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</head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kuark rootpage-Kuark skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pergi ke kandungan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Kuark" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Kuark" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Kuark" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Kuark" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Spin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Spin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaksi_lemah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaksi_lemah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Interaksi lemah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interaksi_lemah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jisim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jisim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jisim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jisim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Rujukan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kuark</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 102 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwark" title="Kwark – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kwark" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(Physik)" title="Quark (Physik) – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Quark (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="क्वार्क – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="क्वार्क" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="كوارك – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوارك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کوارک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوارک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuark" title="Kuark – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuark" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="কোয়ার্ক – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোয়ার্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwarc" title="Cwarc – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwarc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark_(fysik)" title="Kvark (fysik) – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvark (fysik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="كوارك – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كوارك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(Physik)" title="Quark (Physik) – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quark (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvargid" title="Kvargid – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kvargid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA" title="Κουάρκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουάρκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuark" title="Cuark – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuark" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarko" title="Kvarko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvarko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کوارک – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوارک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarc" title="Cuarc – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cuarc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="쿼크 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿼크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Քվարկ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քվարկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="क्वार्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्वार्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkemfe" title="Inkemfe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inkemfe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarki" title="Kvarki – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kvarki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella) – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quark (particella)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="קווארק – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קווארק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="კვარკი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კვარკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кварктер – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кварктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwak" title="Kwak – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kwak" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81" title="ຄວາກ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄວາກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarcum" title="Quarcum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quarcum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarki" title="Kvarki – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kvarki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(Physik)" title="Quark (Physik) – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Quark (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarkas" title="Kvarkas – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvarkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarc" title="Cuarc – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cuarc" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്വാർക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്വാർക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(parti%C4%8Belli)" title="Quark (partiċelli) – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Quark (partiċelli)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="क्वार्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्वार्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7" title="ကွာ့ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွာ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="क्वार्क – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्वार्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="クォーク – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クォーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaarkii" title="Kuwaarkii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kuwaarkii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਕੁਆਰਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਆਰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کوارک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوارک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کوارک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوارک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(Physik)" title="Quark (Physik) – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Quark (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwark" title="Kwark – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwark" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarku" title="Kuarku – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kuarku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کوارک – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوارک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarkki" title="Kvarkki – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kvarkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="குவார்க்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குவார்க்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="క్వార్క్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్వార్క్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="ควาร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ควาร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuark" title="Kuark – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuark" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کوارک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوارک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(parteze%C5%82a)" title="Quark (partezeła) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Quark (partezeła)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="夸克" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="夸克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夸克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夸克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6718#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width: 20em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 110%;" colspan="2"><center><i><b>Kuark</b></i></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><center><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Proton_quark_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tiga bebola berwarna (melambangkan kuark) berpasangan dan terikat dengan spring (melambangkan gluon), kesemuanya dalam bulatan kelabu (melambangkan sesuatu proton). Bebola merah dan biru melambangkan kuark naik manakala bebola hijau melambangkan kuark turun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/225px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/338px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/450px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><center><small>Sesuatu <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> terdiri daripada dua <a href="/wiki/Kuark_naik" title="Kuark naik">kuark naik</a>, satu <a href="/wiki/Kuark_turun" title="Kuark turun">kuark turun</a> dan gluon yang merupakan pengantara yang mengikat kuasa-kuasa tersebut. Perubahan warna kuark ialah arbitrari tetapi ketiga-tiga warna perlu hadir.</small></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Komposisi:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zarah_asas" title="Zarah asas">Zarah asas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generasi_(fizik_zarah)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generasi (fizik zarah) (laman tidak wujud)">Generasi</a>:</b></td> <td>Pertama, Kedua, Ketiga </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interaksi_asas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interaksi asas (laman tidak wujud)">Interaksi</a>:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektromagnetisme">Elektromagnetisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graviti" title="Graviti">Graviti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daya_nukleus_kuat" title="Daya nukleus kuat">Daya nukleus kuat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daya_nukleus_lemah" title="Daya nukleus lemah">Daya nukleus lemah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Antizarah" title="Antizarah">Antizarah</a>:</b></td> <td>Antikuark (<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">q</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Pengasas teori:</b></td> <td>Murray Gell-Mann (1964) <br />George Zweig (1964) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ditemui:</b></td> <td>Makmal Pemecut SLAC (~1968) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Simbol:</b></td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">q</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Cas_elektrik" title="Cas elektrik">Cas elektrik</a>:</b></td> <td>+<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>2</sup>⁄<sub>3</sub></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementary_charge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementary charge (laman tidak wujud)">e</a>, −<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>3</sub></span> e </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Cas_warna" title="Cas warna">Cas warna</a>:</b></td> <td>Ya </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Spin_(fizik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin (fizik)">Spin</a>:</b></td> <td><span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombor_Baryon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nombor Baryon (laman tidak wujud)">Nombor Baryon</a>:</b></td> <td><span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>3</sub></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Fizik_zarah" title="Fizik zarah">fizik zarah</a>, <b>kuark</b> (disebut <span class="IPA">kwɔː(r)k</span>) adalah salah satu (<a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadron</a>) dari dua juzuk asas <a href="/wiki/Jirim" title="Jirim">jirim</a> (satu lagi ialah <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">lepton</a>). Kuark merupakan satu-satunya <a href="/wiki/Zarah_asas" title="Zarah asas">zarah asas</a> yang berinteraksi melalui kesemua empat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interaksi_asas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interaksi asas (laman tidak wujud)">daya asas</a>. </p><p>Kuark mempunyai enam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa_(fizik_zarah)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perisa (fizik zarah) (laman tidak wujud)">perisa</a> - naik (<i>up</i> - u), turun (<i>down</i> - d), ganjil (<i>strange</i> - s), terpesona (<i>charm</i> - c), bawah (<i>bottom</i> - b) atau atas (<i>top</i> - t). Kuark-kuark naik, terpesona dan atas mempunyai cas elektrik +2/3, sementara kuark turun, ganjil dan bawah mempunyai cas elektrik -1/3. Dalam setiap proton atau neutron, ada 3 kuark. Dalam satu proton, ada dua kuark naik dan satu kuark turun, memberikan cas +1, Dalam satu neutron pula, ada satu kuark naik dan dua kuark turun, memberikan cas neutral. Setiap kuark juga mempunyai satu daripada 3 cas '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Warna_(fizik_zarah)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warna (fizik zarah) (laman tidak wujud)">warna</a>' (cas <a href="/wiki/Daya_nukleus_kuat" title="Daya nukleus kuat">daya nukleus kuat</a>) - biru, hijau atau merah. </p><p>Kuark merupakan <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermion</a> yang mempunyai antizarahnya (antikuark)/ </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spin">Spin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Spin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Spin"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">Spin</a></div> <p>Pengukuran arah <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> dari kuark berupa +<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> ( ↑ ) dan −<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> ( ↓ ).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spin dapat diwakilkan oleh vektor yang panjangnya diukur dalam unit pemalar Planck tereduksi <i>ħ</i> ("h bar"). Untuk kuark, pengukuran komponen vektor Spin sepanjang sumbu apapun hanya dapat menghasilkan nilai-nilai +<i>ħ</i>/2 atau −<i>ħ</i>/2; untuk alasan ini kuark diklasifikasikan sebagai partikel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spin-%C2%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spin-½ (laman tidak wujud)">spin-<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Komponen spin sepanjang sumbu yang diberikan - oleh konvensi sumbu z - sering dilambangkan dengan panah keatas ↑ untuk nilai +<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></span> dan panah ke bawah ↓ untuk nilai −<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></span>, ditempatkan setelah simbol untuk rasa. Sebagai contoh, kuark atas dengan spin +<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></span> sepanjang sumbu z dilambangkan dengan u↑.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaksi_lemah">Interaksi lemah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Interaksi lemah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Interaksi lemah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interaksi_lemah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interaksi lemah (laman tidak wujud)">Interaksi lemah</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Beta_Negative_Decay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/212px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="212" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/318px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/424px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Diagram feynman untuk peluruhan beta dengan waktu menuju arah keatas. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrik_CKM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matrik CKM (laman tidak wujud)">Matrik CKM</a> pengakodean probabilitas dan peluruhan kuark</figcaption></figure> <p>Suatu jenis kuark dapat berubah menjadi jenis kuark lainnya hanya dapat terjadi melalui interaksi lemah, yang merupakan salah satu dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaya_fundamental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaya fundamental (laman tidak wujud)">Gaya Fundamental</a> di fisika partikel. Dengan menyerap atau memancarkan <a href="/wiki/Boson_W" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson W">Boson W</a>, setiap jenis Up-kuark (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_up&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark up (laman tidak wujud)">up</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_charms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark charms (laman tidak wujud)">charms</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_top&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark top (laman tidak wujud)">top</a>) dapat berubah bentuk menjadi jenis Down-kuark (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_down&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark down (laman tidak wujud)">down</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_strange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark strange (laman tidak wujud)">strange</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_bottom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark bottom (laman tidak wujud)">bottom</a>). Mekanisme perubahan jenis kuark ini menghasilkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peluruhan_beta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peluruhan beta (laman tidak wujud)">Peluruhan beta</a> yang be<a href="/wiki/Radioaktif" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioaktif">radioaktif</a>, neutron (n) yang berubah menjadi <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton (p)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron (e`)</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron_anti_neutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektron anti neutrino (laman tidak wujud)">elektron anti neutrino (Ve)</a>. Kejadian ini terjadi ketika salah satu down kuark di dalam neutron (udd) meluruh menjadi Up kuark dengan memancarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partikel_virtual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partikel virtual (laman tidak wujud)">virtual</a> W` boson, mengubah neutron menjadi proton (uud). W bosson meluruh menjadi <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron_antineutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektron antineutrino (laman tidak wujud)">elektron antineutrino</a>. </p> <table style="margin:auto;" cellpadding="5%"> <tbody><tr> <td>  <span style="white-space:nowrap">n</span></td> <td>→</td> <td>  <span style="white-space:nowrap">p</span></td> <td>+</td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">e<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></td> <td>+</td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">e</sub></span></span></td> <td>(Peluruhan Beta, notasi hadron) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">u</span><span style="white-space:nowrap">d</span><span style="white-space:nowrap">d</span></td> <td>→</td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">u</span><span style="white-space:nowrap">u</span><span style="white-space:nowrap">d</span></td> <td>+</td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">e<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></td> <td>+</td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">e</sub></span></span></td> <td>(Peluruhan Beta, notasi kuark) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Peluruhan beta maupun proses sebaliknya sering dilakukan dibidang aplikasi medis seperti tomografi emisi positron (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Positron_emission_tomography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positron emission tomography (laman tidak wujud)">positron emission tomography</a>/PET) dan penelitian deteksi neutrino. </p><p>Sementara proses transformasi rasa adalah sama untuk semua kuark, setiap kuark memiliki preferensi untuk berubah menjadi kuark generasi mereka sendiri. Kecenderungan relatif dari semua transformasi rasa dijelaskan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriks_(matematika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matriks (matematika) (laman tidak wujud)">tabel matematika</a>, atau disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriks_Cabibbo%E2%80%93Kobayashi%E2%80%93Maskawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matriks Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (laman tidak wujud)">matriks Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa</a> (matriks CKM).Penegakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operator_unitariti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operator unitariti (laman tidak wujud)">unitariti</a>, besaran perkiraan entri dari matriks CKM adalah:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}|V_{\mathrm {ud} }|&|V_{\mathrm {us} }|&|V_{\mathrm {ub} }|\\|V_{\mathrm {cd} }|&|V_{\mathrm {cs} }|&|V_{\mathrm {cb} }|\\|V_{\mathrm {td} }|&|V_{\mathrm {ts} }|&|V_{\mathrm {tb} }|\end{bmatrix}}\approx {\begin{bmatrix}0.974&0.225&0.003\\0.225&0.973&0.041\\0.009&0.040&0.999\end{bmatrix}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0.974</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.225</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.003</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0.225</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.973</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.041</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0.009</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.040</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.999</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}|V_{\mathrm {ud} }|&|V_{\mathrm {us} }|&|V_{\mathrm {ub} }|\\|V_{\mathrm {cd} }|&|V_{\mathrm {cs} }|&|V_{\mathrm {cb} }|\\|V_{\mathrm {td} }|&|V_{\mathrm {ts} }|&|V_{\mathrm {tb} }|\end{bmatrix}}\approx {\begin{bmatrix}0.974&0.225&0.003\\0.225&0.973&0.041\\0.009&0.040&0.999\end{bmatrix}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d64ab2ac693afec2fa8c8a30a80bf3648b39ee8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:50.491ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}|V_{\mathrm {ud} }|&|V_{\mathrm {us} }|&|V_{\mathrm {ub} }|\\|V_{\mathrm {cd} }|&|V_{\mathrm {cs} }|&|V_{\mathrm {cb} }|\\|V_{\mathrm {td} }|&|V_{\mathrm {ts} }|&|V_{\mathrm {tb} }|\end{bmatrix}}\approx {\begin{bmatrix}0.974&0.225&0.003\\0.225&0.973&0.041\\0.009&0.040&0.999\end{bmatrix}},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>di mana <i>V</i><sub><i>ij</i></sub> merupakan tendensi dari jenis kuark untuk berubah menjadi jenis kuark <i>j</i> (atau sebaliknya). </p><p>Terdapat sebuah matriks interaksi lemah setara untuk lepton (sisi kanan W boson di atas beta diagram peluruhan), disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriks_PMNS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matriks PMNS (laman tidak wujud)">matriks Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata</a> (matriks PMNS).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bersama-sama,matriks CKM dan PMNS menjelaskan semua perubahan jenis/tipe kuark, namun hubungan di antara keduanya masih belum jelas.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jisim">Jisim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Jisim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Jisim"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massa_invarian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massa invarian (laman tidak wujud)">Massa invarian</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Quark_masses_as_balls.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Quark_masses_as_balls.svg/225px-Quark_masses_as_balls.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Quark_masses_as_balls.svg/338px-Quark_masses_as_balls.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Quark_masses_as_balls.svg/450px-Quark_masses_as_balls.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Massa untuk keseluruhan keenam jenis kuark sebagai perbandingan.<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> (merah) ditampilkan dipojok kiri bawah sebagai perbandingan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jisim kuark disebutkan dalam dua perkara yang berbeza iaitu jisim kuark langsung (<i>current quark mass</i>) serta jisim kuark dasar (<i>constituent quark mass</i>) iaitu pada jisim gabungan kuark dan zarah <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluon</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_partikel_gluon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan partikel gluon (laman tidak wujud)">medan partikel gluon</a>) yang mengelilinginya.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jisim kedua ini biasanya memiliki nilai yang berbeda-beda: sementara gluon tidak memiliki jisim pangkal, gluon memiliki tenaga khususnya kromodinamika kuantum yang mengikat tenaga (QCBE)- jadi inilah yang mempengaruhi jisim keseluruhan <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadron</a> (lihat juga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massa_dalam_relativitas_khusus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massa dalam relativitas khusus (laman tidak wujud)">jisim dalam relativitas khusus</a>). Sebagai contoh, proton memiliki jisim sekitar 938 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_volt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron volt (laman tidak wujud)">MeV/c<sup>2</sup></a>, di mana jisim sisa tiga valensi kuark yang hanya menyumbang sekitar 11 MeV/c<sup>2</sup>; banyak sisanya yang dapat dikaitkan dengan gluon QCBE.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Model Standar berpendapat bahawa jisim partikel unsuri mereka berasal dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekanisme_Higgs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekanisme Higgs (laman tidak wujud)">mekanisme Higgs</a>, yang terkait dengan <a href="/wiki/Boson_Higgs" title="Boson Higgs">boson Higgs</a>. Fisikawan berharap bahawa penelitian lebih lanjut dapat memberikan jawaban untuk jisim top kuark yang besar ini ~173 GeV/c<sup>2</sup>, yang memiliki jisim yang hampir sebesar atom emas,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> akan mengungkapkan lebih lanjut tentang asal usul jisim kuark dan partikel dasar lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Model kuark pertama kali diajukan oleh dua orang ahli fizik bernama <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gell-Man1964_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gell-Man1964-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Zweig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Zweig (laman tidak wujud)">George Zweig</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Zweig1964a_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zweig1964a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zweig1964b_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zweig1964b-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pada tahun 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-Carithers_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carithers-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Fizikawan lainnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuval_Ne%27eman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuval Ne'eman (laman tidak wujud)">Yuval Ne'eman</a> juga mengembangkan skema serupa dengan jalur unsur lapan pada tahun yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>( Lihat juga <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Pada saat awal teori kuark ini, partikel liar (atau <i>Particel zoo</i>) juga diikutkan, termasuk partikel lainnya. Gell-mann dan Zweig mengemukakan bahawa mereka bukanlah partikel dasar, melainkan terdiri dari pasangan kuark-antikuark. Model mereka teridiri dari tiga jenis/rasa naik (<i>up</i>), turun (<i>down</i>), asing (<i>strange</i>), properti mereka seperti spin dan muatan listrik.<sup id="cite_ref-Gell-Man1964_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gell-Man1964-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zweig1964a_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zweig1964a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zweig1964b_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zweig1964b-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaksi awal dari masyarakat pengkaji fizik terhadap model diusulkan ini beragam: ada anggapan khusus tentang apakah kuark adalah entitas fisik atau abstrak yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan konsep yang pada saat itu belum sepenuhnya dimengerti.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kurang dari setahun, keberadaan untuk model Gell-Mann-Zweig diusulkan. <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Sheldon Lee Glashow</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bjorken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Bjorken (laman tidak wujud)">James Bjorken</a> meramalkan akan kewujudan suatu kuark jenis keempat, dinamakan <i>Charm</i>. Penambahan itu juga diajukan karena hal tersebut memungkinkan untuk penjelasan yang lebih baik dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interaksi_lemah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interaksi lemah (laman tidak wujud)">interaksi lemah</a> (mekanisme yang menyebabkan kuark untuk meluruh), menjumlahkan jumlah nilai kuark dengan nilai dari <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">lepton</a>, dan terkandung jisim formula yang dengan tepat jisim <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">meson</a> yang diketahui.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1968, dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperimen_hamburan_inelastis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksperimen hamburan inelastis (laman tidak wujud)">eksperimen hamburan inelastis</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Linear_Accelerator_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (laman tidak wujud)">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center</a> (SLAC) menunjukan bahawa proton mengandung benda yang lebih kecil, benda seperti titik dan bukan berupa partikel dasar.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breidenbach_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breidenbach-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisikawan enggan untuk mengenalspasti benda-benda ini dengan kuark pada saat itu, bukannya menyebut mereka "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parton_(fisika_partikel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parton (fisika partikel) (laman tidak wujud)">parton</a>"—istilah yang diciptakan oleh Richard Feynman.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benda-benda yang diamati di SLAC kemudian akan dikenalpasti sebagai kuark naik dan kuark turn sebagai rasa lain yang ditemukan.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun,"parton" tetap digunakan sebagai istilah kolektif untuk jenis-jenis bahan dasar hadron (kuark, antikuark, dan gluon). </p><p>Keberadaan kuark asing itu secara tidak langsung divalidasi oleh eksperimen hamburan SLAC: tidak hanya hal itu merupakan komponen penting dari Gell-Mann dan model tiga-kuark Zweig, tetapi juga memberikan penjelasan untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaon (laman tidak wujud)">kaon</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap">K</span>) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pion_(fisika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pion (fisika) (laman tidak wujud)">pion</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap">π</span>) hadron yang ditemukan dalam pancaran sinar kosmik pada tahun 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam sebuah makalah pada tahun 1970, Glashow, <a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">John Iliopoulos</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Luciano Maiani</a> disajikan penalaran lebih lanjut untuk keberadaan kuark pesona yang belum ditemukan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jumlah rasa kuark berkembang menjadi enam rasa saat ini pada tahun 1973, ketika <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Makoto Kobayashi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Toshihide Maskawa</a> mencatat bahawa pengamatan eksperimental CP yang dilanggar.<sup id="cite_ref-KM_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KM-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bisa dijelaskan jika ada sepasang kuark. </p><p>Quark pesona diproduksi hampir bersamaan oleh dua pasukan pada bulan November 1974 (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolusi_November_(fisika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolusi November (fisika) (laman tidak wujud)">Revolusi November</a>)—satu di SLAC di bawah pimpinan <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a>, manakala satu lagi di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookhaven_National_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory (laman tidak wujud)">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a> pimpinan <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ting" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Ting">Samuel Ting</a>. Kuark pesona yang diamati terikat dengan antikuark pesona di meson. Kedua-dua pasukan menandakan meson dikesan mereka dengan dua simbol yang berbeda, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">J</span> dan <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ψ</span> dengan demikiannya resmi dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson_J/%CF%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meson J/ψ (laman tidak wujud)">meson J/ψ</a>. Penemuan ini akhirnya meyakinkan komunitas fisika untuk memvaliditas model kuark itu.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam tahun-tahun berikutnya berbagai saran muncul untuk memperluas model kuark menjadi 6 tipe kuark. Dari jumlah tersebut, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haim_Harari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haim Harari (laman tidak wujud)">Haim Harari</a><sup id="cite_ref-Harari_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harari-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adalah orang pertama yang merujuk pada istilah atas dan bawah untuk tambahan jenis kuark.<sup id="cite_ref-StaleyTopBottomNames_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StaleyTopBottomNames-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tahun 1977, kuark bawah dapat dicerap dan dikesan sebuah pasukan pimpinan oleh <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon Lederman</a> di <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hasil dari penemuan ini merupakan bukti kuat akan ekberadaan kuark atas (tanpa kuark atas kuark bawah tidak akan memiliki pasangan untuk berikatan). Bagaimanapun, hal ini tidak terjadi sampai adanya penemuan kuark atas pada 1995, yang juga ditemukan oleh tim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Detektor_penumbuk_di_Fermilab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detektor penumbuk di Fermilab (laman tidak wujud)">CDF</a><sup id="cite_ref-CDF-1995_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDF-1995-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan tim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperimen_D%C3%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksperimen DØ (laman tidak wujud)">DØ</a><sup id="cite_ref-D0-1995_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D0-1995-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> di Fermilab. Kuark atas ini memiliki jisim jauh lebih besar dari yang diperkirakan sebelumnya,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hampir setara dengan jisim satu atom emas.<sup id="cite_ref-BNLTop_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNLTop-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaya_fundamental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaya fundamental (laman tidak wujud)">Gaya fundamental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">Gluon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromodinamika_kuantum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromodinamika kuantum (laman tidak wujud)">Kromodinamika kuantum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_standar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model standar (laman tidak wujud)">Model standar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div 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Nakamura; dll. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2010/reviews/rpp2010-rev-ckm-matrix.pdf">"Review of Particles Physics: The CKM Quark-Mixing Matrix"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Phys. 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Maki, M. Nakagawa, S. Sakata (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ptp.ipap.jp/link?PTP/28/870/pdf">"Remarks on the Unified Model of Elementary Particles"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_of_Theoretical_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress of Theoretical Physics (laman tidak wujud)">Progress of Theoretical Physics</a></i>. <b>28</b> (5): 870. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962PThPh..28..870M">1962PThPh..28..870M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1143%2FPTP.28.870">10.1143/PTP.28.870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+of+Theoretical+Physics&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+the+Unified+Model+of+Elementary+Particles&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=870&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1143%2FPTP.28.870&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962PThPh..28..870M&rft.au=Z.+Maki%2C+M.+Nakagawa%2C+S.+Sakata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fptp.ipap.jp%2Flink%3FPTP%2F28%2F870%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFB.C._Chauhan,_M._Picariello,_J._Pulido,_E._Torrente-Lujan2007" class="citation journal cs1">B.C. 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"Quark–lepton complementarity, neutrino and standard model data predict <span style="white-space:nowrap">θ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">PMNS</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">13</sub></span></span> = <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6999157079632679490♠</span>9°<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+1°<br />−2°</span></span></span>". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Physical_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Physical Journal (laman tidak wujud)">European Physical Journal</a></i>. <b>C50</b> (3): 573–578. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0605032">hep-ph/0605032</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EPJC...50..573C">2007EPJC...50..573C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-007-0212-z">10.1140/epjc/s10052-007-0212-z</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Physical+Journal&rft.atitle=Quark%E2%80%93lepton+complementarity%2C+neutrino+and+standard+model+data+predict+%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%22%3E%CE%B8%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1.2em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3EPMNS%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E13%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3D+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Anone%22+class%3D%22sortkey%22%3E6999157079632679490%E2%99%A0%3C%2Fspan%3E9%C2%B0%3Cspan+style%3D%22margin-left%3A0.3em%3B%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1.2em%3Bfont-size%3A85%25%3Btext-align%3Aright%3B%22%3E%2B1%C2%B0%3Cbr+%2F%3E%E2%88%922%C2%B0%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.volume=C50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=573-578&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0605032&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-007-0212-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007EPJC...50..573C&rft.au=B.C.+Chauhan%2C+M.+Picariello%2C+J.+Pulido%2C+E.+Torrente-Lujan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFA._Watson2004" class="citation book cs1">A. 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Ne'eman (2000) [1964]. "Derivation of strong interactions from gauge invariance". Dalam M. Gell-Mann, Y. Ne'eman (penyunting). <i>The Eightfold Way</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westview_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westview Press (laman tidak wujud)">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-7382-0299-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-7382-0299-1"><bdi>0-7382-0299-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Derivation+of+strong+interactions+from+gauge+invariance&rft.btitle=The+Eightfold+Way&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7382-0299-1&rft.au=Y.+Ne%27eman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span><br />Original <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFY._Ne'eman1961" class="citation journal cs1">Y. Ne'eman (1961). "Derivation of strong interactions from gauge invariance". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_Physics_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear Physics (journal) (laman tidak wujud)">Nuclear Physics</a></i>. <b>26</b> (2): 222. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961NucPh..26..222N">1961NucPh..26..222N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0029-5582%2861%2990134-1">10.1016/0029-5582(61)90134-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics&rft.atitle=Derivation+of+strong+interactions+from+gauge+invariance&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0029-5582%2861%2990134-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1961NucPh..26..222N&rft.au=Y.+Ne%27eman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Companion to the History of Modern Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. 1996. m/s. 673. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-415-14578-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-415-14578-3"><bdi>0-415-14578-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+to+the+History+of+Modern+Science&rft.pages=673&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-415-14578-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> missing <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#first_missing_last" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pengecam_objek_digital" title="Pengecam objek digital">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0029-5582%2865%2990348-2">10.1016/0029-5582(65)90348-2</a><br /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">Petikan ini akan disiapkan secara automatik dalam beberapa minit. <small>Anda boleh <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Bot/DOI_bot/doibot.php?doi=10.1016%2F0029-5582%2865%2990348-2">memotong barisan</a> atau <a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Cite_doi/10.1016/0029-5582(65)90348-2&preload=Template:Cite_doi/preload&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro&action=edit">mengembangkannya sendiri</a></small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFA._Pickering1984" class="citation book cs1">A. Pickering (1984). <i>Constructing Quarks</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Chicago Press (laman tidak wujud)">University of Chicago Press</a>. m/s. 114–125. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-226-66799-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-226-66799-5"><bdi>0-226-66799-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Quarks&rft.pages=114-125&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-226-66799-5&rft.au=A.+Pickering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFB.J._Bjorken,_S.L._Glashow1964" class="citation journal cs1">B.J. Bjorken, S.L. Glashow (1964). "Elementary Particles and SU(4)". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physics_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physics Letters (laman tidak wujud)">Physics Letters</a></i>. <b>11</b> (3): 255–257. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964PhL....11..255B">1964PhL....11..255B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9163%2864%2990433-0">10.1016/0031-9163(64)90433-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters&rft.atitle=Elementary+Particles+and+SU%284%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=255-257&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0031-9163%2864%2990433-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964PhL....11..255B&rft.au=B.J.+Bjorken%2C+S.L.+Glashow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloom-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ms" dir="ltr">Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>Bloom</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Breidenbach-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breidenbach_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ms" dir="ltr">Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>Breidenbach</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJ.I._Friedman" class="citation web cs1">J.I. Friedman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225093044/http://www.hueuni.edu.vn/hueuni/en/news_detail.php?NewsID=1606&PHPSESSID=909807ffc5b9c0288cc8d137ff063c72">"The Road to the Nobel Prize"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hue_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hue University (laman tidak wujud)">Hue University</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hueuni.edu.vn/hueuni/en/news_detail.php?NewsID=1606&PHPSESSID=909807ffc5b9c0288cc8d137ff063c72">yang asal</a> pada 2008-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2008-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.pub=Hue+University&rft.au=J.I.+Friedman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hueuni.edu.vn%2Fhueuni%2Fen%2Fnews_detail.php%3FNewsID%3D1606%26PHPSESSID%3D909807ffc5b9c0288cc8d137ff063c72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFR.P._Feynman1969" class="citation journal cs1">R.P. Feynman (1969). "Very High-Energy Collisions of Hadrons". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review Letters (laman tidak wujud)">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>23</b> (24): 1415–1417. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969PhRvL..23.1415F">1969PhRvL..23.1415F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.23.1415">10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.1415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Very+High-Energy+Collisions+of+Hadrons&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=1415-1417&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.23.1415&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969PhRvL..23.1415F&rft.au=R.P.+Feynman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFS._Kretzer2004" class="citation journal cs1">S. Kretzer; dll. (2004). "CTEQ6 Parton Distributions with Heavy Quark Mass Effects". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review_D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review D (laman tidak wujud)">Physical Review D</a></i>. <b>69</b> (11): 114005. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0307022">hep-ph/0307022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvD..69k4005K">2004PhRvD..69k4005K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.69.114005">10.1103/PhysRevD.69.114005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=CTEQ6+Parton+Distributions+with+Heavy+Quark+Mass+Effects&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=114005&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0307022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.69.114005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PhRvD..69k4005K&rft.au=S.+Kretzer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#explicit_et_al" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFD.J._Griffiths1987" class="citation book cs1">D.J. Griffiths (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel00grif_780"><i>Introduction to Elementary Particles</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. m/s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel00grif_780/page/n52">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-471-60386-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-471-60386-4"><bdi>0-471-60386-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Elementary+Particles&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-471-60386-4&rft.au=D.J.+Griffiths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoel00grif_780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFM.E._Peskin,_D.V._Schroeder1995" class="citation book cs1">M.E. Peskin, D.V. Schroeder (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoqu0000pesk"><i>An introduction to quantum field theory</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Addison%E2%80%93Wesley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Addison–Wesley (laman tidak wujud)">Addison–Wesley</a>. m/s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoqu0000pesk/page/556">556</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-201-50397-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-201-50397-2"><bdi>0-201-50397-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+quantum+field+theory&rft.pages=556&rft.pub=Addison%E2%80%93Wesley&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-201-50397-2&rft.au=M.E.+Peskin%2C+D.V.+Schroeder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoqu0000pesk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFV.V._Ezhela1996" class="citation book cs1">V.V. Ezhela (1996). <i>Particle physics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. m/s. 2. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1-56396-642-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/1-56396-642-5"><bdi>1-56396-642-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Particle+physics&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-56396-642-5&rft.au=V.V.+Ezhela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFS.L._Glashow,_J._Iliopoulos,_L._Maiani1970" class="citation journal cs1">S.L. Glashow, J. Iliopoulos, L. Maiani (1970). "Weak Interactions with Lepton–Hadron Symmetry". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review_D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review D (laman tidak wujud)">Physical Review D</a></i>. <b>2</b> (7): 1285–1292. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970PhRvD...2.1285G">1970PhRvD...2.1285G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.2.1285">10.1103/PhysRevD.2.1285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Weak+Interactions+with+Lepton%E2%80%93Hadron+Symmetry&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1285-1292&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.2.1285&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970PhRvD...2.1285G&rft.au=S.L.+Glashow%2C+J.+Iliopoulos%2C+L.+Maiani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFD.J._Griffiths1987" class="citation book cs1">D.J. Griffiths (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel00grif_780"><i>Introduction to Elementary Particles</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. m/s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel00grif_780/page/n54">44</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-471-60386-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-471-60386-4"><bdi>0-471-60386-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Elementary+Particles&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-471-60386-4&rft.au=D.J.+Griffiths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoel00grif_780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KM-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KM_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFM._Kobayashi,_T._Maskawa1973" class="citation journal cs1">M. Kobayashi, T. Maskawa (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ptp.ipap.jp/link?PTP/49/652/pdf">"CP-Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_of_Theoretical_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress of Theoretical Physics (laman tidak wujud)">Progress of Theoretical Physics</a></i>. <b>49</b> (2): 652–657. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973PThPh..49..652K">1973PThPh..49..652K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1143%2FPTP.49.652">10.1143/PTP.49.652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+of+Theoretical+Physics&rft.atitle=CP-Violation+in+the+Renormalizable+Theory+of+Weak+Interaction&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=652-657&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1143%2FPTP.49.652&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973PThPh..49..652K&rft.au=M.+Kobayashi%2C+T.+Maskawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fptp.ipap.jp%2Flink%3FPTP%2F49%2F652%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harari-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harari_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFH._Harari1975" class="citation journal cs1">H. Harari (1975). "A new quark model for hadrons". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physics_Letters_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physics Letters B (laman tidak wujud)">Physics Letters B</a></i>. <b>57B</b> (3): 265. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975PhLB...57..265H">1975PhLB...57..265H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2875%2990072-6">10.1016/0370-2693(75)90072-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.atitle=A+new+quark+model+for+hadrons&rft.volume=57B&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0370-2693%2875%2990072-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975PhLB...57..265H&rft.au=H.+Harari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StaleyTopBottomNames-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StaleyTopBottomNames_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFK.W._Staley2004" class="citation book cs1">K.W. Staley (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=K7z2oUBzB_wC"><i>The Evidence for the Top Quark</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. m/s. 31–33. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-82710-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-82710-2"><bdi>978-0-521-82710-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evidence+for+the+Top+Quark&rft.pages=31-33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82710-2&rft.au=K.W.+Staley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DK7z2oUBzB_wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFS.W._HerbLedermanSens1977" class="citation journal cs1">S.W. Herb; Lederman; Sens; Snyder; Yoh; Appel; Brown; Brown; Innes; Ueno; Yamanouchi; Ito; Jöstlein; Kaplan; Kephart; dll. (1977). "Observation of a Dimuon Resonance at 9.5 GeV in 400-GeV Proton-Nucleus Collisions". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review Letters (laman tidak wujud)">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>39</b> (5): 252. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977PhRvL..39..252H">1977PhRvL..39..252H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.39.252">10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Observation+of+a+Dimuon+Resonance+at+9.5+GeV+in+400-GeV+Proton-Nucleus+Collisions&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=252&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.39.252&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977PhRvL..39..252H&rft.au=S.W.+Herb&rft.au=Lederman&rft.au=Sens&rft.au=Snyder&rft.au=Yoh&rft.au=Appel&rft.au=Brown&rft.au=Brown&rft.au=Innes&rft.au=Ueno&rft.au=Yamanouchi&rft.au=Ito&rft.au=J%C3%B6stlein&rft.au=Kaplan&rft.au=Kephart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|displayauthors=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#explicit_et_al" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bartusiak1994" class="citation book cs1">M. Bartusiak (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/positronnamedpri00marc"><i>A Positron named Priscilla</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academies_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Academies Press (laman tidak wujud)">National Academies Press</a>. m/s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/positronnamedpri00marc/page/245">245</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-309-04893-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-309-04893-1"><bdi>0-309-04893-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Positron+named+Priscilla&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-309-04893-1&rft.au=M.+Bartusiak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpositronnamedpri00marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDF-1995-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDF-1995_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFF._Abe_(CDF_Collaboration)AkopianAlbrow1995" class="citation journal cs1">F. Abe (<a href="/w/index.php?title=CDF_Collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDF Collaboration (laman tidak wujud)">CDF Collaboration</a>); Akopian; Albrow; Amendolia; Amidei; Antos; Anway-Wiese; Aota; Apollinari; Asakawa; Ashmanskas; Atac; Auchincloss; Azfar; Azzi-Bacchetta; Bacchetta; Badgett; Bagdasarov; Bailey; Bao; De Barbaro; Barbaro-Galtieri; Barnes; Barnett; Bartalini; Bauer; Baumann; Bedeschi; Behrends; dll. (1995). "Observation of Top Quark Production in <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">p</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap">p</span> Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review Letters (laman tidak wujud)">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>74</b> (14): 2626–2631. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PhRvL..74.2626A">1995PhRvL..74.2626A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.74.2626">10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2626</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10057978">10057978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Observation+of+Top+Quark+Production+in+%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22text-decoration%3Aoverline%3B%22%3Ep%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%22%3Ep%3C%2Fspan%3E+Collisions+with+the+Collider+Detector+at+Fermilab&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2626-2631&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10057978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.74.2626&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995PhRvL..74.2626A&rft.au=F.+Abe+%28CDF+Collaboration%29&rft.au=Akopian&rft.au=Albrow&rft.au=Amendolia&rft.au=Amidei&rft.au=Antos&rft.au=Anway-Wiese&rft.au=Aota&rft.au=Apollinari&rft.au=Asakawa&rft.au=Ashmanskas&rft.au=Atac&rft.au=Auchincloss&rft.au=Azfar&rft.au=Azzi-Bacchetta&rft.au=Bacchetta&rft.au=Badgett&rft.au=Bagdasarov&rft.au=Bailey&rft.au=Bao&rft.au=De+Barbaro&rft.au=Barbaro-Galtieri&rft.au=Barnes&rft.au=Barnett&rft.au=Bartalini&rft.au=Bauer&rft.au=Baumann&rft.au=Bedeschi&rft.au=Behrends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|displayauthors=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#explicit_et_al" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D0-1995-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D0-1995_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFS._Abachi_(DØ_Collaboration)AbolinsAcharya1995" class="citation journal cs1">S. Abachi (<a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%98_Collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DØ Collaboration (laman tidak wujud)">DØ Collaboration</a>); Abolins; Acharya; Adam; Adams; Adams; Ahn; Aihara; Álvarez; Alves; Amidi; Amos; Anderson; Aronson; Astur; Avery; Baden; Balamurali; Balderston; Baldin; Bantly; Bartlett; Bazizi; Behnke; Bendich; Beri; Bertram; Bezzubov; Bhat; dll. (1995). "Search for High Mass Top Quark Production in <span style="white-space:nowrap">p</span><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">p</span></span> Collisions at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Radical (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Radical</a> = 1.8 TeV". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review Letters (laman tidak wujud)">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>74</b> (13): 2422–2426. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PhRvL..74.2422A">1995PhRvL..74.2422A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.74.2422">10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Search+for+High+Mass+Top+Quark+Production+in+%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%22%3Ep%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22text-decoration%3Aoverline%3B%22%3Ep%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+Collisions+at+%3ATemplat%3ARadical+%3D+1.8+TeV&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2422-2426&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.74.2422&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995PhRvL..74.2422A&rft.au=S.+Abachi+%28D%C3%98+Collaboration%29&rft.au=Abolins&rft.au=Acharya&rft.au=Adam&rft.au=Adams&rft.au=Adams&rft.au=Ahn&rft.au=Aihara&rft.au=%C3%81lvarez&rft.au=Alves&rft.au=Amidi&rft.au=Amos&rft.au=Anderson&rft.au=Aronson&rft.au=Astur&rft.au=Avery&rft.au=Baden&rft.au=Balamurali&rft.au=Balderston&rft.au=Baldin&rft.au=Bantly&rft.au=Bartlett&rft.au=Bazizi&rft.au=Behnke&rft.au=Bendich&rft.au=Beri&rft.au=Bertram&rft.au=Bezzubov&rft.au=Bhat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|displayauthors=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#explicit_et_al" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFK.W._Staley2004" class="citation book cs1">K.W. Staley (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=K7z2oUBzB_wC"><i>The Evidence for the Top Quark</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. m/s. 144. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-521-82710-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-521-82710-8"><bdi>0-521-82710-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evidence+for+the+Top+Quark&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-82710-8&rft.au=K.W.+Staley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DK7z2oUBzB_wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNLTop-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BNLTop_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=1190">"New Precision Measurement of Top Quark Mass"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookhaven_National_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory (laman tidak wujud)">Brookhaven National Laboratory News</a>. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2013-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Precision+Measurement+of+Top+Quark+Mass&rft.pub=Brookhaven+National+Laboratory+News&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnl.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fnews.php%3Fa%3D1190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pustaka">Pustaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths,_David_J.1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Griffiths&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Griffiths (laman tidak wujud)">Griffiths, David J.</a> (1987). <i>Introduction to Elementary Particles</i>. Wiley, John & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0471603864" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-60386-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Elementary+Particles&rft.pub=Wiley%2C+John+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPovh,_Bogdan1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogdan_Povh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bogdan Povh (laman tidak wujud)">Povh, Bogdan</a> (1995). <i>Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts</i>. Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0387594396" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-387-59439-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Particles+and+Nuclei%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Physical+Concepts&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Povh%2C+Bogdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKuark" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuark&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2005/listings/qxxx.html">Particle Data Group on quarks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-spires.fnal.gov/spires/find/hep/www?key=890022">A schematic model of baryons and mesons, by Murray Gell-Mann (1964)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cdf.fnal.gov/top_status/top.html">Observation of the top kuark at Fermilab</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nanoreisen.de">NanoReisen-A very educational site on Quarks and many other things beyond the nanoscale.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-sldnt.slac.stanford.edu/alr/standard_model.htm">Standard Model of Particle Physics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616054559/http://www-sldnt.slac.stanford.edu/alr/standard_model.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2012-06-16 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html">Quarks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/quarkdance/">Quark dance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/books/0309048931/html/245.html">A Positron Named Priscilla</a> — A description of CERN’s experiment to count the families of quarks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/67/Q0016700.html">The original English word <i>kuark</i> and its adaptation to particle physics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/word/view/1025">An elementary popular introduction</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zarah_dalam_fizik_-_zarah_asas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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href="/wiki/Kuark_atas" title="Kuark atas">Atas</a></small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Lepton</a>: <small><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Muon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lepton_Tau" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepton Tau">Tau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a> </small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boson_tolok" title="Boson tolok">Boson tolok</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">Foton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Boson_W_dan_Z" title="Boson W dan Z">Boson W dan Z</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">Gluon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boson_skalar" title="Boson skalar">Boson skalar</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Boson_Higgs" title="Boson Higgs">Boson Higgs</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Masih belum dicerap</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Senarai_zarah#Zarah_hipotesis" title="Senarai zarah">Zarah-zarah hipotesis yang lain</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Partikel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Partikel (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Partikel</a> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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