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Discovery</a><a href="#tab-4" title="CAR-T ">CAR-T </a><a href="#tab-5" title="Antibody Discovery ">Antibody Discovery </a><a href="#tab-6" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></div></div><div class="archive_right__oyNPW"><div id="tab-0" class="archive_tabContent__TRJws"><h3>Lab Automation</h3><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>How can data science be used in lab automation?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>Most research and pharmaceutical laboratories have largely adopted lab automation hence removing the need for human input, especially in repetitive tasks/routines. With the integration of data science in lab automation, these automation systems have become ‘intelligent’. </p><a href="/faqs/how-can-data-science-be-used-in-lab-automation">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What is a Digital Lab?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>A digital lab is a laboratory that has digitalized virtually all of its operations including supply chains, lab systems, personnel, and instruments. The laboratory, therefore, becomes more automated and smart. The streamlined operations make the lab more efficient while lab data is managed by an information management system. </p><a href="/faqs/what-is-a-digital-lab">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What is the lab of the future?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>The lab of the future will be centered on technology and data. Most of the laboratory operations will be automated using technology, especially robotics. The automated system will churn data that will be managed by an integrated information system that has data management and analytics tools. </p><a href="/faqs/what-is-the-lab-of-the-future">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What is lab compliance?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>Lab compliance is the practice of following a set of standards created for the safe and effective operation of a laboratory. Laboratory compliance standards cover a wide array of functionalities, including the management of funds and issues related to fraud, waste, communication, training, maintenance, and record-keeping. </p><a href="/faqs/what-is-lab-compliance">Learn More</a></div></div></div><div id="tab-1" class="archive_tabContent__TRJws"><h3>Data Management </h3><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What is data integrity?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>Data integrity is the overall quality and reliability of data. Maintaining accurate, reliable, and consistent data helps to save on time, energy, and costs. </p><a href="/faqs/what-is-data-integrity">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What Is a Scientific Data Management System (SDMS)?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>Scientific data management systems (SDMS) are digital tools for the safety and accessibility of scientific data. These systems allow for more efficient data organization and analysis. </p><a href="/faqs/what-is-a-scientific-data-management-system-sdms">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What Is the Difference between Open Data and FAIR data?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>The difference between open and FAIR data is the degree of accessibility and requirements for usability. Open data is available without restriction, and FAIR data defines specific conditions to be accessed and utilized. FAIR stands for findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. </p><a href="/faqs/what-is-the-difference-between-open-data-and-fair-data">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>Why is calibration important in the scientific laboratory? </p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>Calibration is important in the scientific laboratory as the accuracy of measurements collected with laboratory equipment is only reliable when instruments are properly calibrated. Calibration is performed to maintain the accuracy, standardization, and reproducibility of measurements to assure reliable benchmarking and results. </p><a href="/faqs/why-is-calibration-important-in-the-scientific-laboratory">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What is data cleaning?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>Data cleaning, often referred to as data cleansing or data scrubbing, is the process of repairing or removing incorrect, corrupted, repeated, or incomplete data within a dataset. If data is inaccurate, conclusions and outcomes are unreliable, which can affect efficiency, productivity, and profitability.</p><a href="/faqs/what-is-data-cleaning-or-dotmatics">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What is assay development?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>Assay development is a procedure employed in molecular biology to test or measure the activity of a drug in an organism. Assays are investigative procedures that qualitatively assess a compound or examine its effect on a molecular target. The development of successful assays is critical in drug discovery and development, with better assays increasing confidence in the productive and successful realization of new drugs. </p><a href="/faqs/what-is-assay-development">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What are the FAIR data principles?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>FAIR data principles are guidelines to improve the findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability of digital assets. These guidelines aim to maximize the usefulness of digital assets by mandating usability requirements that go beyond permission alone. Unlike other types of data which follow different principles like open data, FAIR data prioritizes usability over maximizing openness. These usability requirements optimize the impact of scientific data and promote its preservation and utility.</p><a href="/faqs/what-are-the-fair-data-principles">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What is the importance of GxP compliance?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>GxP compliance is a series of regulatory and quality guidelines created to ensure that life science products are safe and that the integrity of supporting data is upheld and maintained. Compliance with GxP helps to ensure the traceability, accountability, and integrity of the data supporting life science products and services. </p><a href="/faqs/what-is-the-importance-of-gxp-compliance">Learn More</a></div></div></div><div id="tab-2" class="archive_tabContent__TRJws"><h3>Visualization & Analytics</h3><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What Is Scientific Data Visualization?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>Scientific data visualization is the process of converting often large and complex data sets into easily understandable and actionable states.</p><a href="/faqs/what-is-scientific-data-visualization">Learn More</a></div></div></div><div id="tab-3" class="archive_tabContent__TRJws"><h3>Drug Discovery</h3><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>How Do You Analyze DNA Sequences?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>DNA sequencing is the process of deciphering the building blocks in a strand of DNA. This process can be performed using several different techniques that typically involve repeating one or more of the following steps: Replication Separation Measurement </p><a href="/faqs/how-do-you-analyze-dna-sequences">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What are the major steps in the process of drug discovery?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>There are four major steps in the drug discovery process: early drug discovery, pre-clinical phase, clinical phase, and regulatory approval. Phase 1: Early drug discovery The early drug discovery phase uses many varying actions and tests, with researchers collaborating to identify and optimize prospected leads to a specific target. </p><a href="/faqs/what-are-the-major-steps-in-the-process-of-drug-discovery">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>How are small molecule drugs developed?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>Small molecule drugs are organic compounds that affect a variety of molecular pathways, primarily by targeting key proteins. Such compounds have a low molecular weight, allowing them to easily penetrate cells. Small drugs are developed from leads that derive from rational drug design or isolated from nature. </p><a href="/faqs/how-are-small-molecule-drugs-developed">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What is hit to lead stage in drug discovery?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>Hit to lead (H2L) is one of the key stages of the early drug discovery process. Hits are chemical compounds with a desired therapeutic effect at a known target molecule. The lead is the product of the screening process, useful in advanced stages of drug discovery.</p><a href="/faqs/what-is-hit-to-lead-stage-in-drug-discovery">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What are the principles of early drug discovery?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>Drug discovery is a long process that flows from target validation to clinical development, passing through the hit-to-lead stage. The early stages of drug development usually involve screening for active compounds.</p><a href="/faqs/what-are-the-principles-of-early-drug-discovery">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What are monoclonal antibodies (MABs)?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>One of the ways our body’s immune system protects itself from dangerous substances is by producing antibodies. Antibodies are a type of protein that attaches to another form of a protein called antigens. By finding and attaching to antigens, antibodies can impact other parts of the immune system to eliminate cells associated with the given antigen. </p><a href="/faqs/what-are-monoclonal-antibodies-mabs">Learn More</a></div></div></div><div id="tab-4" class="archive_tabContent__TRJws"><h3>CAR-T </h3><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What is CAR-T therapy or adoptive cell transfer?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>CAR T-Cell therapy is a type of cancer treatment where a patient’s T cells are modified in the laboratory so that they will attack cancer cells. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that work with macrophages, which is a type of white blood cell related to infection. </p><a href="/faqs/what-is-car-t-therapy-or-adoptive-cell-transfer">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>Is CAR T-cell therapy a last resort?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>CAR T-cell therapy is a powerful type of cancer treatment that uses modified immune cells to target and attack cancer cells. While potentially life-saving, CAR T-cell therapy is not always the most appropriate treatment. Depending on the circumstance, CAR T-cell therapy may be considered unsafe and reserved only for some patients.</p><a href="/faqs/is-car-t-cell-therapy-a-last-resort">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What is cheminformatics software?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>Cheminformatics, or chemoinformatics, combines chemistry, computer science, and information science to organize, process, and present chemical data. As a field fundamentally linked to computer science, cheminformatics by its definition uses digital tools for its function and use. </p><a href="/faqs/what-is-cheminformatics-software">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>Is CAR-T better than chemo?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>The best cancer treatment depends on the type of cancer, the stage of its development, and the health and makeup of the patient. While chemotherapy has remained one of the most common types of cancer treatments, new therapies are also bringing benefits to patients. </p><a href="/faqs/is-car-t-better-than-chemo">Learn More</a></div></div></div><div id="tab-5" class="archive_tabContent__TRJws"><h3>Antibody Discovery </h3><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>How do you perform DNA sequence alignment?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p></p><a href="/faqs/how-do-you-perform-dna-sequence-alignment">Learn More</a></div></div><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What is antibody sequence analysis software?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>Antibody sequences are important for engineering antibodies and characterizing proteins. Knowing antibody sequences allows for rational experimental design for the development of potentially lifesaving therapeutics. Successful and efficient antibody sequencing requires the assistance of digital tools, and these tools are referred to as antibody sequence analysis software. </p><a href="/faqs/what-is-antibody-sequence-analysis-software">Learn More</a></div></div></div><div id="tab-6" class="archive_tabContent__TRJws"><h3>Chemistry</h3><div class="faq_accordionItem__jY4Dc"><div class="faq_top__x_aB9"><p>What is structure-activity relationship (SAR)?</p></div><div class="faq_bottom__JvJQs"><p>The structure-activity relationship (SAR) is the relationship between the structure and biological activity of a molecule. Analyzing the SAR for a given molecule allows researchers to identify the chemical group responsible for provoking a biological effect of interest. An understanding of this chemistry allows for changing the type of effect or strength of drugs by altering the chemical structure and the biological activity. </p><a href="/faqs/what-is-structure-activity-relationship-sar">Learn More</a></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="SectionTag_section__e11jW pre-footer-type5_preFooterSection__BYxx8"><div class="container-xl customContainer pre-footer-type5_container__fgD8k"><div class="pre-footer-type5_contentBox__EpJ5E" style="background-color:#907680"><div class="pre-footer-type5_leftImage__TWURh" style="background-image:url(//images.ctfassets.net/pzdvlnh8omga/1cxPVDMo7PpDnVvqEmk15t/ea6d8408195a601094aa49d87bda8cd5/Mask_Group.png)"></div><div class="pre-footer-type5_content__rcqjj archive_preFooterContent__QOhq0 dark preFooterText"><p class="pre-footer-type5_h3__hEDal h3"></p><h2 id="7ede825664a20a5388ad787f46dc45a7">Ready to transform to data-driven decision making?</h2><p>Get in touch so we can provide you with a demo 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","archive":[{"metadata":{"tags":[],"concepts":[]},"sys":{"space":{"sys":{"type":"Link","linkType":"Space","id":"pzdvlnh8omga"}},"id":"62dhAvlGspoQGxDGRXCSRr","type":"Entry","createdAt":"2022-09-20T14:08:40.105Z","updatedAt":"2023-06-12T14:43:12.538Z","environment":{"sys":{"id":"master","type":"Link","linkType":"Environment"}},"publishedVersion":16,"revision":7,"contentType":{"sys":{"type":"Link","linkType":"ContentType","id":"faqTab"}},"locale":"en-US"},"fields":{"title":"Lab Automation","postsList":[{"metadata":{"tags":[],"concepts":[]},"sys":{"space":{"sys":{"type":"Link","linkType":"Space","id":"pzdvlnh8omga"}},"id":"HB4cRGyGdbZ3T00s37VP2","type":"Entry","createdAt":"2022-09-20T19:02:01.403Z","updatedAt":"2022-10-20T12:34:53.337Z","environment":{"sys":{"id":"master","type":"Link","linkType":"Environment"}},"publishedVersion":41,"revision":15,"contentType":{"sys":{"type":"Link","linkType":"ContentType","id":"faqPage"}},"locale":"en-US"},"fields":{"title":"How can data science be used in lab automation?","slug":"how-can-data-science-be-used-in-lab-automation","meta":{"metadata":{"tags":[],"concepts":[]},"sys":{"space":{"sys":{"type":"Link","linkType":"Space","id":"pzdvlnh8omga"}},"id":"1SoH3jX92TFKLkLPcRSe1d","type":"Entry","createdAt":"2022-09-21T14:11:46.217Z","updatedAt":"2022-10-04T13:39:30.456Z","environment":{"sys":{"id":"master","type":"Link","linkType":"Environment"}},"publishedVersion":7,"revision":3,"contentType":{"sys":{"type":"Link","linkType":"ContentType","id":"meta"}},"locale":"en-US"},"fields":{"title":"How can data science be used in lab automation? | Dotmatics","description":"Find our how data science can be used in lab automation and what this means for laboratories."}},"shortContent":"Most research and pharmaceutical laboratories have largely adopted lab automation hence removing the need for human input, especially in repetitive tasks/routines. With the integration of data science in lab automation, these automation systems have become ‘intelligent’.\n","content":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Most research and pharmaceutical laboratories have largely adopted ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://www.dotmatics.com/solutions/lab-data-automation-for-life-sciences"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"lab automation","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" hence removing the need for human input, especially in repetitive tasks/routines. With the integration of data science in lab automation, these automation systems have become ‘intelligent’.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Automated systems in labs, each tasked with performing particular routines, can be controlled from a centrally-integrated system in the laboratory. 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The lab can even be left to operate overnight with only minimal human oversight.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The impact of data science analytics is even more powerful when several laboratories combine their data in one cloud-based system and utilize data management tools. These different laboratories can have a protocol for standardizing and annotating their data, before sending it to the cloud. Such collaboration from different automated labs should result in even larger data for modeling with AI and machine learning algorithms. 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"}},"shortContent":"The lab of the future will be centered on technology and data. Most of the laboratory operations will be automated using technology, especially robotics. The automated system will churn data that will be managed by an integrated information system that has data management and analytics tools.\n","content":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://www.dotmatics.com/whitepapers/breaking-down-the-barriers-to-the-lab-of-the-future-whitepaper"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"value":"lab of the future","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" will be centered on technology and data. Most of the laboratory operations will be automated using technology, especially robotics. The automated system will churn data that will be managed by an integrated information system that has data management and analytics tools.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Automation","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The lab of the future, to begin with, will be ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"value":"highly automated","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":", assisted by robotics technology. End-to-end workflows will be monitored to ensure the precise use of resources hence making operations highly efficient and requiring minimal personnel. The small lab personnel will, therefore, be more focused on critical thinking tasks. Such a laboratory will therefore also be sustainable as the use of resources will be highly effective hence also making such labs eco-friendly.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Internet of Things","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Due to the interconnectivity of things, including instruments and personnel, the data degenerated becomes enormous. Nonetheless, this data is managed in an ecosystem of ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://www.dotmatics.com/solutions/lab-data-informatics-for-drug-discovery"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"value":"integrated informatics","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" with access to data management and analytics tools. As a result, instead of scientists spending a large proportion of time manually manipulating data, they spend more time assessing insights from the data analytics tools. Foresight is also drawn from data analytics using tools such as AI systems. The laboratory is, therefore, for example, able to pre-empt consumable shortages in the supply chain and make necessary mitigation plans beforehand.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Due to the high connectivity in the lab, collaboration is made easier and efficient making research even more potent in producing innovative solutions to challenges. Personnel will also have high-tech wearables, within the lab’s internet of things, hence allowing management of staff, and their authorization, which thence improves safety.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Virtual Reality","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Labs of the future will also integrate virtual reality which allows aspects of the lab to be assessed remotely for purposes such as training. Virtual reality would allow for a controlled learning environment and minimize resource wastage in the training of professional inductees and students.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"preFooterSectionContent":{"nodeType":"document","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Ready to transform to data-driven decision making?","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Get in touch so we can provide you with a demo based on your specific needs.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},"preFooterSectionCtaText":"Get Started","preFooterSectionCtaUrl":"https://www.dotmatics.com/demo","preFooterSectionImage1":{"metadata":{"tags":[],"concepts":[]},"sys":{"space":{"sys":{"type":"Link","linkType":"Space","id":"pzdvlnh8omga"}},"id":"5nHIkoQnc1VDX6bGDrQ4GN","type":"Asset","createdAt":"2022-04-05T23:26:52.404Z","updatedAt":"2022-12-25T20:08:09.745Z","environment":{"sys":{"id":"master","type":"Link","linkType":"Environment"}},"publishedVersion":15,"revision":7,"locale":"en-US"},"fields":{"title":"What is the lab of the future","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/pzdvlnh8omga/5nHIkoQnc1VDX6bGDrQ4GN/41548a9735ab8fa13383bd60d730e4eb/Mask_Group.jpg","details":{"size":104032,"image":{"width":380,"height":380}},"fileName":"Mask Group.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}}},"preFooterSectionImage2":{"metadata":{"tags":[],"concepts":[]},"sys":{"space":{"sys":{"type":"Link","linkType":"Space","id":"pzdvlnh8omga"}},"id":"1cxPVDMo7PpDnVvqEmk15t","type":"Asset","createdAt":"2022-09-20T14:03:39.952Z","updatedAt":"2022-12-25T20:08:34.272Z","environment":{"sys":{"id":"master","type":"Link","linkType":"Environment"}},"publishedVersion":12,"revision":6,"locale":"en-US"},"fields":{"title":"lab of the future","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/pzdvlnh8omga/1cxPVDMo7PpDnVvqEmk15t/ea6d8408195a601094aa49d87bda8cd5/Mask_Group.png","details":{"size":486496,"image":{"width":760,"height":760}},"fileName":"Mask Group.png","contentType":"image/png"}}},"schema":"{\n \"@context\": \"https://schema.org\",\n \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n \"mainEntity\": {\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"What is the lab of the future?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"The lab of the future will be centered on technology and data. Most of the laboratory operations will be automated using technology, especially robotics. 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Laboratory compliance standards cover a wide array of functionalities, including the management of funds and issues related to fraud, waste, communication, training, maintenance, and record-keeping. ","content":{"nodeType":"document","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Lab compliance is the practice of following a set of standards created for the safe and effective operation of a laboratory. Laboratory compliance standards cover a wide array of functionalities, including the management of funds and issues related to fraud, waste, communication, training, maintenance, and record-keeping. ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.dotmatics.com/your-journey-to-gxp-compliance-starts-here"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Compliance","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ensures the laboratory is efficient and effective and that all testing is conducted both professionally and ethically for both scientists and consumers. ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Who regulates laboratory compliance ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The primary governmental body that regulates clinical laboratory compliance is the Office of the Inspector General (OIG) of the U.S. Department of Health and Humans Services. 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Discover how assays are developed and why they are so important. "}},"shortContent":"Assay development is a procedure employed in molecular biology to test or measure the activity of a drug in an organism. Assays are investigative procedures that qualitatively assess a compound or examine its effect on a molecular target. The development of successful assays is critical in drug discovery and development, with better assays increasing confidence in the productive and successful realization of new drugs. ","content":{"nodeType":"document","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Assay development is a procedure employed in molecular biology to test or measure the activity of a drug in an organism. Assays are investigative procedures that qualitatively assess a compound or examine its effect on a molecular target. The development of successful assays is critical in ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.dotmatics.com/solutions/small-molecule-discovery"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"drug discovery and development","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":", with better assays increasing confidence in the productive and successful realization of new drugs. ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Developing functional assays requires a thorough consideration of many factors, including:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Relevance","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Reproducibility","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Quality","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Interference","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Cost","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Assay development examples","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The first stage of drug development involves the identification and verification of prospective targets associated with human diseases. 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Some examples from both categories include:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"ADP Hunter Assay for Kinase Activity","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Cell Proliferation Assays","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Assay for Protease Cleavage Activity","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Migrations Assays","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Reporter Gene Assays","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"How to develop an assay ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"There are several steps of assay development:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Step 1:","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" Identification and validation of drug targets","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Step 2: ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"Biological assays and compound screening assays are produced","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Step 3:","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" Cell-based assays are used to examine a drug’s safety and efficacy ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Drug development always involves undergoing numerous assays that are tailored for the specific drug target and compound. 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","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"These guidelines aim to maximize the usefulness of digital assets by mandating usability requirements that go beyond permission alone. Unlike other types of data which follow different principles like ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.dotmatics.com/faqs/what-is-the-difference-between-open-data-and-fair-data"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"open data","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":", FAIR data prioritizes usability over maximizing openness. 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","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Why are the principles of FAIR important to data science?","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Fair data principles aim to outline the ideal way that data should be stored and shared to optimize its utility to the entire research community. ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Whether it be raw data, workflows, analyses, or written publications, each phase of the research cycle produces information that can be invaluable to other researchers. However, until the development of FAIR data guidelines, only a few phases of the research cycle would regularly be made available publicly, and most often only as final publications. ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"FAIR principles help to ensure that as much data as possible is made available to other researchers for its ongoing use and study. Data is the fuel for scientific research and development — and science is a collaborative process. As such, FAIR data principles empower scientists and researchers to benefit from each other's work. 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","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"GxP compliance is important to maintain the process quality throughout each stage of product development including manufacturing, control, storage, and distribution. ","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"There are also product-specific requirements that life science organizations are required to follow, depending on the type of product and the country in which products are being sold. ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"With the fundamental purpose of GxP requirements being to ensure that food and medical products are safe for consumers, they are initially determined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which also oversees ongoing regulation. ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"What does GxP stand for?","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The FDA identifies compliance-related activities as:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"G: Good","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"x: Variable","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"P: Practices","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"These good practices are related to a range of compliance activities, including:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) —","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" GMP addresses cleanliness and hygiene, valid process usage, handling complaints, record keeping, and personnel qualifications. 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"}},"shortContent":"There are four major steps in the drug discovery process: early drug discovery, pre-clinical phase, clinical phase, and regulatory approval. \nPhase 1: Early drug discovery\nThe early drug discovery phase uses many varying actions and tests, with researchers collaborating to identify and optimize prospected leads to a specific target. \n","content":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"There are four major steps in the ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://www.dotmatics.com/solutions/small-molecule-discovery"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"value":"drug discovery process:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" early drug discovery, pre-clinical phase, clinical phase, and regulatory approval. 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These assays measure a phenotype in physiological systems, which includes all preclinical assays formats using physiological systems. ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Target-based drug discovery","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":", which involves target identification and validation, assay development, hit identification, hit to lead, lead optimization, and candidate selection and development.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"What are small molecules used for? ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Small molecules have enormous biological and medicinal applications, most importantly being their potential as novel cancer therapies. 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","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The goal of the H2L stage is to identify the most favored candidates for further progress at later stages of the ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://www.dotmatics.com/faqs/what-are-the-major-steps-in-the-process-of-drug-discovery"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"value":"drug discovery process","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":". This goal is completed by identifying molecule candidates that interact with the drug objective. These candidates are known as leads and are optimized to improve properties for their function as effective drugs. ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"What happens in the hit-to-lead process?","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"As the continual process of improving the lead, H2L typically involves synthesizing and testing many compounds to determine the most promising leads. ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"During this stage, researchers work to refine the starting compounds using various screening test techniques. The tests aim to help optimize characteristics important for drug development, including potency and specificity. This optimization process may involve modifying chemical structures or altering their delivery systems. ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Once a lead has been identified, further optimization will ensure the molecule is proper. Modifications are made to improve the chemical properties as required.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Approaches to hit to lead optimization","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Approaches used for drug optimization in the H2L stage include: ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"value":"Structure-activity relationships (SAR) –","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" Used to understand the relationship between the structure and activity of a compound.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"value":"Computational modeling – ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Computational models can help predict the properties of potential leads without requiring timely and expensive experiments in the laboratory.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"value":"High-throughput screening – ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"High-throughput screening relies on testing many compounds, going through most or all possible combinations for use. 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The combination of screening strategies depends on the goal of the drug discovery and the resources available. Different types of screening strategies include: High-throughput screening – High-throughput screening uses automatic equipment to rapidly test large numbers of compounds against a specific target to help identify compounds with the potential to bind to the target to modulate the pathway in a desirable way. Virtual screening – Virtual screening uses computer modeling to predict the affinity of compounds for binding to a specific target. This screening helps to identify compounds that are likely active with the target of interest, narrowing potential combinations to the most promising candidates.\nPhenotypic screening – Phenotypic screening tests compounds for their ability to produce a specific phenotype of a cell or organism, helping to identify compounds with the potential to modulate specific targets. 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","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The CAR protein is made up of 3 separate proteins:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"One that identifies antigens on the cancer cell","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Two that signal the T-cell to activate during the attachment of the first protein to the antigen of the cancer cell","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"What cancers can be treated with CAR T-cell therapy?","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Different cancers may be treated with CAR T-cell therapy, especially cancers of the blood and lymphatic system. 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","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Why is the structure-activity relationship useful in drug discovery?","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The structure-activity relationship is a critical concept used in the development of new compounds, especially in ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://www.dotmatics.com/solutions/small-molecule-discovery"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"value":"drug discovery","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":". ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The SAR can also be used to characterize existing molecules. Using existing data about structurally similar compounds, scientists can make predictions about the biological effects and activity of new chemical compounds. ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Similar compounds typically have relatively similar physical and biological properties. SAR in drug discovery provides a useful starting point for new compound discovery and reduces the time and complexity of developing new therapeutics. ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Analysis software and SAR in drug discovery ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Understanding the structure-activity relationship is critical in efficient and effective drug discovery and development. However, a conceptual understanding alone is not enough to make the most use of this relationship. 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For example, researchers can conduct cheminformatics analyses, even using SAR. 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