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Plutoniu - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descoperirea_elementului"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Descoperirea elementului</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descoperirea_elementului-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caracteristici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Caracteristici</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caracteristici-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Caracteristici subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caracteristici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caracteristici_fizice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristici_fizice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Caracteristici fizice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caracteristici_fizice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caracteristici_chimice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristici_chimice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Caracteristici chimice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caracteristici_chimice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structura_electronică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structura_electronică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Structura electronică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structura_electronică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plutoniul_metalic_și_aliaje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plutoniul_metalic_și_aliaje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Plutoniul metalic și aliaje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plutoniul_metalic_și_aliaje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plutoniul_în_soluție" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plutoniul_în_soluție"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Plutoniul în soluție</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plutoniul_în_soluție-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izotopi_și_proprietăți_nucleare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izotopi_și_proprietăți_nucleare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Izotopi și proprietăți nucleare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izotopi_și_proprietăți_nucleare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Răspândire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Răspândire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Răspândire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Răspândire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producție" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producție"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Producție</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Producție-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Producție subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Producție-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proiectul_Manhattan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proiectul_Manhattan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Proiectul Manhattan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proiectul_Manhattan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_atomică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_atomică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Era atomică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_atomică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plutoniul_pentru_nave_spațiale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plutoniul_pentru_nave_spațiale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Plutoniul pentru nave spațiale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plutoniul_pentru_nave_spațiale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compuși_ai_plutoniului" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compuși_ai_plutoniului"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Compuși ai plutoniului</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compuși_ai_plutoniului-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilizare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilizare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Utilizare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utilizare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Utilizare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Utilizare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Material_exploziv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_exploziv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Material exploziv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material_exploziv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combustibil_pentru_reactori_nucleari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combustibil_pentru_reactori_nucleari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Combustibil pentru reactori nucleari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combustibil_pentru_reactori_nucleari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sursă_de_energie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sursă_de_energie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sursă de energie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sursă_de_energie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sursă_de_neutroni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sursă_de_neutroni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Sursă de neutroni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sursă_de_neutroni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precauții" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precauții"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Precauții</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Precauții-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Precauții subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Precauții-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masa_critică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masa_critică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Masa critică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masa_critică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicitate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicitate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Toxicitate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicitate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referințe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plutoniu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 144 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%95%E1%88%89%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ፕሉቶኒየም – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፕሉቶኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लोटोनियम – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्लोटोनियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بلوتونيوم – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلوتونيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="پلوطونيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پلوطونيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بلوتونيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلوتونيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plutoniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="پلوتونیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پلوتونیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Плутоній – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плутоній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Плютон (элемэнт) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плютон (элемэнт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लुटोनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्लुटोनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="প্লুটোনিয়াম – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লুটোনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕུ་ལུ་ཊོ་ནིམ། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕུ་ལུ་ཊོ་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniom" title="Plutoniom – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Plutoniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonij" title="Plutonij – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plutonij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoni" title="Plutoni – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plutoni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonyo" title="Plutonyo – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Plutonyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A1%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A5%E1%8E%BB" title="ᏡᏙᏂᎥᎻ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏡᏙᏂᎥᎻ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="پلووتۆنیۆم – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پلووتۆنیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Plutoniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plwtoniwm" title="Plwtoniwm – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plwtoniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πλουτώνιο – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλουτώνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoonium" title="Plutoonium – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plutoonium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پلوتونیم – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلوتونیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoonium" title="Plutoonium – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Plutoonium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoanium" title="Plutoanium – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Plutoanium" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%BAt%C3%B3iniam" title="Plútóiniam – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Plútóiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="પ્લુટોનીયમ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્લુટોનીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פלוטוניום – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלוטוניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लूटोनियम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्लूटोनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonij" title="Plutonij – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plutonij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plitony%C3%B2m" title="Plitonyòm – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plitonyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plut%C3%B3nium" title="Plutónium – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Plutónium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պլուտոնիում – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլուտոնիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%BAt%C3%B3n%C3%ADum" title="Plútóníum – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plútóníum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="プルトニウム – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プルトニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrplutoni" title="jinmrplutoni – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrplutoni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პლუტონიუმი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლუტონიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%CA%8At%C9%94n%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Plʊtɔnɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Plʊtɔnɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ಲುಟೋನಿಯಮ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ಲುಟೋನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%ED%86%A0%EB%8A%84" title="플루토늄 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플루토늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniom" title="Plutoniom – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Plutoniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonnio" title="Plutonnio – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Plutonnio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonis" title="Plutonis – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plutonis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonijs" title="Plutonijs – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plutonijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Плутониум – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плутониум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പ്ലൂട്ടോണിയം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലൂട്ടോണിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Плутони – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Плутони" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लुटोनियम – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्लुटोनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ပလူတိုနီယမ် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပလူတိုနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mictl%C4%81nt%C4%93uctepoztli" title="Mictlāntēuctepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Mictlāntēuctepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लुटोनियम – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्लुटोनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plut%C3%B2ni" title="Plutòni – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plutòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonii" title="Plutonii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Plutonii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ପ୍ଲୁଟୋନିଅମ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ଲୁଟୋନିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਪਲੂਟੋਨੀਅਮ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਲੂਟੋਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लुटोनियम – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="प्लुटोनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluton_(pierwiastek)" title="Pluton (pierwiastek) – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pluton (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plut%C3%B2ni" title="Plutòni – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Plutòni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پلوٹونیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پلوٹونیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85" title="پلوتونيم – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پلوتونيم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plut%C3%B3nio" title="Plutónio – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plutónio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulutunyu" title="Pulutunyu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulutunyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu – aromână" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Plutoniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromână" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लुटोनियम – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्लुटोनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Плутониум – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Плутониум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plut%C3%B2niu" title="Plutòniu – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Plutòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Plutoniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85" title="پلوٽونيم – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پلوٽونيم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonijum" title="Plutonijum – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plutonijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plut%C3%B3nium" title="Plutónium – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plutónium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonij" title="Plutonij – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plutonij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoni_(element_kimik)" title="Plutoni (element kimik) – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plutoni (element kimik)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Плутонијум – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плутонијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoni" title="Plutoni – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Plutoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புளுட்டோனியம் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புளுட்டோனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ప్లూటోనియం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్లూటోనియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="พลูโทเนียม – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลูโทเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonyo" title="Plutonyo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Plutonyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%BCtonyum" title="Plütonyum – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plütonyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="پلوتونىي – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پلوتونىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Плутоній – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плутоній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="پلوٹونیئم – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پلوٹونیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniy" title="Plutoniy – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plutoniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonii" title="Plutonii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Plutonii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoni" title="Plutoni – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Plutoni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonyo" title="Plutonyo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Plutonyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Плутониум – calmucă" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Плутониум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmucă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פלוטאניום – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלוטאניום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%B9t%C3%B2n%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m" title="Plùtòníọ̀m – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Plùtòníọ̀m" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%BD" title="鈽 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鈽" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%88" title="鈈 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鈈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImPulu" title="ImPulu – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ImPulu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1102#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Plutoniu" rel="discussion" 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<nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plutoniu"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plutoniu"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a 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text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Samariu" title="Samariu">Sm</a> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" style="border-collapse:separate;width:248px;background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td colspan="14" rowspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;">&#160; </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="border:none;text-align:center;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:10pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;">(244)<br />94</td> <td style="font-size:16pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;"><b>Pu</b></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu"><span style="float: left; 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width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Ununpentiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununpentiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Livermoriu" title="Livermoriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#fcfecc;"><a href="/wiki/Ununseptiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununseptiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Ununoctiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununoctiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="valign:middle; text-align:center;"><b>Pu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="valign:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Unquadhexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadhexium">Uqh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding-top:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">Tabelul complet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor_(extins)" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor (extins)">Tabelul extins</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ff99cc; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Informații generale </th></tr> <tr> <td width="60%"><a href="/wiki/Lista_elementelor_chimice_dup%C4%83_nume" title="Lista elementelor chimice după nume">Nume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">Simbol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_atomic" title="Număr atomic">Număr</a> </td> <td width="40%">Plutoniu, Pu, 94 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serie_chimic%C4%83" title="Serie chimică">Serie chimică</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grupele_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupele tabelului periodic">Grupă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perioadele_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perioadele tabelului periodic">Perioadă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blocurile_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Blocurile tabelului periodic">Bloc</a> </td> <td>3, 7, f </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Densitate" title="Densitate">Densitate</a> </td> <td>19820 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram_pe_metru_cub" title="Kilogram pe metru cub">kg/m³</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Culoare" title="Culoare">Culoare</a> </td> <td>alb argintie </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_CAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Număr CAS">Număr CAS</a> </td> <td>7440-07-5 </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Num%C4%83r_EINECS&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Număr EINECS — pagină inexistentă">Număr EINECS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ff99cc; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Proprietăți atomice </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Masă atomică">Masă atomică</a> </td> <td>(244) <a href="/wiki/Unitate_atomic%C4%83_de_mas%C4%83" title="Unitate atomică de masă">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Rază atomică">Rază atomică</a> </td> <td>151 <a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_de_covalen%C8%9B%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Rază de covalență">Rază de covalență</a> </td> <td>187 <a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_van_der_Waals" title="Rază van der Waals">Rază van der Waals</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Configura%C8%9Bie_electronic%C4%83" title="Configurație electronică">Configurație electronică</a> </td> <td>[Rn] 5f<sup>6</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electroni</a> pe <a href="/wiki/Nivel_de_energie" title="Nivel de energie">nivelul de energie</a> </td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_oxidare" title="Număr de oxidare">Număr de oxidare</a> </td> <td>(+7), +6, +5, <b>+4</b>, +3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxid" title="Oxid">Oxid</a> </td> <td>Pu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> <br />PuO<sub>2</sub> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Structur%C4%83_cristalin%C4%83" title="Structură cristalină">Structură cristalină</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ff99cc; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Proprietăți fizice </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stare_de_agregare" title="Stare de agregare">Fază ordinară</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punct_de_topire" title="Punct de topire">Punct de topire</a> </td> <td>639,4&#160;<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> = 912,5&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punct_de_fierbere" title="Punct de fierbere">Punct de fierbere</a> </td> <td>3228&#160;<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> = 3505&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_de_fuziune&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Energie de fuziune — pagină inexistentă">Energie de fuziune</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_de_evaporare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Energie de evaporare — pagină inexistentă">Energie de evaporare</a> </td> <td>333,5 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatur%C4%83_critic%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Temperatură critică — pagină inexistentă">Temperatură critică</a> </td> <td>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presiune_critic%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Presiune critică — pagină inexistentă">Presiune critică</a> </td> <td>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unitate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal (unitate)">Pa</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Volum_molar" title="Volum molar">Volum molar</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metru_cub_pe_kmol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metru cub pe kmol — pagină inexistentă">m³/kmol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presiune_de_vapori" title="Presiune de vapori">Presiune de vapori</a> </td> <td>325 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viteza_sunetului" title="Viteza sunetului">Viteza sunetului</a> </td> <td>2260 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metru_pe_secund%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metru pe secundă — pagină inexistentă">m/s</a> la 20 <a href="/wiki/Grad_Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad Celsius">°C</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td>Forță <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnetică</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ff99cc; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Informații diverse </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronegativitate" title="Electronegativitate">Electronegativitate</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scara_lui_Pauling&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Scara lui Pauling — pagină inexistentă">Pauling</a>)</small> </td> <td>1,28 </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83_masic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică masică">Capacitate termică masică</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joule_pe_kilogram-kelvin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Joule pe kilogram-kelvin — pagină inexistentă">J/(kg·K)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conductivitate_electric%C4%83" title="Conductivitate electrică">Conductivitate electrică</a> </td> <td>1,460 <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unitate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens (unitate)">S</a>/m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conductivitate_termic%C4%83" title="Conductivitate termică">Conductivitate termică</a> </td> <td>6,74 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Watt_pe_metru-kelvin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Watt pe metru-kelvin — pagină inexistentă">W/(m·K)</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure584,7"> <td>Prima <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>584,7 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 2-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_2}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 3-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_3}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 4-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_4}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 5-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_5}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 6-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_6}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 7-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_7}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 8-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_8}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 9-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_9}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 10-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_10}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ff99cc; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px; margin-top:none; margin-left:none; margin-right:none;">Cei mai stabili izotopi </th></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="padding:0px"> <table width="100%" rules="all" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">Simbol</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Abunden%C8%9B%C4%83_natural%C4%83" title="Abundență naturală">AN</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_de_%C3%AEnjum%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bire" title="Perioadă de înjumătățire">T<small>1/2</small></a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Mod_de_dezintegrare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod de dezintegrare">MD</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Energie_de_dezintegrare" title="Energie de dezintegrare">Ed</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produsul_dezintegr%C4%83rii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Produsul dezintegrării — pagină inexistentă">PD</a></td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a></td></tr> <tr><td><sup>238</sup>Pu</td><td>urme</td><td>87,74 <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">ani</a></td><td>fisiune spontană <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_alfa" title="Dezintegrare alfa">α</a></td><td>204,66 <br /> 5,5</td><td>-- <br /> <sup>234</sup><a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">U</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>239</sup>Pu</td><td>100%</td><td>24100 <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">ani</a></td><td>fisiune spontană <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_alfa" title="Dezintegrare alfa">α</a></td><td>207,06 <br /> 5,157</td><td>-- <br /> <sup>235</sup><a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">U</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>240</sup>Pu</td><td>urme</td><td>6500 <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">ani</a></td><td>fisiune spontană <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_alfa" title="Dezintegrare alfa">α</a></td><td>205,66 <br /> 5,256</td><td>-- <br /> <sup>236</sup><a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">U</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>241</sup>Pu</td><td>sintetic</td><td>14 <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">ani</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_beta" title="Dezintegrare beta">β<sup>-</sup></a></td><td>0,02078</td><td><sup>241</sup><a href="/wiki/Americiu" title="Americiu">Am</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>242</sup>Pu</td><td>urme</td><td>373000 <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">ani</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_alfa" title="Dezintegrare alfa">α</a></td><td>4,984</td><td><sup>238</sup><a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">U</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>244</sup>Pu</td><td>urme</td><td>80800000 <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">ani</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_alfa" title="Dezintegrare alfa">α</a></td><td>4,666</td><td><sup>240</sup><a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">U</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td><td> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ff99cc; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Precauții </th></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 2px #ff99cc solid; font-size: 80%;"><i>Unitățile <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_interna%C8%9Bional_de_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi" title="Sistemul internațional de unități">SI</a> și condiții de temperatură și presiune normale dacă nu s-a specificat altfel.</i> </td></tr> <tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #FFFFFF solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=0">text</a></span>&#160;<span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Element_chimic" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Plutoniul</b> este un <a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">element chimic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metalic</a> <a href="/wiki/Element_radioactiv" title="Element radioactiv">radioactiv</a> din grupa <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinidelor</a>, având <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_atomic" title="Număr atomic">numărul atomic</a> 94 și <a href="/wiki/Simbol_chimic" title="Simbol chimic">simbolul chimic</a> <b>Pu</b>. A fost descoperit în 1940 în urma reacției de bombardare a <sup>238</sup>U cu <a href="/wiki/Deuteriu" title="Deuteriu">deuteroni</a>, dar – din cauza <a href="/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">războiului</a> – descoperirea sa a fost comunicată abia în 1948. A fost „botezat” în martie 1942,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> numele elementului provenind de la cel al <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83" title="Planetă pitică">planetei pitice</a> <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, în analogie cu <a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">uraniul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Neptuniu" title="Neptuniu">neptuniul</a>. </p><p>Chiar dacă urme de plutoniu sunt prezente în mod natural pe <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a> (fiind cel mai greu element prezent în natură anterior erei atomice), el este considerat ca fiind un produs antropogen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dintre cei 20 de <a href="/wiki/Radioizotop" title="Radioizotop">radioizotopi</a> existenți se remarcă <sup>238</sup>Pu (sursă termoenergetică) și <sup>239</sup>Pu (<a href="/wiki/Izotop_fisil" title="Izotop fisil">izotop fisil</a>). </p><p>Plutoniul este un element pentru care electronii 5<i>f</i> sunt situați la limita de tranziție delocalizare–localizare. În tăietură proaspătă are culoarea gri–argintie, care se acoperă rapid cu un strat de oxohidroxid de culoare gri (uneori cu tentă verzuie) în prezența umidității.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Este unul din puținele elemente metalice a cărui densitate crește prin topire; în plus, metalul topit suferă o descreștere a densității odată cu creșterea temperaturii. Din punct de vedere chimic, în stare metalică prezintă nu mai puțin de șapte <a href="/wiki/Alotropie" title="Alotropie">forme alotropice</a>, iar în compuși multiple <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_oxidare" title="Număr de oxidare">stări de oxidare</a> (până la +7).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Reacționează cu <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot">azot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu">siliciu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> etc. </p><p>Plutoniul a fost produs în cantități semnificative tehnologic în timpul <a href="/wiki/Proiectul_Manhattan" title="Proiectul Manhattan">Proiectului Manhattan</a>. Bombele <i><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></i> utilizate în cadrul testului nuclear <i><a href="/wiki/Testul_Trinity" title="Testul Trinity">Trinity</a></i> și la bombardarea orașului japonez Nagasaki (în august 1945) au utilizat plutoniu drept material exploziv. <a href="/wiki/Test_nuclear" title="Test nuclear">Testele nucleare</a> efectuate în anii 1950-1960 au utilizat la scară extinsă plutoniu. Plutoniul produs în scopuri militare și cel format în <a href="/wiki/Reactor_nuclear" title="Reactor nuclear">reactori nucleari</a> prin <a href="/wiki/Activare_cu_neutroni" title="Activare cu neutroni">procese de activare</a> ridică în prezent probleme majore de <a href="/wiki/Proliferare_nuclear%C4%83" title="Proliferare nucleară">proliferare nucleară</a>. Puterea specifică rezultată ca urmare a evenimentelor de dezintegrare (0,57 W/g) a <sup>238</sup>Pu este suficientă pentru utilizarea sa ca <a href="/wiki/Stimulator_cardiac" title="Stimulator cardiac">stimulator cardiac</a>, surse de putere pentru generatoarele termoelectrice, <a href="/wiki/Baliz%C4%83" title="Baliză">balize</a> de navigare, vehicule spațiale etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Având în vedere comportamentul fizico-chimic și perspectivele tehnologice, plutoniul este considerat a fi unul dintre cele mai complexe și fascinante elemente din <a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">sistemul periodic</a>, jucând un rol unic în istoria recentă a omenirii.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La mai puțin de cinci ani de la izolarea sa, acesta a fost folosit în una dintre cele două <a href="/wiki/Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Armă nucleară">bombe atomice</a> utilizate în scopuri beligerante, către sfârșitul celui de-<a href="/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">al Doilea Război Mondial</a>. De asemenea, o parte importantă a energiei de origine nucleară este produsă în <a href="/wiki/Reactor_nuclear" title="Reactor nuclear">reactori nucleari</a> prin <a href="/wiki/Fisiune_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fisiune nucleară">fisiunea</a> <a href="/wiki/Nucleu_atomic" title="Nucleu atomic">nucleelor atomilor</a> de plutoniu. Au fost efectuate mai multe experimente de iradiere a unor subiecți umani care studiază plutoniu, fără consimțământul acestora,<sup id="cite_ref-:18_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iar mai multe accidente <a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_critic%C4%83" title="Masă critică">critice</a>, unele letale (<a href="/wiki/Sindromul_iradierii_acute" title="Sindromul iradierii acute">iradiere acută</a>), au avut loc după război.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Practic, era atomică este asociată plutoniului (alături de uraniu): „<i>Plutoniul evocă toată gama de emoții umane, de la bine la rău, de la speranță la disperare, de la salvarea omenirii la distrugerea sa totală. Nu există alt element în sistemul periodic care să fi avut un impact atât de profund în conștiința umanității</i>”.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descoperirea_elementului">Descoperirea elementului</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Descoperirea elementului" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Descoperirea elementului"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În 1934,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> a raportat descoperirea elementului <i>Hesperium</i> (Z=94), incluzând aceste rezultate în prelegerea susținută în fața Comitetului Nobel în 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De fapt, probele analizate erau amestecuri conținând <a href="/wiki/Bariu" title="Bariu">bariu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">kripton</a> și alte <a href="/wiki/Produs_de_fisiune" title="Produs de fisiune">fragmente de fisiune</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> reprezentând o interpretare eronată a fenomenului de <a href="/wiki/Fisiune_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fisiune nucleară">fisiune nucleară</a> evidențiat ulterior (în 1938) de către <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> și <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Strassmann" title="Fritz Strassmann">Fritz Strassmann</a>. </p><p>Plutoniul (izotopul 238) a fost produs și izolat în urma experimentelor din 14 decembrie 1940 realizate de către <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Kennedy" title="Joseph W. Kennedy">Joseph W. Kennedy</a> și <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wahl" title="Arthur Wahl">Arthur Wahl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ei au bombardat <sup>238</sup>U cu <a href="/wiki/Deuteriu" title="Deuteriu">deuteroni</a> în <a href="/wiki/Ciclotron" title="Ciclotron">ciclotronul</a> de 1,5 m al <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Berkeley_din_California" title="Universitatea Berkeley din California">Universității Berkeley din California</a>. A fost astfel produs <sup>238</sup>Np (cu un <a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_de_%C3%AEnjum%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bire" title="Perioadă de înjumătățire">timp de înjumătățire</a> de 2,1 zile), care se transformă prin <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiație beta">emisie de particule β<sup>–</sup></a> în <sup>238</sup>Pu (cu un timp de înjumătățire de 87,7 ani):<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Plutonium-239,_1941,_first_sample_in_which_nuclear_fission_was_detected,_University_of_California,_Berkeley,_gift_of_Glenn_T._Seabort_and_Emilio_Segre_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06250.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Plutonium-239%2C_1941%2C_first_sample_in_which_nuclear_fission_was_detected%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley%2C_gift_of_Glenn_T._Seabort_and_Emilio_Segre_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06250.JPG/110px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Plutonium-239%2C_1941%2C_first_sample_in_which_nuclear_fission_was_detected%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley%2C_gift_of_Glenn_T._Seabort_and_Emilio_Segre_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06250.JPG/166px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Plutonium-239%2C_1941%2C_first_sample_in_which_nuclear_fission_was_detected%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley%2C_gift_of_Glenn_T._Seabort_and_Emilio_Segre_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06250.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Prima probă în care s-a pus în evidență procesul de fisiune a nucleelor de <sup>239</sup>Pu</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {{^{238}_{92}U}+{^{2}_{1}D}-&gt;}}&amp;{\ce {{^{238}_{93}Np}+2_{0}^{1}n}}\\&amp;{\ce {^{238}_{93}Np-&gt;[\beta ^{-}][2.117\ {\ce {d}}]{^{238}_{94}Pu}}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>U</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>92</mn> <mn>238</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>D</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Np</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>93</mn> <mn>238</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msubsup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Np</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>93</mn> <mn>238</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>&#x2192;</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>2.117</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>&#x03B2;<!-- β --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>94</mn> <mn>238</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {{^{238}_{92}U}+{^{2}_{1}D}-&gt;}}&amp;{\ce {{^{238}_{93}Np}+2_{0}^{1}n}}\\&amp;{\ce {^{238}_{93}Np-&gt;[\beta ^{-}][2.117\ {\ce {d}}]{^{238}_{94}Pu}}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1b584c932e52212178b2befe7a512a7b28f87d35" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.794ex; margin-bottom: -0.544ex; width:34.243ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {{^{238}_{92}U}+{^{2}_{1}D}-&gt;}}&amp;{\ce {{^{238}_{93}Np}+2_{0}^{1}n}}\\&amp;{\ce {^{238}_{93}Np-&gt;[\beta ^{-}][2.117\ {\ce {d}}]{^{238}_{94}Pu}}}\end{aligned}}}"></span> </p><p>Identificarea chimică a elementului a avut loc la data de <a href="/wiki/23_februarie" title="23 februarie">23 februarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Imediat, grupul de cercetare a scris un articol care a fost trimis spre publicare la <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i> (martie 1941),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dar publicarea a fost amânată până după sfârșitul războiului din motive de securitate.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imediat apoi,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> s-a descoperit că <sup>239</sup>Pu fisionează sub <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a> lenți, stabilindu-se că <sup>239</sup>Pu poate fi utilizat drept sursă de energie de origine nucleară. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{239}_{\ 94}Pu\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 56}^{144}Ba\ +\ _{38}^{94}Sr\ +\ 2\ _{0}^{1}n} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>94</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>239</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>56</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>144</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>38</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>94</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>2</mn> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{239}_{\ 94}Pu\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 56}^{144}Ba\ +\ _{38}^{94}Sr\ +\ 2\ _{0}^{1}n} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3ddb7b861dbc29cde2cd05d35cd81a5a7dadec1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:39.859ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{239}_{\ 94}Pu\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 56}^{144}Ba\ +\ _{38}^{94}Sr\ +\ 2\ _{0}^{1}n} }"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{239}_{\ 94}Pu\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 51}^{130}Sb\ +\ _{\ 43}^{107}Tc\ +\ 3\ _{0}^{1}n} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>94</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>239</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>51</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>130</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>43</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>107</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>3</mn> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{239}_{\ 94}Pu\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 51}^{130}Sb\ +\ _{\ 43}^{107}Tc\ +\ 3\ _{0}^{1}n} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b922761080b7e945d981488ff9108fdd1a2c5cc7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:40.964ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{239}_{\ 94}Pu\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 51}^{130}Sb\ +\ _{\ 43}^{107}Tc\ +\ 3\ _{0}^{1}n} }"></span> </p><p>Astfel, la <i>Cavendish Laboratory</i> din Cambridge, Egon Bretscher și Norman Feather au demonstrat că un reactor nuclear cu uraniu sub neutroni lenți va produce o cantitate semnificativă de <sup>239</sup>Pu ca produs secundar de activare. Ei au calculat că <sup>239</sup>Pu este fisil, prezentând avantajul că – fiind diferit din punct de vedere chimic de uraniu – poate fi separat facil de acesta.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elementul a fost denumit Plutoniu în martie 1942,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> numele elementului provenind de la cel al planetoidului <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, în analogie cu elementele precedente în sistemul periodic, <a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">uraniul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Neptuniu" title="Neptuniu">neptuniul</a>. Seaborg a propus inițial numele <i>Plutium</i>. Alte denumiri considerate pentru acest element au fost <i>Ultimium</i> și <i>Extemium</i>, nume provenind din convingerea (greșită) că acesta ar fi ultimul element posibil a exista în sistemul periodic al elementelor.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Interesant este faptul că <a href="/wiki/Simbol_chimic" title="Simbol chimic">simbolul elementului</a> (Pu) nu respectă normele în domeniu (conform normelor, acesta ar fi trebuit să fie Pl).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caracteristici">Caracteristici</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Caracteristici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Caracteristici"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caracteristici_fizice">Caracteristici fizice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Caracteristici fizice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Caracteristici fizice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Plutonium_pellet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Plutonium_pellet.jpg/220px-Plutonium_pellet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Plutonium_pellet.jpg/330px-Plutonium_pellet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Plutonium_pellet.jpg/440px-Plutonium_pellet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Pastilă de <sup>238</sup>Pu folosită ca sursă de energie în generatoare termoelectrice utilizate pentru sondele spațiale - se poate observa efectul termic asociat dezintegrării alfa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pu-phases.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pu-phases.png/220px-Pu-phases.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pu-phases.png/330px-Pu-phases.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Pu-phases.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Variația volumului atomic al diverselor forme alotropice ale plutoniului în funcție de temperatură</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Plutonium_density-eng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Plutonium_density-eng.svg/220px-Plutonium_density-eng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Plutonium_density-eng.svg/330px-Plutonium_density-eng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Plutonium_density-eng.svg/440px-Plutonium_density-eng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Densitatea diferitelor forme alotropice ale plutoniului</figcaption></figure> <p>În condiții normale, plutoniul metalic este prezent în șase forme <a href="/wiki/Alotropie" title="Alotropie">alotropice</a>; o a șaptea (zeta, ζ) poate fi obținută la temperaturi înalte și într-un interval îngust de presiune.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acesta face ca plutoniul să fie extrem de sensibil la schimbări de temperatură, presiune sau compoziție chimică, variații minore conducând la schimbări dramatice de volum (de până la 25%) sau <a href="/wiki/Structur%C4%83_cristalin%C4%83" title="Structură cristalină">structură cristalină</a>, fenomene care însoțesc <a href="/wiki/Transformare_de_faz%C4%83" title="Transformare de fază">transformările de fază</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Spre deosebire de majoritatea elementelor/materialelor, densitatea plutoniului crește prin topire cu 2,5%, iar metalul topit suferă o descreștere a densității odată cu creșterea temperaturii. În funcție de <a href="/wiki/Alotropie" title="Alotropie">starea alotropică</a> are densitatea cuprinsă între 16,00 și 19,86 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, fiind un <a href="/wiki/Metale_grele" title="Metale grele">metal greu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acest comportament complicat face ca prelucrarea plutoniului metalic să fie foarte dificilă, cu schimbări greu de controlat între fazele de temperatură joasă. Faza delta (<i>δ-phase</i>) există în metalul pur doar în intervalul 310–452 °C, dar poate fi stabilizată la temperatura camerei prin <a href="/wiki/Aliaj" title="Aliaj">aliere</a> cu mici cantități de <a href="/wiki/Galiu" title="Galiu">galiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">aluminiu</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Ceriu" title="Ceriu">ceriu</a>. Aceasta conduce la îmbunătățirea proprietăților prelucrative pentru aplicații militare. Faza delta are un caracter metalic mai pronunțat, fiind aproximativ la fel de <a href="/wiki/Rezisten%C8%9Ba_materialelor" title="Rezistența materialelor">rezistentă</a> și maleabilă precum aluminiul. Plutoniul este un <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">element actinid</a> <a href="/wiki/Transuranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Transuranian">transuranian</a>, în stare metalică având culoarea alb-argintie (asemănătoare <a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel">nichelului</a>). În prezența aerului umed se acoperă rapid cu un strat de oxohidroxid de culoare gri, uneori cu tentă verzuie.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La temperatura camerei plutoniul apare în forma sa α (alfa). Aceasta este forma structurală cea mai comună a elementului, este aproximativ la fel de dură și fragilă precum fonta atunci când nu este aliată cu alte metale. Spre deosebire de cele mai multe metale, plutoniul nu este un bun conducător de căldură sau electricitate. Are un punct de topire scăzut (640 °C) și un punct de fierbere neobișnuit de ridicat (3228 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-:14_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Din cauza <a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_alfa" title="Dezintegrare alfa">dezintegrării alfa</a>, piesele metalice de plutoniu se încălzesc; evident, cu cât timpul de viață a izotopului este mai redus, cu atât efectul termic asociat este mai puternic. O masă de 5 kg de <sup>239</sup>Pu conține aproximativ 12,5 × 10<sup>24</sup> atomi. Pentru un timp de înjumătățire de 24100 de ani, aproximativ 11,5 × 10<sup>12</sup> din atomii săi se descompun în fiecare secundă prin emiterea unei particule alfa de 5,157 MeV. Aceasta corespunde unei puteri de 9,68 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a>. Căldura produsă de decelerarea acestor particule alfa se simte la atingerea probei.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tot din cauza autoiradierii, eșantioanele de plutoniu <a href="/wiki/Solid_amorf" title="Solid amorf">amorfizează</a> (parțial sau total) în timp,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> într-un proces asemănător celui de <a href="/wiki/Metamictizare" title="Metamictizare">metamictizare</a> a <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineralelor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Structur%C4%83_cristalin%C4%83" title="Structură cristalină">Structura cristalină</a> poate fi recuperată în urma tratamentelor termice.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rezistivitate_electric%C4%83" title="Rezistivitate electrică">Rezistivitatea</a> plutoniului la temperatura camerei este foarte ridicată pentru un metal și devine și mai ridicată la temperaturi mai scăzute, ceea fapt neobișnuit pentru metal.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Această tendință continuă până la 100 K, sub care rezistivitatea scade rapid pentru probele proaspăt preparate. Rezistivitatea crește în timp la aproximativ 20 K cu o viteză dictată de compoziția izotopică a eșantionului analizat.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p> În condiții normale, plutoniul metalic este prezent în șase forme <a href="/wiki/Alotropie" title="Alotropie">alotropice</a>; o a șaptea (zeta, ζ) poate fi obținută la temperaturi înalte și într-un interval îngust de presiune.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acesta face ca plutoniul să fie extrem de sensibil la schimbări de temperatură, presiune sau compoziție chimică, variații minore conducând la schimbări dramatice de volum (de până la 25%) sau <a href="/wiki/Structur%C4%83_cristalin%C4%83" title="Structură cristalină">structură cristalină</a>, fenomene care însoțesc transformările de fază.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Spre deosebire de majoritatea elementelor/materialelor, densitatea plutoniului crește prin topire cu 2,5%, iar metalul topit suferă o descreștere a densității odată cu creșterea temperaturii. În funcție de <a href="/wiki/Alotropie" title="Alotropie">starea alotropică</a> are densitatea cuprinsă între 16,00 și 19,86 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, fiind un <a href="/wiki/Metale_grele" title="Metale grele">metal greu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Sistemele de cristalizare pentru plutoniul pur</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Monoclinic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monoclinic (α)"><img alt="Monoclinic (α)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Monoclinic.svg/143px-Monoclinic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Monoclinic.svg/215px-Monoclinic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Monoclinic.svg/287px-Monoclinic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="143" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_cristalin_monoclinic" title="Sistem cristalin monoclinic">Monoclinic</a> (α)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Base-centered_monoclinic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monoclinic cu baze centrate (β)"><img alt="Monoclinic cu baze centrate (β)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Base-centered_monoclinic.svg/143px-Base-centered_monoclinic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Base-centered_monoclinic.svg/215px-Base-centered_monoclinic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Base-centered_monoclinic.svg/287px-Base-centered_monoclinic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="143" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_cristalin_monoclinic" title="Sistem cristalin monoclinic">Monoclinic</a> cu baze centrate (β)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 93.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 91.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ortorombic cu fețe centrate (γ)"><img alt="Ortorombic cu fețe centrate (γ)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg/137px-Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg/205px-Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg/274px-Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_cristalin_ortorombic" title="Sistem cristalin ortorombic">Ortorombic</a> cu fețe centrate (γ)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cubic cu fețe centrate (δ)"><img alt="Cubic cu fețe centrate (δ)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/154px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/232px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/309px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_cristalin_cubic" title="Sistem cristalin cubic">Cubic</a> cu fețe centrate (δ)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Body-centered_tetragonal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tetragonal centrat (δ’)"><img alt="Tetragonal centrat (δ’)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/118px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/177px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/235px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="165" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_cristalin_tetragonal" title="Sistem cristalin tetragonal">Tetragonal</a> centrat (δ’)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cubic centrat (ε)"><img alt="Cubic centrat (ε)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/154px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/232px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/309px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_cristalin_cubic" title="Sistem cristalin cubic">Cubic</a> centrat (ε)</div> </li> </ul><p>Acest comportament complicat face ca prelucrarea plutoniului metalic să fie foarte dificilă, cu schimbări greu de controlat între fazele de temperatură joasă. Faza delta (<i>δ-phase</i>) există în metalul pur doar în intervalul 310–452 °C, dar poate fi stabilizată la temperatura camerei prin <a href="/wiki/Aliaj" title="Aliaj">aliere</a> cu mici cantități de <a href="/wiki/Galiu" title="Galiu">galiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">aluminiu</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Ceriu" title="Ceriu">ceriu</a>. Aceasta conduce la îmbunătățirea proprietăților prelucrative pentru aplicații militare. Faza delta are un caracter metalic mai pronunțat, fiind aproximativ la fel de <a href="/wiki/Rezisten%C8%9Ba_materialelor" title="Rezistența materialelor">rezistentă</a> și maleabilă precum aluminiul.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caracteristici_chimice">Caracteristici chimice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Caracteristici chimice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Caracteristici chimice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structura_electronică"><span id="Structura_electronic.C4.83"></span>Structura electronică</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structura electronică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Structura electronică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Contrac%C8%9Bia_actinidelor" title="Contracția actinidelor">Contracția actinidelor</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16505893">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}</style> <p><br /> Plutoniul este un element pentru care electronii 5<i>f</i> sunt situați la limita de tranziție delocalizare–localizare; și din acest punct de vedere, este un element extrem de complex.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Comportamentul anormal al plutoniului are la bază structura sa electronică; diferența energetică dintre substraturile 6<i>d</i> și 5<i>f</i> este extrem de mică. Dimensiunea substratului 5f abia este suficientă pentru a permite electronilor să formeze legături în interiorul rețelei cristaline, la limita dintre comportamentul localizat și cel delocalizat. Vecinătatea acestor nivele energetice conduce la configurații electronice multiple de energie joasă, cu energii aproape egale. Aceasta are drept rezultat competiția dintre configurațiile 5<i>f</i><sup>n</sup>7<i>s</i><sup>2</sup> și 5<i>f</i><sup>n−1</sup>6<i>d</i><sup>1</sup>7<i>s</i><sup>2</sup>, cu consecințe în ceea ce privește complexitatea comportamentului chimic. Natura direcțională a orbitalilor 5<i>f</i> este responsabilă de natura direcțională a <a href="/wiki/Leg%C4%83tur%C4%83_covalent%C4%83" title="Legătură covalentă">legăturii covalente</a> în diverși <a href="/wiki/Compus_anorganic" title="Compus anorganic">compuși anorganici</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chimie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chimie)">complecși coordinativi</a> ai plutoniului.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plutoniul_metalic_și_aliaje"><span id="Plutoniul_metalic_.C8.99i_aliaje"></span>Plutoniul metalic și aliaje</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Plutoniul metalic și aliaje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Plutoniul metalic și aliaje"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Plutonium_pyrophoricity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Plutonium_pyrophoricity.jpg/220px-Plutonium_pyrophoricity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Plutonium_pyrophoricity.jpg/330px-Plutonium_pyrophoricity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Plutonium_pyrophoricity.jpg/440px-Plutonium_pyrophoricity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2811" data-file-height="1883" /></a><figcaption>Piroforicitatea plutoniului</figcaption></figure> <p>Plutoniul metalic poate fi preparat prin <a href="/wiki/Reducere_(chimie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducere (chimie)">reducerea</a> unor compuși ai plutoniului. Sunt cunoscute destule astfel de reacții, dar nu toate conduc la un produs suficient de pur. Dintre metodele pirochimice, cea mai utilizată este reducerea în topitură cu <a href="/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu">calciu</a> metalic a PuF<sub>4</sub>, PuF<sub>3</sub>, PuCl<sub>3</sub>, PuO<sub>2</sub> sau a amestecului PuO<sub>2</sub>–PuF<sub>4</sub>, metalul rezultat neavând nevoie de purificare ulterioară. Pentru separarea plutoniului metalic din amestecuri metalice este utilizată reacția acestuia cu H<sub>2</sub>, care conduce la hidruri de tip PuH<sub><i>x</i></sub> (<i>x</i>= 1,9-3,0) care – prin reîncălzire în vid – trec din nou în Pu<sup>0</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plutoniul este un metal foarte <a href="/wiki/Reactivitate_chimic%C4%83" title="Reactivitate chimică">reactiv</a> în contact cu <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigenul</a> (este <a href="/wiki/Piroforicitate" title="Piroforicitate">piroforic</a> la 500°C)<sup id="cite_ref-:14_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sau cu aerul umed. Din cauza autoiradierii, suferă un proces de „îmbătrânire” (similar cu <a href="/wiki/Metamictizare" title="Metamictizare">metamictizarea</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineralelor</a>). Metalul se dizolvă ușor în <a href="/wiki/Acid_clorhidric" title="Acid clorhidric">acid clorhidric</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Acid_percloric" title="Acid percloric">percloric</a>. Reacționează cu <a href="/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element)">borul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbonul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogenii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot">azotul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosforul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu">siliciul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigenul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogenul</a> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Creuzetele utilizate la reducerea plutoniului trebuie construite din materiale care să reziste caracterului puternic reducător al acestuia. Metale <a href="/wiki/Material_refractar" title="Material refractar">refractare</a> precum <a href="/wiki/Tantal" title="Tantal">tantal</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a>, precum și oxizii, borurile, carburile, nitrurile stabile ale acestora, îndeplinesc acesta calitate. De asemenea, reacția în arc electric poate fi utilizată drept metodă alternativă pentru producerea a mici cantități de plutoniu metalic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În ceea ce privește aliajele, acestea pot fi obținute prin adăugare unui sau mai multe metale la o topitură de plutoniu; cele mai comune sunt cele cu <a href="/wiki/Galiu" title="Galiu">galiu</a> și <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">aluminiu</a>. Multe alte diagrame de fază au fost studiate și sistematizate în 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Exemple de astfel de aliaje sunt: </p> <ul><li>Plutoniu-galiu, utilizat pentru stabilizarea fazei δ (în vederea eliminării problemelor specifice fazei α) este aliajul cel mai utilizat pentru armele nucleare de implozie.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Plutoniu-aluminiu reprezintă o alternativă la aliajul Pu-Ga. Aluminiul a fost primul element considerat pentru stabilizarea fazei δ, dar tendința de a se activa ca urmare a bombardamentului cu particule alfa (cu emitere de neutroni) a redus în timp utilizarea sa. Aliajul Pu-Al poate fi utilizat – de asemenea – drept component al <a href="/wiki/Combustibil_nuclear" title="Combustibil nuclear">combustibilului nuclear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Plutoniu-galiu-cobalt (PuCoGa<sub>5</sub>) este un supraconductor neconvențional, prezentând <a href="/wiki/Supraconductibilitate" title="Supraconductibilitate">supraconductibilitate</a> la 18,5 K, un ordin de mărime mai mult decât majoritatea altor astfel de materiale.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Plutoniu-zirconiu, la rândul său utilizat drept combustibil nuclear.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Plutoniu-ceriu și plutoniu-ceriu-cobalt, cu aceeași utilizare (combustibil pentru reactorul nuclear).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Plutoniu-uraniu (15–30% Pu) poate fi utilizat pentru reactori reproducători (care produc mai mult <a href="/wiki/Izotop_fisil" title="Izotop fisil">material fisil</a> decât consumă). Este piroforic și susceptibil de coroziune aproape de punctul de autoaprindere, trecând în formă pulverulentă după expunere la aer; din aceste cauze, este necesară alierea cu alte componente. Aluminiul, carbonul sau cuprul nu îmbunătățesc rata de trecere în formă pulverulentă; aliajele ce conțin zirconiu și fier prezintă rezistență sporită la coroziune, dar trec în formă de pulbere după câteva luni de la expunerea la aer. Adăugarea de titan și/sau zirconiu ridică semnificativ punctul de topire al aliajului.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Plutoniu-uraniu-titan și plutoniu-uraniu-zirconiu au fost aliaje investigate drept combustibil nuclear. Adăugarea celui de-al treilea component crește rezistența la coroziune, reduce inflamabilitatea și îmbunătățește proprietăți precum ductilitatea, prelucrabilitatea, rezistența și expansiunea termică. Plutoniu-uraniu-molibden este aliajul cu cea mai bună rezistență la coroziune, formând un strat protector de oxid, dar titanul și zirconiul sunt preferate din motive fizice.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thoriu-uraniu-plutoniu a fost investigat drept combustibil pentru reactori reproducători.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plutoniul_în_soluție"><span id="Plutoniul_.C3.AEn_solu.C8.9Bie"></span>Plutoniul în soluție</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Plutoniul în soluție" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Plutoniul în soluție"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Plutonium_in_solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plutonium_in_solution.jpg/220px-Plutonium_in_solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plutonium_in_solution.jpg/330px-Plutonium_in_solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plutonium_in_solution.jpg/440px-Plutonium_in_solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Stările de oxidare ale plutoniului în soluții apoase</figcaption></figure> <p>În <a href="/wiki/Solu%C8%9Bie_apoas%C4%83" title="Soluție apoasă">soluții apoase</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> plutoniul prezintă patru <a href="/wiki/Stare_de_oxidare" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare de oxidare">stări de oxidare</a> stabile, o a cincea <a href="/wiki/Dispropor%C8%9Bionare" title="Disproporționare">disproporționând</a> rapid. Culorile diferite ajută la recunoașterea facilă a stării de oxidare în care plutoniul este prezent: Pu(III), ca Pu<sup>3+</sup>; Pu(IV), ca Pu<sup>4+</sup>; Pu(V), ca PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>; Pu(VI), ca PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>; Pu(VII), ca PuO<sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup>. </p><p>PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> este instabil în soluție și disproporționează în Pu<sup>4+</sup> și PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>; Pu<sup>4+</sup> astfel format oxidează PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> rămas, fiind redus la Pu<sup>3+</sup>. Astfel, soluțiile de PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> au tendința de a se transforma în timp în amestecuri de Pu<sup>3+</sup> și PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> O astfel de reacție – care implică patru stări de oxidare diferite ale aceluiași element – este unică în chimie: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle {\ce {PuO_{2}^{+}{+}Pu^{4+}{-&gt;}PuO_{2}^{2+}{+}Pu^{3+}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>PuO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>PuO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\ce {PuO_{2}^{+}{+}Pu^{4+}{-&gt;}PuO_{2}^{2+}{+}Pu^{3+}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/341460c6299182427514995f638122ad3c90302c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.21ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle {\ce {PuO_{2}^{+}{+}Pu^{4+}{-&gt;}PuO_{2}^{2+}{+}Pu^{3+}}}}"></span> </p><p>Culorile soluțiilor de plutoniu depind atât de starea de oxidare a acestuia, cât și de natura anionului acid.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acesta din urmă influențează gradul de complexare (adică modul în care atomii donori se leagă de atomul central) al speciei de plutoniu. În plus față de stările de oxidare amintite, starea de oxidare formală +2 este cunoscută pentru compusul de coordinație [K(2,2,2-cryptand)] [Pu<sup>II</sup>Cp″<sub>3</sub>], Cp″ = C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>3</sub>(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izotopi_și_proprietăți_nucleare"><span id="Izotopi_.C8.99i_propriet.C4.83.C8.9Bi_nucleare"></span>Izotopi și proprietăți nucleare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Izotopi și proprietăți nucleare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Izotopi și proprietăți nucleare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sasahara.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sasahara.svg/220px-Sasahara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sasahara.svg/330px-Sasahara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sasahara.svg/440px-Sasahara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Schemă de producere și dezintegrare a celor mai importanți izotopi ai plutoniului</figcaption></figure> <p>Plutoniul este un <a href="/wiki/Element_radioactiv" title="Element radioactiv">element radioactiv</a>, toți izotopii săi fiind radioactivi. Sunt cunoscuți 20 izotopi ai plutoniului cu <a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Masă atomică">masa</a> cuprinsă între 228 și 247.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Izotopul <sup>238</sup>Pu este un emițător alfa (t<sub>1/2</sub>= 87,7 ani, produs de dezintegrare <sup>234</sup>U, E<sub>α</sub>=5,5 MeV). </p><p>Cel mai răspândit izotop este <sup>239</sup>Pu, care se dezintegrează alfa (t<sub>1/2</sub> de circa 24000 de ani, produs de dezintegrare <sup>235</sup>U, E<sub>α</sub>=5,2 MeV). <sup>239</sup>Pu este un <a href="/wiki/Izotop_fisil" title="Izotop fisil">izotop fisil</a> (fisionabil sub neutroni termici), ceea ce face ca utilizarea acestuia să fie strict controlată, din motive de <a href="/wiki/Proliferare_nuclear%C4%83" title="Proliferare nucleară">proliferare nucleară</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Izotopul <sup>240</sup>Pu este un emițător alfa (t<sub>1/2</sub> de circa 6560 de ani, produs de dezintegrare <sup>236</sup>U, E<sub>α</sub>=5,3 MeV). Este un <a href="/wiki/Izotop_fertil" title="Izotop fertil">izotop fertil</a>, transformându-se – în urma activării sub neutroni rapizi – în <sup>241</sup>Pu.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Izotopul <sup>241</sup>Pu este un emițător beta (timp de înjumătățire de 14,4 ani, produs de dezintegrare <sup>241</sup>Am, E<sub>β</sub>=0,02 MeV). <sup>241</sup>Pu este un <a href="/wiki/Izotop_fisil" title="Izotop fisil">izotop fisil</a>, contribuind la randamentul total de fisiune. Totuși, transmutația sa relativ rapidă în <sup>241</sup>Am, face ca prezența sa să fie nedorită în plutoniul militar sau pentru uz sub formă de combustibil nuclear de tip MOX.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{241}_{\ 94}Pu\ {\xrightarrow[{14,35\ a}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 95}^{241}Am\ {\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 95}^{242}Am\ {\xrightarrow[{16,02\ h}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 96}^{242}Cm\ \left({\xrightarrow[{162,8\ d}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 94}^{238}Pu\right)} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>94</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>241</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munderover> <mo>&#x2192;</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>14</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>35</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>&#x03B2;<!-- β --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>95</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>241</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mo>&#x2192;</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>&#x03B3;<!-- γ --></mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>95</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>242</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munderover> <mo>&#x2192;</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>16</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>02</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>&#x03B2;<!-- β --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>96</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>242</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munderover> <mo>&#x2192;</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>162</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi>&#x03B1;<!-- α --></mi> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>94</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>238</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{241}_{\ 94}Pu\ {\xrightarrow[{14,35\ a}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 95}^{241}Am\ {\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 95}^{242}Am\ {\xrightarrow[{16,02\ h}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 96}^{242}Cm\ \left({\xrightarrow[{162,8\ d}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 94}^{238}Pu\right)} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d6e05aaf59bc4d437fa8fa526b3d79bd33d12568" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.208ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.464ex; width:63.133ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{241}_{\ 94}Pu\ {\xrightarrow[{14,35\ a}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 95}^{241}Am\ {\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 95}^{242}Am\ {\xrightarrow[{16,02\ h}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 96}^{242}Cm\ \left({\xrightarrow[{162,8\ d}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 94}^{238}Pu\right)} }"></span> </p><p>Izotopul <sup>242</sup>Pu este un emițător alfa (t<sub>1/2</sub> de circa 273000 ani, produs de dezintegrare <sup>238</sup>U, E<sub>α</sub>=5,0 MeV).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sistemul periodic al elementelor indică izotopul cosmogenic <sup>244</sup>Pu ca fiind cel mai stabil <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotop</a> al plutoniului (t<sub>1/2</sub> de circa 80,8 milioane de ani, produs de dezintegrare <sup>240</sup>U).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pentru circa o treime din evenimentele de ciocnire a <sup>239</sup>Pu cu neutroni se produce <sup>240</sup>Pu. În funcție de conținutul de <sup>240</sup>Pu (care nu fisionează sub neutroni lenți) în amestecul izotopic, plutoniul se clasifică în:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>plutoniul pentru arme nucleare (eng. <i>weapon grade plutonium</i>), care conține mai puțin de 7% <sup>240</sup>Pu;</li> <li>plutoniu pentru combustibil nuclear (eng. <i>fuel grade plutonium</i>), care conține 7–18% <sup>240</sup>Pu;</li> <li>plutoniul de reactor, (eng. <i>reactor grade plutonium</i>), care conține mai mult de 18% <sup>240</sup>Pu.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Răspândire"><span id="R.C4.83sp.C3.A2ndire"></span>Răspândire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Răspândire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Răspândire"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Este considerat a fi un <a href="/wiki/Element_sintetic" title="Element sintetic">element chimic sintetic</a>, chiar dacă urme de <sup>239</sup>Pu se găseau în natură în <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%83c%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Zăcământ">zăcămintele</a> <a href="/wiki/Minereu_uranifer" title="Minereu uranifer">bogate în uraniu</a> și înainte de 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acest izotop este produs ca urmare a proceselor de <a href="/wiki/Activare_cu_neutroni" title="Activare cu neutroni">activare neutronică</a> a <sup>238</sup>U cu <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a> emiși în urma <a href="/wiki/Fisiune_spontan%C4%83" title="Fisiune spontană">fisiunii spontane</a> a altor nuclee de <sup>238</sup>U.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prezența sa a fost semnalată în zona <a href="/wiki/Reactor_natural_de_fisiune_nuclear%C4%83" title="Reactor natural de fisiune nucleară">reactorilor naturali de fisiune</a> de la Oklo. Raportul <sup>239</sup>Pu/U-nat în <a href="/wiki/Minereu_uranifer" title="Minereu uranifer">minereul uranifer</a> de la Cigar Lake variază între 2,4×10<sup>−12</sup> și 44×10<sup>−12</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cantități și mai reduse de <sup>238</sup>Pu se pot forma ca urmare a unei dezintegrări beta duble a nucleelor de <sup>238</sup>U.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>De asemenea, <sup>244</sup>Pu (cu <a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_de_%C3%AEnjum%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bire" title="Perioadă de înjumătățire">timp de înjumătățire</a> de 80,8 milioane de ani) este un radioizotop primordial<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și a jucat probabil un oarecare rol în formarea mineralelor în primul miliard de ani de existență a <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământului</a>; evidențe ale fisiunii spontane ale acestui radioizotop au putut fi găsite în meteoriți.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prezența anterioară a <sup>244</sup>Pu în <a href="/wiki/Sistem_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem Solar">Sistemul Solar</a> a fost confirmată în baza excesului actual de produși ai <a href="/wiki/Serie_de_dezintegrare" title="Serie de dezintegrare">seriei de dezintegrare</a> 4n, fie <sup>232</sup>Th (din dezintegrarea alfa), fie izotopi ai <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenonului</a> (din fisiune spontană). Din punct de vedere chimic, aceștia din urmă sunt mai ușor de pus în evidență comparativ cu raportul <sup>244</sup>Pu/<sup>232</sup>Th (cele două actinide prezintă <a href="/wiki/Proprietate_chimic%C4%83" title="Proprietate chimică">proprietăți chimice</a> asemănătoare, astfel că excesul de thoriu nu conduce la concluzia evidentă că acesta ar rezulta ca fiică a plutoniului).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup>244</sup>Pu are cel mai mare timp de înjumătățire dintre toți izotopii <a href="/wiki/Element_transuranian" title="Element transuranian">elementelor transuraniene</a>, fiind produs doar în urma proceselor-<i>r</i> în <a href="/wiki/Supernov%C4%83" title="Supernovă">supernove</a> și în coliziunea <a href="/wiki/Stea_neutronic%C4%83" title="Stea neutronică">stelelor neutronice</a>; atunci când sunt ejectate nuclee de mare viteză în urma unor astfel de procese – nuclee care ajung pe Pământ – dintre nucleele elementelor transuraniene doar <sup>244</sup>Pu mai poate fi detectat, mulțumită timpului său de înjumătățire îndelungat. Din acest motiv, urme de <sup>244</sup>Pu de origine interstelară pot fi găsite pe fundul oceanelor. Cum <sup>240</sup>Pu apare ca <a href="/wiki/Produs_de_dezintegrare" title="Produs de dezintegrare">produs de dezintegrare</a> al <sup>244</sup>Pu, acesta trebuie să fie prezent la rândul său în echilibru secular cu părintele său, chiar dacă în cantități mult mai reduse.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inventarul de plutoniu a crescut semnificativ odată cu începutul erei atomice, fiind <a href="/wiki/Produs_de_activare" title="Produs de activare">produs de activare</a> a uraniului atât în <a href="/wiki/Reactor_nuclear" title="Reactor nuclear">reactori nucleari</a>, cât și în <a href="/wiki/Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Armă nucleară">bombele atomice</a> în baza <a href="/wiki/Reac%C8%9Bie_nuclear%C4%83" title="Reacție nucleară">reacției nucleare</a>: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{238}_{92}U}+{^{1}_{0}n}-&gt;{^{239}_{92}U}-&gt;[\beta ^{-}][23.5\ {\ce {min}}]{^{239}_{93}Np}-&gt;[\beta ^{-}][2.3565\ {\ce {d}}]{^{239}_{94}Pu}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>U</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>92</mn> <mn>238</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>n</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>0</mn> <mn>1</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>U</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>92</mn> <mn>239</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>&#x2192;</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>23.5</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>min</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>&#x03B2;<!-- β --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Np</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>93</mn> <mn>239</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>&#x2192;</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>2.3565</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>&#x03B2;<!-- β --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>94</mn> <mn>239</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{238}_{92}U}+{^{1}_{0}n}-&gt;{^{239}_{92}U}-&gt;[\beta ^{-}][23.5\ {\ce {min}}]{^{239}_{93}Np}-&gt;[\beta ^{-}][2.3565\ {\ce {d}}]{^{239}_{94}Pu}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f9ba9e4744226a97ce8a41fd5b5e50b18cc259a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.828ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.51ex; width:47.717ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{238}_{92}U}+{^{1}_{0}n}-&gt;{^{239}_{92}U}-&gt;[\beta ^{-}][23.5\ {\ce {min}}]{^{239}_{93}Np}-&gt;[\beta ^{-}][2.3565\ {\ce {d}}]{^{239}_{94}Pu}}}}"></span> </p><p>Urme de plutoniu pot fi detectate în organismul uman,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> prezența sa datorându-se <a href="/wiki/Contaminare_radioactiv%C4%83" title="Contaminare radioactivă">contaminării radioactive</a> (în natură sunt disperate câteva tone de plutoniu<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ca urmare a <a href="/wiki/Test_nuclear" title="Test nuclear">testelor</a> și <a href="/wiki/Accident_nuclear" title="Accident nuclear">accidentelor nucleare</a>). Concentrația de plutoniu este estimată a fi de 0,37 Bq/kg sol și între 6ˑ10<sup>-8</sup>–1,4ˑ10<sup>-7</sup> Bq/m<sup>3</sup> aer.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producție"><span id="Produc.C8.9Bie"></span>Producție</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Producție" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Producție"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proiectul_Manhattan">Proiectul Manhattan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Proiectul Manhattan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Proiectul Manhattan"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Proiectul_Manhattan" title="Proiectul Manhattan">Proiectul Manhattan</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Fat_Man_West_Point_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fat_Man_West_Point_Museum.JPG/220px-Fat_Man_West_Point_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fat_Man_West_Point_Museum.JPG/330px-Fat_Man_West_Point_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fat_Man_West_Point_Museum.JPG/440px-Fat_Man_West_Point_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Învelișul unei bombe atomice cu plutoniu Mark III, având aceeași configurație și aceleași dimensiuni ca și <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></figcaption></figure> <p>În timpul celui de-<a href="/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">Al Doilea Război Mondial</a>, guvernul SUA a implementat <a href="/wiki/Proiectul_Manhattan" title="Proiectul Manhattan">proiectul Manhattan</a>, cu rolul de a dezvolta <a href="/wiki/Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Armă nucleară">arme nucleare</a>. Locurile în care au fost implementate facilitățile de cercetare și de producție sunt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanford&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanford — pagină inexistentă">Hanford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washington_(stat)" title="Washington (stat)">Washinton</a>) și ceea ce sunt acum cunoscute ca fiind <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory — pagină inexistentă">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>), respectiv <a href="/wiki/Laboratorul_Na%C8%9Bional_Los_Alamos" title="Laboratorul Național Los Alamos">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><sup>239</sup>Pu a fost obținut în scopuri militare pentru prima oară prin bombardarea neutronică a <sup>238</sup>U în reactorul <a href="/wiki/Moderator_de_neutroni" title="Moderator de neutroni">moderat</a> cu <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a> „X-10” (Oak Ridge), care a intrat în regim critic pe 4 noiembrie 1943 și a produs pentru prima oară plutoniu la începutul anului următor. În noiembrie 1943, o primă probă de câteva micrograme de plutoniu metalic a fost produsă prin reducerea trifluorurii de plutoniu.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Astfel, plutoniul a devenit primul <a href="/wiki/Element_sintetic" title="Element sintetic">element sintetic</a> vizibil cu ochiul liber.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ideal, plutoniul pentru aplicații militare ar trebui să fie monoizotopic, <sup>239</sup>Pu. Probele transferate la Los Alamos în aprilie 1944 au indicat însă faptul că acestea conțineau concentrații ridicate de <sup>240</sup>Pu (izotop care prezintă o probabilitate crescută de <a href="/wiki/Fisiune_spontan%C4%83" title="Fisiune spontană">fisiune spontană</a>) comparativ cu plutoniul produs în <a href="/wiki/Ciclotron" title="Ciclotron">ciclotron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acest fapt conduce la prezența unei cantități însemnate de neutroni, crescând riscul de pre-detonare. Din acest motiv, proiectul prin care se dorea realizarea unei arme nucleară de tip proiectil (cu nume de cod „Thin Man” – <i>Slăbuțul</i>) a fost abandonat.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acesta a fost înlocuit cu proiectul de implozie „<a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>” – <i>Grăsanul</i>, mai complicat din punct de vedere tehnic.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Implosion_nuclear_weapon_design3.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Implosion_nuclear_weapon_design3.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Schema de principiu a unei bombe nucleare de implozie</figcaption></figure> <p>În martie 1945 a fost terminată construcția „Handford B”, primul reactor de producție izotopică a plutoniului la scară industrială.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aici s-a produs <a href="/wiki/Izotop_fisil" title="Izotop fisil">materialul fisil</a> necesar bombei nucleare „Fat Man”. În ianuarie 1945, plutoniul înalt purificat a fost supus unei concentrări finale și a fost apoi trimis la Los Alamos începând din februarie 1945, unde au fost definitivate bombele nucleare pe bază de plutoniu.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prima dintre acestea (în greutate totală de circa 4 tone, conținând 6,2 kg plutoniu) a fost detonată sub numele de cod <a href="/wiki/Testul_Trinity" title="Testul Trinity"><i>Trinity</i></a> la 16 iulie 1945 lângă <a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>). Succesul <a href="/wiki/Test_nuclear" title="Test nuclear">testului nuclear</a> (circa 20% din plutoniu a fisionat în regim divergent) a condus la detonarea bombei „Fat Man” deasupra orașului <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japonia</a>) în 9 august 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_atomică"><span id="Era_atomic.C4.83"></span>Era atomică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Era atomică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Era atomică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articole principale: <a href="/wiki/Proliferare_nuclear%C4%83" title="Proliferare nucleară">Proliferare nucleară</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reactor_nuclear" title="Reactor nuclear">Reactor nuclear</a> și <a href="/wiki/De%C8%99eu_radioactiv" title="Deșeu radioactiv">Deșeu radioactiv</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p><a href="/wiki/SUA" class="mw-redirect" title="SUA">SUA</a> și <a href="/wiki/Uniunea_Republicilor_Sovietice_Socialiste" title="Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste">URSS</a> au produs cantități însemnate (de ordinul sutelor de tone)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> de plutoniu pentru aplicații militare prin <a href="/wiki/Activare_cu_neutroni" title="Activare cu neutroni">activarea cu neutroni</a> a <sup>238</sup>U în reactori de iradiere.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La nivelul anului 2003, a fost estimat că pe <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a> ar fi existat o cantitate de circa 1830 t plutoniu,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> rezultată atât din activități militare cât și civile. Alte aproximativ 70-75 t se adaugă anual la acest inventar (fiind obținute ca produs secundar în reactori nucleari comerciali prin activarea <a href="/wiki/Combustibil_nuclear" title="Combustibil nuclear">combustibilului nuclear</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:17_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Practic, 35 de țări dețin în prezent plutoniu, printre acestea numărându-se și <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia" title="România">România</a>. Cantitatea de plutoniu estimată a exista în <a href="/wiki/Combustibil_nuclear_epuizat" title="Combustibil nuclear epuizat">combustibilul nuclear epuizat</a> rezultat din <a href="/wiki/Centrala_Nuclear%C4%83_de_la_Cernavod%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrala Nucleară de la Cernavodă">centrala nucleară de la Cernavodă</a> era în 2003 de circa 2,4 t<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (de câteva ori mai mare în prezent). </p><p>Plutoniul civil era distribuit în 2003 astfel: circa 1340 t este conținut de către în <a href="/wiki/Combustibil_nuclear_epuizat" title="Combustibil nuclear epuizat">combustibilul nuclear epuizat</a> și circa 330 t combustibil neiradiat (incluzând aici aproximativ 100 t de plutoniu militar declarat de către SUA și <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> drept exces, în urma tratatelor de dezarmare).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aproximativ 155 t se regăseau în componența armelor nucleare (existente sau dezasamblate).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pentru a înțelege semnificația acestei cantități, acesta trebuie raportată la <a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_critic%C4%83" title="Masă critică">masa critică</a> a <sup>239</sup>Pu. Este evident deci că acest inventar trebuie administrat cu prudență pentru mult timp de acum înainte, într-un context politic, socioeconomic și tehnologic complex.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plutoniul_pentru_nave_spațiale"><span id="Plutoniul_pentru_nave_spa.C8.9Biale"></span>Plutoniul pentru nave spațiale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Plutoniul pentru nave spațiale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Plutoniul pentru nave spațiale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup>238</sup>Pu este obținut prin bombardarea cu neutroni a <sup>237</sup>Np provenit din reactori de cercetare sau ținte de iradiere. <sup>238</sup>Np, odată format, se dezintegrează rapid, formând <sup>238</sup>Pu. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{237}_{93}Np}+{^{1}_{0}n}-&gt;{^{238}_{93}Np}-&gt;[\beta ^{-}][2.117\ {\ce {d}}]{^{238}_{94}Pu}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Np</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>93</mn> <mn>237</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>n</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>0</mn> <mn>1</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Np</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>93</mn> <mn>238</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>&#x2192;</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>2.117</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>&#x03B2;<!-- β --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>94</mn> <mn>238</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{237}_{93}Np}+{^{1}_{0}n}-&gt;{^{238}_{93}Np}-&gt;[\beta ^{-}][2.117\ {\ce {d}}]{^{238}_{94}Pu}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/343cc24d9bee33b698aca91af8a93779ec4ea9c8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.828ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.51ex; width:34.946ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{237}_{93}Np}+{^{1}_{0}n}-&gt;{^{238}_{93}Np}-&gt;[\beta ^{-}][2.117\ {\ce {d}}]{^{238}_{94}Pu}}}}"></span> </p><p>În prezent există foarte puține locuri în care se mai produce <sup>238</sup>Pu. Rezerva <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> a scăzut la 35 kg, ceea ce ar fi suficient pentru misiunile asumate până în 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Începând din 2019, Oak Ridge National Laboratory urmează să producă anual circa 1,5 kg <sup>238</sup>Pu.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compuși_ai_plutoniului"><span id="Compu.C8.99i_ai_plutoniului"></span>Compuși ai plutoniului</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Compuși ai plutoniului" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Compuși ai plutoniului"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Chimia_actinidelor" title="Chimia actinidelor">Chimia actinidelor</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"><p>Sunt cunoscuți diverși compuși binari cu:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li>hidrogenul (PuH<sub><i>x</i></sub>, <i>x</i>= 1,9-3,0): există diverse <a href="/wiki/Hidrur%C4%83" title="Hidrură">hidruri</a> ale plutoniului, în general nestoechiometrice; toate sunt formate prin reacția directă a elementelor la temperaturi de sub 200 °C. De asemenea, astfel de compuși se formează (alături de Pu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> și PuO<sub>2</sub>) în urma reacției dintre plutoniul metalic și aerul umed la 200–350 °C.</li> <li>borul (PuB<sub>2</sub>, PuB<sub>4</sub>, PuB<sub>6</sub>, PuB<sub>12</sub> și PuB<sub>66</sub>): borurile se formează prin reacția directă a elementelor la temperaturi de 800–1200 °C în atmosferă inertă la presiune scăzută.</li> <li>carbonul (Pu<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>, PuC<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>, Pu<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub> și PuC<sub>2</sub>): <a href="/wiki/Carbur%C4%83" title="Carbură">carburile</a> se formează fie prin reacția dintre elemente, fie prin descompunerea unor compuși ai plutoniului (precum oxalați, <a href="/wiki/Acetat" title="Acetat">acetați</a> etc.) în atmosferă inertă. Carburile de plutoniu sunt considerate ca fiind potențiali <a href="/wiki/Combustibil_nuclear" title="Combustibil nuclear">combustibili nucleari</a> sub formă de soluții solide cu uraniul: U<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Pu<sub><i>x</i></sub>C sau U<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Pu<sub><i>x</i></sub>C<sub>2</sub>.</li> <li>azotul (PuN) – posibil combustibil nuclear sub forma <a href="/wiki/Azotur%C4%83" title="Azotură">nitrură</a> U<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Pu<sub><i>x</i></sub>N, fosforul (PuP), sulful (PuS, Pu<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, PuS<sub>2</sub>), seleniul (PuSe, Pu<sub>3</sub>Se<sub>4</sub>, Pu<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub>, PuSe<sub>1,8–2,0</sub>), telurul (PuTe, Pu<sub>3</sub>Te<sub>4</sub>, PuTe<sub>3</sub>, PuTe<sub>1,81–2,02</sub>), siliciul (Pu<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, Pu<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>, PuSi, Pu<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>5</sub> și PuSi<sub>2</sub>).</li> <li>oxigenul (PuO, Pu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, PuO<sub>2</sub> etc.): <a href="/wiki/Oxid" title="Oxid">oxizii</a> se formează la arderea plutoniului în aer sau la descompunere termică sau hidrotermală a unor compuși (de exemplu, oxalați). Dioxidul de plutoniu este un combustibil nuclear des utilizat sub formă de soluții solide cu uraniul: U<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Pu<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub>2</sub> (MOX).</li> <li>halogenii: <a href="/wiki/Fluorur%C4%83" title="Fluorură">fluoruri</a> și oxofluoruri (PuF<sub>3</sub>, PuOF, PuF<sub>4</sub>, PuF<sub>6</sub>), cloruri (PuCl<sub>3</sub>, PuCl<sub>4</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Bromur%C4%83" title="Bromură">bromuri</a> și oxobromuri (PuBr<sub>3</sub>, PuOBr), ioduri și oxoioduri (PuI<sub>3</sub>, PuOI) etc. <a href="/wiki/Halogenur%C4%83" title="Halogenură">Halogenurile</a> duble de plutoniu și metale alcaline (de exemplu, NaPuF<sub>4</sub>, KPuF<sub>4</sub> etc.) sunt considerate precum combustibil nuclear sub formă de săruri topite.</li></ul> <p>Dintre compușii în stare solidă cei mai cunoscuți sunt:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>plutonații (plutoniul apare sub formă anionică), în care plutoniul poate prezenta diverse stări de oxidare: <ul><li>Pu(IV): BaPuO<sub>3</sub>, SrPuO<sub>3</sub>, Li<sub>8</sub>PuO<sub>6</sub>, Ba<sub>2</sub>CePuO<sub>6</sub> etc.;</li> <li>Pu(V): Li<sub>3</sub>PuO<sub>4</sub>, Ba<sub>3</sub>PuO<sub>5,5</sub> etc.</li> <li>Pu(VI): K<sub>2</sub>PuO<sub>4</sub>, Rb<sub>2</sub>PuO<sub>4</sub>, Cs<sub>2</sub>PuO<sub>4</sub>, SrPuO<sub>4</sub>, Li<sub>4</sub>PuO<sub>5</sub>, Na<sub>4</sub>PuO<sub>5</sub>, L<sub>6</sub>PuO<sub>6</sub>, Na<sub>6</sub>PuO<sub>6</sub>, Ba<sub>3</sub>PuO<sub>6</sub> etc.</li> <li>Pu(VII): Li<sub>5</sub>PuO<sub>6</sub>, Na<sub>5</sub>PuO<sub>6</sub>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>combinații în formă cationică cu elemente ale blocului <i>p</i> și <i>d</i>: <ul><li>Pu(III): PuAlO<sub>3</sub>, PuScO<sub>3</sub>, PuVO<sub>3</sub>, PuCrO<sub>3</sub>, PuAsO<sub>4</sub>, PuPO<sub>4</sub> etc.</li> <li>Pu(IV): PuSiO<sub>4</sub>, PuGeO<sub>4</sub>, Pu(TeO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Pu(TaO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>, PuP<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> etc.</li></ul></li></ul><p> Extrem de importanți sunt oxalații, care se descompun termic la dioxid de plutoniu de dimensiuni <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterial" title="Nanomaterial">nanometrice</a> (ceea ce conduce la pulberi de combustibil cu <a href="/wiki/Sinterizare" title="Sinterizare">sinterabilitate</a> foarte bună). O metodă recentă demonstrează că oxalatul de Pu(IV) poate fi descompus hidrotermal la PuO<sub>2</sub> la numai 95 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pudioxide.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Structura PuO2"><img alt="Structura PuO2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pudioxide.png/120px-Pudioxide.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pudioxide.png/180px-Pudioxide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pudioxide.png/240px-Pudioxide.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="945" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Structura PuO<sub>2</sub></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Structura PuB2"><img alt="Structura PuB2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png/120px-Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png/180px-Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png/240px-Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="793" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Structura PuB<sub>2</sub></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:CaHexaboride.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Structura PuB6"><img alt="Structura PuB6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/CaHexaboride.jpg/120px-CaHexaboride.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/CaHexaboride.jpg/180px-CaHexaboride.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/CaHexaboride.jpg/240px-CaHexaboride.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="904" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Structura PuB<sub>6</sub></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Kristallstruktur_Plutonium(III)-bromid.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Structura PuBr3"><img alt="Structura PuBr3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kristallstruktur_Plutonium%28III%29-bromid.png/120px-Kristallstruktur_Plutonium%28III%29-bromid.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kristallstruktur_Plutonium%28III%29-bromid.png/180px-Kristallstruktur_Plutonium%28III%29-bromid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kristallstruktur_Plutonium%28III%29-bromid.png/240px-Kristallstruktur_Plutonium%28III%29-bromid.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Structura PuBr<sub>3</sub></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Kristallstruktur_Uran(IV)-fluorid.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Structura PuF4"><img alt="Structura PuF4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kristallstruktur_Uran%28IV%29-fluorid.png/120px-Kristallstruktur_Uran%28IV%29-fluorid.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kristallstruktur_Uran%28IV%29-fluorid.png/180px-Kristallstruktur_Uran%28IV%29-fluorid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kristallstruktur_Uran%28IV%29-fluorid.png/240px-Kristallstruktur_Uran%28IV%29-fluorid.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Structura PuF<sub>4</sub></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Monazite_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Structura PuPO4"><img alt="Structura PuPO4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monazite_structure.png/115px-Monazite_structure.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monazite_structure.png/172px-Monazite_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monazite_structure.png/229px-Monazite_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="363" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Structura PuPO<sub>4</sub></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:NpP2O7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Structura PuP2O7"><img alt="Structura PuP2O7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NpP2O7.jpg/120px-NpP2O7.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NpP2O7.jpg/180px-NpP2O7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NpP2O7.jpg/240px-NpP2O7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Structura PuP<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Complex_(chimie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chimie)">Compuși coordinativi</a>: având în vedere multiplele stări de oxidare și geometrii posibile, chimia de coordinație a plutoniului este extrem de diversă. Astfel, au fost sintetizați din soluții apoase sau neapoase diverși compuși ai Pu(III), Pu(IV) și Pu(VI) cu liganzi extrem de diverși din punct de vedere al tipului atomului donor și al denticității (<a href="/wiki/Halogenur%C4%83" title="Halogenură">halogenură</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat">fosfat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azotat" title="Azotat">nitrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amin%C4%83" title="Amină">amină</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amid%C4%83" title="Amidă">amidă</a>, salen, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilizare">Utilizare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Utilizare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Utilizare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material_exploziv">Material exploziv</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Material exploziv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Material exploziv"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articole principale: <a href="/wiki/Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Armă nucleară">Armă nucleară</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contaminare_radioactiv%C4%83" title="Contaminare radioactivă">Contaminare radioactivă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Explozie_nuclear%C4%83" title="Explozie nucleară">Explozie nucleară</a> și <a href="/wiki/Test_nuclear" title="Test nuclear">Test nuclear</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Nuclear_use_locations_world_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nuclear_use_locations_world_map.PNG/220px-Nuclear_use_locations_world_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nuclear_use_locations_world_map.PNG/330px-Nuclear_use_locations_world_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nuclear_use_locations_world_map.PNG/440px-Nuclear_use_locations_world_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Localizarea țărilor care dețin în mod oficial arme nucleare și a testelor efectuate</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Nuclear_Test_Film_-_Operation_Teapot.webm/220px--Nuclear_Test_Film_-_Operation_Teapot.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="1892" data-mwtitle="Nuclear_Test_Film_-_Operation_Teapot.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Nuclear_Test_Film_-_Operation_Teapot.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Nuclear_Test_Film_-_Operation_Teapot.webm/Nuclear_Test_Film_-_Operation_Teapot.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Nuclear_Test_Film_-_Operation_Teapot.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Nuclear_Test_Film_-_Operation_Teapot.webm/Nuclear_Test_Film_-_Operation_Teapot.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Nuclear_Test_Film_-_Operation_Teapot.webm/Nuclear_Test_Film_-_Operation_Teapot.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Nuclear_Test_Film_-_Operation_Teapot.webm/Nuclear_Test_Film_-_Operation_Teapot.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Filmare a operațiunii Teapot (test nuclear)</figcaption></figure> <p>Plutoniul este materialul fisionabil esențial pentru <a href="/wiki/Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Armă nucleară">armele nucleare</a> moderne. Tonul <a href="/wiki/Proliferare_nuclear%C4%83" title="Proliferare nucleară">proliferării nucleare</a> l-a dat competiția SUA-URSS. De atunci au avut loc peste 2000 de teste nucleare, dintre care aproximativ 500 atmosferice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cu foarte puține excepții (bazate pe uraniu îmbogățit), acestea au utilizat plutoniu ca material exploziv de fisiune. Singurele țări cunoscute că au detonat asemenea dispozitive sunt <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">Statele Unite ale Americii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniunea_Sovietic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniunea Sovietică">Uniunea Sovietică</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marea_Britanie" title="Marea Britanie">Marea Britanie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța">Franța</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> și <a href="/wiki/Coreea_de_Nord" title="Coreea de Nord">Coreea de Nord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Producea și testarea <a href="/wiki/Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Armă nucleară">armelor nucleare</a> a condus la contaminarea excesivă a anumitor regiuni, peste limitele admisibile (în fosta URSS, SUA, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atolul_Bikini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Atolul Bikini — pagină inexistentă">Atolul Bikini</a> etc.), ceea ce le face nelocuibile pentru mult timp de acum încolo.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plutoniul poate fi folosit pentru fabricarea <a href="/wiki/Arm%C4%83_radiologic%C4%83" title="Armă radiologică">armelor radiologice</a> (bomba murdară).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combustibil_pentru_reactori_nucleari">Combustibil pentru reactori nucleari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Combustibil pentru reactori nucleari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Combustibil pentru reactori nucleari"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articole principale: <a href="/wiki/Ciclul_combustibilului_nuclear" title="Ciclul combustibilului nuclear">Ciclul combustibilului nuclear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combustibil_nuclear" title="Combustibil nuclear">Combustibil nuclear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combustibil_nuclear_epuizat" title="Combustibil nuclear epuizat">Combustibil nuclear epuizat</a> și <a href="/wiki/Reactor_nuclear" title="Reactor nuclear">Reactor nuclear</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Plutonium_and_uranium_extraction_from_nuclear_fuel-eng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Plutonium_and_uranium_extraction_from_nuclear_fuel-eng.svg/220px-Plutonium_and_uranium_extraction_from_nuclear_fuel-eng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Plutonium_and_uranium_extraction_from_nuclear_fuel-eng.svg/330px-Plutonium_and_uranium_extraction_from_nuclear_fuel-eng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Plutonium_and_uranium_extraction_from_nuclear_fuel-eng.svg/440px-Plutonium_and_uranium_extraction_from_nuclear_fuel-eng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption>Schemă a procesului de extracție a uraniului și plutoniului din <a href="/wiki/Combustibil_nuclear_epuizat" title="Combustibil nuclear epuizat">combustibilul nuclear epuizat</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Combustibilul nuclear epuizat rezultat din reactori nucleari răciți cu apă ușoară conține un amestec de izotopi ai plutoniului, anume: <sup>238</sup>Pu, <sup>239</sup>Pu, <sup>240</sup>Pu și <sup>242</sup>Pu. Prin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reprocesare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reprocesare — pagină inexistentă">reprocesare</a>, acesta poate fi separat și reutilizat sub formă de combustibil (U,Pu)O<sub>2</sub> (MOX, eng. „mixed oxides”) în același tip de reactori. Acest tip de combustibil este utilizat la scară largă în scopuri comerciale încă din anii '80.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Practic, 5% din combustibilul nuclear utilizat în prezent este de tip MOX, producând circa o treime din totalul de energie de origine nucleară la nivel mondial.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prin captură neutronică, conținutul de <sup>240</sup>Pu și <sup>242</sup>Pu devine semnificativ, acest plutoniu „ars”, nemaifisionând sub neutroni termalizați, ci doar sub neutroni rapizi. Acest plutoniu de reactor mai poate fi utilizat doar în reactori cu neutroni rapizi,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sau poate fi stocat, constituind componenta de viață lungă (tip C) a <a href="/wiki/De%C8%99eu_radioactiv" title="Deșeu radioactiv">deșeurilor radioactive</a>. Cu cât gradul de ardere este mai ridicat, cu atât cantitatea relativă de <sup>239</sup>Pu în amestecul izotopic este mai scăzută, ceea ce conduce la reducerea riscului de <a href="/wiki/Proliferare_nuclear%C4%83" title="Proliferare nucleară">proliferare nucleară</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cu toate acestea, <a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a> clasifică<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> – în mod conservativ – toți vectorii de plutoniu cu potențial uz direct, adică „un material nuclear care poate fi utilizat pentru producerea de explozivi nucleari în absența transmutației nucleare sau a îmbogățirii izotopice”. </p><p>În vederea reutilizării, plutoniul este supus unor operații tehnologice de separare și purificare. Impuritățile care însoțesc plutoniul în combustibilul nuclear epuizat sunt alte actinide (<a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">uraniu</a>l și <a href="/wiki/Actinide_minore" title="Actinide minore">actinidele minore</a>: <a href="/wiki/Neptuniu" title="Neptuniu">neptuniu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americiu" title="Americiu">americiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu">curiu</a>) și <a href="/wiki/Produs_de_fisiune" title="Produs de fisiune">produși de fisiune</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bariu" title="Bariu">bariu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceriu" title="Ceriu">ceriu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu">cesiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan">lantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden">molibden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu">paladiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praseodim" title="Praseodim">praseodim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samariu" title="Samariu">samariu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stron%C8%9Biu" title="Stronțiu">stronțiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu">zirconiu</a> etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Procesul industrial prin care uraniul și plutoniul sunt izolate de <a href="/wiki/Produs_de_fisiune" title="Produs de fisiune">produșii de fisiune</a> și celelalte materiale ce intră în compoziția combustibilul uzat se numește <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reprocesare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reprocesare — pagină inexistentă">reprocesare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metodele de separare a plutoniului (și a altor actinide) din combustibilul iradiat pot fi clasificate în două grupe majore: procese apoase și neapoase.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Procesele apoase sunt de tip lichid–lichid (<a href="/wiki/Extrac%C8%9Bie_(chimie)" title="Extracție (chimie)">extracție cu solvenți</a>), de <a href="/wiki/Schimb_ionic" title="Schimb ionic">schimb ionic</a> și de <a href="/wiki/Precipitare_(chimie)" title="Precipitare (chimie)">precipitare</a>. Exemple de procese neapoase sunt electrorafinarea în săruri topite și volatilizarea fluorurilor. Aproape toate metodele de separare se bazează pe stările de oxidare multiple pe care plutoniul le poate adopta în forme chimice diferite. Cel mai cunoscut proces de separare a plutoniului este PUREX (<i>Plutonium, Uranium, Reduction, EXtraction</i>), un proces de extracție cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tributil_fosfat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tributil fosfat — pagină inexistentă">tributil fosfat</a>. Un alt proces apos foarte eficient este precipitarea cu acid oxalic a Pu<sup>IV</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sursă_de_energie"><span id="Surs.C4.83_de_energie"></span>Sursă de energie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sursă de energie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sursă de energie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articole principale: <a href="/wiki/Agen%C8%9Bia_Spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83_European%C4%83" title="Agenția Spațială Europeană">Agenția Spațială Europeană</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cursa_Spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Cursa Spațială">Cursa Spațială</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> și <a href="/wiki/Sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Sondă spațială">Sondă spațială</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:HD.17.051_(12661522154).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/HD.17.051_%2812661522154%29.jpg/220px-HD.17.051_%2812661522154%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/HD.17.051_%2812661522154%29.jpg/330px-HD.17.051_%2812661522154%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/HD.17.051_%2812661522154%29.jpg/440px-HD.17.051_%2812661522154%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stimulator_cardiac" title="Stimulator cardiac">Stimulator cardiac</a> cu un conținut original de 150 mg <sup>238</sup>Pu</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Multi-Mission_Radioisotope_Thermoelectric_Generator_for_Curiosity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Multi-Mission_Radioisotope_Thermoelectric_Generator_for_Curiosity.jpg/220px-Multi-Mission_Radioisotope_Thermoelectric_Generator_for_Curiosity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Multi-Mission_Radioisotope_Thermoelectric_Generator_for_Curiosity.jpg/330px-Multi-Mission_Radioisotope_Thermoelectric_Generator_for_Curiosity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Multi-Mission_Radioisotope_Thermoelectric_Generator_for_Curiosity.jpg/440px-Multi-Mission_Radioisotope_Thermoelectric_Generator_for_Curiosity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Generator termoelectric radioizotopic pentru misiuni multiple utilizat pentru <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">roverul Curiosity</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Putting_the_Plutonium_238_fuel_into_the_SNAP_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Putting_the_Plutonium_238_fuel_into_the_SNAP_27.jpg/220px-Putting_the_Plutonium_238_fuel_into_the_SNAP_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Putting_the_Plutonium_238_fuel_into_the_SNAP_27.jpg/330px-Putting_the_Plutonium_238_fuel_into_the_SNAP_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Putting_the_Plutonium_238_fuel_into_the_SNAP_27.jpg/440px-Putting_the_Plutonium_238_fuel_into_the_SNAP_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4164" /></a><figcaption>Astronautul <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan L. Bean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>) transferând combustibilul de <sup>238</sup>Pu de pe <a href="/wiki/Modulul_lunar_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulul lunar Apollo">modulul lunar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dintre cei peste 2900 de <a href="/wiki/Radioizotop" title="Radioizotop">radioizotopi</a> cunoscuți în prezent, doar 22<sup id="cite_ref-:10_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> prezintă un cumul de proprietăți nucleare care să-i recomande pentru utilizarea lor ca surse de putere ca generatoare termoelectrice radioizotopice (eng. „Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators”, RTG) utilizate la <a href="/wiki/Sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Sondă spațială">sondele spațiale</a> (în baza <a href="/wiki/Efectul_Seebeck" title="Efectul Seebeck">efectului Seebeck</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup>238</sup>Pu este scump, relativ greu de obținut în prezent și ridică probleme de <a href="/wiki/Radioprotec%C8%9Bie" title="Radioprotecție">radioprotecție</a> pentru operatori. Chiar și așa, acesta este considerat în continuare de către NASA ca fiind cel mai indicat pentru astfel de aplicații.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Puterea specifică rezultată ca urmare a evenimentelor de dezintegrare (0,57 W/g) este suficientă pentru utilizarea sa ca <a href="/wiki/Stimulator_cardiac" title="Stimulator cardiac">stimulator cardiac</a>, surse de putere pentru generatoarele termoelectrice, <a href="/wiki/Baliz%C4%83" title="Baliză">balize</a> de navigare etc. <sup>238</sup>Pu a fost utilizat ca sursă de putere pentru circa 30 de vehicule spațiale ale NASA. De exemplu, sonda spațială <a href="/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" title="Cassini-Huygens">Cassini-Huygens</a> are trei generatori cu 33 kg <sup>238</sup>PuO<sub>2</sub>, care produc o 870 W.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În misiunile recente se utilizează generatoarele termoelectrice radioizotopice pentru misiuni multiple (eng. „Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators”, MMRTG).<sup id="cite_ref-:10_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sursă_de_neutroni"><span id="Surs.C4.83_de_neutroni"></span>Sursă de neutroni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sursă de neutroni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sursă de neutroni"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Surs%C4%83_de_neutroni" title="Sursă de neutroni">Sursă de neutroni</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"><p><a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_alfa" title="Dezintegrare alfa">Dezintegrarea alfa</a> a <sup>239</sup>Pu a fost utilizată de-a lungul timpului pentru producerea de <a href="/wiki/Surs%C4%83_de_neutroni" title="Sursă de neutroni">surse de neutroni</a> de tip plutoniu-<a href="/wiki/Beriliu" title="Beriliu">beriliu</a> în baza reacției nucleare:<sup id="cite_ref-:19_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{9}_{4}Be}+{^{4}_{2}He}-&gt;{^{1}_{0}n}+{^{12}_{6}C}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Be</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>4</mn> <mn>9</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>He</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>2</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>n</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>0</mn> <mn>1</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>6</mn> <mn>12</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{9}_{4}Be}+{^{4}_{2}He}-&gt;{^{1}_{0}n}+{^{12}_{6}C}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d180b8812fe2a33fd391fe2537297f58600f3b29" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.007ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{9}_{4}Be}+{^{4}_{2}He}-&gt;{^{1}_{0}n}+{^{12}_{6}C}}}}"></span> </p><p>Energia acestei reacții nucleare este de 5,7 MeV și se împarte între produșii de reacție. Prezența unei cantități oarecare de <sup>241</sup>Pu este binevenită, întrucât acesta se dezintegrează în <sup>241</sup>Am, la rândul său emitor alfa. astfel, <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">fluxul</a> de neutroni va crește în prima parte a vieții sursei.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precauții"><span id="Precau.C8.9Bii"></span>Precauții</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: Precauții" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Precauții"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aspectele legate de piroforicitatea metalului au fost deja semnalate, iar cele referitoare la <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_safety_and_security" class="extiw" title="en:Nuclear safety and security">siguranța reactorilor nucleari</a> nu fac obiectul acestui articol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masa_critică"><span id="Masa_critic.C4.83"></span>Masa critică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Modifică secțiunea: Masa critică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Masa critică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_critic%C4%83" title="Masă critică">Masă critică</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Prin <a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_critic%C4%83" title="Masă critică">masă critică</a> se înțelege cea mai mică cantitate de material fisionabil, care este capabil a întreține o reacție nucleară în lanț. Masa critică a unui material fisionabil depinde de numeroase caracteristici ale elementului (sau ale izotopului acestuia). Masa critică a plutoniului este de ordinul kilogramelor, depinzând de compoziția amestecului izotopic, geometria sistemului și materialele reflectoare utilizate. Ideal, 4 kg de <sup>239</sup>Pu sunt suficiente pentru întreținerea reacției nucleară în lanț.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În practică însă, acesta este mai mare (de exemplu, <i><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></i> a conținut 6,19 kg plutoniu).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sunt necesare precauții suplimentare atunci când se manipulează cantități de plutoniu cu o masă apropiată de cea critică, având în vedere faptul că acesta este de doar o treime din cea corespunzătoare izotopului <sup>235</sup>U.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> O masă critică de plutoniu emite cantități letale de <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a> și <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_gama" title="Radiație gama">radiații gama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În soluție plutoniul formează mai ușor o masă critică comparativ cu aceeași cantitate în formă solidă, întrucât este moderat de atomii de hidrogen din apă.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Câteva accidente de criticalitate (unele fatale, ca urmare a <a href="/wiki/Sindromul_iradierii_acute" title="Sindromul iradierii acute">iradierii acute</a>) au fost raportate de-a lungul timpului în SUA (Hanford, Idaho Falls, Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, Wood River Junction), URSS (Electrostal, Mayak, Novosibirsk, Obninsk, Tomsk), Marea Britanie (Windscale) și Japonia (Tokay-mura).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicitate">Toxicitate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Modifică secțiunea: Toxicitate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Toxicitate"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:SAL_Plutonium_Laboratory_(06410093)_(8536481054).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SAL_Plutonium_Laboratory_%2806410093%29_%288536481054%29.jpg/220px-SAL_Plutonium_Laboratory_%2806410093%29_%288536481054%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SAL_Plutonium_Laboratory_%2806410093%29_%288536481054%29.jpg/330px-SAL_Plutonium_Laboratory_%2806410093%29_%288536481054%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SAL_Plutonium_Laboratory_%2806410093%29_%288536481054%29.jpg/440px-SAL_Plutonium_Laboratory_%2806410093%29_%288536481054%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Laborator <a href="/wiki/Agen%C8%9Bia_Interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_pentru_Energie_Atomic%C4%83" title="Agenția Internațională pentru Energie Atomică">IAEA</a> în care se manipulează plutoniu</figcaption></figure><p>Plutonul ridică probleme de toxicitate din două puncte de vedere: radiotoxicitatea, respectiv toxicitatea plutoniului ca <a href="/wiki/Metale_grele" title="Metale grele">metal greu</a>. </p><p>Având în vedere răspândirea redusă,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Expunere_la_radia%C8%9Bii_ionizante" title="Expunere la radiații ionizante">expunerea</a> la cantități semnificative din punct de vedere toxicologic poate fi întâlnită doar în cazul lucrătorilor expuși profesional sau al persoanelor aflate în raza de acțiune a unui accident/test nuclear; astfel, informații asupra (radio)toxicologiei plutoniului provin din studiul supraviețuitorilor dezastrului de la <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, al militarilor implicați în testele nucleare și al personalului expus profesional.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> S-a raportat și un număr redus de subiecți umani injectați cu câteva micrograme de plutoniu, în absența consimțământului acestora; acest episod este considerat o abatere majoră de la <a href="/wiki/Jur%C4%83m%C3%A2ntul_lui_Hippocrate" title="Jurământul lui Hippocrate">etica medicală</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aspectele de expunere externă sunt similare expunerii la oricare alt radioizotop ca sursă de radiații ionizante. Astfel, expunerea acută sau cronică poate produce probleme de sănătate, incluzând aici <a href="/wiki/Sindromul_iradierii_acute" title="Sindromul iradierii acute">sindromul iradierii acute</a>, alterarea materialului genetic sau diverse forme de cancer radioindus.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dimpotrivă, dezintegrarea predominant alfa și timpii de înjumătățire ridicați fac ca izotopii plutoniului să fie mai puțin periculoși decât – de exemplu – cei cu uz medial.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doar 0,04% din plutoniul ingerat este absorbit de către organismul uman. Odată încorporat însă, este excretat foarte greu, cu un timp biologic de înjumătățire de circa 200 de ani; compușii plutoniului se acumulează în <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83duv%C4%83_osoas%C4%83" title="Măduvă osoasă">măduva osoasă</a>; de asemenea, acesta este colectat și concentrat în <a href="/wiki/Ficat" title="Ficat">ficat</a>. Astfel de cazuri de contaminare internă au fost detectate și relaționate cu incidența cancerului pulmonar semnalat în cazul lucrătorilor expuși profesional.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pentru limitarea expunerii externe și a reducerii riscului încorporării, manipularea plutoniului se face fără contact direct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Referințe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">D.L. 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Seaborg, E. Seaborg, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventures_in_the_Atomic_Age:_From_Watts_to_Washington&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adventures in the Atomic Age: From Watts to Washington — pagină inexistentă">Adventures in the Atomic Age: From Watts to Washington</a></i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">J. W. Kennedy, G. T. Seaborg, E. Segrè, and A. C. Wahl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/pr/pdf/10.1103/PhysRev.70.555">„Properties of 94(239), Phys. Rev. 70 (1946) 555–556”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Properties+of+94%28239%29%2C+Phys.+Rev.+70+%281946%29+555%E2%80%93556&amp;rft.au=J.+W.+Kennedy%2C+G.+T.+Seaborg%2C+E.+Segr%C3%A8%2C+and+A.+C.+Wahl&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aps.org%2Fpr%2Fpdf%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.70.555&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlutoniu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">D.L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-06</span></span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-68"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_68-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/radiation-exposure-and-contamination/radiation-exposure-and-contamination">"Radiation Exposure and Contamination - Injuries; Poisoning - Merck Manuals Professional Edition"</a>. <i>Merck Manuals Professional Edition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-06</span></span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">J. Grellier, W. Atkinson, P. Bérard, D. Bingham, A. Birchall, E. Blanchardon, R. Bull, I. Guseva Canu, C. Challeton-de Vathaire, R. Cockerill, M.T. Do, H. Engels, J. Figuerola, A. Foster, L. Holmstock, C. Hurtgen, D. Laurier, M. Puncher, A.E. Riddell, E. Samson, I. Thierry-Chef, M. Tirmarche, M. Vrijheid, E. Cardis,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lww.com/epidem/Fulltext/2017/09000/Risk_of_Lung_Cancer_Mortality_in_Nuclear_Workers.7.aspx">„Risk of lung cancer mortality in nuclear workers from internal exposure to alpha particle-emitting radionuclides, Epidemiology 28 (2017) 675-684”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2018-11-17">17 noiembrie 2018</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Risk+of+lung+cancer+mortality+in+nuclear+workers+from+internal+exposure+to+alpha+particle-emitting+radionuclides%2C+Epidemiology+28+%282017%29+675-684&amp;rft.au=J.+Grellier%2C+W.+Atkinson%2C+P.+B%C3%A9rard%2C+D.+Bingham%2C+A.+Birchall%2C+E.+Blanchardon%2C+R.+Bull%2C+I.+Guseva+Canu%2C++C.+Challeton-de+Vathaire%2C+R.+Cockerill%2C+M.T.+Do%2C+H.+Engels%2C+J.+Figuerola%2C+A.+Foster%2C+L.+Holmstock%2C+C.+Hurtgen%2C+D.+Laurier%2C+M.+Puncher%2C+A.E.+Riddell%2C+E.+Samson%2C+I.+Thierry-Chef%2C+M.+Tirmarche%2C+M.+Vrijheid%2C+E.+Cardis%2C&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2Fepidem%2FFulltext%2F2017%2F09000%2FRisk_of_Lung_Cancer_Mortality_in_Nuclear_Workers.7.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlutoniu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">Al Doilea Război Mondial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Armă nucleară">Armă nucleară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Centrală nucleară">Centrală nucleară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclul_combustibilului_nuclear" title="Ciclul combustibilului nuclear">Ciclul combustibilului nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimia_actinidelor" title="Chimia actinidelor">Chimia actinidelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustibil_nuclear" title="Combustibil nuclear">Combustibil nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustibil_nuclear_epuizat" title="Combustibil nuclear epuizat">Combustibil nuclear epuizat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contaminare_radioactiv%C4%83" title="Contaminare radioactivă">Contaminare radioactivă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De%C8%99eu_radioactiv" title="Deșeu radioactiv">Deșeu radioactiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrugere_reciproc%C4%83_asigurat%C4%83" title="Distrugere reciprocă asigurată">Distrugere reciprocă asigurată</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energie_nuclear%C4%83" title="Energie nucleară">Energie nucleară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explozie_nuclear%C4%83" title="Explozie nucleară">Explozie nucleară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisiune_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fisiune nucleară">Fisiune nucleară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_critic%C4%83" title="Masă critică">Masă critică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_nuclear" title="Material nuclear">Material nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Metallurgical Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poligonul_de_teste_nucleare_din_Nevada" title="Poligonul de teste nucleare din Nevada">Poligonul de teste nucleare din Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poligonul_Semipalatinsk" title="Poligonul Semipalatinsk">Poligonul Semipalatinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proliferare_nuclear%C4%83" title="Proliferare nucleară">Proliferare nucleară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiofobie" title="Radiofobie">Radiofobie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%83zboi_nuclear" title="Război nuclear">Război nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Rece" title="Războiul Rece">Războiul Rece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactor_nuclear" title="Reactor nuclear">Reactor nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reac%C8%9Bie_nuclear%C4%83_%C3%AEn_lan%C8%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Reacție nucleară în lanț">Reacție nucleară în lanț</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serie_de_dezintegrare" title="Serie de dezintegrare">Serie de dezintegrare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindromul_iradierii_acute" title="Sindromul iradierii acute">Sindromul iradierii acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_nuclear" title="Test nuclear">Test nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tratatul_de_Neproliferare_Nuclear%C4%83" title="Tratatul de Neproliferare Nucleară">Tratatul de Neproliferare Nucleară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">Uraniu</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaea.org/about/history/atoms-for-peace-speech">IAEA – Atoms for Peace Speech (Dwight D. Eisenhower)</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/31/060/31060372.pdf">IAEA – Nuclear Explosions</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/P061_scr.pdf">IAEA – Safe Handling and Storage of Plutonium</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-pub.iaea.org/books/iaeabooks/8105/Safety-of-Uranium-and-Plutonium-Mixed-Oxide-Fuel-Fabrication-Facilities">IAEA – Safety of Uranium and Plutonium Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facilities</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fissilematerials.org/blog/2017/10/2016_civilian_plutonium_r.html">International Panel on Fissile Materials – 2016 civilian plutonium reports submitted to IAEA</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-nea.org/ndd/reports/1989/nea6519-plutonium-fuel.pdf">OECD – Plutonium Fuel</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/includes/opennet/includes/Understanding%20the%20Atom/Plutonium.pdf">Plutonium (by V.N. Miner)</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/plutonium-watch-tracking-plutonium-inventories">Plutonium Watch (by D. Albright and K. Kramer)</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Elemente_chimice" title="Format:Elemente chimice"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Elemente_chimice" title="Discuție Format:Elemente chimice"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Elemente_chimice&amp;action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">Elemente chimice</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale alcaline </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu">Litiu</a> (3) • <a href="/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu">Sodiu</a> (11) • <a href="/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu">Potasiu</a> (19) • <a href="/wiki/Rubidiu" title="Rubidiu">Rubidiu</a> (37) • <a href="/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu">Cesiu</a> (55) • <a href="/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu">Franciu</a> (87) • <a href="/wiki/Ununenniu" title="Ununenniu">Ununenniu</a> (119)</div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="21"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:TableImage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TableImage.png/80px-TableImage.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TableImage.png/120px-TableImage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TableImage.png/160px-TableImage.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="73" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale alcalino-pământoase </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Beriliu" title="Beriliu">Beriliu</a> (4) • <a href="/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu">Magneziu</a> (12) • <a href="/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu">Calciu</a> (20) • <a href="/wiki/Stron%C8%9Biu" title="Stronțiu">Stronțiu</a> (38) • <a href="/wiki/Bariu" title="Bariu">Bariu</a> (56) • <a href="/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu">Radiu</a> (88) • <a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium">Unbinilium</a> (120)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale tranziționale </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Scandiu" title="Scandiu">Scandiu</a> (21) • <a href="/wiki/Titan" title="Titan">Titan</a> (22) • <a href="/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu">Vanadiu</a> (23) • <a href="/wiki/Crom" title="Crom">Crom</a> (24) • <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> (25) • <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a> (26) • <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> (27) • <a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel">Nichel</a> (28) • <a href="/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru">Cupru</a> (29) • <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> (30) • <a href="/wiki/Ytriu" title="Ytriu">Ytriu</a> (39) • <a href="/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu">Zirconiu</a> (40) • <a href="/wiki/Niobiu" title="Niobiu">Niobiu</a> (41) • <a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden">Molibden</a> (42) • <a href="/wiki/Techne%C8%9Biu" title="Technețiu">Technețiu</a> (43) • <a href="/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu">Ruteniu</a> (44) • <a href="/wiki/Rodiu" title="Rodiu">Rodiu</a> (45) • <a href="/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu">Paladiu</a> (46) • <a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">Argint</a> (47) • <a href="/wiki/Cadmiu" title="Cadmiu">Cadmiu</a> (48) • <a href="/wiki/Hafniu" title="Hafniu">Hafniu</a> (72) • <a href="/wiki/Tantal" title="Tantal">Tantal</a> (73) • <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">Wolfram</a> (74) • <a href="/wiki/Reniu" title="Reniu">Reniu</a> (75) • <a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">Osmiu</a> (76) • <a href="/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu">Iridiu</a> (77) • <a href="/wiki/Platin%C4%83" title="Platină">Platină</a> (78) • <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">Aur</a> (79) • <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element)">Mercur</a> (80) • <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordiu" title="Rutherfordiu">Rutherfordiu</a> (104) • <a href="/wiki/Dubniu" title="Dubniu">Dubniu</a> (105) • <a href="/wiki/Seaborgiu" title="Seaborgiu">Seaborgiu</a> (106) • <a href="/wiki/Bohriu" title="Bohriu">Bohriu</a> (107) • <a href="/wiki/Hassiu" title="Hassiu">Hassiu</a> (108) • <a href="/wiki/Meitneriu" title="Meitneriu">Meitneriu</a> (109) • <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtiu" title="Darmstadtiu">Darmstadtiu</a> (110) • <a href="/wiki/Roentgeniu" title="Roentgeniu">Roentgeniu</a> (111) • <a href="/wiki/Coperniciu" title="Coperniciu">Coperniciu</a> (112) • <a href="/wiki/Nihoniu" title="Nihoniu">Nihoniu</a> (113) • <a href="/wiki/Fleroviu" title="Fleroviu">Fleroviu</a> (114) • <a href="/wiki/Moscoviu" title="Moscoviu">Moscoviu</a> (115) • <a href="/wiki/Livermoriu" title="Livermoriu">Livermoriu</a> (116)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale post-tranziționale </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">Aluminiu</a> (13) • <a href="/wiki/Galiu" title="Galiu">Galiu</a> (31) • <a href="/wiki/Indiu" title="Indiu">Indiu</a> (49) • <a href="/wiki/Staniu" title="Staniu">Staniu</a> (50) • <a href="/wiki/Taliu" title="Taliu">Taliu</a> (81) • <a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb">Plumb</a> (82) • <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bismut</a> (83) • <a href="/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu">Poloniu</a> (84)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metaloizi </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element)">Bor</a> (5) • <a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu">Siliciu</a> (14) • <a href="/wiki/Germaniu" title="Germaniu">Germaniu</a> (32) • <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> (33) • <a href="/wiki/Stibiu" title="Stibiu">Stibiu</a> (51) • <a href="/wiki/Telur" title="Telur">Telur</a> (52)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Nemetale </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a> (1) • <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> (6) • <a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot">Azot</a> (7) • <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">Oxigen</a> (8) • <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">Fosfor</a> (15) • <a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">Sulf</a> (16) • <a href="/wiki/Seleniu" title="Seleniu">Seleniu</a> (34)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Halogeni </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">Fluor</a> (9) • <a href="/wiki/Clor" title="Clor">Clor</a> (17) • <a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">Brom</a> (35) • <a href="/wiki/Iod" title="Iod">Iod</a> (53) • <a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">Astatin</a> (85) • <a href="/wiki/Tennessin" title="Tennessin">Tennessin</a> (117)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Gaze nobile </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">Heliu</a> (2) • <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> (10) • <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> (18) • <a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kripton</a> (36) • <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> (54) • <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> (86) • <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> (118)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Lantanide </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan">Lantan</a> (57) • <a href="/wiki/Ceriu" title="Ceriu">Ceriu</a> (58) • <a href="/wiki/Praseodim" title="Praseodim">Praseodim</a> (59) • <a href="/wiki/Neodim" title="Neodim">Neodim</a> (60) • <a href="/wiki/Prome%C8%9Biu" title="Promețiu">Promețiu</a> (61) • <a href="/wiki/Samariu" title="Samariu">Samariu</a> (62) • <a href="/wiki/Europiu" title="Europiu">Europiu</a> (63) • <a href="/wiki/Gadoliniu" title="Gadoliniu">Gadoliniu</a> (64) <a href="/wiki/Terbiu" title="Terbiu">Terbiu</a> (65) • <a href="/wiki/Disprosiu" title="Disprosiu">Disprosiu</a> (66) • <a href="/wiki/Holmiu" title="Holmiu">Holmiu</a> (67) • <a href="/wiki/Erbiu" title="Erbiu">Erbiu</a> (68) • <a href="/wiki/Tuliu" title="Tuliu">Tuliu</a> (69) • <a href="/wiki/Yterbiu" title="Yterbiu">Yterbiu</a> (70) • <a href="/wiki/Lute%C8%9Biu" title="Lutețiu">Lutețiu</a> (71)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Actinide </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Actiniu" title="Actiniu">Actiniu</a> (89) • <a href="/wiki/Thoriu" title="Thoriu">Thoriu</a> (90) • <a href="/wiki/Protactiniu" title="Protactiniu">Protactiniu</a> (91) • <a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">Uraniu</a> (92) • <a href="/wiki/Neptuniu" title="Neptuniu">Neptuniu</a> (93) • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plutoniu</a> (94) • <a href="/wiki/Americiu" title="Americiu">Americiu</a> (95) • <a href="/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu">Curiu</a> (96) • <a href="/wiki/Berkeliu" title="Berkeliu">Berkeliu</a> (97) • <a href="/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu">Californiu</a> (98) • <a href="/wiki/Einsteiniu" title="Einsteiniu">Einsteiniu</a> (99) • <a href="/wiki/Fermiu" title="Fermiu">Fermiu</a> (100) • <a href="/wiki/Mendeleviu" title="Mendeleviu">Mendeleviu</a> (101) • <a href="/wiki/Nobeliu" title="Nobeliu">Nobeliu</a> (102) • <a href="/wiki/Lawrenciu" title="Lawrenciu">Lawrenciu</a> (103)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Superactinide </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Unbiunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiunium">Unbiunium</a> (121) • <a href="/wiki/Unbibium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbibium">Unbibium</a> (122) • <a href="/wiki/Unbitrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbitrium">Unbitrium</a> (123) • <a href="/wiki/Unbiquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiquadium">Unbiquadium</a> (124) • <a href="/wiki/Unbipentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbipentium">Unbipentium</a> (125) • <a href="/wiki/Unbihexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbihexium">Unbihexium</a> (126) • <a href="/wiki/Unbiseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiseptium">Unbiseptium</a> (127) • <a href="/wiki/Unbioctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbioctium">Unbioctium</a> (128) • <a href="/wiki/Unbiennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiennium">Unbiennium</a> (129) • <a href="/wiki/Untrinilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untrinilium">Untrinilium</a> (130) • <a href="/wiki/Untriunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriunium">Untriunium</a> (131) • <a href="/wiki/Untribium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untribium">Untribium</a> (132) • <a href="/wiki/Untritrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untritrium">Untritrium</a> (133) • <a href="/wiki/Untriquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriquadium">Untriquadium</a> (134) • <a href="/wiki/Untripentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untripentium">Untripentium</a> (135) • <a href="/wiki/Untrihexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untrihexium">Untrihexium</a> (136) • <a href="/wiki/Untriseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriseptium">Untriseptium</a> (137) • <a href="/wiki/Untrioctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untrioctium">Untrioctium</a> (138) • <a href="/wiki/Untriennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriennium">Untriennium</a> (139) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadnilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadnilium">Unquadnilium</a> (140) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadunium">Unquadunium</a> (141) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadbium">Unquadbium</a> (142) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadtrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadtrium">Unquadtrium</a> (143) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadquadium">Unquadquadium</a> (144) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadpentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadpentium">Unquadpentium</a> (145) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadhexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadhexium">Unquadhexium</a> (146) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadseptium">Unquadseptium</a> (147) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadoctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadoctium">Unquadoctium</a> (148) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadennium">Unquadennium</a> (149) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentnilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentnilium">Unpentnilium</a> (150) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentunium">Unpentunium</a> (151) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentbium">Unpentbium</a> (152) • <a href="/wiki/Unpenttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpenttrium">Unpenttrium</a> (153) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentquadium">Unpentquadium</a> (154) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentpentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentpentium">Unpentpentium</a> (155)</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proiectul_Ames&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proiectul Ames — pagină inexistentă">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calutron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Calutron — pagină inexistentă">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proiectul_Dayton" title="Proiectul Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanford_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanford Site — pagină inexistentă">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proiectul_Camel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proiectul Camel — pagină inexistentă">Inyokern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratorul_Na%C8%9Bional_Los_Alamos" title="Laboratorul Național Los Alamos">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montreal_Laboratory&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Montreal Laboratory — pagină inexistentă">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-25&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="K-25 — pagină inexistentă">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinton_Engineer_Works&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinton Engineer Works — pagină inexistentă">Oak Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(test_nuclear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity (test nuclear)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendover_Air_Force_Base&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendover Air Force Base — pagină inexistentă">Wendover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P-9_Project&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="P-9 Project — pagină inexistentă">Site-uri de depozitare</a> ale <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83_grea" title="Apă grea">apei grele</a></i></li></ul> 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style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priscilla_Duffield&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Priscilla Duffield — pagină inexistentă">Priscilla Duffield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Farrell_(general)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Farrell (general) — pagină inexistentă">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lansdale_Jr.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lansdale Jr. — pagină inexistentă">John Lansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._Marshall&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James C. Marshall — pagină inexistentă">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Matthias&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin Matthias — pagină inexistentă">Franklin Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_McKibbin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy McKibbin — pagină inexistentă">Dorothy McKibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Nichols&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Nichols — pagină inexistentă">Kenneth Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Sterling_Parsons&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Sterling Parsons — pagină inexistentă">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Purnell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Purnell — pagină inexistentă">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Spedding&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Spedding — pagină inexistentă">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Allen_Thomas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Allen Thomas — pagină inexistentă">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_L._Uanna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William L. Uanna — pagină inexistentă">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_L._Warren&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stafford L. Warren — pagină inexistentă">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ed_Westcott&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ed Westcott — pagină inexistentă">Ed Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscoe_Charles_Wilson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson — pagină inexistentă">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oameni de știință</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bacher&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Bacher — pagină inexistentă">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" class="mw-redirect" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norris_Bradbury&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Norris Bradbury — pagină inexistentă">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Kistiakowsky&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George Kistiakowsky — pagină inexistentă">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Koval&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George Koval — pagină inexistentă">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Oliphant — pagină inexistentă">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Norman Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Rossi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Rossi — pagină inexistentă">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Slotin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Slotin — pagină inexistentă">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_DeWolf_Smyth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth — pagină inexistentă">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam" title="Stanislaw Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. 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