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It is of beneficial use in analytical applications and in fundamental studies of electrode mechanisms. But the optimised exploitation of this technique is only possible for those with a detailed knowledge of signal generation and of the thermodynamics and kinetics involved. This volume, written by three distinguished experts, systematically delivers the complete and in-depth information that enables both researchers and users of square-wave voltammetry to apply this technique effectively. 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Mirceski • S. Komorsky-Lovric • M. Lovric Editor F. Scholz \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry Theory and Application *2J springer \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry Valentin Mirˇceski Šebojka Komorsky-Lovri ́c Milivoj Lovri ́c \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry. Front Cover.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uH8qtLbsTGsC\u0026pg=PP1\u0026dq=%22Square+wave%22+-wikipedia"},{"page_id":"PP2","snippet_text":"Theory and Application Valentin Mirceski, Sebojka Komorsky-Lovric, Milivoj Lovric. \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry Valentin Mirˇceski Šebojka Komorsky-Lovri ́c Milivoj Lovri ́c \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry Theory and."},{"page_id":"PP3","snippet_text":"... Lovric, Milivoj Lovric. Valentin Mirˇceski Šebojka Komorsky-Lovri ́c Milivoj Lovri ́c \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry Theory and Application 123 Šebojka Komorsky-Lovri ́c Ruder Boškovi ́c Institute Center for Marine and Environmental."},{"page_id":"PP4","snippet_text":"... GmbH, Heidelberg Typesetting and Production: LE-TEX Jelonek, Schmidt \u0026amp; Vöckler GbR, Leipzig Printed on acid-free paper 987654321 springer.com V. Mirˇceski, Š. Komorsky-Lovri ́c, M. Lovri ́c, \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry 1 doi:","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uH8qtLbsTGsC\u0026pg=PP4\u0026dq=%22Square+wave%22+-wikipedia"},{"page_id":"PP5","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry is rather simple and does not afford a deep knowledge of the background, however, this is certainly not the case. For an optimal exploitation of the potential of \u003cb\u003esquare- wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry, it is essential to know\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP6","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Polarography toModernSquare-WaveVoltammetry ......................... 1 1.2 Square-WaveVoltammetry ... \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry of Metal Ions . 35 2.4 Chemical Reactions Coupled to Electrode Reactions . . ........... 39\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uH8qtLbsTGsC\u0026pg=PP6\u0026dq=%22Square+wave%22+-wikipedia"},{"page_id":"PP7","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry at Liquid–Liquid Interface .............163 4.1 Three-Phase Electrodes and Their Application to Measure theEnergyofIonTransferAcrossLiquid ... \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Polarography to Modern \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e viii Contents.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uH8qtLbsTGsC\u0026pg=PP7\u0026dq=%22Square+wave%22+-wikipedia"},{"page_id":"PA1","page_number":"1","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e. Voltammetry. \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry (SWV) is a powerful electrochemical technique that can be applied in both electrokinetic and analytic measurements [1–5]. The technique originates from the Kalousek commutator [6] and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA2","page_number":"2","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e signal was 225Hz, (ii) the current was measured during the last 280μs of each half-cycle and the difference between two successive readings was recorded, and (iii) the measurementwas performedonly once in the life of each\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA3","page_number":"3","snippet_text":"... than the faradaic current. A theoretical example is shown in Fig. 1.6. Generally, the charg- Fig. 1.5 Barker \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e polarogram of electrode reaction (1.1) on 1.1 From \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Polarography to Modern \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry 3."},{"page_id":"PA4","page_number":"4","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e polarogram of electrode reaction (1.1) on dropping mercury electrode. Ψ = I/nFAmc∗O (Df)1/2, frequency ... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e amplitude is small, the difference between the charging currents of the cathodic and anodic half\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA5","page_number":"5","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e signal applied to the dropping mercury electrode. E − E 1/2 = −0.016 V, E − Epzc = 0.1V,C = 40 μF/cm2, R = 10 Ω, Am = 0.01 cm2, D = 9 × 10−6 cm2/s, n = 1 ... \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Polarography to Modern \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry 5."},{"page_id":"PA6","page_number":"6","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e. Voltammetry: Calculations. and. Instrumentation. Figure 1.8 shows the potential-timewaveformof the modern SWV [41]. Comparing to curve (a) in Fig. 1.7, the starting potential is a median of extreme potentials of the \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA7","page_number":"7","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e response. A solution of the diffusion equation for an electrode reaction for repetitive stepwise changes in potential can be obtained by numerical integration [44]. For a stationary planar diffusion model of a simple, fast\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA9","page_number":"9","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e half-period is divided into 25 time increments: d = (50/) . By introducing (1.19) and (1.20) into (1.8), the following system of recursive formulae is obtained: ,F1 = -5(^/2)1/2(l+exp((p1))-1 (1.23) m— 1 ^ = -5(^/2)1/2(l+exp\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA10","page_number":"10","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e polarography [53-58] and \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry [59-65] are mainly of historical interest. Today, many computer-controlled potentiostats/galvanostats providing SWV signal generation are available from numerous manufacturers\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA11","page_number":"11","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry. In: Bard AJ (ed) Electroanalytical chemistry, vol 14. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 209 2. Eccles GN (1991) Crit Rev Anal Chem 22:345 3. Lovri ́c M (2002) \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry. In: Scholz F (ed)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA13","page_number":"13","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e sig- Fig. 2.1 Theoretical \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammogram of fast and reversible electrode. V. Mirˇceski, Š. Komorsky-Lovri ́c, M. Lovri ́c, \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry 13 doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-73740-7, cSpringer 2008 Fig. 2.21\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA14","page_number":"14","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammogram of fast and reversible electrode reaction (1.1). Esw = 50 mV, n = 1,Est −Eθ = 0.3V,t 0 = 0sandΔE = −2 mV. The dimensionless net response (ΔΨ) and its forward (Ψf) and backward (Ψb) components Table 2.1 \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA15","page_number":"15","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e amplitude Table 2.2 Criteria of the reversibility of reaction (1.1). Properties of the response under standard conditions The condition is that the instantaneous currentis sampled during the last few microseconds of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA16","page_number":"16","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA17","page_number":"17","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammogram of quasireversible electrode reaction (1.1); κ = 0.3(a) and 0.05 (b), α = 0.5, nEsw = 50 mV, nΔE = −2mV,t 0 = 0sandE st −Eθ = 0.3V Fig. 2.7 The dependence of the dimensionless net peak current. 2.1 Electrode\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA19","page_number":"19","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA22","page_number":"22","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e frequencies [21]. If the frequency is 200Hz, or lower, the net peak potential is about −1V, but at 500Hz it is about −1.11V. The peaks marked as I and II in Fig. 2.12 can be identified. Kinetic parameters of this reaction\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA24","page_number":"24","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammograms for reduction of 1 mM Zn(II) in 1.0 M KNO3 . ΔE = 5mV, Esw = 25mV.Experimental(......)andbestfitting theoretical (______) currents with f in ascending order of curves: 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500 Hz (reprinted\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA25","page_number":"25","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammogram collected at 10 Hz, background voltammogram subtracted. 1 mM Zn(H) in 1.0 M KNO3. AE = 5 mV, Esw = 25 mV. Experimental ( ) and best fitting theoretical ( ) currents. Theoretical forward and reverse currents\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA26","page_number":"26","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammogram of Eu3+ (0.5 mmoldm−3) in acidified. -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Fig. 2.18a,b SWV of reversible reaction (1.1) on spherical electrode;. 26 2 Electrode Mechanisms. (2.13) (2.14) dT (2.15)"},{"page_id":"PA27","page_number":"27","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammogram of Eu3+ (0.5 mmoldm−3) in acidified 0.1 moldm−3 NaClO4 and its forward (red) and backward (blue) currents. Frequency: 125 s−1; amplitude: 40 mV; step potential: 2 mV; delay time: 30 s; scan direction\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA28","page_number":"28","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA30","page_number":"30","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA32","page_number":"32","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry have been also studied [36]. Microcylindrical electrodes are easier to construct and maintain than microdisk electrodes [37]. Mass transport to a stationary cylinder in quiescent solution is governed by\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA33","page_number":"33","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e amplitude is higher. For the parameters of Fig. 2.22, the ratio of extremes of the components changes from Ip,f/Ip,b = −1.7, for λ \u0026gt; 10, to −1.15, for λ = 1, and −2.9forλ \u0026lt; 0.3. So, the maximum is caused mainly by the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA34","page_number":"34","snippet_text":"... is independent of λ, regardless of \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e amplitude. So, if at the lowest frequency λ \u0026gt; 10, the net peak potential is independent of frequency. On the contrary, if λ \u0026lt; 0.1 at the highest frequency,. 34 2 Electrode Mechanisms."},{"page_id":"PA35","page_number":"35","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e. Voltammetry. of. Metal. Ions. Anodic stripping voltammetry is commonly applied to the analytical determination of a wide range of trace metals capable of forming an amalgam. The method has two stages: first, a preconcentration\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA38","page_number":"38","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA43","page_number":"43","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA44","page_number":"44","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA45","page_number":"45","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA48","page_number":"48","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA50","page_number":"50","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA53","page_number":"53","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e waveform in negative direction. Starting from potentials more positive than Eθ1 ,the O2 can be formed in situ, which then can be detected by negative ongoing potential scan at potentials close to Eθ2 . The experimental model\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA66","page_number":"66","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA67","page_number":"67","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA73","page_number":"73","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA74","page_number":"74","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA75","page_number":"75","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammograms of myoglobin-didodecyldimethyl- ammonium bromide films on a basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes at 200 Hz frequency, 10 mV step height, and different pulse heights. Points are experimental data, and lines\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA76","page_number":"76","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry data of azurin immobilized on edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (PGE) (pH 4.0, 2.0mol/L NaCl) at different frequencies with Esw = 0.15 V. Dashed line: forward current. Dotted line: backward current. Solid\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA77","page_number":"77","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry data of azurin immobilized on 1-decanethiol-modified gold (pH 4.0, 0.1mol/LNa 2SO4) at different frequencies with Esw = 0.15 V. Dashed line:for- ward current. Dotted line: backward current. Solid line: net\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA82","page_number":"82","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA96","page_number":"96","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammogram of 5×10−5 mol/L SUDAN III solution recorded in a borate buffer at pH =10. The experimental conditions are: Eacc = −0.2V,t acc = 30 s, Esw = 30 mV, f = 100 Hz and ΔE = 4mV.Symbols Ic, Ia ,andI net correspond to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA98","page_number":"98","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA99","page_number":"99","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e potential modulation. If the delay period is sufficiently long, the additional adsorption during the potential scan is negligible. Otherwise, the additional adsorption complicates the theoretically expected dependencies, in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA102","page_number":"102","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA109","page_number":"109","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA111","page_number":"111","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA113","page_number":"113","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA116","page_number":"116","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA120","page_number":"120","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA122","page_number":"122","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA125","page_number":"125","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA130","page_number":"130","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry Applied to Thin-Layer Cell \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry applied to experiments with a thin-layer electrochemical cell is a valuable analytical tool for determination of small amounts of ana- lytes [46, 154–157], e.g.\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA133","page_number":"133","snippet_text":"... and splitting of the net peak. The reasons causing these voltammetric features are the same as for surface Fig. 2.93 Theoretical response of a reversible electrode reaction. The 2.7 \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry Applied to Thin-Layer Cell 133."},{"page_id":"PA135","page_number":"135","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry Applied to Thin-Layer Cell 135. L/μm Linear Regression Equation Interval of ks values log(ks) vs. log(fmax) 1 y=1.05x−4.43 y = 0.97x−4.00 y=1.02x−3.87 y=1.42x−4.20 y=1.67x−4.33 −3.2 ≤ log(ks) ≤−2.2 −3\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA137","page_number":"137","snippet_text":"... „ = 0.5 200 160 \u0026gt; 120 E Uj \u0026lt; 80 40 50. 2.7 \u003cb\u003eSquare- Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry Applied to Thin-Layer Cell 137. nEs„ = 80 mV log(A) log(lf) -0.597 \u0026gt;-0.5 -0.547 \u0026gt; -0.5 -0.500 \u0026gt; -0.4 -0.801 \u0026gt; -0.2 -0.324 \u0026gt;-0.1 -0.199 \u0026gt;0.2 -0.102 No splitting."},{"page_id":"PA139","page_number":"139","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry. In: Bard AJ (ed) Electroanalytical chemistry, vol 14. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 209 8. Scholz F, Nitschke L, Henrion G (1988) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 332:805 9. Pelzer J, Scholz F, Henrion G, Nitschke L (1989)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA140","page_number":"140","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry. In: Bard AJ (ed) Electroanalytical chemistry, vol 14. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 209 56. Miles AB, Compton RG (2000) J Phys Chem B 104:5331 57. Miles AB, Compton RG (2001) J Electroanal Chem 499:1 58. Rudolph M\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA142","page_number":"142","snippet_text":"... Quentel F, L\u0026#39;Her M, Pondaven A (2005) Electrochem Commun 7:1122 162. Mirceski V (2003) J Electroanal Chem 545:29 Chapter 3 Applications 3.1 Quantitative Analysis Electroanalyticalapplication of \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry 142 References."},{"page_id":"PA145","page_number":"145","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e anodic stripping voltammetry on glassy carbon electrode coated with Kryptofix-222 [73]. The modification of GCE was accomplished by spin-coating with a methanolic solution of Kryptofix-222, followed by the rinsing with water\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA146","page_number":"146","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare wave\u003c/b\u003e stripping voltammograms of. Table 3.2 Compound Abscisic acid Adriamycin Amlodipine besylate Azithromycin Azobenzene Azosalicylic acids 1 ,4-benzodiazepines Berberine Captopril Cefazolin Cefonicid Cercosporin Cimetidine\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA147","page_number":"147","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare wave\u003c/b\u003e stripping voltammograms of a GCE coated with Kryptofix-222 in a solution of 0.01 M acetate buffer (pH 4.0): (1) Hg(II) free; (2) 1.51×10−12 M Hg(II); (3) 2.89×10−12 M Hg(II); (4) 5.34×10−12 M Hg(II); (5) 1.18×10−11 M Hg\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA149","page_number":"149","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammograms of microparticles of three quinone dyes (lawson, alizarin lake and cochineal red) are shown in Fig. 3.6 [186]. The responses originate from the reduction of quinone group to a diphenol. Figure 3.7 shows SWV of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA151","page_number":"151","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry of simvastatin microparticles in 0.09 M NaClO4 ,pH7.Net response (Inet) and its forward (If) and backward (Ib) components. Frequency is 150 Hz, amplitude is 50 mV and potential increment is 2 mV (reprinted from\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA153","page_number":"153","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e frequency. Experimental conditions are as in Figure 3.10 (reprinted from [190] with permission) net peak currentand theratio of the net peak currentand frequencyon the frequency. The latter relationshipis in maximumfor fmax\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA155","page_number":"155","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry (ASSWV) of 1 ×10−6 M Cd2+. Dependence of peak currents on the accumulation time. Eacc = −0.8V, tacc = 5 s. (1) organic carbon- free water and (2) double- distilled water contaminated by unknown surfactant\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA158","page_number":"158","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA161","page_number":"161","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA162","page_number":"162","snippet_text":"... Macfie G, Atherton JH, Compton RG (2002) Electroanalysis 14:479 249. Bragato C, Daniele S, Baldo MA (2005) Electroanalysis 17:1370 Chapter 4 \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry at Liquid–Liquid Interface Charge transfer phenomena 1 62 References."},{"page_id":"PA163","page_number":"163","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e. Voltammetry. at. Liquid–Liquid. Interface. Charge transfer phenomena across an interface between two ... \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry 163 doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-73740-7, cSpringer 2008 \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry at Liquid–Liquid\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA164","page_number":"164","snippet_text":"... DMFC as a redox probe and nitrobenzene as the organic solvent. The oxidation of DMFC to decamethylferrocenium cation (DMFC+) is coupled to ingress of SCN− from water to. 164 4 \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry at Liquid–Liquid Interface."},{"page_id":"PA166","page_number":"166","snippet_text":"... based on the four-electrode arrangements, due to the narrow polarization window. Moreover, us- Fig. 4.4 a Normalized net voltammograms recorded at the three-phase. 166 4 \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry at Liquid–Liquid Interface."},{"page_id":"PA168","page_number":"168","snippet_text":"... /molandΔnbwGθX− ≤50 kJ/mol, respectively. This intervalcorres- ponds to a potential window of about 1V! 4.2 Analyzing the Kinetics of the Ion Transfer Across Liquid–Liquid 168 4 \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry at Liquid–Liquid Interface."},{"page_id":"PA170","page_number":"170","snippet_text":"... the potential at the GE–O interface and the potential difference between the electrode and the aqueous phase GE–W that is Fig. 4.8 Effect of the type of the aqueous ions 170 4 \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry at Liquid–Liquid Interface."},{"page_id":"PA172","page_number":"172","snippet_text":"... (W) corres- ponds to the simultaneous alteration of both ρ1 and ρ2. Therefore, in the real ex- Fig. 4.9 Coupled electron–ion transfer reaction controlled by the ion 172 4 \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry at Liquid–Liquid Interface."},{"page_id":"PA176","page_number":"176","snippet_text":"... mol/L. All other conditions are the same as in the caption of Fig. 4.7 (W) = 0.5andc∗ X − (nb) (with permission from [30]) References 1. Beni V, Ghita M, Arrigan DWM (2005) Biosens. 176 4 \u003cb\u003eSquare-Wave\u003c/b\u003e Voltammetry at Liquid–Liquid Interface."},{"page_id":"PA181","page_number":"181","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA187","page_number":"187","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA191","page_number":"191","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry. He is a contributing author of the “Electrochemical Dictionary” (Springer, in press). In 2006, his research achievements have been recognized by the French Chemical Society by awarding him the “Young\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA197","page_number":"197","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e polarography 2 Benzocaine 149 1,4-benzodiazepines 146 Benzoylecgonine 145 Berberine 108, 146 Beryllium(II)-arsenazo-I 147 Bipyridinium oximes 145 Bismuth 143, 154 Bismuth(III)-morin complex 147 Boron 149 Butler-Volmer\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uH8qtLbsTGsC\u0026pg=PA197\u0026dq=%22Square+wave%22+-wikipedia"},{"page_id":"PA199","page_number":"199","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry 6 Myoglobin 70 N Naphthoquinone dyes Nernst equation 8 149 Net response 7, 13 peak current 13 Nickel 143, 149. Imidacloprid 146 Indigo 70, 149, 152 Indium 143, 145, 154 Instruments for \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry 10\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uH8qtLbsTGsC\u0026pg=PA199\u0026dq=%22Square+wave%22+-wikipedia"},{"page_id":"PA200","page_number":"200","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e 2 Potential accumulation 7 half-wave 1 increment 6 IRdrop 16 peak 13,20 standard 8 starting 22 Potential-time waveform of \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e voltammetry 6 Preconcentration 7 Probucol 70, 149, 152 Procaine 149 Pulse amplitude 6\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uH8qtLbsTGsC\u0026pg=PA200\u0026dq=%22Square+wave%22+-wikipedia"},{"page_id":"PA201","page_number":"201","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esquare-wave\u003c/b\u003e 6 staircase 5 147 Y Z Zinc 22, 143, 149, 154 Zirconium 149. Tarabine PFS 146 Tetramethrin 146 Thallium 143 Thin-film electrode 132, 169 Thin-layer cell 130,179 Thin mercury film electrode 32 Thiols 149 Thionicotinoylanilide\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uH8qtLbsTGsC\u0026pg=PA201\u0026dq=%22Square+wave%22+-wikipedia"}],"search_query_escaped":"\u0026quot;Square wave\u0026quot; -wikipedia"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>