-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">59</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Neural networks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B60-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">60</a>,<a href="#B61-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">61</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >VR simulation for multi-agent<br>system action planning</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B57-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">57</a>,<a href="#B62-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">62</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='11' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Research about intelligent<br>mining machines</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >AI-assisted DTs</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B63-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">63</a>,<a href="#B64-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">64</a>,<a href="#B65-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">65</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Optimized haulage<br>scheduling using RL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B66-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">66</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Controlling equipment using DRL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B67-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B68-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">68</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Using DRL in mine<br>production scheduling</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B69-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">69</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Development and research<br>for environmental monitoring</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B70-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">70</a>,<a href="#B71-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">71</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Monitoring of the drilling rig</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B72-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">72</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Intelligent control of drilling</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B72-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">72</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >MWD and machine<br>learning for rock monitoring</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B72-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">72</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >AI and big data<br>technology in ventilation systems</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B72-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">72</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Intelligent rock stress monitoring</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B72-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">72</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Quantum computing for<br>open-pit profile optimization</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[<a href="#B73-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">73</a>,<a href="#B74-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">74</a>,<a href="#B75-machines-12-00845" class="html-bibr">75</a>]</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> </section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note:</b> The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.</div></td></tr></table></section> <section id="html-copyright"><br>© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>).</section> </div> </div> <div class="additional-content"> <h2><a name="cite"></a>Share and Cite</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Review+of+Automated+Operations+in+Drilling+and+Mining&hashtags=mdpimachines&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3057428&via=Machines_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3057428&title=Review%20of%20Automated%20Operations%20in%20Drilling%20and%20Mining%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DCurrent%20advances%20and%20trends%20in%20the%20fields%20of%20mechanical%2C%20material%2C%20and%20software%20engineering%20have%20allowed%20mining%20technology%20to%20undergo%20a%20significant%20transformation.%20Aiming%20to%20maximize%20the%20efficiency%20and%20safety%20of%20the%20mining%20process%2C%20several%20enabling%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/3057428" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3057428" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3057428" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> <div class="in-tab" style="padding-top: 0px!important; margin-top: 15px;"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Kokkinis, A.; Frantzis, T.; Skordis, K.; Nikolakopoulos, G.; Koustoumpardis, P. Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining. <em>Machines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>, 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12120845 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Kokkinis A, Frantzis T, Skordis K, Nikolakopoulos G, Koustoumpardis P. Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining. <em>Machines</em>. 2024; 12(12):845. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12120845 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Kokkinis, Athanasios, Theodore Frantzis, Konstantinos Skordis, George Nikolakopoulos, and Panagiotis Koustoumpardis. 2024. "Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining" <em>Machines</em> 12, no. 12: 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12120845 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Kokkinis, A., Frantzis, T., Skordis, K., Nikolakopoulos, G., & Koustoumpardis, P. (2024). Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining. <em>Machines</em>, <em>12</em>(12), 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12120845 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> <h2><a name="metrics"></a>Article Metrics</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="loaded_cite_count" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div_cited_count" class="in-tab" style="display: none; overflow: auto;"></div> <div id="loaded" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div" class="in-tab" style="display: none; margin-top: 10px;"></div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="article_stats_div" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <h3>Article Access Statistics</h3> <div id="article_stats_swf" ></div> For more information on the journal statistics, click <a href="/journal/machines/stats">here</a>. <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div></div> <div class="webpymol-controls webpymol-controls-template" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> <a class="bzoom">Zoom</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="borient"> Orient </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="blines"> As Lines </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsticks"> As Sticks </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bcartoon"> As Cartoon </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsurface"> As Surface </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bprevscene">Previous Scene</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bnextscene">Next Scene</a> </div> <div id="scifeed-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="recommended-articles-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="author-biographies-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="cite-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Cite</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns">  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-bibtex" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1528714"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="bibtex"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-endnote" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1528714"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="endnote_no_abstract"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-ris" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1528714"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="ris"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form> <div> Export citation file: <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-bibtex'].submit()">BibTeX</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-endnote'].submit()">EndNote</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-ris'].submit()">RIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="in-tab"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Kokkinis, A.; Frantzis, T.; Skordis, K.; Nikolakopoulos, G.; Koustoumpardis, P. Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining. <em>Machines</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>, 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12120845 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Kokkinis A, Frantzis T, Skordis K, Nikolakopoulos G, Koustoumpardis P. Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining. <em>Machines</em>. 2024; 12(12):845. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12120845 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Kokkinis, Athanasios, Theodore Frantzis, Konstantinos Skordis, George Nikolakopoulos, and Panagiotis Koustoumpardis. 2024. "Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining" <em>Machines</em> 12, no. 12: 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12120845 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Kokkinis, A., Frantzis, T., Skordis, K., Nikolakopoulos, G., & Koustoumpardis, P. (2024). Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining. <em>Machines</em>, <em>12</em>(12), 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12120845 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/machines">Machines</a></em>, EISSN 2075-1702, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/machines" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/machines/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732884643" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Review+of+Automated+Operations+in+Drilling+and+Mining&hashtags=mdpimachines&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3057428&via=Machines_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3057428&title=Review%20of%20Automated%20Operations%20in%20Drilling%20and%20Mining%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DCurrent%20advances%20and%20trends%20in%20the%20fields%20of%20mechanical%2C%20material%2C%20and%20software%20engineering%20have%20allowed%20mining%20technology%20to%20undergo%20a%20significant%20transformation.%20Aiming%20to%20maximize%20the%20efficiency%20and%20safety%20of%20the%20mining%20process%2C%20several%20enabling%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/3057428" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3057428" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3057428" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3057428" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/3057428" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="300" height="300" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/3057428</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732884643"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732884643"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732884643"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732884643"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732884643"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732884643"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "machines"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732884643"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732884643"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732884643'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732884643"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732884643"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732884643"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/slick.min.js?d5a61c749e44e471?1732884643"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(".link-article-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass("active"); }); $(".js-similarity-related-articles").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); if ('' !== $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open', $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')); } }); $.ajax({ url: "/article/1528714/similarity-related/show-link", success: function(result) { if (result.show) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url', result.link); $('.js-article-similarity-container').show(); } } }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { var modal = $(this); if (modal.attr('id') === "author-biographies-modal") { modal.find('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, draggable: false, }); modal.find('.multiple-items').slick('refresh'); } }); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(document).on('keyup', function (e) { if (e.keyCode == 27) { var hElem = $(this).find(".annotator-adder"); if (hElem.length){ hElem.css({'visibility':'hidden'}); } else { document.querySelector("hypothesis-adder").shadowRoot.querySelector(".annotator-adder").style.visibility = "hidden"; } } }); }); </script> <script> window.hypothesisConfig = function () { return { sidebarAppUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/app.html', showHighlights: 'whenSidebarOpen' , openSidebar: false , assetRoot: 'https://commentingres.mdpi.com/hypothesis', services: [{ apiUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/api/', authority: 'mdpi', grantToken: '', doi: '10.3390/machines12120845' }], }; }; </script> <script async id="hypothesis_frame"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (-1 !== window.location.href.indexOf("?src=")) { window.history.replaceState({}, '', `${location.pathname}`); } $(document).ready(function() { var scifeedCounter = 0; var search = window.location.search; var mathjaxReady = false; // late image file loading $("img[data-lsrc]").each(function() { $(this).attr("src", $(this).data("lsrc")); }); // late mathjax initialization var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]; var script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/x-mathjax-config"; script[(window.opera ? "innerHTML" : "text")] = "MathJax.Hub.processSectionDelay = 0;\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Config({\n" + " \"menuSettings\": {\n" + " CHTMLpreview: false\n" + " },\n" + " \"CHTML-preview\":{\n" + " disabled: true\n" + " },\n" + " \"HTML-CSS\": {\n" + " scale: 90,\n" + " availableFonts: [],\n" + " preferredFont: null,\n" + " preferredFonts: null,\n" + " webFont:\"Gyre-Pagella\",\n" + " imageFont:'TeX',\n" + " undefinedFamily:\"'Arial Unicode MS',serif\",\n" + " linebreaks: { automatic: false }\n" + " },\n" + " \"TeX\": {\n" + " extensions: ['noErrors.js'],\n" + " noErrors: {\n" + " inlineDelimiters: [\"\",\"\"],\n" + " multiLine: true,\n" + " style: {\n" + " 'font-size': '90%',\n" + " 'text-align': 'left',\n" + " 'color': 'black',\n" + " 'padding': '1px 3px',\n" + " 'border': '1px solid'\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End', function() {\n" + " refreshMathjaxWidths();\n" + " mathjaxReady = true;\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Startup.signal.Interest(function (message) {\n" + " if (message == 'End') {\n" + " var hypoLink = document.getElementById('hypothesis_frame');\n" + " if (null !== hypoLink) {\n" + " hypoLink.setAttribute('src', 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/embed.js');\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});"; head.appendChild(script); script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/javascript"; script.src = "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"; head.appendChild(script); // article version checker if (0 === search.indexOf('?type=check_update&version=')) { $.ajax({ url: "/2075-1702/12/12/845" + "/versioncheck" + search, success: function(result) { $(".js-check-update-container").html(result); } }); } $('#feed_option').click(function() { // tracker if ($('#scifeed_clicked').length<1) { $(this).append('<span style="display:none" id="scifeed_clicked">done</span>'); } $('#feed_data').toggle('slide', { direction: 'up'}, '1000'); // slideToggle(700); OR toggle(700) $("#scifeed_error_msg").html('').hide(); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html('').hide(); }); $('#feed_option').click(function(event) { setTimeout(function(){ var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); // var img = captchaSection.find('img'); // img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); // $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); var img = document.getElementById('gregwar_captcha_scifeed'); img.src = '/generate-captcha/gcb_captcha?n=' + (new Date()).getTime(); },800); }); $(document).on('click', '.split_feeds', function() { var name = $( this ).attr('name'); var flag = 1 - ($(this).is(":checked")*1); $('.split_feeds').each(function (index) { if ($( this ).attr('name') !== name) { $(this)[0].checked = flag; } }); }); $(document).on('click', '#scifeed_submit, #scifeed_submit1', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); $("#scifeed_error_msg").html(""); $("#scifeed_error_msg").hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.subscription_toggle', function(event) { if ($(this).val() === 'Create SciFeed' && $('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0) { event.preventDefault(); // alert('Here there would be a captcha because user is not logged in'); var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); if (captchaSection.hasClass('ui-helper-hidden')) { captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); var img = captchaSection.find('img'); img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); $("#reloadCaptcha").trigger("click"); } } }); $(document).on('click', '.scifeed_msg', function(){ $(this).hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.article-scilit-search', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var data = $(".article-scilit-search-data").val(); var dataArray = data.split(';').map(function(keyword) { return "(\"" + keyword.trim() + "\")"; }); var searchQuery = dataArray.join(" OR "); var searchUrl = encodeURI("https://www.scilit.net/articles/search?q="+ searchQuery + "&advanced=1&highlight=1"); var win = window.open(searchUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { win.focus(); } else { window.location(searchUrl); } }); display_stats(); citedCount(); follow_goto(); // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const targetNodes = document.getElementsByClassName('hypothesis-count-container'); // Options for the observer (which mutations to observe) const config = { attributes: false, childList: true, subtree: false }; // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const callback = function(mutationList, observer) { for(const mutation of mutationList) { if (mutation.type === 'childList') { let node = $(mutation.target); if (parseInt(node.html()) > 0) { node.show(); } } } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const observer = new MutationObserver(callback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations for(const targetNode of targetNodes) { observer.observe(targetNode, config); } // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const mathjaxTargetNode = document.getElementById('middle-column'); // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const mathjaxCallback = function(mutationList, observer) { if (mathjaxReady && typeof(MathJax) !== 'undefined') { refreshMathjaxWidths(); } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const mathjaxObserver = new ResizeObserver(mathjaxCallback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations mathjaxObserver.observe(mathjaxTargetNode); }); /* END $(document).ready */ function refreshMathjaxWidths() { let width = ($('.html-body').width()*0.9) + "px"; $('.MathJax_Display').css('max-width', width); $('.MJXc-display').css('max-width', width); } function sendScifeedFrom(form) { if (!$('#scifeed_email').val().trim()) { // empty email alert('Please, provide an email for subscribe to this scifeed'); return false; } else if (!$('#captchaSection').hasClass('ui-helper-hidden') && !$('#captchaSection').find('input').val().trim()) { // empty captcha alert('Please, fill the captcha field.'); return false; } else if( ((($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds:checked').length))<1) || ($('#scifeed_kwd_txt').length < 0 && !$('#scifeed_kwd_txt').val().trim()) || ($('#scifeed_author_txt').length<0 &&!$('#scifeed_author_txt').val().trim()) ) { alert('You did not select anything to subscribe'); return false; } else if(($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds2:checked').length)<1){ alert("You did not select anything to subscribe"); return false; } else { var url = $('#scifeed_subscribe_url').html(); var formData = $(form).serializeArray(); $.post(url, formData).done(function (data) { if (JSON.parse(data)) { $('.scifeed_msg').hide(); var res = JSON.parse(data); var successFeeds = 0; var errorFeeds = 0; if (res) { $('.scifeed_msg').html(''); $.each(res, function (index, val) { if (val) { if (val.error) { errorFeeds++; $("#scifeed_error_msg").append(index+' - '+val.error+'<br>'); } if (val.notice) // for successful feed creation { successFeeds++; // $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append(index+' - '+val.notice+'<br>'); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append('<li>'+index+'</li>'); } } }); if (successFeeds>0) { text = $('#scifeed_notice_msg').html(); text = 'The following feed'+(successFeeds>1?'s have':' has')+ ' been sucessfully created:<br><ul>'+ text + '</ul>' +($('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0 ? 'You are not logged in, so you probably need to validate '+ (successFeeds>1?'them':' it')+'.<br>' :'' ) +'Please check your email'+(successFeeds>1?'s':'')+' for more details.'; //(successFeeds>1?' for each of them':'')+'.<br>'; $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html(text); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").show(); } if (errorFeeds>0) { $("#scifeed_error_msg").show();; } } $("#feed_data").hide(); } }); } } function follow_goto() { var hashStr = location.hash.replace("#",""); if(typeof hashStr !== 'undefined') { if( hashStr == 'supplementary') { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); } if( hashStr == 'citedby') { document.getElementById('cited_id').scrollIntoView(); } } } function cited() { $("#framed_div").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded"); if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var container = document.getElementById("framed_div"); // This replace the content container.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732884643\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; var url = "/citedby/10.3390%252Fmachines12120845/49"; $.post(url, function(result) { if (result.success) { container.innerHTML = result.view; } loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; }); } } return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } function detect_device() { // Added by Bastien (18/08/2014): based on the http://detectmobilebrowsers.com/ detector var check = false; (function(a){if(/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows (ce|phone)|xda|xiino/i.test(a)||/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i.test(a.substr(0,4)))check = true})(navigator.userAgent||navigator.vendor||window.opera); return check; } function display_stats(){ $("#article_stats_div").toggle(); return false; } /* * Cited By Scopus */ function citedCount(){ $("#framed_div_cited_count").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded_cite_count"); // to load only once the result! if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var d = document.getElementById("framed_div_cited_count"); // This replace the content d.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732884643\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; $.ajax({ method : "POST", url : "/cite-count/10.3390%252Fmachines12120845", success : function(data) { if (data.succ) { d.innerHTML = data.view; loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; follow_goto(); } } }); } } // end else return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/highcharts.js?bdd06f45e34c33df?1732884643"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/modules/exporting.js?944dc938d06de3a8?1732884643"></script><script type="text/javascript" defer="defer"> var advancedStatsData; var selectedStatsType = "abstract"; $(function(){ var countWrapper = $('#counts-wrapper'); $('#author_stats_id #type_links a').on('click', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); selectedStatsType = $(this).data('type'); $('#article_advanced_stats').vectorMap('set', 'values', advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType]); $('#advanced_stats_max').html(advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType].max); $('#type_links a').removeClass('active'); $(this).addClass('active'); }); $.get('/2075-1702/12/12/845/stats', function (result) { if (!result.success) { return; } // process article metrics part in left column var viewNumber = countWrapper.find(".view-number"); viewNumber.html(result.metrics.views); viewNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.views == 0); var downloadNumber = countWrapper.find(".download-number"); downloadNumber.html(result.metrics.downloads); downloadNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.downloads == 0); var citationsNumber = countWrapper.find(".citations-number"); citationsNumber.html(result.metrics.citations); citationsNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.citations == 0); if (result.metrics.views > 0 || result.metrics.downloads > 0 || result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__views, #js-counts-wrapper__downloads").addClass("visible").show(); if (result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find('.citations-number').html(result.metrics.citations).show(); countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").addClass("visible").show(); } else { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").remove(); } $("[data-id='article-counters']").removeClass("hidden"); } if (result.metrics.altmetrics_score > 0) { $("#js-altmetrics-donut").show(); } // process view chart in main column var jsondata = result.chart; var series = new Array(); $.each(jsondata.elements, function(i, element) { var dataValues = new Array(); $.each(element.values, function(i, value) { dataValues.push(new Array(value.tip, value.value)); }); series[i] = {name: element.text, data:dataValues}; }); Highcharts.setOptions({ chart: { style: { fontFamily: 'Arial,sans-serif' } } }); $('#article_stats_swf').highcharts({ chart: { type: 'line', width: $("#tabs").width() //* 0.91 }, credits: { enabled: false }, exporting: { enabled: true }, title: { text: jsondata.title.text, x: -20 //center }, xAxis: { categories: jsondata.x_axis.labels.labels, offset: jsondata.x_axis.offset, labels:{ step: jsondata.x_axis.labels.steps, rotation: 30 } }, yAxis: { max: jsondata.y_axis.max, min: jsondata.y_axis.min, offset: jsondata.y_axis.offset, labels: { steps: jsondata.y_axis.steps }, title: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function (){ return this.key.replace("#val#", this.y); } }, legend: { align: 'top', itemDistance: 50 }, series: series }); }); $('#supplement_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); }); $('#stats_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('stats_id').scrollIntoView(); }); // open mol viewer for molbank special supplementary files $('.showJmol').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var jmolModal = $("#jmolModal"); var url = "/article/1528714/jsmol_viewer/__supplementary_id__"; url = url.replace(/__supplementary_id__/g, $(this).data('index')); $('#jsmol-content').attr('src', url); jmolModal.find(".content").html($(this).data('description')); jmolModal.foundation("reveal", "open"); }); }); !function() { "use strict"; function e(e) { try { if ("undefined" == typeof console) return; "error"in console ? console.error(e) : console.log(e) } catch (e) {} } function t(e) { return d.innerHTML = '<a href="' + e.replace(/"/g, """) + '"></a>', d.childNodes[0].getAttribute("href") || "" } function n(n, c) { var o = ""; var k = parseInt(n.substr(c + 4, 2), 16); for (var i = c; i < n.length; i += 2) { if (i != c + 4) { var s = parseInt(n.substr(i, 2), 16) ^ k; o += String.fromCharCode(s); } } try { o = decodeURIComponent(escape(o)); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } return t(o); } function c(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("a"), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.href.indexOf(l); a > -1 && (o.href = "mailto:" + n(o.href, a + l.length)) } catch (i) { e(i) } } function o(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll(u), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.parentNode , i = o.getAttribute(f); if (i) { var l = n(i, 0) , d = document.createTextNode(l); a.replaceChild(d, o) } } catch (h) { e(h) } } function a(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("template"), n = 0; n < r.length; n++) try { i(r[n].content) } catch (c) { e(c) } } function i(t) { try { c(t), o(t), a(t) } catch (r) { e(r) } } var l = "/cnd-cgi/l/email-protection#" , u = ".__cf_email__" , f = "data-cfemail" , d = document.createElement("div"); i(document), function() { var e = document.currentScript || document.scripts[document.scripts.length - 1]; e.parentNode.removeChild(e) }() }(); </script><script type="text/javascript"> function setCookie(cname, cvalue, ctime) { ctime = (typeof ctime === 'undefined') ? 10*365*24*60*60*1000 : ctime; // default => 10 years var d = new Date(); d.setTime(d.getTime() + ctime); // ==> 1 hour = 60*60*1000 var expires = "expires="+d.toUTCString(); document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + "; " + expires +"; path=/"; } function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for(var i=0; i<ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0)==' ') c = c.substring(1); if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } return ""; } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script><script> $(document).ready(function() { if ($("#js-similarity-related-data").length > 0) { $.ajax({ url: '/article/1528714/similarity-related', success: function(response) { $("#js-similarity-related-data").html(response); $("#js-related-articles-menu").show(); $(document).foundation('tab', 'reflow'); MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub]); } }); } }); </script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732884643"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732884643"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732884643"></script><script> $(function() { $(".js-show-more-academic-editors").on("click", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).hide(); $(".academic-editor-container").removeClass("hidden"); }); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/vmap/jqvmap.min.css?126a06688aa11c13?1732884643"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.min.js?935f68d33bdd88a1?1732884643"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.world.js?16677403c0e1bef1?1732884643"></script> <script> function updateSlick() { $('.multiple-items').slick('setPosition'); } $(document).ready(function() { $('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, responsive: [ { breakpoint: 1024, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 600, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 480, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } } ] }); $('.multiple-items').show(); $(document).on('click', '.reviewReportSelector', function(e) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, $(this)); }); $(document).on('click', '.viewReviewReports', function(e) { let versionOne = $('#versionTab_1'); if (!versionOne.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, versionOne); } location.href = "#reviewReports"; }); $(document).on('click', '.reviewersResponse, .authorResponse', function(e) { let version = $(this).attr('data-version'); let targetVersion = $('#versionTab_' + version); if (!targetVersion.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = targetVersion.attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, targetVersion); } location.href = $(this).attr('data-link'); }); $(document).on('click', '.tab', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); $('.tab').removeClass('activeTab'); $(this).addClass('activeTab') $('.tab').each(function() { $(this).closest('.tab-title').removeClass('active'); }); $(this).closest('.tab-title').addClass('active') }); }); function handleReviews(path, target) { $.ajax({ url: path, context: this, success: function (data) { $('.activeTab').removeClass('activeTab'); target.addClass('activeTab'); $('#reviewSection').html(data.view); }, error: function (xhr, ajaxOptions, thrownError) { console.log(xhr.status); console.log(thrownError); } }); } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?v1?1732884643"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/storage.js?e9b262d3a3476d25?1732884643"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/jquery-scrollspy.js?09cbaec0dbb35a67?1732884643"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/magnific-popup.js?4a09c18460afb26c?1732884643"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/underscore.js?f893e294cde60c24?1732884643"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $('document').ready(function(){ $("#left-column").addClass("show-for-large-up"); $("#middle-column").removeClass("medium-9").removeClass("left-bordered").addClass("medium-12"); $(window).on('resize scroll', function() { /* if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport($(".top-bar").outerHeight())) { */ if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport()) { $("#js-button-download").hide(); } else { $("#js-button-download").show(); } }); }); $(document).on('DOMNodeInserted', function(e) { var element = $(e.target); if (element.hasClass('menu') && element.hasClass('html-nav') ) { element.addClass("side-menu-ul"); } }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/articles.js?5118449d9ad8913a?1732884643"></script> <script> repositionOpenSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').addClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").show(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-12').removeClass('medium-12'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-9'); } repositionCloseSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').removeClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").hide(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-9'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-12').addClass('medium-12'); } </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8ea9c23f2b634840',t:'MTczMjk1ODM5Ny4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Review of Automated Operations in Drilling and Mining