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<span>Multiple metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requirements_for_a_coinage_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirements_for_a_coinage_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Requirements for a coinage metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requirements_for_a_coinage_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_elements_used_in_circulating_coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_elements_used_in_circulating_coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chemical elements used in circulating coins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_elements_used_in_circulating_coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-circulating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-circulating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Non-circulating</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-circulating-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-circulating subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-circulating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Element_Series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Element_Series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Element Series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Element_Series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-metallic_materials_used_for_circulating_coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-metallic_materials_used_for_circulating_coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Non-metallic materials used for circulating coins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-metallic_materials_used_for_circulating_coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Numismatics" title="Category:Numismatics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">the study of currency</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg/120px-AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg/180px-AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg/240px-AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_numismatics" title="Glossary of numismatics">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_money" title="Counterfeit money">Forgery</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currencies" title="List of currencies">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_circulating_currencies" title="List of circulating currencies">Circulating currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Africa" title="Category:Currencies of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Category:Currencies of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Europe" title="Category:Currencies of Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_North_America" title="Category:Currencies of North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_South_America" title="Category:Currencies of South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Oceania" title="Category:Currencies of Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_scrip" title="Company scrip">Company scrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_exchange_trading_system" title="Local exchange trading system">LETS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time dollars</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Fictional_currency" title="Fictional currency">Fictional currencies</a></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_currencies" title="List of proposed currencies">Proposed currencies</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_money" title="History of money">History of money</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">Historical currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksumite_currency" title="Aksumite currency">Aksumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid currency">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Philippine_money" title="History of Philippine money">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_money" title="History of Thai money">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Tibetan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_currencies" title="Category:Medieval currencies">Medieval currencies</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Production</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currency_designers" title="Category:Currency designers">Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coining_(mint)" title="Coining (mint)">Coining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milled_coinage" title="Milled coinage">Milling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammered_coinage" title="Hammered coinage">Hammering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_coinage" title="Cast coinage">Cast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint-made_errors" title="Mint-made errors">Errors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Collection</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Coin_collecting" title="Coin collecting">Coin collecting</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coin" title="Commemorative coin">Commemorative coins</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">Bullion coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_grading" title="Coin grading">Grading</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Notaphily" title="Notaphily">Notaphily</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_banknote" title="Commemorative banknote">Commemorative banknotes</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Exonumia" title="Exonumia">Exonumia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeton" title="Jeton">Jetons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">Medals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Token_coin" title="Token coin">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrip" title="Scrip">Scrips</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Scripophily" title="Scripophily">Scripophily</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">Stocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">Bonds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/16px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/24px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/32px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/16px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/24px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numismatics" title="Template:Numismatics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numismatics" title="Template talk:Numismatics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numismatics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numismatics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Periodic table forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#Detailed_table" title="Periodic table">18-column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#The_long-_or_32-column_table" title="Periodic table">32-column</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternative</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>and<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">extended</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>forms</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">Periodic table history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">D. Mendeleev</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Discovery of elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asia</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">Systematic element names</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></b></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By periodic table structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a> (1–18)</b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 1 element"><span title="Group 1 — hydrogen group, all s¹ elements">1</span></a> (<a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal"><span title="Part of group 1: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr — lithium family, s¹ metals" class="nowrap"><i>alkali metals</i></span></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal"><span title="Group 2: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra — beryllium group, s² metals" class="nowrap">2 <i>(alkaline earth metals)</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element"><span title="Group 3: Sc, Y… — scandium group, s² d¹ metals">3</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element"><span title="Group 4: Ti, Zr, Hf, Rf — titanium and analogs, transition metals with 4 valence electrons">4</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element"><span title="Group 5: V, Nb, Ta, Db — vanadium and analogs, transition metals with 5 valence electrons">5</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element"><span title="Group 6: Cr, Mo, W, Sg — chromium and analogs, transition metals with 6 valence electrons">6</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element"><span title="Group 7: Mn, Tc, Re, Bh — manganese and analogs, transition metals with 7 valence electrons">7</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element"><span title="Group 8: Fe, Ru, Os, Hs — iron and analogs, transition metals with 8 valence electrons">8</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element"><span title="Group 9: Co, Rh, Ir, Mt — cobalt and analogs, transition metals with 9 valence electrons">9</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element"><span title="Group 10: Ni, Pd, Pt, Ds — nickel and analogs, transition metals with 10 valence electrons">10</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element"><span title="Group 11: Cu, Ag, Au, Rg — coinage metals, transition metals with 11 valence electrons">11</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element"><span title="Group 12: Zn, Cd, Hg, Cn — zinc group, s² d¹⁰ metals">12</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group"><span title="Group 13: B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Nh — boron group, s² p¹ elements">13</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group"><span title="Group 14: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Fl — carbon group, s² p² elements">14</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen"><span title="Group 15: N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Mc — nitrogen group, s² p³ elements" class="nowrap">15 <i>(pnictogens)</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen"><span title="Group 16: O, S, Se, Te, Po, Lv — oxygen group, s² p⁴ elements" class="nowrap">16 <i>(chalcogens)</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen"><span title="Group 17: F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts — fluorine group, s² p⁵ elements" class="nowrap">17 <i>(halogens)</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas"><span title="Group 18: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Og — elements having a complete valence shell" class="nowrap">18 <i>(noble gases)</i></span></a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a> (1–7, ...)</b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element"><span title="Period 1: H, He, Z = 1–2">1</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element"><span title="Period 2: Li … Ne, Z = 3–10">2</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element"><span title="Period 3: Na … Ar, Z = 11–18">3</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element"><span title="Period 4: K … Kr, Z = 19–36">4</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element"><span title="Period 5: Rb … Xe, Z = 37–54">5</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element"><span title="Period 6: Cs … Rn, Z = 55–86">6</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element"><span title="Period 7: Fr … Og, Z = 87–118">7</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table"><span title="Periods 8+: Z = 119 …: Afbau, Fricke, and Pyykkö models">8+</span></a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a> (s, p, d, f, ...)</b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">Atomic orbitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallic classification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">dividing metals and nonmetals</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">nonmetal halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_metal" title="Light metal">Light metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main-group_element" title="Main-group element">Main-group elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium</a> elements</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">minor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">trans-</a> actinides</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></b></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">List of chemical elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">by abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in human body</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">by atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">by isotope stability</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">by symbol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties of elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass" title="Relative atomic mass">Relative atomic mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">configuration</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Allen_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Pauling_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Pauling</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Data pages for elements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">affinity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li>Heat <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">capacity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">of fusion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li>Thermal <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">conductivity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#eeeeff;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry Portal</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>coinage metals</b> comprise those metallic <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> which have been used to mint coins. Historically, most coinage metals are from the three nonradioactive members of <a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">group 11</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>: <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>. Copper is usually augmented with <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> or other metals to form <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>. Gold, silver and bronze or copper were the principal coinage metals of the ancient world, the medieval period and into the <a href="/wiki/Late_modern_period" title="Late modern period">late modern period</a> when the diversity of coinage metals increased. Coins are often made from more than one metal, either using alloys, <a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">coatings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cladding_(metalworking)" title="Cladding (metalworking)">cladding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">plating</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Bi-metallic_coin" title="Bi-metallic coin">bimetallic</a> configurations. While coins are primarily made from metal, some non-metallic materials have also been used.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayton_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coinage_metals&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early coinage made from metal came into use during the <a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Greek world</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">northern India</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">China</a>, as coins became a widespread embodiment of <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bronze, gold, silver and <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a> (a naturally occurring pale yellow mixture of gold and silver that was further alloyed with silver and copper) were used. Silver coins from about 700 BC, are known from <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> Island.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early electrum coins from <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> date from about 650 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a> in 6th century BC, was also one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gold <a href="/wiki/Croeseid" title="Croeseid">Croeseids</a>, issued in <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, were the first true <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold coins</a> with a standardized purity for general circulation. The gold and silver Croeseids formed the world's first <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">bimetallic monetary system</a>, c. 550 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-WM49_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM49-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Persian_daric" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian daric">Persian daric</a> was also an early gold coin which, along with a similar silver coin, the <a href="/wiki/Siglos" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglos">siglos</a>, (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> σίγλος, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> שֶׁקֶל (<a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">shékel</a>)) represented the bimetallic monetary standard of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid currency">Achaemenid Persian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These coins were also very well known in the Persian and <a href="/wiki/Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanids">Sassanids</a> era, most notably, in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a> were used historically in <a href="/wiki/Commodity_money" title="Commodity money">commodity money</a> and are found in <a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">bullion coins</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Coin_collecting" title="Coin collecting">collectable coins</a>. Coins functioning as <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat money</a> are now made from a larger variety of <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base metals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multiple_metals">Multiple metals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coinage_metals&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Multiple metals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coins may be composed of multiple metals using alloys, coatings, or bimetallic forms. Coin alloys include bronze, electrum and <a href="/wiki/Cupronickel" title="Cupronickel">cupronickel</a>. Plating, cladding or other coating methods are used to form an outer layer of metal and are typically used to replace a more expensive metal while retaining the former appearance. For example, <a href="/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)" title="Penny (United States coin)">United States cents</a> since 1982 are zinc with copper-plating, and thus retain their prior copper look while having a less expensive composition.<sup id="cite_ref-cent_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cent-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coatings may also be used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Debasement" title="Debasement">debasement</a> in commodity money. Bimetallic coins are used for their distinctive appearance and generally have an outer ring of one metal or alloy surrounding a center of contrasting metal.<sup id="cite_ref-fleur_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fleur-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements_for_a_coinage_metal">Requirements for a coinage metal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coinage_metals&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Requirements for a coinage metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coins that are intended for circulation may circulate for decades and thus must have excellent resistance to wear and <a href="/wiki/Corrosion#Resistance_to_corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>. Achieving this goal typically necessitates the use of base metal alloys. In addition, some metals, such as manganese, are unsuitable as they are too hard to take an impression well or are apt to wear out stamping machines at the mint. </p><p>When minting coins, especially low denomination coins, there is a risk that the value of metal within a coin is greater than the <a href="/wiki/Face_value" title="Face value">face value</a>, leading to negative <a href="/wiki/Seigniorage" title="Seigniorage">seigniorage</a>. This leads to the possibility of smelters taking coins and melting them down for the scrap value of the metal. Pre-1992 British <a href="/wiki/Penny" title="Penny">pennies</a> were made of 97% copper; but as of 2008, based on the price of copper, the value of a penny from this period is 1.5 new-pence. <a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British decimal coin)">Modern British pennies</a> are now made of copper-plated steel. </p><p>Cupronickel, a base metal alloy with varying proportions of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, was introduced as a cheaper alternative for silver in coinage. Cupronickel, most commonly 75% copper, 25% nickel, has a silver color, is hard wearing and has excellent striking properties, essential for the design of the coin to be pressed accurately and quickly during manufacture. However, in the 21st century with the prices of both copper and nickel rising, it has become common to experiment with various alloys of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, often <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> as an even cheaper alternative. For example, in India some coins have been made from a stainless steel that contains 82% iron, 18% chromium, and many other countries that have minted coins that contain metals now worth nearly the coin face-value, are experimenting with various steel alloys. Italy had earlier experimented with <a href="/wiki/Acmonital" title="Acmonital">acmonital</a>, a stainless steel alloy, for its coins.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of more exotic metals have been used to make demonstration or <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_issue" title="Fantasy issue">fantasy coins</a> which have not been used to make monetized coins for a nation-state. Some of these elements would make excellent coins in theory (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>). More expensive metals that are intrinsically valuable as commodities are less practical as coinage due to their cost, but could be used for bullion coins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_elements_used_in_circulating_coins">Chemical elements used in circulating coins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coinage_metals&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemical elements used in circulating coins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coinage_metals&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Element</th> <th>Example usage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></td> <td>First issued 1907 for circulation by East Africa & Uganda Protectorates, though earlier patterns exist </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a></td> <td>Used in Guizhou, China 10 cents coin of 1931. Used in medallion medal alloys </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a></td> <td>In all steel and iron coins. A few "pressed galvanic coal" <a href="/wiki/Notgeld" title="Notgeld">Notgeld</a> coins were minted during <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">hyperinflation</a> in post <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">WWI</a> Germany </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></td> <td>Used for plating coins and in some rare hard stainless steel coins </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">Many coins throughout history were made of gold, silver and copper. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">Gold</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></td> <td>Numerous Chinese cash coins were made of iron, with the first being issued by the Han dynasty in 118 BCE. From 1942 through 1952, some of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a> coins – such as the 1, 2 and 5 öre – were made of iron. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a></td> <td>Most commonly seen in southeast Asian coinage. Certain 19th-century Japanese coins are also made of lead, such as those issued by Yonezawa in the 1860s. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></td> <td>American wartime "silver nickels" were composed of 56% copper, 35% silver, and 9% manganese. The reason given for this composition is that it matched the magnetic and electrical properties of 75% copper/25% nickel nickels, which was important for vending machines. Modern American dollars contain a small amount of manganese. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></td> <td>Magnesium-aluminum coins were issued in 1943 for the <a href="/wiki/Lodz_Ghetto_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodz Ghetto mark">Lodz Ghetto mark</a> in Poland. Magnesium is a minor additive in many aluminum coins; this alloy is called <a href="/wiki/Magnalium" title="Magnalium">magnalium</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></td> <td>Used unknowingly in alloys since antiquity. The first pure nickel coin was the Swiss 20 Rappen of 1881. A book published by the International Nickel Company of Canada in 1933 lists dozens of coins minted out of nickel. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum_coin" title="Platinum coin">Platinum</a></td> <td>The Russian 3, 6, and 12 ruble coins of Nicholas I, issued 1828–1845, were the world's only circulating platinum coins. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> coins have been issued. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a></td> <td>Portuguese Malacca 1521–1557 bastardo; Malaysia tin hat money; Great Britain farthing and halfpenny 1684–1692; Thailand satangs from the 1940s. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td> <td>Twelfth century Indian coins were made of zinc. Vietnamese cash coins of the 1800s were made of zinc, as was the Vietnamese Tonkin 1/600 piastre of 1905. Zinc was a common metal of choice for American <a href="/wiki/Token_coin" title="Token coin">"good-for" tokens</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obverse_Of_Token_From_1887_American_Exhibition_In_London_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An aluminium token coin from the 1887 American Exhibition in London. At the time, aluminium was complex to produce and more valuable than silver"><img alt="An aluminium token coin from the 1887 American Exhibition in London. At the time, aluminium was complex to produce and more valuable than silver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Obverse_Of_Token_From_1887_American_Exhibition_In_London_England.jpg/117px-Obverse_Of_Token_From_1887_American_Exhibition_In_London_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Obverse_Of_Token_From_1887_American_Exhibition_In_London_England.jpg/175px-Obverse_Of_Token_From_1887_American_Exhibition_In_London_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Obverse_Of_Token_From_1887_American_Exhibition_In_London_England.jpg/234px-Obverse_Of_Token_From_1887_American_Exhibition_In_London_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1661" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An aluminium token coin from the 1887 <a href="/wiki/American_Exhibition" title="American Exhibition">American Exhibition</a> in London. At the time, aluminium was complex to produce and more valuable than silver</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Se_5_%C3%B6re_1950a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1950 iron Swedish krona coin, with face value of 5 öre"><img alt="A 1950 iron Swedish krona coin, with face value of 5 öre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Se_5_%C3%B6re_1950a.jpg/120px-Se_5_%C3%B6re_1950a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Se_5_%C3%B6re_1950a.jpg/180px-Se_5_%C3%B6re_1950a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Se_5_%C3%B6re_1950a.jpg/240px-Se_5_%C3%B6re_1950a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1950 iron <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a> coin, with face value of 5 öre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_de_Janeiro_4000_reis_1812_av.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An 1812 gold 4000 réis coin from colonial Brazil"><img alt="An 1812 gold 4000 réis coin from colonial Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rio_de_Janeiro_4000_reis_1812_av.jpg/119px-Rio_de_Janeiro_4000_reis_1812_av.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rio_de_Janeiro_4000_reis_1812_av.jpg/179px-Rio_de_Janeiro_4000_reis_1812_av.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rio_de_Janeiro_4000_reis_1812_av.jpg/239px-Rio_de_Janeiro_4000_reis_1812_av.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="707" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An 1812 gold 4000 <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real_(old)" title="Brazilian real (old)">réis</a> coin from colonial Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BMC_193.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver drachma from the island of Aegina, after 404 BC"><img alt="Silver drachma from the island of Aegina, after 404 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BMC_193.jpg/120px-BMC_193.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BMC_193.jpg/180px-BMC_193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BMC_193.jpg/240px-BMC_193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silver drachma from the island of <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>, after 404 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIII_Double_Tournois,_1614_(35364492192)_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1614 copper double tournois from France"><img alt="A 1614 copper double tournois from France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Louis_XIII_Double_Tournois%2C_1614_%2835364492192%29_-_2.jpg/120px-Louis_XIII_Double_Tournois%2C_1614_%2835364492192%29_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Louis_XIII_Double_Tournois%2C_1614_%2835364492192%29_-_2.jpg/180px-Louis_XIII_Double_Tournois%2C_1614_%2835364492192%29_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Louis_XIII_Double_Tournois%2C_1614_%2835364492192%29_-_2.jpg/240px-Louis_XIII_Double_Tournois%2C_1614_%2835364492192%29_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2224" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1614 copper <a href="/wiki/Livre_tournois" title="Livre tournois">double tournois</a> from France</div> </li> </ul> <p>In 1992, twenty-four chemical elements used in world coinage were documented by Jay and Marieli Roe in an award-winning exhibit and publication: aluminum, antimony, carbon, cobalt, copper, gold, hafnium, iron, lead, magnesium, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, rhenium, silver, tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zinc and zirconium.<sup id="cite_ref-24-1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24-1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24-2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24-2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chromium and manganese, however, were not mentioned, even though both elements had been used in common circulation coins (Canada wartime V nickels and US wartime Jefferson nickels, respectively) long before the article's publication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-circulating">Non-circulating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coinage_metals&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Non-circulating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chemical elements used in non-circulating commemorative, demo, bullion or fantasy coins, medals, patterns, and trial strikes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a>: 1828 medal made by G. Loos for the marriage of Heinrich von Dechen, "of Silesian cadmium".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a>: 2005 Cameroon 750 CFA francs struck in cobalt-plated iron.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a>: Fred Zinkann demo coin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a>: 2013 <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">25</span></span> oz</i> 10 franc bullion coin issued by Rwanda as part of "Noble Five" precious metals set.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a>: Demo coin, Fred Zinkann. 2008 1 tr oz coins by Coins By Design, Murray Buckner (mintage 250).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a>: Austria has issued a number of bimetallic 25 euro coins with a niobium center.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_coin" title="Palladium coin">Palladium</a>: First issued 1966 by Sierra Leone. Also presentation sets from Tonga and bullion coins of various countries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a>: Fred Zinkann fantasy pieces, Pope Matthew Triple Ducat and Malvinas 5 Australes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a>: 2014 <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">25</span></span> oz</i> 10 franc bullion coin issued by Rwanda as part of "Noble Six" precious metals set. Also Cohen Mint bullion round.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a>: 1967 <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tongan_pa%CA%BBanga" title="Tongan paʻanga">Hau</a></i> from Tonga was 98% palladium and 2% ruthenium.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a>: 1862 medal in UK Science Museum, commemorating <a href="/wiki/Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Berzelius">Berzelius</a>, discoverer of the element.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a>: Privately struck US quarter patterns dated 1964 (Pollock-5380) in nickel-silicon alloy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a>: Used in a bimetallic silver-tantalum coin from Kazakhstan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a>: 1896 Hungarian mining medal. Reproductions exist from 1975.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a>: First issued 1999 by Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria has made bimetallic silver/titanium commemoratives.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a>: While Tungsten alloys are too hard for practical use, a few private demos have been struck for experimentation, e.g. Fred Zinkann US half eagle patterns.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a>: Two types of a German medal of native uranium.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a>: 2011 1 Troy ounce coins by Coins By Design, Murray Buckner (mintage 20).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a>: 2012 1 Troy ounce coins, including 50 black & 50 Rainbow, by Coins By Design, Murray Buckner (mintage 500).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Element_Series">Element Series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coinage_metals&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Element Series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 2006, Dave Hamric (Metallium)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been attempting to strike "coins" (technically tokens or medals, about the size of a US cent) of every stable chemical element. He has struck tokens of the following elements, apparently not only metals: <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> (reactive, sealed in glass capsule), <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> (mixed with binder, sealed in resin cast), <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (reactive, sealed in glass capsule), <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> (mixed with binder, sealed in resin cast), <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a> (reactive, sealed in glass capsule), <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a> (reactive, sealed in glass capsule), <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">holmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> (reactive, sealed in glass capsule), <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> (sealed in resin cast, containing the expected coin-weight of liquid mercury), <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a> (reactive, sealed in glass capsule), <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (mixed with binder, sealed in resin cast), <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a> (reactive, sealed in glass capsule), <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">samarium</a> (reactive, sealed in glass capsule), <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> (reactive, sealed in glass capsule), <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> (extremely poisonous; lead token clad on one side with thallium foil and sealed in resin), <a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">thulium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> (not offered for sale),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-metallic_materials_used_for_circulating_coins">Non-metallic materials used for circulating coins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coinage_metals&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-metallic materials used for circulating coins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Material </th> <th colspan="2">Example of usage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp-moneyRussia1915_15k.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Stamp-moneyRussia1915_15k.jpg/164px-Stamp-moneyRussia1915_15k.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Stamp-moneyRussia1915_15k.jpg/246px-Stamp-moneyRussia1915_15k.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Stamp-moneyRussia1915_15k.jpg/328px-Stamp-moneyRussia1915_15k.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="370" /></a></span> </td> <td>Cardboard, 15 <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">kopecks</a> (1915, Russian Empire) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics">Ceramics</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%BCnberg_in_Schlesien,_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra,_1922,_75_Pf,_Burg,_Keramik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gr%C3%BCnberg_in_Schlesien%2C_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra%2C_1922%2C_75_Pf%2C_Burg%2C_Keramik.jpg/150px-Gr%C3%BCnberg_in_Schlesien%2C_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra%2C_1922%2C_75_Pf%2C_Burg%2C_Keramik.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gr%C3%BCnberg_in_Schlesien%2C_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra%2C_1922%2C_75_Pf%2C_Burg%2C_Keramik.jpg/225px-Gr%C3%BCnberg_in_Schlesien%2C_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra%2C_1922%2C_75_Pf%2C_Burg%2C_Keramik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gr%C3%BCnberg_in_Schlesien%2C_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra%2C_1922%2C_75_Pf%2C_Burg%2C_Keramik.jpg/300px-Gr%C3%BCnberg_in_Schlesien%2C_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra%2C_1922%2C_75_Pf%2C_Burg%2C_Keramik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span> </td> <td>75 pfennig, <a href="/wiki/Notgeld" title="Notgeld">notgeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra" title="Zielona Góra">Zielona Góra</a> (then Grünberg in Schlesien), 1922 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> or similar </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1000_Mark_1922_Conradty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1000_Mark_1922_Conradty.jpg/200px-1000_Mark_1922_Conradty.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1000_Mark_1922_Conradty.jpg/300px-1000_Mark_1922_Conradty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1000_Mark_1922_Conradty.jpg/400px-1000_Mark_1922_Conradty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6803" data-file-height="3385" /></a></span> </td> <td>1000 mark private <a href="/wiki/Notgeld" title="Notgeld">notgeld</a>, Conradty Company, 1922) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchukuo_fiber_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Manchukuo_fiber_coin.jpg/180px-Manchukuo_fiber_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Manchukuo_fiber_coin.jpg/270px-Manchukuo_fiber_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Manchukuo_fiber_coin.jpg/360px-Manchukuo_fiber_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td>1 and 5 fen coins, <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, 1944–45. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a> </td> <td colspan="2">The Poland 10 zloty coin of 2008 has a glass center, as does a Congo 1000 francs coin issued in 2015. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">Leather</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian-American_Co_-_1_Ruble_(7559).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Russian-American_Co_-_1_Ruble_%287559%29.jpg/104px-Russian-American_Co_-_1_Ruble_%287559%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Russian-American_Co_-_1_Ruble_%287559%29.jpg/157px-Russian-American_Co_-_1_Ruble_%287559%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Russian-American_Co_-_1_Ruble_%287559%29.jpg/209px-Russian-American_Co_-_1_Ruble_%287559%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="3363" /></a></span> </td> <td>Leather rubles of the <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a> in Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American depression scrip in the 1930s. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:50_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_1923_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/50_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_1923_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81.png/85px-50_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_1923_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/50_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_1923_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81.png/127px-50_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_1923_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/50_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_1923_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81.png/170px-50_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_1923_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81.png 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="304" /></a></span> </td> <td>Paper 50 <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">kopecks</a> (1923, Soviet Russia). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> issued coins made out of the pages of prayer books in 1574 as an emergency issue, making them the first issuers outside of China to issue paper money. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-1-Rubel-Prednistrojen-Kursmuenze-Avers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2014-1-Rubel-Prednistrojen-Kursmuenze-Avers.jpg/150px-2014-1-Rubel-Prednistrojen-Kursmuenze-Avers.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2014-1-Rubel-Prednistrojen-Kursmuenze-Avers.jpg/225px-2014-1-Rubel-Prednistrojen-Kursmuenze-Avers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2014-1-Rubel-Prednistrojen-Kursmuenze-Avers.jpg/300px-2014-1-Rubel-Prednistrojen-Kursmuenze-Avers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="848" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transnistrian_rubla" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnistrian rubla">Transnistrian rubla</a> coins </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Porcelain_money" title="Porcelain money">Porcelain money</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitzingen,_Bavaria_50_Pfennig_1921_Porcelain_Notgeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kitzingen%2C_Bavaria_50_Pfennig_1921_Porcelain_Notgeld.jpg/160px-Kitzingen%2C_Bavaria_50_Pfennig_1921_Porcelain_Notgeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kitzingen%2C_Bavaria_50_Pfennig_1921_Porcelain_Notgeld.jpg/240px-Kitzingen%2C_Bavaria_50_Pfennig_1921_Porcelain_Notgeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kitzingen%2C_Bavaria_50_Pfennig_1921_Porcelain_Notgeld.jpg/320px-Kitzingen%2C_Bavaria_50_Pfennig_1921_Porcelain_Notgeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="1119" /></a></span> </td> <td>Porcelain 50 Pfennig <a href="/wiki/Notgeld" title="Notgeld">Notgeld</a> (1927, Bavaria) produced at the Meissen Porcelain Works<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Silk money from <a href="/wiki/Khorezm_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorezm Region">Khorezm</a>, in Uzbekistan<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other central Asian countries around the 1930s. Bielefeld notgeld in the 1920s. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone">Stone</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yap_Stone_Money.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yap_Stone_Money.jpg/123px-Yap_Stone_Money.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yap_Stone_Money.jpg/184px-Yap_Stone_Money.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yap_Stone_Money.jpg/245px-Yap_Stone_Money.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="735" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rai_stones" title="Rai stones">Rai stones</a> from <a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a> island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Used in Japan in the 1860s, for Austrian and German notgelds in the 1920s, and Tenino in the 1930s. A Congo 5 francs coin issued in 2006 was perhaps the first 'official' wooden coin. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coinage_metals&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billon_(alloy)" title="Billon (alloy)">Billon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italma" title="Italma">Italma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_(alloy)" title="Melchior (alloy)">Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Gold" title="Nordic Gold">Nordic Gold</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coinage_metals&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Clayton-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClayton2020" class="citation web cs1">Clayton, Tony (28 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coins-of-the-uk.co.uk/pics/metal.html">"Metals Used in Coins and Medals"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metals+Used+in+Coins+and+Medals&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coins-of-the-uk.co.uk%2Fpics%2Fmetal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoinage+metals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFocardi2018" class="citation book cs1">Focardi, Sergio M. (19 March 2018). "3.1: Some brief remarks on money throughout history". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ARdSDwAAQBAJ"><i>Money: What It Is, How It's Created, Who Gets It, and Why It Matters</i></a>. Economics in the Real World. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315391045" title="Special:BookSources/9781315391045"><bdi>9781315391045</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>The idea of coinage follows almost naturally from the use of metal as a commodity for exchange. [...] Graeber [...] connects the Axial Age to the first coinage, noting that the three parts of the world where coins were first used correspond to the very parts of the world where religious and philosophical creativity thrived, that is, the kingdoms and city-states around the shores of the Aegean Sea, in the Ganges valley in northern India, and around the Yellow River in China [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.1%3A+Some+brief+remarks+on+money+throughout+history&rft.btitle=Money%3A+What+It+Is%2C+How+It%27s+Created%2C+Who+Gets+It%2C+and+Why+It+Matters&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.series=Economics+in+the+Real+World&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.isbn=9781315391045&rft.aulast=Focardi&rft.aufirst=Sergio+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DARdSDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoinage+metals" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snible.org/coins/hn/aegina.html">"Ancient coinage of Aegina"</a>. <i>snible.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=snible.org&rft.atitle=Ancient+coinage+of+Aegina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnible.org%2Fcoins%2Fhn%2Faegina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoinage+metals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rg.ancients.info/lion/article.html">"World's Oldest Coin - First Coins"</a>. <i>rg.ancients.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rg.ancients.info&rft.atitle=World%27s+Oldest+Coin+-+First+Coins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frg.ancients.info%2Flion%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoinage+metals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History of the rupee</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WM49-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WM49_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2016" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, William E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=trkUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199372188" title="Special:BookSources/9780199372188"><bdi>9780199372188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Greek+and+Roman+Coinage&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780199372188&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtrkUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoinage+metals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iranica_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Alram, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/daric">"DARIC"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>, December 15, 1994, last updated November 17, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cent-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cent_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2019" class="citation web cs1">Potter, Ken (May 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.numismaticnews.net/world-coins/second-1982-d-small-date-copper-alloy-lincoln-cent-discovered">"Second 1982-D Small Date Copper Alloy Lincoln Cent Discovered"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+1982-D+Small+Date+Copper+Alloy+Lincoln+Cent+Discovered&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.numismaticnews.net%2Fworld-coins%2Fsecond-1982-d-small-date-copper-alloy-lincoln-cent-discovered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoinage+metals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fleur-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fleur_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fleur-de-coin.com/articles/bi-metallic">"History of Bimetallic Coins"</a>. <i>www.fleur-de-coin.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fleur-de-coin.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Bimetallic+Coins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fleur-de-coin.com%2Farticles%2Fbi-metallic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoinage+metals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times_Archives1939" class="citation news cs1">New York Times Archives (1939-06-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10F12F93A58127A93C6A9178DD85F4D8385F9">"COINS OF STEEL ALLOY FOR ITALY"</a>. New Netherlands Coin Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"World's Coinage Uses 24 Chemical Elements (Part 1)". <i>World Coin News</i>. pp. 24–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Coin+News&rft.atitle=World%27s+Coinage+Uses+24+Chemical+Elements+%28Part+1%29&rft.pages=24-25&rft.date=1992-02-17&rft.aulast=Roe&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft.au=Roe%2C+Marieli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoinage+metals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24-2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24-2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeRoe1992" class="citation news cs1">Roe, Jay; Roe, Marieli (1992-03-02). "World's Coinage Uses 24 Chemical Elements (Part 2)". <i>World Coin News</i>. pp. 18–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Coin+News&rft.atitle=World%27s+Coinage+Uses+24+Chemical+Elements+%28Part+2%29&rft.pages=18-19&rft.date=1992-03-02&rft.aulast=Roe&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft.au=Roe%2C+Marieli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoinage+metals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuerst,_E._A.1868" class="citation book cs1">Wuerst, E. A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+all+Palladium+coins+%281966-2019%29&rft.place=Heusenstamm%2C+Germany&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rene-finn.de%2FEnglish%2Fpalladiumtabeng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoinage+metals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pobjoy.com/us/world-firsts">World Firsts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018010311/http://www.pobjoy.com/us/world-firsts">Archived</a> 2015-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pobjoy_Mint" title="Pobjoy Mint">Pobjoy Mint</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwanknerEigenstetterLaubingerSchmidt2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schwankner, Robert Josef; Eigenstetter, Michael; Laubinger, Rudolf; Schmidt, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiley-vch.de/berlin/journals/phiuz/05-04/Phy1073-Web.pdf">"Strahlende Kostbarkeiten: Uran als Farbkörper in Gläsern und Glasuren"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physik in unserer Zeit</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 160. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhuZ...36..160S">2005PhuZ...36..160S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpiuz.200501073">10.1002/piuz.200501073</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119838407">119838407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physik+in+unserer+Zeit&rft.atitle=Strahlende+Kostbarkeiten%3A+Uran+als+Farbk%C3%B6rper+in+Gl%C3%A4sern+und+Glasuren&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=160&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119838407%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpiuz.200501073&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PhuZ...36..160S&rft.aulast=Schwankner&rft.aufirst=Robert+Josef&rft.au=Eigenstetter%2C+Michael&rft.au=Laubinger%2C+Rudolf&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley-vch.de%2Fberlin%2Fjournals%2Fphiuz%2F05-04%2FPhy1073-Web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoinage+metals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodictable.com/Elements/Source-hamric/index.p2.html">"The collection Dave Hamric in the Periodic Table"</a>. periodictable.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omnicoin.com/coin/1029981">"92U Depleted Uranium 'element coin' token made by Dave Hamric (Metallium)"</a>. 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Ч. 9. — 1986. — С. 44—47.<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.znak-auction.ru/limg.htm?c=acc9bf">Иллюстрация</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numizm.ru/html/f/farforov3e_den5gi.html">"ФАРФОРОВЫЕ ДЕНЬГИ. Словарь нумизмата"</a>. <i>www.numizm.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.numizm.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A4%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%AB%D0%95+%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%AC%D0%93%D0%98.+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.numizm.ru%2Fhtml%2Ff%2Ffarforov3e_den5gi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoinage+metals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormatovSirtsowa2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Normatov, Nodir; Sirtsowa, Yulia, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050301/http://www.sanat.orexca.com/eng/4-09/bogoslovskaya_golender.shtml">"Silk Money from Khorezm"</a>. <i>San'at</i>. No. 4. Translated by Davidova, Adelia. Academy of Arts of Uzbekistan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanat.orexca.com/eng/4-09/bogoslovskaya_golender.shtml">the original</a> on 2020-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San%27at&rft.atitle=Silk+Money+from+Khorezm&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanat.orexca.com%2Feng%2F4-09%2Fbogoslovskaya_golender.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoinage+metals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coinage_metals&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coins-of-the-uk.co.uk/pics/metal.html">Comprehensive list of metals and their alloys which have been used at various times, in coins for all types of purposes.</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etna-mint.fr">Site of coinage metals and alloys</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coinage_metals&oldid=1252286307">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coinage_metals&oldid=1252286307</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coinage_metals_and_alloys" title="Category:Coinage metals and alloys">Coinage metals and alloys</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_March_2019" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from March 2019">Use Oxford spelling from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incomplete_lists_from_May_2021" title="Category:Incomplete lists from May 2021">Incomplete lists from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 October 2024, at 17:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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