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<span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asymmetric_Michael_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asymmetric_Michael_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Asymmetric Michael reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asymmetric_Michael_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mukaiyama-Michael_addition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mukaiyama-Michael_addition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mukaiyama-Michael addition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mukaiyama-Michael_addition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1,6-Michael_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1,6-Michael_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>1,6-Michael reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Polymerization_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polymerization_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Polymerization reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polymerization_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanism[2]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism[2]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Mechanism<sup><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism[2]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84" title="تفاعل مايكل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفاعل مايكل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3_de_Michael" title="Reacció de Michael – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reacció de Michael" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelova_reakce" title="Michaelova reakce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michaelova reakce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael-Addition" title="Michael-Addition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Michael-Addition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3n_de_Michael" title="Reacción de Michael – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reacción de Michael" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84" title="واکنش مایکل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واکنش مایکل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition_de_Michael" title="Addition de Michael – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Addition de Michael" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reazione_di_Michael" title="Reazione di Michael – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reazione di Michael" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaeladditie" title="Michaeladditie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Michaeladditie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E4%BB%98%E5%8A%A0" title="マイケル付加 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マイケル付加" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reakcja_Michaela" title="Reakcja Michaela – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reakcja Michaela" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rea%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Michael" title="Reação de Michael – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reação de Michael" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reac%C8%9Bie_Michael" title="Reacție Michael – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reacție Michael" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8E" title="Сопряжённое присоединение по Михаэлю – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сопряжённое присоединение по Михаэлю" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majklova_adicija" title="Majklova adicija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Majklova adicija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majklova_adicija" title="Majklova adicija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Majklova adicija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael-additio" title="Michael-additio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Michael-additio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Реакція Міхаеля – 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reaction</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reaction in organic chemistry</div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1049416944">.mw-parser-output .ib-reactionbox{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-reactionbox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-reactionbox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-reactionbox"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 30%; background: #ACE1AF; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Michael Addition </th></tr> <tr> <td>Reaction type </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Addition_reaction" title="Addition reaction">Addition reaction</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width: 30%; background: #ACE1AF; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Reaction </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; border:0px white; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><b>Michael Donor</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; border:0px white; text-align: center;" colspan="2">+<br /> <b>Michael Acceptor</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; border:0px white; text-align: center;" colspan="2">+<br /> (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; border:0px white;" colspan="2"><b><span style="font-style: bold; font-size: 200%;">↓</span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; border:0px white; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><b>Michael adduct</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width: 30%; background: #ACE1AF; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td>Organic Chemistry Portal </td> <td><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.organic-chemistry.org/namedreactions/michael-addition.shtm">michael-addition</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">RSC</a> ontology ID </td> <td><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/rxno/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FRXNO_0000009">RXNO:0000009</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; background: #ACE1AF; text-align: center;" colspan="2"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>, the <b>Michael reaction</b> or <b>Michael 1,4 addition</b> is a reaction between a <b>Michael donor</b> (an <a href="/wiki/Enolate" title="Enolate">enolate</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Nucleophile" title="Nucleophile">nucleophile</a>) and a <b>Michael acceptor</b> (usually an <a href="/wiki/%CE%91,%CE%B2-unsaturated_carbonyl_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound">α,β-unsaturated carbonyl</a>) to produce a <b>Michael adduct</b> by creating a carbon-carbon bond at the acceptor's <a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha and beta carbon">β-carbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It belongs to the larger class of <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_addition" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate addition">conjugate additions</a> and is widely used for the mild formation of carbon-carbon bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-pharmax_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pharmax-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_1,4_reaction_equation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michael_1%2C4_reaction_equation.svg/427px-Michael_1%2C4_reaction_equation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="427" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michael_1%2C4_reaction_equation.svg/641px-Michael_1%2C4_reaction_equation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Michael_1%2C4_reaction_equation.svg/854px-Michael_1%2C4_reaction_equation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="138" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>The Michael addition is an important <a href="/wiki/Atom_economy" title="Atom economy">atom-economical</a> method for <a href="/wiki/Diastereomer" title="Diastereomer">diastereoselective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enantioselective" class="mw-redirect" title="Enantioselective">enantioselective</a> C–C bond formation, and many <a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">asymmetric</a> variants exist<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><dl><dd></dd></dl> <p>In this general Michael addition scheme, either or both of R and R' on the nucleophile (the Michael donor) represent <a href="/wiki/Electron-withdrawing_group" title="Electron-withdrawing group">electron-withdrawing</a> <a href="/wiki/Substituent" title="Substituent">substituents</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Acyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Acyl">acyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyano" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyano">cyano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">nitro</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sulfone" title="Sulfone">sulfone</a> groups, which make the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Methylene_bridge" title="Methylene bridge">methylene</a> hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Carbon_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon acid">acidic</a> enough to form a <a href="/wiki/Carbanion" title="Carbanion">carbanion</a> when reacted with the <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a>, <i>B:</i>. For the <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkene</a> (the Michael acceptor), the R" substituent is usually a <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl">carbonyl</a>, which makes the compound an <a href="/wiki/%CE%91,%CE%B2-unsaturated_carbonyl_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound">α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound</a> (either an <a href="/wiki/Enone" class="mw-redirect" title="Enone">enone</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Enal" class="mw-redirect" title="Enal">enal</a>), or R" may be any electron withdrawing group. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Reaction_general.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Michael Reaction general" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Michael_Reaction_general.svg/550px-Michael_Reaction_general.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Michael_Reaction_general.svg/825px-Michael_Reaction_general.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Michael_Reaction_general.svg/1100px-Michael_Reaction_general.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="148" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_addition_reaction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As originally defined by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Michael" title="Arthur Michael">Arthur Michael</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the reaction is the addition of an <a href="/wiki/Enolate" title="Enolate">enolate</a> of a ketone or aldehyde to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound at the β carbon. The current definition of the Michael reaction has broadened to include nucleophiles other than <a href="/wiki/Enolate" title="Enolate">enolates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of nucleophiles include doubly stabilized carbon nucleophiles such as beta-ketoesters, <a href="/wiki/Malonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Malonate">malonates</a>, and beta-cyanoesters. The resulting product contains a highly useful 1,5-dioxygenated pattern. Non-carbon nucleophiles such as water, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enamine" title="Enamine">enamines</a> can also react with an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl in a 1,4-addition.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some authors have broadened the definition of the Michael addition to essentially refer to any 1,4-addition reaction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Others, however, insist that such a usage is an abuse of terminology, and limit the Michael addition to the formation of carbon–carbon bonds through the addition of carbon nucleophiles. The terms <i>oxa-Michael reaction</i> and <i>aza-Michael reaction</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been used to refer to the 1,4-addition of oxygen and nitrogen nucleophiles, respectively. The Michael reaction has also been associated with 1,6-addition reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_addition_reaction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_mechanism" title="Reaction mechanism">reaction mechanism</a>, there is <b>1</b> as the nucleophile:<sup id="cite_ref-pharmax_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pharmax-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrow_pushing_mechanism_of_Micheal_reaction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arrow_pushing_mechanism_of_Micheal_reaction.png/675px-Arrow_pushing_mechanism_of_Micheal_reaction.png" decoding="async" width="675" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arrow_pushing_mechanism_of_Micheal_reaction.png/1013px-Arrow_pushing_mechanism_of_Micheal_reaction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arrow_pushing_mechanism_of_Micheal_reaction.png/1350px-Arrow_pushing_mechanism_of_Micheal_reaction.png 2x" data-file-width="1381" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Deprotonation" title="Deprotonation">Deprotonation</a> of <b>1</b> by a base leads to <a href="/wiki/Carbanion" title="Carbanion">carbanion</a> <b>2</b>, stabilized by its electron-withdrawing groups. Structures 2a to 2c are three <a href="/wiki/Resonance_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonance structure">resonance structures</a> that can be drawn for this species, two of which have <a href="/wiki/Enolate" title="Enolate">enolate</a> ions. This nucleophile reacts with the electrophilic alkene <b>3</b> to form <b>4</b> in a <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_addition_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate addition reaction">conjugate addition reaction</a>. Finally, enolate <b>4</b> abstracts a proton from protonated base (or solvent) to produce <b>5</b>. </p><p>The reaction is dominated by orbital, rather than electrostatic, considerations. The <a href="/wiki/HOMO" class="mw-redirect" title="HOMO">HOMO</a> of stabilized <a href="/wiki/Enolate" title="Enolate">enolates</a> has a large coefficient on the central carbon atom while the LUMO of many alpha, beta unsaturated carbonyl compounds has a large coefficient on the beta carbon. Thus, both reactants can be considered <a href="/wiki/HSAB_theory" title="HSAB theory">soft</a>. These polarized <a href="/wiki/Frontier_orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier orbital">frontier orbitals</a> are of similar energy, and react efficiently to form a new carbon–carbon bond.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the <a href="/wiki/Aldol_addition" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldol addition">aldol addition</a>, the Michael reaction may proceed via an <a href="/wiki/Enol" title="Enol">enol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silyl_enol_ether" title="Silyl enol ether">silyl enol ether</a> in the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mukaiyama-Michael_addition">Mukaiyama–Michael addition</a>, or more usually, enolate nucleophile. In the latter case, the stabilized carbonyl compound is <a href="/wiki/Deprotonation" title="Deprotonation">deprotonated</a> with a strong base (hard enolization) or with a <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acid</a> and a weak base (soft enolization). The resulting enolate attacks the activated <a href="/wiki/Olefin" class="mw-redirect" title="Olefin">olefin</a> with 1,4-<a href="/wiki/Regioselectivity" title="Regioselectivity">regioselectivity</a>, forming a carbon–carbon bond. This also transfers the enolate to the <a href="/wiki/Electrophile" title="Electrophile">electrophile</a>. Since the electrophile is much less acidic than the nucleophile, rapid proton transfer usually transfers the enolate back to the nucleophile if the product is enolizable; however, one may take advantage of the new locus of nucleophilicity if a suitable electrophile is pendant. Depending on the relative acidities of the nucleophile and product, the reaction may be <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalytic</a> in base. In most cases, the reaction is <a href="/wiki/Irreversible_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreversible reaction">irreversible</a> at low temperature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_addition_reaction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The research done by Arthur Michael in 1887 at <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a> was prompted by an 1884 publication by Conrad & Kuthzeit on the reaction of <i>ethyl 2,3-dibromopropionate</i> with <i>diethyl sodiomalonate</i> forming a <a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">cyclopropane</a> derivative<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (now recognized as involving two successive substitution reactions). </p> <dl><dd><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_reaction_Conrad_Guthzeit_comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Michael_reaction_Conrad_Guthzeit_comparison.svg/434px-Michael_reaction_Conrad_Guthzeit_comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="434" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Michael_reaction_Conrad_Guthzeit_comparison.svg/651px-Michael_reaction_Conrad_Guthzeit_comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Michael_reaction_Conrad_Guthzeit_comparison.svg/868px-Michael_reaction_Conrad_Guthzeit_comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>Michael was able to obtain the same product by replacing the propionate by <i>2-bromacrylic acid ethylester</i> and realized that this reaction could only work by assuming an addition reaction to the double bond of the <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_acid" title="Acrylic acid">acrylic acid</a>. He then confirmed this assumption by reacting <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_malonate" title="Diethyl malonate">diethyl malonate</a> and the ethyl ester of <a href="/wiki/Cinnamic_acid" title="Cinnamic acid">cinnamic acid</a> forming the first Michael adduct:<sup id="cite_ref-Tokoroyama_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokoroyama-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Michael_reaction.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The original 1887 Michael reaction"><img alt="The original 1887 Michael reaction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Original_Michael_reaction.svg/450px-Original_Michael_reaction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Original_Michael_reaction.svg/675px-Original_Michael_reaction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Original_Michael_reaction.svg/900px-Original_Michael_reaction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="104" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>In the same year <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Ludwig_Claisen" title="Rainer Ludwig Claisen">Rainer Ludwig Claisen</a> claimed priority for the invention.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and T. Komnenos had observed addition products to double bonds as side-products earlier in 1883 while investigating condensation reactions of <a href="/wiki/Malonic_acid" title="Malonic acid">malonic acid</a> with <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to biographer Takashi Tokoroyama, this claim is without merit.<sup id="cite_ref-Tokoroyama_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokoroyama-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asymmetric_Michael_reaction">Asymmetric Michael reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_addition_reaction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Asymmetric Michael reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers have expanded the scope of Michael additions to include elements of chirality via <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric reaction">asymmetric</a> versions of the reaction. The most common methods involve <a href="/wiki/Chiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiral">chiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Phase_transfer_catalysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase transfer catalysis">phase transfer catalysis</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary ammonium salt">quaternary ammonium salts</a> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona">Cinchona</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Organocatalysis" title="Organocatalysis">organocatalysis</a>, which is activated by <a href="/wiki/Enamine" title="Enamine">enamine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iminium" title="Iminium">iminium</a> with chiral secondary amines, usually derived from <a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the reaction between <a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanone" title="Cyclohexanone">cyclohexanone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-Nitrostyrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Nitrostyrene">β-nitrostyrene</a> sketched below, the base proline is derivatized and works in conjunction with a protic acid such as <a href="/wiki/P-Toluenesulfonic_acid" title="P-Toluenesulfonic acid"><i>p</i>-toluenesulfonic acid</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_reaction_asymmetric.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Michael reaction asymmetric"><img alt="Michael reaction asymmetric" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Michael_reaction_asymmetric.png/400px-Michael_reaction_asymmetric.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Michael_reaction_asymmetric.png/600px-Michael_reaction_asymmetric.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Michael_reaction_asymmetric.png/800px-Michael_reaction_asymmetric.png 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="299" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Syn_addition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syn addition">Syn addition</a> is favored with 99% <a href="/wiki/Enantiomeric_excess" title="Enantiomeric excess">ee</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Transition_state" title="Transition state">transition state</a> believed to be responsible for this selectivity, the <a href="/wiki/Enamine" title="Enamine">enamine</a> (formed between the proline nitrogen and the cycloketone) and <a href="/wiki/Beta-Nitrostyrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Nitrostyrene">β-nitrostyrene</a> are co-facial with the <a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">nitro</a> group <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonded</a> to the protonated amine in the proline side group. </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AsymmetricMichaelTransitionState.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Asymmetric Michael transition state"><img alt="Asymmetric Michael transition state" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/AsymmetricMichaelTransitionState.png/200px-AsymmetricMichaelTransitionState.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/AsymmetricMichaelTransitionState.png/300px-AsymmetricMichaelTransitionState.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/AsymmetricMichaelTransitionState.png/400px-AsymmetricMichaelTransitionState.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="356" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>A well-known Michael reaction is the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a> from <a href="/wiki/4-hydroxycoumarin" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxycoumarin">4-hydroxycoumarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzylideneacetone" title="Benzylideneacetone">benzylideneacetone</a> first reported by Link in 1944:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warfarin_synthesis.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warfarin synthesis"><img alt="Warfarin synthesis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warfarin_synthesis.svg/461px-Warfarin_synthesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="461" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warfarin_synthesis.svg/692px-Warfarin_synthesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warfarin_synthesis.svg/922px-Warfarin_synthesis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="119" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>Several asymmetric versions of this reaction exist using chiral catalysts.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_addition_reaction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical examples of the Michael reaction are the reaction between <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_malonate" title="Diethyl malonate">diethyl malonate</a> (Michael donor) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethyl_fumarate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diethyl fumarate (page does not exist)">diethyl fumarate</a> (Michael acceptor),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that of diethyl malonate and <a href="/wiki/Mesityl_oxide" title="Mesityl oxide">mesityl oxide</a> (forming <a href="/wiki/Dimedone" title="Dimedone">Dimedone</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that of diethyl malonate and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methyl_crotonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methyl crotonate (page does not exist)">methyl crotonate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that of <a href="/wiki/2-nitropropane" class="mw-redirect" title="2-nitropropane">2-nitropropane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methyl_acrylate" title="Methyl acrylate">methyl acrylate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that of ethyl phenylcyanoacetate and <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">acrylonitrile</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that of <a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">nitropropane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methyl_vinyl_ketone" title="Methyl vinyl ketone">methyl vinyl ketone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A classic <a href="/wiki/Tandem_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem reaction">tandem</a> sequence of Michael and aldol additions is the <a href="/wiki/Robinson_annulation" title="Robinson annulation">Robinson annulation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mukaiyama-Michael_addition">Mukaiyama-Michael addition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_addition_reaction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mukaiyama-Michael addition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <b>Mukaiyama–Michael addition</b>, the nucleophile is a <a href="/wiki/Silyl_enol_ether" title="Silyl enol ether">silyl enol ether</a> and the catalyst is usually <a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">titanium tetrachloride</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mukaiyama-Michael_addition.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mukaiyama–Michael addition"><img alt="Mukaiyama–Michael addition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mukaiyama-Michael_addition.png/400px-Mukaiyama-Michael_addition.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mukaiyama-Michael_addition.png/600px-Mukaiyama-Michael_addition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mukaiyama-Michael_addition.png/800px-Mukaiyama-Michael_addition.png 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Mukaiyama–Michael addition</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1,6-Michael_reaction"><span id="1.2C6-Michael_reaction"></span>1,6-Michael reaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_addition_reaction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1,6-Michael reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1,6-Michael reaction proceeds via nucleophilic attack on the <b>𝛿</b> carbon of an α,β-<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }"></span>,<b>𝛿</b>-diunsaturated Michael acceptor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1,6-addition mechanism is similar to the 1,4-addition, with one exception being the nucleophilic attack occurring at the <b>𝛿</b> carbon of the Michael acceptor.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, research shows that <a href="/wiki/Organocatalysis" title="Organocatalysis">organocatalysis</a> often favours the 1,4-addition.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many syntheses where 1,6-addition was favoured, the substrate contained certain structural features.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has shown that catalysts can also influence the <a href="/wiki/Regioselectivity" title="Regioselectivity">regioselectivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">enantioselectivity</a> of a 1,6-addition reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the image below shows the addition of <a href="/wiki/Ethylmagnesium_bromide" title="Ethylmagnesium bromide">ethylmagnesium bromide</a> to ethyl sorbate <b>1</b> using a copper catalyst with a reversed <a href="/wiki/Josiphos_ligands" title="Josiphos ligands">josiphos</a> (<i>R,S</i>)-(–)-3 ligand.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reaction produced the 1,6-addition product <b>2</b> in 0% yield, the 1,6-addition product <b>3</b> in approximately 99% yield, and the 1,4-addition product <b>4</b> in less than 2% yield. This particular catalyst and set of reaction conditions led to the mostly regioselective and enantioselective 1,6-Michael addition of ethyl sorbate <b>1</b> to product <b>3</b>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1,6-Michael_addition_of_ethylmagnesium_bromide_to_ethyl_sorbate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1%2C6-Michael_addition_of_ethylmagnesium_bromide_to_ethyl_sorbate.png/571px-1%2C6-Michael_addition_of_ethylmagnesium_bromide_to_ethyl_sorbate.png" decoding="async" width="571" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1%2C6-Michael_addition_of_ethylmagnesium_bromide_to_ethyl_sorbate.png/857px-1%2C6-Michael_addition_of_ethylmagnesium_bromide_to_ethyl_sorbate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1%2C6-Michael_addition_of_ethylmagnesium_bromide_to_ethyl_sorbate.png/1142px-1%2C6-Michael_addition_of_ethylmagnesium_bromide_to_ethyl_sorbate.png 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>The Michael addition of ethylmagnesium bromide to ethyl sorbate.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_addition_reaction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_addition_reaction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pharmaceuticals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Michael reaction is used as a mechanistic step by many covalent <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitor</a> drugs. <a href="/wiki/Cancer_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer drugs">Cancer drugs</a> such as ibrutinib, osimertinib, and rociletinib have an <a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">acrylamide</a> functional group as a Michael acceptor. The Michael donor on the drug reacts with a Michael acceptor in the <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active site</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a>. This is a viable cancer treatment because the target enzyme is inhibited following the Michael reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polymerization_reactions">Polymerization reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_addition_reaction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Polymerization reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mechanism[2]"><span id="Mechanism.5B2.5D"></span>Mechanism<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_addition_reaction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mechanism[2]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All polymerization reactions have three basic steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. The initiation step is the Michael addition of the nucleophile to a <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a>. The resultant species undergoes a Michael addition with another monomer, with the latter acting as an acceptor. This extends the chain by forming another nucleophilic species to act as a donor for the next addition. This process repeats until the reaction is quenched by chain termination.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original Michael donor can be a neutral donor such as <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiols</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alkoxide" title="Alkoxide">alkoxides</a>, or alkyl ligands bound to a metal.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thiol_Michael_polymerisation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Thiol_Michael_polymerisation.png/861px-Thiol_Michael_polymerisation.png" decoding="async" width="861" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Thiol_Michael_polymerisation.png/1292px-Thiol_Michael_polymerisation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Thiol_Michael_polymerisation.png/1722px-Thiol_Michael_polymerisation.png 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>Polymerization mechanism of a Michael addition with a thiol nucleophile</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples_2">Examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_addition_reaction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linear <a href="/wiki/Step-growth_polymerization" title="Step-growth polymerization">step growth polymerizations</a> are some of the earliest applications of the Michael reaction in polymerizations. A wide variety of Michael donors and acceptors have been used to synthesize a diverse range of polymers. Examples of such polymers include poly(amido amine), poly(amino ester), poly(imido <a href="/wiki/Sulfide_(organic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfide (organic)">sulfide</a>), poly(<a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> sulfide), poly(aspartamide), poly(imido <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ether</a>), poly(amino <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">quinone</a>), poly(enone sulfide) and poly(enamine <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketone</a>). </p><p>For example, linear step growth polymerization produces the redox active poly(amino quinone), which serves as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-corrosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-corrosion">anti-corrosion</a> coatings on various metal surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example includes <a href="/wiki/Network_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Network polymer">network polymers</a>, which are used for drug delivery, high performance composites, and coatings. These network polymers are synthesized using a dual chain growth, <a href="/wiki/Photo-induced_cross-linking_of_unmodified_proteins" title="Photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins">photo-induced</a> radical and step growth Michael addition system. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poly_amino_quinone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Poly(amino quinone)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Poly_amino_quinone.png/409px-Poly_amino_quinone.png" decoding="async" width="409" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Poly_amino_quinone.png/614px-Poly_amino_quinone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Poly_amino_quinone.png/818px-Poly_amino_quinone.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Poly(amino quinone)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poly(amido_amine).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Poly%28amido_amine%29.png/412px-Poly%28amido_amine%29.png" decoding="async" width="412" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Poly%28amido_amine%29.png/618px-Poly%28amido_amine%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Poly%28amido_amine%29.png/824px-Poly%28amido_amine%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Poly(amido amine)</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_addition_reaction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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href="/wiki/Template:Organic_reactions" title="Template:Organic reactions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organic_reactions" title="Template talk:Organic reactions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organic_reactions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organic reactions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_in_organic_reactions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics in <a href="/wiki/Organic_reaction" title="Organic reaction">organic reactions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addition_reaction" title="Addition reaction">Addition reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elimination_reaction" title="Elimination reaction">Elimination reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">Polymerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reagents_for_organic_chemistry" title="Category:Reagents for organic chemistry">Reagents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rearrangement_reaction" title="Rearrangement reaction">Rearrangement reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_redox_reaction" title="Organic redox reaction">Redox reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regioselectivity" title="Regioselectivity">Regioselectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoselectivity" title="Stereoselectivity">Stereoselectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereospecificity" title="Stereospecificity">Stereospecificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitution_reaction" title="Substitution reaction">Substitution reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_value" title="A value">A value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_effect" title="Alpha effect">Alpha effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulene" title="Annulene">Annulene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomeric_effect" title="Anomeric effect">Anomeric effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiaromaticity" title="Antiaromaticity">Antiaromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_ring_current" title="Aromatic ring current">Aromatic ring current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">Aromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baird%27s_rule" title="Baird's rule">Baird's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker%E2%80%93Nathan_effect" title="Baker–Nathan effect">Baker–Nathan effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_rules" title="Baldwin's rules">Baldwin's rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bema_Hapothle" title="Bema Hapothle">Bema Hapothle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-silicon_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-silicon effect">Beta-silicon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycloaromaticity" title="Bicycloaromaticity">Bicycloaromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bredt%27s_rule" title="Bredt's rule">Bredt's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgi%E2%80%93Dunitz_angle" title="Bürgi–Dunitz angle">Bürgi–Dunitz angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_resonance_theory" title="Catalytic resonance theory">Catalytic resonance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_remote_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge remote fragmentation">Charge remote fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-transfer_complex" title="Charge-transfer complex">Charge-transfer complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clar%27s_rule" title="Clar's rule">Clar's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformational_isomerism" title="Conformational isomerism">Conformational isomerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_system" title="Conjugated system">Conjugated system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrotatory_and_disrotatory" title="Conrotatory and disrotatory">Conrotatory and disrotatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtin%E2%80%93Hammett_principle" title="Curtin–Hammett principle">Curtin–Hammett principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_binding_(chemistry)" title="Dynamic binding (chemistry)">Dynamic binding (chemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_equation" title="Edwards equation">Edwards equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_molarity" title="Effective molarity">Effective molarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromeric_effect" title="Electromeric effect">Electromeric effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-rich" title="Electron-rich">Electron-rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-withdrawing_group" title="Electron-withdrawing group">Electron-withdrawing group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_effect" title="Electronic effect">Electronic effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrophile" title="Electrophile">Electrophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_effect" title="Evelyn effect">Evelyn effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flippin%E2%80%93Lodge_angle" title="Flippin–Lodge angle">Flippin–Lodge angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-energy_relationship" title="Free-energy relationship">Free-energy relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunwald%E2%80%93Winstein_equation" title="Grunwald–Winstein equation">Grunwald–Winstein equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammett_acidity_function" title="Hammett acidity function">Hammett acidity function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammett_equation" title="Hammett equation">Hammett equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Hammond" title="George S. Hammond">George S. Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammond%27s_postulate" title="Hammond's postulate">Hammond's postulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoaromaticity" title="Homoaromaticity">Homoaromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCckel%27s_rule" title="Hückel's rule">Hückel's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperconjugation" title="Hyperconjugation">Hyperconjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_effect" title="Inductive effect">Inductive effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_isotope_effect" title="Kinetic isotope effect">Kinetic isotope effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LFER_solvent_coefficients_(data_page)" title="LFER solvent coefficients (data page)">LFER solvent coefficients (data page)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_theory" title="Marcus theory">Marcus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markovnikov%27s_rule" title="Markovnikov's rule">Markovnikov's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_aromaticity" title="Möbius aromaticity">Möbius aromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6bius%E2%80%93H%C3%BCckel_concept" title="Möbius–Hückel concept">Möbius–Hückel concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_O%27Ferrall%E2%80%93Jencks_plot" title="More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot">More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_hyperconjugation" title="Negative hyperconjugation">Negative hyperconjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbouring_group_participation" title="Neighbouring group participation">Neighbouring group participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Norbornyl_cation" title="2-Norbornyl cation">2-Norbornyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleophile" title="Nucleophile">Nucleophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_J._P._Orton" title="Kennedy J. P. Orton">Kennedy J. P. Orton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_binding" title="Passive binding">Passive binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphaethynolate" title="Phosphaethynolate">Phosphaethynolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar effect">Polar effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfluorene" title="Polyfluorene">Polyfluorene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_strain" title="Ring strain">Ring strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A3-aromaticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Σ-aromaticity">Σ-aromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_aromaticity" title="Spherical aromaticity">Spherical aromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroaromaticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiroaromaticity">Spiroaromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steric_effects" title="Steric effects">Steric effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superaromaticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Superaromaticity">Superaromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swain%E2%80%93Lupton_equation" title="Swain–Lupton equation">Swain–Lupton equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft_equation" title="Taft equation">Taft equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorpe%E2%80%93Ingold_effect" title="Thorpe–Ingold effect">Thorpe–Ingold effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylogy" title="Vinylogy">Vinylogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsh_diagram" title="Walsh diagram">Walsh diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodward%E2%80%93Hoffmann_rules" title="Woodward–Hoffmann rules">Woodward–Hoffmann rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodward%27s_rules" title="Woodward's rules">Woodward's rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-aromaticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-aromaticity">Y-aromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukawa%E2%80%93Tsuno_equation" title="Yukawa–Tsuno equation">Yukawa–Tsuno equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaitsev%27s_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaitsev's rule">Zaitsev's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A3-bishomoaromaticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Σ-bishomoaromaticity">Σ-bishomoaromaticity</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_organic_reactions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_organic_reactions" title="List of organic reactions">List of organic reactions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Carbon-carbon <br /> bond forming <br /> reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetoacetic_ester_synthesis" title="Acetoacetic ester synthesis">Acetoacetic ester synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acyloin_condensation" title="Acyloin condensation">Acyloin condensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldol_condensation" title="Aldol condensation">Aldol condensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldol_reaction" title="Aldol reaction">Aldol reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_metathesis" title="Alkane metathesis">Alkane metathesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyne_metathesis" title="Alkyne metathesis">Alkyne metathesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyne_trimerisation" title="Alkyne trimerisation">Alkyne trimerisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkynylation" title="Alkynylation">Alkynylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan%E2%80%93Robinson_reaction" title="Allan–Robinson reaction">Allan–Robinson reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arndt%E2%80%93Eistert_reaction" title="Arndt–Eistert reaction">Arndt–Eistert reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auwers_synthesis" title="Auwers synthesis">Auwers synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aza-Baylis%E2%80%93Hillman_reaction" title="Aza-Baylis–Hillman reaction">Aza-Baylis–Hillman reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbier_reaction" title="Barbier reaction">Barbier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton%E2%80%93Kellogg_reaction" title="Barton–Kellogg reaction">Barton–Kellogg reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baylis%E2%80%93Hillman_reaction" title="Baylis–Hillman reaction">Baylis–Hillman reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benary_reaction" title="Benary reaction">Benary reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergman_cyclization" title="Bergman cyclization">Bergman cyclization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biginelli_reaction" title="Biginelli reaction">Biginelli reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingel_reaction" title="Bingel reaction">Bingel reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_ketone_synthesis" title="Blaise ketone synthesis">Blaise ketone synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_reaction" title="Blaise reaction">Blaise reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanc_chloromethylation" title="Blanc chloromethylation">Blanc chloromethylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodroux%E2%80%93Chichibabin_aldehyde_synthesis" title="Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis">Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouveault_aldehyde_synthesis" title="Bouveault aldehyde synthesis">Bouveault aldehyde synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucherer%E2%80%93Bergs_reaction" title="Bucherer–Bergs reaction">Bucherer–Bergs reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchner_ring_expansion" title="Buchner ring expansion">Buchner ring expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadiot%E2%80%93Chodkiewicz_coupling" title="Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling">Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_allylation" title="Carbonyl allylation">Carbonyl allylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_olefin_metathesis" title="Carbonyl olefin metathesis">Carbonyl olefin metathesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro%E2%80%93Stephens_coupling" title="Castro–Stephens coupling">Castro–Stephens coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_rearrangement" title="Chan rearrangement">Chan rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan%E2%80%93Lam_coupling" title="Chan–Lam coupling">Chan–Lam coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claisen_condensation" title="Claisen condensation">Claisen condensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claisen_rearrangement" title="Claisen rearrangement">Claisen rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claisen-Schmidt_condensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Claisen-Schmidt condensation">Claisen-Schmidt condensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combes_quinoline_synthesis" title="Combes quinoline synthesis">Combes quinoline synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey%E2%80%93Fuchs_reaction" title="Corey–Fuchs reaction">Corey–Fuchs reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey%E2%80%93House_synthesis" title="Corey–House synthesis">Corey–House synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupling_reaction" title="Coupling reaction">Coupling reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-coupling_reaction" title="Cross-coupling reaction">Cross-coupling reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_dehydrogenative_coupling" title="Cross dehydrogenative coupling">Cross dehydrogenative coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-coupling_partner" title="Cross-coupling partner">Cross-coupling partner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakin%E2%80%93West_reaction" title="Dakin–West reaction">Dakin–West reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darzens_reaction" title="Darzens reaction">Darzens reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction" title="Diels–Alder reaction">Diels–Alder reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doebner_reaction" title="Doebner reaction">Doebner reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulff%E2%80%93D%C3%B6tz_reaction" title="Wulff–Dötz reaction">Wulff–Dötz reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ene_reaction" title="Ene reaction">Ene reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyne_metathesis" title="Enyne metathesis">Enyne metathesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenolysis" title="Ethenolysis">Ethenolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favorskii_reaction" title="Favorskii reaction">Favorskii reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrier_carbocyclization" title="Ferrier carbocyclization">Ferrier carbocyclization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedel%E2%80%93Crafts_reaction" title="Friedel–Crafts reaction">Friedel–Crafts reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimoto%E2%80%93Belleau_reaction" title="Fujimoto–Belleau reaction">Fujimoto–Belleau reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara%E2%80%93Moritani_reaction" title="Fujiwara–Moritani reaction">Fujiwara–Moritani reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuyama_coupling" title="Fukuyama coupling">Fukuyama coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%E2%80%93Colman_rearrangement" title="Gabriel–Colman rearrangement">Gabriel–Colman rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gattermann_reaction" title="Gattermann reaction">Gattermann reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaser_coupling" title="Glaser coupling">Glaser coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grignard_reaction" title="Grignard reaction">Grignard reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagent" title="Grignard reagent">Grignard reagent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammick_reaction" title="Hammick reaction">Hammick reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heck_reaction" title="Heck reaction">Heck reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_reaction" title="Henry reaction">Henry reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_metal_catalyzed_cross-coupling" title="Heterogeneous metal catalyzed cross-coupling">Heterogeneous metal catalyzed cross-coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_dilution_principle" title="High dilution principle">High dilution principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiyama_coupling" title="Hiyama coupling">Hiyama coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homologation_reaction" title="Homologation reaction">Homologation reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horner%E2%80%93Wadsworth%E2%80%93Emmons_reaction" title="Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction">Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocyanation" title="Hydrocyanation">Hydrocyanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrovinylation" title="Hydrovinylation">Hydrovinylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxymethylation" title="Hydroxymethylation">Hydroxymethylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanov_reaction" title="Ivanov reaction">Ivanov reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Corey%E2%80%93Chaykovsky_reaction" title="Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction">Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_olefination" title="Julia olefination">Julia olefination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia%E2%80%93Kocienski_olefination" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia–Kocienski olefination">Julia–Kocienski olefination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauffmann_olefination" title="Kauffmann olefination">Kauffmann olefination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoevenagel_condensation" title="Knoevenagel condensation">Knoevenagel condensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knorr_pyrrole_synthesis" title="Knorr pyrrole synthesis">Knorr pyrrole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbe%E2%80%93Schmitt_reaction" title="Kolbe–Schmitt reaction">Kolbe–Schmitt reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowalski_ester_homologation" title="Kowalski ester homologation">Kowalski ester homologation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulinkovich_reaction" title="Kulinkovich reaction">Kulinkovich reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumada_coupling" title="Kumada coupling">Kumada coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liebeskind%E2%80%93Srogl_coupling" title="Liebeskind–Srogl coupling">Liebeskind–Srogl coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malonic_ester_synthesis" title="Malonic ester synthesis">Malonic ester synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannich_reaction" title="Mannich reaction">Mannich reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurry_reaction" title="McMurry reaction">McMurry reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerwein_arylation" title="Meerwein arylation">Meerwein arylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenation" title="Methylenation">Methylenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael reaction">Michael reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minisci_reaction" title="Minisci reaction">Minisci reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mizoroki-Heck_vs._Reductive_Heck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mizoroki-Heck vs. Reductive Heck (page does not exist)">Mizoroki-Heck vs. Reductive Heck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nef_isocyanide_reaction" title="Nef isocyanide reaction">Nef isocyanide reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nef_synthesis" title="Nef synthesis">Nef synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negishi_coupling" title="Negishi coupling">Negishi coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nierenstein_reaction" title="Nierenstein reaction">Nierenstein reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitro-Mannich_reaction" title="Nitro-Mannich reaction">Nitro-Mannich reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozaki%E2%80%93Hiyama%E2%80%93Kishi_reaction" title="Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction">Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_conversion_technology" title="Olefin conversion technology">Olefin conversion technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_metathesis" title="Olefin metathesis">Olefin metathesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium%E2%80%93NHC_complex" title="Palladium–NHC complex">Palladium–NHC complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerini_reaction" title="Passerini reaction">Passerini reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterson_olefination" title="Peterson olefination">Peterson olefination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfitzinger_reaction" title="Pfitzinger reaction">Pfitzinger reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piancatelli_rearrangement" title="Piancatelli rearrangement">Piancatelli rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacol_coupling_reaction" title="Pinacol coupling reaction">Pinacol coupling reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prins_reaction" title="Prins reaction">Prins reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelet_reaction" title="Quelet reaction">Quelet reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramberg%E2%80%93B%C3%A4cklund_reaction" title="Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction">Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauhut%E2%80%93Currier_reaction" title="Rauhut–Currier reaction">Rauhut–Currier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformatsky_reaction" title="Reformatsky reaction">Reformatsky reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimer%E2%80%93Tiemann_reaction" title="Reimer–Tiemann reaction">Reimer–Tiemann reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rieche_formylation" title="Rieche formylation">Rieche formylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring-closing_metathesis" title="Ring-closing metathesis">Ring-closing metathesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_annulation" title="Robinson annulation">Robinson annulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurai_reaction" title="Sakurai reaction">Sakurai reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyferth%E2%80%93Gilbert_homologation" title="Seyferth–Gilbert homologation">Seyferth–Gilbert homologation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapiro_reaction" title="Shapiro reaction">Shapiro reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonogashira_coupling" title="Sonogashira coupling">Sonogashira coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stetter_reaction" title="Stetter reaction">Stetter reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stille_reaction" title="Stille reaction">Stille reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoll%C3%A9_synthesis" title="Stollé synthesis">Stollé synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stork_enamine_alkylation" title="Stork enamine alkylation">Stork enamine alkylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki_reaction" title="Suzuki reaction">Suzuki reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takai_olefination" title="Takai olefination">Takai olefination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_rearrangement_of_aromatic_hydrocarbons" title="Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons">Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorpe_reaction" title="Thorpe reaction">Thorpe reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugi_reaction" title="Ugi reaction">Ugi reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullmann_reaction" title="Ullmann reaction">Ullmann reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner-Jauregg_reaction" title="Wagner-Jauregg reaction">Wagner-Jauregg reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinreb_ketone_synthesis" title="Weinreb ketone synthesis">Weinreb ketone synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittig_reaction" title="Wittig reaction">Wittig reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wurtz_reaction" title="Wurtz reaction">Wurtz reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wurtz%E2%80%93Fittig_reaction" title="Wurtz–Fittig reaction">Wurtz–Fittig reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zincke%E2%80%93Suhl_reaction" title="Zincke–Suhl reaction">Zincke–Suhl reaction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homologation_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Homologation reactions">Homologation reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arndt%E2%80%93Eistert_reaction" title="Arndt–Eistert reaction">Arndt–Eistert reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooker_reaction" title="Hooker reaction">Hooker reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliani%E2%80%93Fischer_synthesis" title="Kiliani–Fischer synthesis">Kiliani–Fischer synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowalski_ester_homologation" title="Kowalski ester homologation">Kowalski ester homologation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane" title="Methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane">Methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyferth%E2%80%93Gilbert_homologation" title="Seyferth–Gilbert homologation">Seyferth–Gilbert homologation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittig_reaction" title="Wittig reaction">Wittig reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Olefination reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamford%E2%80%93Stevens_reaction" title="Bamford–Stevens reaction">Bamford–Stevens reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton%E2%80%93Kellogg_reaction" title="Barton–Kellogg reaction">Barton–Kellogg reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boord_olefin_synthesis" title="Boord olefin synthesis">Boord olefin synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chugaev_elimination" title="Chugaev elimination">Chugaev elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cope_reaction" title="Cope reaction">Cope reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey%E2%80%93Winter_olefin_synthesis" title="Corey–Winter olefin synthesis">Corey–Winter olefin synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydrohalogenation" title="Dehydrohalogenation">Dehydrohalogenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elimination_reaction" title="Elimination reaction">Elimination reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grieco_elimination" title="Grieco elimination">Grieco elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hofmann_elimination" title="Hofmann elimination">Hofmann elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horner%E2%80%93Wadsworth%E2%80%93Emmons_reaction" title="Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction">Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazone_iodination" title="Hydrazone iodination">Hydrazone iodination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_olefination" title="Julia olefination">Julia olefination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia%E2%80%93Kocienski_olefination" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia–Kocienski olefination">Julia–Kocienski olefination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauffmann_olefination" title="Kauffmann olefination">Kauffmann olefination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurry_reaction" title="McMurry reaction">McMurry reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterson_olefination" title="Peterson olefination">Peterson olefination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramberg%E2%80%93B%C3%A4cklund_reaction" title="Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction">Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapiro_reaction" title="Shapiro reaction">Shapiro reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takai_olefination" title="Takai olefination">Takai olefination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittig_reaction" title="Wittig reaction">Wittig reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Carbon-heteroatom <br /> bond forming <br /> reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azo_coupling" title="Azo coupling">Azo coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartoli_indole_synthesis" title="Bartoli indole synthesis">Bartoli indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudouard_reaction" title="Boudouard reaction">Boudouard reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadogan%E2%80%93Sundberg_indole_synthesis" title="Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis">Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazonium_compound" title="Diazonium compound">Diazonium compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esterification" class="mw-redirect" title="Esterification">Esterification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagent" title="Grignard reagent">Grignard reagent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloform_reaction" title="Haloform reaction">Haloform reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegedus_indole_synthesis" title="Hegedus indole synthesis">Hegedus indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurd%E2%80%93Mori_1,2,3-thiadiazole_synthesis" title="Hurd–Mori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis">Hurd–Mori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharasch%E2%80%93Sosnovsky_reaction" title="Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction">Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knorr_pyrrole_synthesis" title="Knorr pyrrole synthesis">Knorr pyrrole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leimgruber%E2%80%93Batcho_indole_synthesis" title="Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis">Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukaiyama_hydration" title="Mukaiyama hydration">Mukaiyama hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenitzescu_indole_synthesis" title="Nenitzescu indole synthesis">Nenitzescu indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymercuration_reaction" title="Oxymercuration reaction">Oxymercuration reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_reaction" title="Reed reaction">Reed reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schotten%E2%80%93Baumann_reaction" title="Schotten–Baumann reaction">Schotten–Baumann reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullmann_condensation" title="Ullmann condensation">Ullmann condensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson_ether_synthesis" title="Williamson ether synthesis">Williamson ether synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_esterification" title="Yamaguchi esterification">Yamaguchi esterification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Degradation <br /> reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbier%E2%80%93Wieland_degradation" title="Barbier–Wieland degradation">Barbier–Wieland degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergmann_degradation" title="Bergmann degradation">Bergmann degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edman_degradation" title="Edman degradation">Edman degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emde_degradation" title="Emde degradation">Emde degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher%E2%80%93Hollander_degradation" title="Gallagher–Hollander degradation">Gallagher–Hollander degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hofmann_rearrangement" title="Hofmann rearrangement">Hofmann rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooker_reaction" title="Hooker reaction">Hooker reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isosaccharinic_acid" title="Isosaccharinic acid">Isosaccharinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker_degradation" title="Marker degradation">Marker degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruff_degradation" title="Ruff degradation">Ruff degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strecker_degradation" title="Strecker degradation">Strecker degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Braun_amide_degradation" title="Von Braun amide degradation">Von Braun amide degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerman_degradation" title="Weerman degradation">Weerman degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wohl_degradation" title="Wohl degradation">Wohl degradation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Organic_redox_reaction" title="Organic redox reaction">Organic redox <br /> reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acyloin_condensation" title="Acyloin condensation">Acyloin condensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adkins%E2%80%93Peterson_reaction" title="Adkins–Peterson reaction">Adkins–Peterson reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akabori_amino-acid_reaction" title="Akabori amino-acid reaction">Akabori amino-acid reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_oxidation" title="Alcohol oxidation">Alcohol oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algar%E2%80%93Flynn%E2%80%93Oyamada_reaction" title="Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction">Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amide_reduction" title="Amide reduction">Amide reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrussow_process" title="Andrussow process">Andrussow process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angeli%E2%80%93Rimini_reaction" title="Angeli–Rimini reaction">Angeli–Rimini reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatization" title="Aromatization">Aromatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoxidation" title="Autoxidation">Autoxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baeyer%E2%80%93Villiger_oxidation" title="Baeyer–Villiger oxidation">Baeyer–Villiger oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton%E2%80%93McCombie_deoxygenation" title="Barton–McCombie deoxygenation">Barton–McCombie deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechamp_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechamp reduction">Bechamp reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benkeser_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Benkeser reaction">Benkeser reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergmann_degradation" title="Bergmann degradation">Bergmann degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_reduction" title="Birch reduction">Birch reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohn%E2%80%93Schmidt_reaction" title="Bohn–Schmidt reaction">Bohn–Schmidt reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosch_reaction" title="Bosch reaction">Bosch reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouveault%E2%80%93Blanc_reduction" title="Bouveault–Blanc reduction">Bouveault–Blanc reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyland%E2%80%93Sims_oxidation" title="Boyland–Sims oxidation">Boyland–Sims oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannizzaro_reaction" title="Cannizzaro reaction">Cannizzaro reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_reduction" title="Carbonyl reduction">Carbonyl reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemmensen_reduction" title="Clemmensen reduction">Clemmensen reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collins_oxidation" title="Collins oxidation">Collins oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey%E2%80%93Itsuno_reduction" title="Corey–Itsuno reduction">Corey–Itsuno reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey%E2%80%93Kim_oxidation" title="Corey–Kim oxidation">Corey–Kim oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey%E2%80%93Winter_olefin_synthesis" title="Corey–Winter olefin synthesis">Corey–Winter olefin synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criegee_oxidation" title="Criegee oxidation">Criegee oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakin_oxidation" title="Dakin oxidation">Dakin oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_oxidation" title="Davis oxidation">Davis oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxygenation" title="Deoxygenation">Deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dess%E2%80%93Martin_oxidation" title="Dess–Martin oxidation">Dess–Martin oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_oxidation" title="DNA oxidation">DNA oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbs_persulfate_oxidation" title="Elbs persulfate oxidation">Elbs persulfate oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emde_degradation" title="Emde degradation">Emde degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschweiler%E2%80%93Clarke_reaction" title="Eschweiler–Clarke reaction">Eschweiler–Clarke reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tard_reaction" title="Étard reaction">Étard reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming%E2%80%93Tamao_oxidation" title="Fleming–Tamao oxidation">Fleming–Tamao oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuyama_reduction" title="Fukuyama reduction">Fukuyama reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganem_oxidation" title="Ganem oxidation">Ganem oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycol_cleavage" title="Glycol cleavage">Glycol cleavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griesbaum_coozonolysis" title="Griesbaum coozonolysis">Griesbaum coozonolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundmann_aldehyde_synthesis" title="Grundmann aldehyde synthesis">Grundmann aldehyde synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloform_reaction" title="Haloform reaction">Haloform reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">Hydrogenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenolysis" title="Hydrogenolysis">Hydrogenolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation" title="Hydroxylation">Hydroxylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_oxidation" title="Jones oxidation">Jones oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliani%E2%80%93Fischer_synthesis" title="Kiliani–Fischer synthesis">Kiliani–Fischer synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbe_electrolysis" title="Kolbe electrolysis">Kolbe electrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornblum_oxidation" title="Kornblum oxidation">Kornblum oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornblum%E2%80%93DeLaMare_rearrangement" title="Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement">Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuckart_reaction" title="Leuckart reaction">Leuckart reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ley_oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ley oxidation">Ley oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindgren_oxidation" title="Lindgren oxidation">Lindgren oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_peroxidation" title="Lipid peroxidation">Lipid peroxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardo_methylenation" title="Lombardo methylenation">Lombardo methylenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luche_reduction" title="Luche reduction">Luche reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark%C3%B3%E2%80%93Lam_deoxygenation" title="Markó–Lam deoxygenation">Markó–Lam deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McFadyen%E2%80%93Stevens_reaction" title="McFadyen–Stevens reaction">McFadyen–Stevens reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerwein%E2%80%93Ponndorf%E2%80%93Verley_reduction" title="Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction">Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methionine_sulfoxide" title="Methionine sulfoxide">Methionine sulfoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyaura_borylation" title="Miyaura borylation">Miyaura borylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozingo_reduction" title="Mozingo reduction">Mozingo reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyori_asymmetric_hydrogenation" class="mw-redirect" title="Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation">Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_oxidation" title="Omega oxidation">Omega oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenauer_oxidation" title="Oppenauer oxidation">Oppenauer oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_rebound_mechanism" title="Oxygen rebound mechanism">Oxygen rebound mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozonolysis" title="Ozonolysis">Ozonolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parikh%E2%80%93Doering_oxidation" title="Parikh–Doering oxidation">Parikh–Doering oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnick_oxidation" title="Pinnick oxidation">Pinnick oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9vost_reaction" title="Prévost reaction">Prévost reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduction_of_nitro_compounds" title="Reduction of nitro compounds">Reduction of nitro compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductive_amination" title="Reductive amination">Reductive amination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riley_oxidation" title="Riley oxidation">Riley oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenmund_reduction" title="Rosenmund reduction">Rosenmund reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubottom_oxidation" title="Rubottom oxidation">Rubottom oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarett_oxidation" title="Sarett oxidation">Sarett oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenoxide_elimination" title="Selenoxide elimination">Selenoxide elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapiro_reaction" title="Shapiro reaction">Shapiro reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpless_asymmetric_dihydroxylation" title="Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation">Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxidation_of_allylic_alcohols" title="Epoxidation of allylic alcohols">Epoxidation of allylic alcohols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpless_epoxidation" title="Sharpless epoxidation">Sharpless epoxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpless_oxyamination" title="Sharpless oxyamination">Sharpless oxyamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahl_oxidation" title="Stahl oxidation">Stahl oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staudinger_reaction" title="Staudinger reaction">Staudinger reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_aldehyde_synthesis" title="Stephen aldehyde synthesis">Stephen aldehyde synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swern_oxidation" title="Swern oxidation">Swern oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_hydrogenation" title="Transfer hydrogenation">Transfer hydrogenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wacker_process" title="Wacker process">Wacker process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wharton_reaction" title="Wharton reaction">Wharton reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiting_reaction" title="Whiting reaction">Whiting reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wohl%E2%80%93Aue_reaction" title="Wohl–Aue reaction">Wohl–Aue reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolff%E2%80%93Kishner_reduction" title="Wolff–Kishner reduction">Wolff–Kishner reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolffenstein%E2%80%93B%C3%B6ters_reaction" title="Wolffenstein–Böters reaction">Wolffenstein–Böters reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinin_reaction" title="Zinin reaction">Zinin reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Rearrangement_reaction" title="Rearrangement reaction">Rearrangement <br /> reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1,2-rearrangement" title="1,2-rearrangement">1,2-rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Wittig_rearrangement" title="1,2-Wittig rearrangement">1,2-Wittig rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3-sigmatropic_rearrangement" title="2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement">2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3-Wittig_rearrangement" title="2,3-Wittig rearrangement">2,3-Wittig rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achmatowicz_reaction" title="Achmatowicz reaction">Achmatowicz reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyne_zipper_reaction" title="Alkyne zipper reaction">Alkyne zipper reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen%E2%80%93Millar%E2%80%93Trippett_rearrangement" title="Allen–Millar–Trippett rearrangement">Allen–Millar–Trippett rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allylic_rearrangement" title="Allylic rearrangement">Allylic rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-ketol_rearrangement" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-ketol rearrangement">Alpha-ketol rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadori_rearrangement" title="Amadori rearrangement">Amadori rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arndt%E2%80%93Eistert_reaction" title="Arndt–Eistert reaction">Arndt–Eistert reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aza-Cope_rearrangement" title="Aza-Cope rearrangement">Aza-Cope rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker%E2%80%93Venkataraman_rearrangement" title="Baker–Venkataraman rearrangement">Baker–Venkataraman rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamberger_rearrangement" title="Bamberger rearrangement">Bamberger rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banert_cascade" title="Banert cascade">Banert cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beckmann_rearrangement" title="Beckmann rearrangement">Beckmann rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzilic_acid_rearrangement" title="Benzilic acid rearrangement">Benzilic acid rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergman_cyclization" title="Bergman cyclization">Bergman cyclization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergmann_degradation" title="Bergmann degradation">Bergmann degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boekelheide_reaction" title="Boekelheide reaction">Boekelheide reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_rearrangement" title="Brook rearrangement">Brook rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchner_ring_expansion" title="Buchner ring expansion">Buchner ring expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_rearrangement" title="Carroll rearrangement">Carroll rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_rearrangement" title="Chan rearrangement">Chan rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claisen_rearrangement" title="Claisen rearrangement">Claisen rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cope_rearrangement" title="Cope rearrangement">Cope rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey%E2%80%93Fuchs_reaction" title="Corey–Fuchs reaction">Corey–Fuchs reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornforth_rearrangement" title="Cornforth rearrangement">Cornforth rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criegee_rearrangement" title="Criegee rearrangement">Criegee rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtius_rearrangement" title="Curtius rearrangement">Curtius rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demjanov_rearrangement" title="Demjanov rearrangement">Demjanov rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di-%CF%80-methane_rearrangement" title="Di-π-methane rearrangement">Di-π-methane rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimroth_rearrangement" title="Dimroth rearrangement">Dimroth rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinylcyclopropane-cycloheptadiene_rearrangement" title="Divinylcyclopropane-cycloheptadiene rearrangement">Divinylcyclopropane-cycloheptadiene rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowd%E2%80%93Beckwith_ring-expansion_reaction" title="Dowd–Beckwith ring-expansion reaction">Dowd–Beckwith ring-expansion reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocyclic_reaction" title="Electrocyclic reaction">Electrocyclic reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ene_reaction" title="Ene reaction">Ene reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyne_metathesis" title="Enyne metathesis">Enyne metathesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favorskii_reaction" title="Favorskii reaction">Favorskii reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favorskii_rearrangement" title="Favorskii rearrangement">Favorskii rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrier_carbocyclization" title="Ferrier carbocyclization">Ferrier carbocyclization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrier_rearrangement" title="Ferrier rearrangement">Ferrier rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Hepp_rearrangement" title="Fischer–Hepp rearrangement">Fischer–Hepp rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries_rearrangement" title="Fries rearrangement">Fries rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritsch%E2%80%93Buttenberg%E2%80%93Wiechell_rearrangement" title="Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement">Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%E2%80%93Colman_rearrangement" title="Gabriel–Colman rearrangement">Gabriel–Colman rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_transfer_reaction" title="Group transfer reaction">Group transfer reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen_dance_rearrangement" title="Halogen dance rearrangement">Halogen dance rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_rearrangement" title="Hayashi rearrangement">Hayashi rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hofmann_rearrangement" title="Hofmann rearrangement">Hofmann rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hofmann%E2%80%93Martius_rearrangement" title="Hofmann–Martius rearrangement">Hofmann–Martius rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Claisen_rearrangement" title="Ireland–Claisen rearrangement">Ireland–Claisen rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobsen_rearrangement" title="Jacobsen rearrangement">Jacobsen rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornblum%E2%80%93DeLaMare_rearrangement" title="Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement">Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowalski_ester_homologation" title="Kowalski ester homologation">Kowalski ester homologation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobry_de_Bruyn%E2%80%93Van_Ekenstein_transformation" title="Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation">Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossen_rearrangement" title="Lossen rearrangement">Lossen rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McFadyen%E2%80%93Stevens_reaction" title="McFadyen–Stevens reaction">McFadyen–Stevens reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLafferty_rearrangement" title="McLafferty rearrangement">McLafferty rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer%E2%80%93Schuster_rearrangement" title="Meyer–Schuster rearrangement">Meyer–Schuster rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mislow%E2%80%93Evans_rearrangement" title="Mislow–Evans rearrangement">Mislow–Evans rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumm_rearrangement" title="Mumm rearrangement">Mumm rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers_allene_synthesis" title="Myers allene synthesis">Myers allene synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarov_cyclization_reaction" title="Nazarov cyclization reaction">Nazarov cyclization reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neber_rearrangement" title="Neber rearrangement">Neber rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newman%E2%80%93Kwart_rearrangement" title="Newman–Kwart rearrangement">Newman–Kwart rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overman_rearrangement" title="Overman rearrangement">Overman rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxy-Cope_rearrangement" title="Oxy-Cope rearrangement">Oxy-Cope rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericyclic_reaction" title="Pericyclic reaction">Pericyclic reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piancatelli_rearrangement" title="Piancatelli rearrangement">Piancatelli rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacol_rearrangement" title="Pinacol rearrangement">Pinacol rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pummerer_rearrangement" title="Pummerer rearrangement">Pummerer rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramberg%E2%80%93B%C3%A4cklund_reaction" title="Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction">Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_expansion_and_contraction" title="Ring expansion and contraction">Ring expansion and contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring-closing_metathesis" title="Ring-closing metathesis">Ring-closing metathesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupe_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupe reaction">Rupe reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmidt_reaction" title="Schmidt reaction">Schmidt reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipinacol_rearrangement" title="Semipinacol rearrangement">Semipinacol rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyferth%E2%80%93Gilbert_homologation" title="Seyferth–Gilbert homologation">Seyferth–Gilbert homologation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmatropic_reaction" title="Sigmatropic reaction">Sigmatropic reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skatteb%C3%B8l_rearrangement" title="Skattebøl rearrangement">Skattebøl rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiles_rearrangement" title="Smiles rearrangement">Smiles rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelet%E2%80%93Hauser_rearrangement" title="Sommelet–Hauser rearrangement">Sommelet–Hauser rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_rearrangement" title="Stevens rearrangement">Stevens rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieglitz_rearrangement" title="Stieglitz rearrangement">Stieglitz rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_rearrangement_of_aromatic_hydrocarbons" title="Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons">Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffeneau%E2%80%93Demjanov_rearrangement" title="Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement">Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylcyclopropane_rearrangement" title="Vinylcyclopropane rearrangement">Vinylcyclopropane rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner%E2%80%93Meerwein_rearrangement" title="Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement">Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallach_rearrangement" title="Wallach rearrangement">Wallach rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerman_degradation" title="Weerman degradation">Weerman degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalen%E2%80%93Lettr%C3%A9_rearrangement" title="Westphalen–Lettré rearrangement">Westphalen–Lettré rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willgerodt_rearrangement" title="Willgerodt rearrangement">Willgerodt rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolff_rearrangement" title="Wolff rearrangement">Wolff rearrangement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Ring_forming_reaction" title="Ring forming reaction">Ring forming <br /> reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Dipolar_cycloaddition" title="1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition">1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulation" title="Annulation">Annulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azide-alkyne_Huisgen_cycloaddition" title="Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition">Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baeyer%E2%80%93Emmerling_indole_synthesis" title="Baeyer–Emmerling indole synthesis">Baeyer–Emmerling indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartoli_indole_synthesis" title="Bartoli indole synthesis">Bartoli indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergman_cyclization" title="Bergman cyclization">Bergman cyclization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biginelli_reaction" title="Biginelli reaction">Biginelli reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bischler%E2%80%93M%C3%B6hlau_indole_synthesis" title="Bischler–Möhlau indole synthesis">Bischler–Möhlau indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bischler%E2%80%93Napieralski_reaction" title="Bischler–Napieralski reaction">Bischler–Napieralski reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blum%E2%80%93Ittah_aziridine_synthesis" title="Blum–Ittah aziridine synthesis">Blum–Ittah aziridine synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobbitt_reaction" title="Bobbitt reaction">Bobbitt reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohlmann%E2%80%93Rahtz_pyridine_synthesis" title="Bohlmann–Rahtz pyridine synthesis">Bohlmann–Rahtz pyridine synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsche%E2%80%93Drechsel_cyclization" title="Borsche–Drechsel cyclization">Borsche–Drechsel cyclization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucherer_carbazole_synthesis" title="Bucherer carbazole synthesis">Bucherer carbazole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucherer%E2%80%93Bergs_reaction" title="Bucherer–Bergs reaction">Bucherer–Bergs reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadogan%E2%80%93Sundberg_indole_synthesis" title="Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis">Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camps_quinoline_synthesis" title="Camps quinoline synthesis">Camps quinoline synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichibabin_pyridine_synthesis" title="Chichibabin pyridine synthesis">Chichibabin pyridine synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook%E2%80%93Heilbron_thiazole_synthesis" title="Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis">Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloaddition" title="Cycloaddition">Cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darzens_reaction" title="Darzens reaction">Darzens reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Beirut_reaction" title="Davis–Beirut reaction">Davis–Beirut reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Kimpe_aziridine_synthesis" title="De Kimpe aziridine synthesis">De Kimpe aziridine synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debus%E2%80%93Radziszewski_imidazole_synthesis" title="Debus–Radziszewski imidazole synthesis">Debus–Radziszewski imidazole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieckmann_condensation" title="Dieckmann condensation">Dieckmann condensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction" title="Diels–Alder reaction">Diels–Alder reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feist%E2%80%93Benary_synthesis" title="Feist–Benary synthesis">Feist–Benary synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrario%E2%80%93Ackermann_reaction" title="Ferrario–Ackermann reaction">Ferrario–Ackermann reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiesselmann_thiophene_synthesis" title="Fiesselmann thiophene synthesis">Fiesselmann thiophene synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_indole_synthesis" title="Fischer indole synthesis">Fischer indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_oxazole_synthesis" title="Fischer oxazole synthesis">Fischer oxazole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedl%C3%A4nder_synthesis" title="Friedländer synthesis">Friedländer synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gewald_reaction" title="Gewald reaction">Gewald reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_reaction" title="Graham reaction">Graham reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantzsch_pyridine_synthesis" title="Hantzsch pyridine synthesis">Hantzsch pyridine synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegedus_indole_synthesis" title="Hegedus indole synthesis">Hegedus indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemetsberger_indole_synthesis" title="Hemetsberger indole synthesis">Hemetsberger indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hofmann%E2%80%93L%C3%B6ffler_reaction" title="Hofmann–Löffler reaction">Hofmann–Löffler reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurd%E2%80%93Mori_1,2,3-thiadiazole_synthesis" title="Hurd–Mori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis">Hurd–Mori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodolactonization" title="Iodolactonization">Iodolactonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isay_reaction" title="Isay reaction">Isay reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobsen_epoxidation" title="Jacobsen epoxidation">Jacobsen epoxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Corey%E2%80%93Chaykovsky_reaction" title="Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction">Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knorr_pyrrole_synthesis" title="Knorr pyrrole synthesis">Knorr pyrrole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knorr_quinoline_synthesis" title="Knorr quinoline synthesis">Knorr quinoline synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B6hnke_pyridine_synthesis" title="Kröhnke pyridine synthesis">Kröhnke pyridine synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulinkovich_reaction" title="Kulinkovich reaction">Kulinkovich reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larock_indole_synthesis" title="Larock indole synthesis">Larock indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madelung_synthesis" title="Madelung synthesis">Madelung synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarov_cyclization_reaction" title="Nazarov cyclization reaction">Nazarov cyclization reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenitzescu_indole_synthesis" title="Nenitzescu indole synthesis">Nenitzescu indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niementowski_quinazoline_synthesis" title="Niementowski quinazoline synthesis">Niementowski quinazoline synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niementowski_quinoline_synthesis" title="Niementowski quinoline synthesis">Niementowski quinoline synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paal%E2%80%93Knorr_synthesis" title="Paal–Knorr synthesis">Paal–Knorr synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patern%C3%B2%E2%80%93B%C3%BCchi_reaction" title="Paternò–Büchi reaction">Paternò–Büchi reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechmann_condensation" title="Pechmann condensation">Pechmann condensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrenko-Kritschenko_piperidone_synthesis" title="Petrenko-Kritschenko piperidone synthesis">Petrenko-Kritschenko piperidone synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictet%E2%80%93Spengler_reaction" title="Pictet–Spengler reaction">Pictet–Spengler reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranz%E2%80%93Fritsch_reaction" title="Pomeranz–Fritsch reaction">Pomeranz–Fritsch reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prilezhaev_reaction" title="Prilezhaev reaction">Prilezhaev reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschorr_cyclization" title="Pschorr cyclization">Pschorr cyclization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reissert_indole_synthesis" title="Reissert indole synthesis">Reissert indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring-closing_metathesis" title="Ring-closing metathesis">Ring-closing metathesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_annulation" title="Robinson annulation">Robinson annulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpless_epoxidation" title="Sharpless epoxidation">Sharpless epoxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmons%E2%80%93Smith_reaction" title="Simmons–Smith reaction">Simmons–Smith reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skraup_reaction" title="Skraup reaction">Skraup reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urech_hydantoin_synthesis" title="Urech hydantoin synthesis">Urech hydantoin synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Leusen_reaction" title="Van Leusen reaction">Van Leusen reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenker_synthesis" title="Wenker synthesis">Wenker synthesis</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycloaddition" title="Cycloaddition">Cycloaddition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Dipolar_cycloaddition" title="1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition">1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%2B4_Photocycloaddition" title="4+4 Photocycloaddition">4+4 Photocycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(4%2B3)_cycloaddition" title="(4+3) cycloaddition">(4+3) cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%2B4_Cycloaddition" title="6+4 Cycloaddition">6+4 Cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyne_trimerisation" title="Alkyne trimerisation">Alkyne trimerisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aza-Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction" title="Aza-Diels–Alder reaction">Aza-Diels–Alder reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azide-alkyne_Huisgen_cycloaddition" title="Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition">Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradsher_cycloaddition" title="Bradsher cycloaddition">Bradsher cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheletropic_reaction" title="Cheletropic reaction">Cheletropic reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conia-ene_reaction" title="Conia-ene reaction">Conia-ene reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropanation" title="Cyclopropanation">Cyclopropanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoalkane_1,3-dipolar_cycloaddition" title="Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition">Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction" title="Diels–Alder reaction">Diels–Alder reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enone%E2%80%93alkene_cycloadditions" title="Enone–alkene cycloadditions">Enone–alkene cycloadditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadehydro_Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction" title="Hexadehydro Diels–Alder reaction">Hexadehydro Diels–Alder reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramolecular_Diels%E2%80%93Alder_cycloaddition" title="Intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition">Intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_electron-demand_Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction" title="Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction">Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene_cycloaddition" title="Ketene cycloaddition">Ketene cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCormack_reaction" title="McCormack reaction">McCormack reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-centered_cycloaddition_reactions" title="Metal-centered cycloaddition reactions">Metal-centered cycloaddition reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrone-olefin_(3%2B2)_cycloaddition" title="Nitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition">Nitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxo-Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction" title="Oxo-Diels–Alder reaction">Oxo-Diels–Alder reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozonolysis" title="Ozonolysis">Ozonolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauson%E2%80%93Khand_reaction" title="Pauson–Khand reaction">Pauson–Khand reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Povarov_reaction" title="Povarov reaction">Povarov reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prato_reaction" title="Prato reaction">Prato reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retro-Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction" title="Retro-Diels–Alder reaction">Retro-Diels–Alder reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staudinger_synthesis" title="Staudinger synthesis">Staudinger synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylenemethane_cycloaddition" title="Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition">Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylcyclopropane_(5%2B2)_cycloaddition" title="Vinylcyclopropane (5+2) cycloaddition">Vinylcyclopropane (5+2) cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner-Jauregg_reaction" title="Wagner-Jauregg reaction">Wagner-Jauregg reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heterocycle forming reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algar%E2%80%93Flynn%E2%80%93Oyamada_reaction" title="Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction">Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan%E2%80%93Robinson_reaction" title="Allan–Robinson reaction">Allan–Robinson reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auwers_synthesis" title="Auwers synthesis">Auwers synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamberger_triazine_synthesis" title="Bamberger triazine synthesis">Bamberger triazine synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banert_cascade" title="Banert cascade">Banert cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton%E2%80%93Zard_reaction" title="Barton–Zard reaction">Barton–Zard reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernthsen_acridine_synthesis" title="Bernthsen acridine synthesis">Bernthsen acridine synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bischler%E2%80%93Napieralski_reaction" title="Bischler–Napieralski reaction">Bischler–Napieralski reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobbitt_reaction" title="Bobbitt reaction">Bobbitt reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boger_pyridine_synthesis" title="Boger pyridine synthesis">Boger pyridine synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsche%E2%80%93Drechsel_cyclization" title="Borsche–Drechsel cyclization">Borsche–Drechsel cyclization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucherer_carbazole_synthesis" title="Bucherer carbazole synthesis">Bucherer carbazole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucherer%E2%80%93Bergs_reaction" title="Bucherer–Bergs reaction">Bucherer–Bergs reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichibabin_pyridine_synthesis" title="Chichibabin pyridine synthesis">Chichibabin pyridine synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook%E2%80%93Heilbron_thiazole_synthesis" title="Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis">Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoalkane_1,3-dipolar_cycloaddition" title="Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition">Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einhorn%E2%80%93Brunner_reaction" title="Einhorn–Brunner reaction">Einhorn–Brunner reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlenmeyer%E2%80%93Pl%C3%B6chl_azlactone_and_amino-acid_synthesis" title="Erlenmeyer–Plöchl azlactone and amino-acid synthesis">Erlenmeyer–Plöchl azlactone and amino-acid synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feist%E2%80%93Benary_synthesis" title="Feist–Benary synthesis">Feist–Benary synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_oxazole_synthesis" title="Fischer oxazole synthesis">Fischer oxazole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%E2%80%93Colman_rearrangement" title="Gabriel–Colman rearrangement">Gabriel–Colman rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gewald_reaction" title="Gewald reaction">Gewald reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantzsch_ester" title="Hantzsch ester">Hantzsch ester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantzsch_pyridine_synthesis" title="Hantzsch pyridine synthesis">Hantzsch pyridine synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herz_reaction" title="Herz reaction">Herz reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knorr_pyrrole_synthesis" title="Knorr pyrrole synthesis">Knorr pyrrole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B6hnke_pyridine_synthesis" title="Kröhnke pyridine synthesis">Kröhnke pyridine synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectka_enantioselective_beta-lactam_synthesis" title="Lectka enantioselective beta-lactam synthesis">Lectka enantioselective beta-lactam synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehmstedt%E2%80%93Tanasescu_reaction" title="Lehmstedt–Tanasescu reaction">Lehmstedt–Tanasescu reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niementowski_quinazoline_synthesis" title="Niementowski quinazoline synthesis">Niementowski quinazoline synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrone-olefin_(3%2B2)_cycloaddition" title="Nitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition">Nitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paal%E2%80%93Knorr_synthesis" title="Paal–Knorr synthesis">Paal–Knorr synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellizzari_reaction" title="Pellizzari reaction">Pellizzari reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictet%E2%80%93Spengler_reaction" title="Pictet–Spengler reaction">Pictet–Spengler reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranz%E2%80%93Fritsch_reaction" title="Pomeranz–Fritsch reaction">Pomeranz–Fritsch reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prilezhaev_reaction" title="Prilezhaev reaction">Prilezhaev reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson%E2%80%93Gabriel_synthesis" title="Robinson–Gabriel synthesis">Robinson–Gabriel synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoll%C3%A9_synthesis" title="Stollé synthesis">Stollé synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urech_hydantoin_synthesis" title="Urech hydantoin synthesis">Urech hydantoin synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenker_synthesis" title="Wenker synthesis">Wenker synthesis</a></li> 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