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Acre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synagogue_in_Acre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Religious writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_literary_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_literary_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Secular literary legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_literary_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="موشي حاييم لوزاتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موشي حاييم لوزاتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto" title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosche_Chaim_Luzzatto" title="Mosche Chaim Luzzatto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mosche Chaim Luzzatto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosh%C3%A9_Jaim_Luzzatto" title="Moshé Jaim Luzzatto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moshé Jaim Luzzatto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moch%C3%A9_Ha%C3%AFm_Luzzatto" title="Moché Haïm Luzzatto – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moché Haïm Luzzatto" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto" title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos%C3%A8_Luzzatto" title="Mosè Luzzatto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mosè Luzzatto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%97%22%D7%9C" title="רמח"ל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רמח"ל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Haim_Luzzatto" title="Moshe Haim Luzzatto – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Moshe Haim Luzzatto" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%89_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="موشى حاييم لوزاتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موشى حاييم لوزاتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E3%82%A1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="モーゼス・ハイム・ルッツァット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モーゼス・ハイム・ルッツァット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosze_Chaim_Luzzatto" title="Mosze Chaim Luzzatto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mosze Chaim Luzzatto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto" title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE,_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Луцатто, Моше Хаим – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Луцатто, Моше Хаим" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%A1e_Hajjim_Luzzatto" title="Moše Hajjim Luzzatto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Moše Hajjim Luzzatto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%97%22%D7%9C" title="רמח"ל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רמח"ל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q982845#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_David_Luzzatto" title="Samuel David Luzzatto">Samuel David Luzzatto</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #ADD8E6; color: #000000;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">RaMHaL<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רמח"ל</span>‎</div><div class="fn">Moshe Chaim Luzzatto</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto_(ramhal)_-_Wall_painting_in_Acre,_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto_%28ramhal%29_-_Wall_painting_in_Acre%2C_Israel.jpg/220px-Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto_%28ramhal%29_-_Wall_painting_in_Acre%2C_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto_%28ramhal%29_-_Wall_painting_in_Acre%2C_Israel.jpg/330px-Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto_%28ramhal%29_-_Wall_painting_in_Acre%2C_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto_%28ramhal%29_-_Wall_painting_in_Acre%2C_Israel.jpg/440px-Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto_%28ramhal%29_-_Wall_painting_in_Acre%2C_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Wall painting in Acre, Israel</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">Rabbi</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ADD8E6; color: #000000;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Moshe Chaim Luzzato</div><br />1707<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 May 1746<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Akko" class="mw-redirect" title="Akko">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Jacob Vita (father)</li><li>Diamente (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ADD8E6; color: #000000;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a href="/wiki/Yahrtzeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahrtzeit">Yahrtzeit</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data">26 Iyar 5506</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Headstone_of_Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto_in_Tiberias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Headstone_of_Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto_in_Tiberias.jpg/220px-Headstone_of_Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto_in_Tiberias.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Headstone_of_Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto_in_Tiberias.jpg/330px-Headstone_of_Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto_in_Tiberias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Headstone_of_Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto_in_Tiberias.jpg/440px-Headstone_of_Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto_in_Tiberias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone"><i>Tziyun</i> (gravemark)</a>, or more likely the <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a> of the <i>Ramhal</i> in <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">ir hakodesh</a></i> (holy city), Israel</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Moshe Chaim Luzzatto</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">משה חיים לוצאטו</span>; also <i>Moses Chaim</i>, <i>Moise Vita</i>, <i>Moses Hayyim</i> or <i>Luzzato</i>; 1707 – 16 May 1746), also known by the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> <b>RaMCHaL</b> (or <b>RaMHaL</b>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רמח"ל</span>‎), was an Italian Jewish <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">kabbalist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">philosopher</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moshe Chaim Luzzatto was born in 1707 in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish ghetto</a> of <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>. The son of Jacob Vita and Diamente Luzzatto,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he received classical Jewish and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> education, showing a predilection for literature at a very early age. He may have attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a> and certainly associated with a group of students there, known to dabble in mysticism and <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>. With his vast knowledge in religious lore, the arts, and science, he quickly became the dominant figure in that group. His writings demonstrate mastery of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, the rabbinical commentaries and codes of Jewish law and <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_and_literature">Poetry and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Poetry and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At an early age, he began a thorough study of the Hebrew language and of poetic composition. He wrote <a href="/wiki/Epithalamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithalamia">epithalamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elegies" class="mw-redirect" title="Elegies">elegies</a>, a noteworthy example of the latter being the dirge on the death of his teacher Cantarini, a lofty poem of twenty-four verses written in classical Hebrew. Before age 20, he had begun his composition of 150 hymns modeled on the biblical Psalter. In these psalms, composed in conformity with the laws of parallelism, he freed himself from all foreign influences, imitating the style of the Bible so faithfully that his poems seem entirely a renaissance of biblical words and thoughts. They provoked the criticism of the rabbis, however, and were one of the causes of the persecutions to which Luzzatto was later subjected. R. Jacob Poppers of Frankfurt-on-the-Main thought it unpardonable presumption to attempt to equal the "anointed of the God of Jacob". Only two psalms are known of which it can with certainty be said that they belonged to Luzzatto's psalter; in addition seven hymns by him which were sung at the inauguration of the enlarged Spanish synagogue at Padua appeared in the work "Ḥanukkat ha-Maron" (Venice, 1729); but it is not certain whether they were taken from the psalter.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a youth Luzzatto essayed also dramatic poetry, writing at the age of 17 his first biblical drama, "Shimshon u-Felistim", (of which only fragments have been preserved, in another work of his). This youthful production foreshadows the coming master; it is perfect in versification, simple in language, original and thoughtful in substance. This first large work was followed by the "Leshon Limmudim", a discussion of Hebrew style with a new theory of Hebrew versification, in which the author showed his thorough knowledge of classical rhetoric. It is in a certain sense a scientific demonstration of the neoclassic Italian style, in contrast with the medieval. There is a vast difference between Luzzatto's style, which recalls the simplicity, smoothness, and vigor of the Bible, and the insipid, exaggerated, and affected work of his contemporaries. The book, dedicated to his teacher Bassani, was printed at Mantua 1727, with a text which deviates from the manuscript formerly in the possession of M. S. Ghirondi.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same year or somewhat later, Luzzatto wrote his allegorical festival drama "Migdal 'Oz" (or "Tummat Yesharim"), on the occasion of the marriage of his friend Israel Benjamin Bassani. This four-act play, which shows Latin and Italian as well as biblical influence, illustrates the victory of justice over iniquity. It is masterly in versification and melodious in language, the lyrical passages being especially lofty; and it has a wealth of pleasing imagery reminiscent of Guarini's "Pastor Fido". The drama was edited by M. Letteris, and published with notes by S. D. Luzzatto and prolegomena by Franz Delitzsch, Leipsic, 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The turning point in Luzzatto's life came at the age of twenty, when he claimed to have received direct instruction from an angel (known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Maggid" title="Maggid">maggid</a></i>). While stories of such encounters with celestial entities were not unknown in kabbalistic circles, it was unheard of for someone of such a young age. His peers were enthralled by his written accounts of these "Divine lessons", but the leading Italian rabbinical authorities were highly suspicious and threatened to excommunicate him. Just decades earlier another young mystic, <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> (1626–1676), had rocked the Jewish world by claiming to be the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a>. Although, at one point, Zevi had convinced many European and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern">Middle Eastern</a> rabbis of his claim, the episode ended with him recanting and converting to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The global Jewish community was still reeling from that, and the similarities between Luzzatto's writings and Zevi's were perceived as being particularly dangerous and heretical. In some of his revelations Luzzato even described <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> introducing themselves to him and calling him "my mentor", this infuriated many rabbis, especially <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hagiz" title="Moses Hagiz">Moshe Hagiz</a>, who considered his writings heretical and ordered the burning of all his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other rumors were spread that Luzzato had authored a new book of Psalms that was meant to supplant the Davidic Psalms in the messianic age, a claim which Luzzato and his mentor Yeshayahu Basan vigorously denied.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These writings, only some of which have survived, are often misunderstood to describe a belief that Luzzatto and his followers were key figures in a messianic drama that was about to take place. In this contentious interpretation, he identified one of his followers as the Messiah, son of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, and assumed for himself the role of Moses, claiming that he was that biblical figure's reincarnation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Departure_from_Italy">Departure from Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Departure from Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After threats of <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> and many arguments, Luzzatto finally came to an understanding with the leading Italian rabbis, including his decision not to write the <i>maggid</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> lessons or teach mysticism and hand over all his writings to his mentor Yeshayahu Basan. In 1735, Luzzatto left <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, believing that in the more liberal environment there, he would be able to pursue his mystical interests. Passing through <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, he appealed to the local rabbinical authorities to protect him from the threats of the Italian rabbis. They refused and forced him to sign a document stating that all the teachings of the <i>maggid</i> were false. </p><p>But the controversy was not entirely over yet. Rumors were spread that Luzzato's mentor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshayahu_Basan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeshayahu Basan (page does not exist)">Yeshayahu Basan</a> sympathized with his pupil and even sent him back some of his writings to publish. This caused a major uproar and many heated letters passed between <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hagiz" title="Moses Hagiz">Moshe Hagiz</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaakov_Poppers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaakov Poppers (page does not exist)">Yaakov Poppers</a> and Basan threatening to undermine the latter's authority if he did not hand over the box with Luzzato's writings to the rabbis of Venice. In one letter, Moshe Hagiz, Luzzato's staunchest opponent, calls Luzzato a wretched renegade who betrayed his religion, and lost his portion in the <a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">world to come</a>, calling and urging for the burning of all his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basan was forced to hand over Luzzato's writings to Poppers which he subsequently buried deep in the ground and burnt some of the writings he deemed heretical.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Amsterdam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Luzzatto finally reached Amsterdam, he was able to pursue his <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> studies relatively unhindered. Earning a living as a diamond cutter, he continued writing but refused to teach. It was in this period that he wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a></i> the <i><a href="/wiki/Mesillat_Yesharim" title="Mesillat Yesharim">Mesillat Yesharim</a></i> (1740), essentially an ethical treatise but with certain mystical underpinnings. The book presents a step-by-step process by which every person can overcome the inclination to sin and might eventually experience a divine inspiration similar to prophecy. Another prominent work, <i><a href="/wiki/Derekh_Hashem" class="mw-redirect" title="Derekh Hashem">Derekh Hashem</a></i> (The Way of God) is a concise work on the core theology of Judaism. The same concepts are discussed in brief in a smaller book called <i>Maamar HaIkarim</i> (the English translation of this book is now available on the Web with the title "Essay on Fundamentals"). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%27at_Tevunot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Da'at Tevunot (page does not exist)">Da'at Tevunot</a></i> ("The Knowing Heart") also found its existence in Amsterdam as the missing link between rationality and Kabbalah, a dialogue between the intellect and the soul. On the other hand, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derech_Tevunot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derech Tevunot (page does not exist)">Derech Tevunot</a></i> ("The Way of Understanding") introduces the logic which structures Talmudic debates as a means to understanding the world. </p><p>One major rabbinic contemporary who praised Luzzatto's writing was Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna, the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a> (1720–1797), who was considered to be the most authoritative <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> sage of the modern era as well as a great kabbalist himself. He was reputed to have said after reading the <i>Mesillat Yesharim</i>, that were Luzzatto still alive, he would have walked from Vilna to learn at Luzzatto's feet.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated that having read the work, the first ten chapters contained not a superfluous word. </p><p>Luzzatto also wrote poetry and drama. Although most of it is seemingly secular, some scholars claim to have identified mystical undertones in this body of work as well. His writing is strongly influenced by the Jewish poets of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and by contemporary Italian authors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The cantor of the Sephardic synagogue in Amsterdam, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Caceres" title="Abraham Caceres">Abraham Caceres</a>, worked with Luzzatto to set several of his poems to music.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acre,_Israel"><span id="Acre.2C_Israel"></span>Acre, Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Acre, Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frustrated by his inability to teach <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, Luzzatto left <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> in 1743, settling in <a href="/wiki/Akko" class="mw-redirect" title="Akko">Acre</a>. Three years later, he and his family died in a plague. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_site">Burial site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Burial site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site of his tomb is unknown. A third-hand account claims his burial place to be near the Talmudic sage <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>, northern Israel. Other scholars claim to have identified his tomb in <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Yasif" title="Kafr Yasif">Kafr Yasif</a>. It is noteworthy that many rabbis have made some comparison between the Ramchal and Rabbi Akiva, both during an after his life. Some have gone as far as to claim that the Ramchal was a reincarnation of Rabbi Akiva. The Tiberias site has many more amenities than the Kafr Yassif grave, with an attached synagogue and tourist shops, making it far more popular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synagogue_in_Acre">Synagogue in Acre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Synagogue in Acre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luzzato's original <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Akko" class="mw-redirect" title="Akko">Akko</a> was razed by the city's <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> ruler, <a href="/wiki/Zahir_al-Umar" title="Zahir al-Umar">Zahir al-Umar</a>, in 1758, who built a mosque on top of it. In its place, the Jews of Akko received a small building north of the mosque which still functions as a synagogue and bears Luzzato's name.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_writings">Religious writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religious writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A century after his death, Luzzatto was rediscovered by the <a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a>, which adopted his ethical works. It was the great Torah ethicist, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Salanter" title="Israel Salanter">Israel Salanter</a> (1810–1883), who placed the <i>Messilat Yesharim</i> at the heart of the <i><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Musar</a></i> (ethics) curriculum of the major <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Derech_Hashem" title="Derech Hashem">Derech Hashem</a></i>, Luzzato's treatise on Jewish theology, eventually came to be considered as an authoritative guide of Jewish theology. The work is a compilation of authoritative opinions found in Talmudic sources. </p><p>Most of his writings were <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">burned</a>, though some did survive. From the <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zoharic</a> writings, the 70 <i>Tikkunim Hadashim</i> reappeared in 1958 against all odds, in the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">main library of Oxford</a>. "Arrangements" of thoughts, these <i>Tikkunim</i> explicate 70 different essential uses of the last verse of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Humash</a></i> (the five books of Moses). Supposedly taught word-by-word in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> by Luzzatto's "Maggid", they parallel the <i><a href="/wiki/Tikunei_haZohar" title="Tikunei haZohar">Tikunei haZohar</a></i> ("Rectifications of the Zohar"), ascribed by some to Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Simeon_bar_Yochai" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon bar Yochai">Simeon bar Yochai</a>, the <i>Rashbi</i>, which describe the 70 fundamental understandings of the first verse of the <i>Humash</i> (Books of Moses). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_literary_legacy">Secular literary legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Secular literary legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> writers of the <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a>, the Jewish expression of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">the Enlightenment</a>, greatly admired Luzatto's secular writings and deemed him the founder of modern Hebrew literature. His cousin, the poet Ephraim Luzzatto (1729–1792), also exerted genuine influence on the first stirrings of modern Hebrew poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following are a selection of other books written by RaMChaL:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Ma'aseh Shimshon</i> ("The Story of Samson")</li> <li><i>Lashon Limudim</i> ("A Tongue for Teaching")<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luzatto_Lashon_Limudim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Luzatto_Lashon_Limudim.jpg/150px-Luzatto_Lashon_Limudim.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Luzatto_Lashon_Limudim.jpg/225px-Luzatto_Lashon_Limudim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Luzatto_Lashon_Limudim.jpg/300px-Luzatto_Lashon_Limudim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An 1833 edition of <i>Lashon limudim</i></figcaption></figure></li> <li><i>Migdal Oz</i> ("A Tower of Strength")</li> <li><i>Zohar Kohelet</i> ("The Zohar to the Book of Ecclesiastes")</li> <li><i>Shivim Tikkunim</i> ("Seventy Tikkunim") which parallels the seventy Tikkunei Zohar</li> <li><i>Zohar Tinyanah</i> ("A Second Zohar") no longer exists</li> <li><i>Klallot Haillan</i> or Klalut Hailan ("The Principal Elements of The Tree [of Life]") a synopsis of the ARI's basic work of Kabbalah</li> <li><i>Ma'amar HaShem</i> ("A Discourse on God")</li> <li><i>Ma'amar HaMerkava</i> ("A Discourse on The Chariot")</li> <li><i>Ma'amar Shem Mem-Bet</i> ("A Discourse on the 42 letter Name [of God]")</li> <li><i>Ma'amar HaDin</i> ("A Discourse on [Divine] Judgment")</li> <li><i>Ma'amar HaChochma</i> or Maamar Ha'hokhma ("A Discourse on Wisdom") focuses on Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and Passover from a Kabbalistic perspective</li> <li><i>Ma'amar HaGeulah</i> ("A Discourse on The Redemption" or "The Great Redemption")</li> <li><i>Ma'amar HaNevuah</i> ("A Discourse on <a href="/wiki/Prophecy#Judaism" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a>")</li> <li><i>Mishkanei Elyon</i> or Mishkane 'Elyon ("Exalted Towers") a Kabbalistic understanding of the Holy Temple with a depiction of the third Temple's dimensions</li> <li><i>Ain Yisrael</i> ("The Well of Israel")</li> <li><i>Ain Yaakov</i> ("The Well of Jacob")</li> <li><i>Milchamot HaShem</i> ("The Wars of God") which defends Kabbalah against its detractors</li> <li><i>Kinnaot HaShem Tzivakot</i> or Kinat H' Tsevaot ("Ardent [Defenses] for The L-rd of Hosts") offers details about the redemption and the Messiah.</li> <li><i>Adir Bamarom</i> ("[God is] Mighty on High") a commentary on the <i>Iddrah Rabbah</i> ("The Great Threshing Room") section of the Zohar</li> <li><i>Iggrot Pitchei Chochma v'Da'at</i> or Klale Pit'he 'Hokhma Veda'at ("Letters [to Serve] as an Opening to Wisdom and Knowledge") spells out and explains certain erudite principles of the Jewish faith according to the Kabbalah</li> <li><i>Sefer Daniel</i> ("The Book of Daniel"), an esoteric commentary to this biblical work</li> <li><i>Tiktu Tephilot</i> ("515 Prayers") focuses on prayers for the revelation of God's sovereignty</li> <li><i>Kitzur Kavvanot</i> ("Abbreviated Intentions") allows the reader an overview of the ARI's recorded prayer-intentions</li> <li><i>Ma'amar HaVechuach</i> ("A Discourse [that serves as] The Argument") pits a Kabbalist against a rationalist as each tries to defend his way of thinking</li> <li><i>Klach Pitchei Chochma</i> or Kala'h Pitkhe 'Hokhma ("138 Openings to Wisdom") one of Ramchal's most important works in that it lays out his thinking about the symbolic nature of the Ari's writings and Ramchal's own explanations of those symbols</li> <li><i>Areichat Klallot HaEilan</i> ("A Dictionary of The Principal Elements to The Tree [of Life]")</li> <li><i>Klallim</i> ("Principal Elements") a series of short and pithy presentations of the main principles of the Kabbalistic system said outright</li> <li><i>Da'at Tevunot</i> or Da'ath Tevunoth ("The Knowing Heart" or "Knowing the Reasons"), a work that explains the duality of positive and negative that exists on all levels of reality, that this is the basis of God's "showing his face/hiding his face" to and from humanity, and the dual existence of good and evil</li> <li><i>Peirush al Midrash Rabbah</i> ("A Commentary on Midrash Rabbah") that is not Kabbalistic so much as symbolic</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Derech_Hashem" title="Derech Hashem">Derech Hashem</a></i> or <i>Derekh HaShem</i> ("The Way of God") one of his best known works: a succinct laying-out of the fundamentals of the Jewish faith touching upon mankind's obligations in this world and its relations to God</li> <li><i>Ma'amar al HaAggadot</i> ("A Discourse on Aggadah") which is an explanation that Aggadic literature is not literal but metaphoric</li> <li><i>Ma'amar HaIkkurim</i> or Maamar Ha'ikarim ("A Discourse on the Fundamentals") a short and succinct laying-out of the fundamentals of the Jewish religion like "The Way of God" that touches upon certain other themes</li> <li><i>Derech Chochma</i> or Sepher Derekh 'Hokhma ("The Way of Wisdom"), which serves as a dialogue between a young person and a sage with the latter setting out a lifetime course of Torah study culminating in the study of Kabbalah <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luzatto_Derek_hokma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Luzatto_Derek_hokma.jpg/150px-Luzatto_Derek_hokma.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Luzatto_Derek_hokma.jpg/225px-Luzatto_Derek_hokma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Luzatto_Derek_hokma.jpg/300px-Luzatto_Derek_hokma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An 1836 edition of <i>Derech Chochma</i></figcaption></figure></li> <li><i>Vichuach HaChocham V'HaChassid</i> ("The Argument between the Sage and the Pious Man") which is actually a first draft of <i>Messilat Yesharim</i> that only resurfaced recently</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Messilat_Yesharim" class="mw-redirect" title="Messilat Yesharim">Messilat Yesharim</a></i> or Mesilat Yesharim ("The Path of the Just"), his most famous work that enables its readers to grow in piety step by step, was written when he was 33 (in 1740)</li> <li><i>Sefer HaDikduk</i> ("The Book of Grammar")</li> <li><i>Sefer HaHigayon</i> ("The Book of Logic") lays out the correct way to think and analyze</li> <li><i>Ma'amar al HaDrasha</i> ("A Discourse on Homilies") encourages the study of Kabbalah and Mussar</li> <li><i>Sefer Hamalitza</i> ("The Book of Style") offers the art of accurate writing and expression</li> <li><i>Derech Tevunot</i> ("The Way of Understanding") explains the Talmudic way of thinking</li> <li><i>LaYesharim Tehilla</i> ("Praise be to the Upright") is a dramatic work</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">History of the Jews in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italian Jews">List of Italian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Musar literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussar_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussar movement">Mussar movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226052702/http://www.ramhal.com/Ramhal-Institute-1.html">"Biography of the Ramchal"</a>. <i>www.ramhal.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramhal.com/Ramhal-Institute-1.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ramhal.com&rft.atitle=Biography+of+the+Ramchal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramhal.com%2FRamhal-Institute-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoshe+Chaim+Luzzatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2007" class="citation web cs1">Feldman, Rabbi Yaakov (29 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torah.org/learning/ramchal-classes-special1/">"Ramchal Biography: Part 1 – His Life"</a>. <i>Torah.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Torah.org&rft.atitle=Ramchal+Biography%3A+Part+1+%E2%80%93+His+Life&rft.date=2007-05-29&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Yaakov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorah.org%2Flearning%2Framchal-classes-special1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoshe+Chaim+Luzzatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10203-luzzatto-luzzatti">"LUZZATTO (LUZZATTI)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=LUZZATTO+%28LUZZATTI%29&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F10203-luzzatto-luzzatti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoshe+Chaim+Luzzatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Igros Ramchal, No. 136-145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Igros Ramchal, No. 34 and 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Igros Ramchal, No. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Igros Ramchal, No. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rietti" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Rietti">Rietti, Rabbi Jonathan</a>, "Deepening one's relationship with God" lecture series, audio format</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luzzatto, Moshe Hayyim (1997), The Way of God (Hebrew: Derech Hashem) (Sixth, corrected edition, 1998), Jerusalem, Feldheim Publishers, p 15, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87306-344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87306-344-9">978-0-87306-344-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Sendrey, The music of the Jews in the Diaspora (up to 1800) 1971 "... Moses Hayyim Luzzatto, who lived in Amsterdam from 1736 to 1743, wrote the poems and Abraham Caceres the music."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal of synagogue music: 5 - 3 Cantors Assembly of America - 1974 "In the texts of poems composed for this occasion by the Amsterdam rabbis Isaac Aboab da Fonseca [...] later set to music by Abraham Caceres, also appears in this important musical manuscript, on fol. 15b-16a..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080329074650/http://www.akko.org.il/English/Sites/PrayerSites.asp">"Prayer Sites"</a>. Old Acre Development Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akko.org.il/english/Sites/PrayerSites.asp">the original</a> on 29 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prayer+Sites&rft.pub=Old+Acre+Development+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akko.org.il%2Fenglish%2FSites%2FPrayerSites.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoshe+Chaim+Luzzatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095809/http://www.torah.org/learning/ramchal/classes/special2.html">"Ramchal"</a>. Torah.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torah.org/learning/ramchal/classes/special2.html">the original</a> on 10 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ramchal&rft.pub=Torah.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torah.org%2Flearning%2Framchal%2Fclasses%2Fspecial2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoshe+Chaim+Luzzatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/luzzatto.html">About Luzzatto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614115818/http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/rabbis/luzzatto.htm">Biography of Luzzatto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torah.org/series/ramchal/">Current classes on RAMCHAL on the Internet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thinktorah.org/book-g-d-and-man-the-ultimate-plan/">His legacy and Derech Hashem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramhal.com">Beit Ramhal, continuing his legacy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120111454/http://www.ramhal.org/">The Kabbalah of the Ari za"l according to the Ram`hal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dafyomireview.com/mesilat.php?d=33&e=4">Excerpt of Derech Etz Chaim by the Ramchal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dafyomireview.com/mesilat.php">MESILAT YESHARIM (Path of the Just) by the Ramchal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105004124/http://www.targum.com/excerpts/what's_the_purpose.html">The purpose of life - based on the RAMCHAL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110714142931/http://www.mykehillah.com/index.php/community/derekh-hashem-the-way-of-g-d-archives/">MP3s of a class that is reading Derech HaShem ("The Way of God")</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishhistorylectures.org/2012/02/16/rabbi-moshe-hayim-luzzatto-the-path-of-the-just/">Video of Lecture on Ramhal</a> by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Abramson" title="Henry Abramson">Henry Abramson</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73875381">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40807/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdTMPJvxPcmmyJ3WrQbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118780859">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79090164">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120661561">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120661561">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Luzzatto, Moses Hayyim"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V258815">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35692412">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0014535&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1284993">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073406295">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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