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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grammatical_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Grammatical tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrangement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrangement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Arrangement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrangement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Related fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentarial_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentarial_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Commentarial tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentarial_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Critical responses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rules</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rules-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rules subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_IT_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_IT_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>List of <i>IT</i> markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_IT_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auxiliary_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliary_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Auxiliary texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Auxiliary_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Auxiliary texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Auxiliary_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Śiva_Sūtras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Śiva_Sūtras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Śiva Sūtras</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Śiva_Sūtras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dhātupāṭha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhātupāṭha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Dhātupāṭha</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhātupāṭha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaṇapāṭha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaṇapāṭha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Gaṇapāṭha</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaṇapāṭha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Commentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other information</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_information-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other information subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glossary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glossary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Glossary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glossary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_glossary_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_glossary_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Traditional glossary and notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_glossary_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brahmic_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahmic_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Brahmic notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahmic_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80" title="अष्टाध्यायी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अष्टाध्यायी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80" title="অষ্টাধ্যায়ী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অষ্টাধ্যায়ী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astadhiai" title="Astadhiai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astadhiai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="اشتادهیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اشتادهیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtadhyayi" title="Ashtadhyayi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ashtadhyayi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%80" title="અષ્ટાધ્યાયી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અષ્ટાધ્યાયી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80" title="अष्टाध्यायी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अष्टाध्यायी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" title="Aṣṭādhyāyī – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aṣṭādhyāyī" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" title="Aṣṭādhyāyī – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aṣṭādhyāyī" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1tadhjaja" title="Aštadhjaja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aštadhjaja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF" title="അഷ്ടാധ്യായി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഷ്ടാധ്യായി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80" title="अष्टाध्यायी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अष्टाध्यायी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" title="Aṣṭādhyāyī – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aṣṭādhyāyī" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80" title="अष्टाध्यायी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अष्टाध्यायी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80" title="अष्टाध्यायी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अष्टाध्यायी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astadhyayi" title="Astadhyayi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Astadhyayi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88" title="ਅਸ਼ਟਧਿਆਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਸ਼ਟਧਿਆਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="اشٹادھیایی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اشٹادھیایی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtadhy%C4%81yi" title="Ashtadhyāyi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ashtadhyāyi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C8%99tadhyayii" title="Aștadhyayii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aștadhyayii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B8" title="Аштадхьяи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аштадхьяи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80" title="अष्टाध्यायी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अष्टाध्यायी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashtadhyayi&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtadhyayi">Ashtadhyayi</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early Sanskrit grammar</div> <p>The <b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Aṣṭādhyāyī</i></span></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">अष्टाध्यायी</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ɐʂʈaːdʱjáːjiː]</a></span>) is a grammar text that describes a form of the Sanskrit language. </p><p>Authored by the ancient Sanskrit scholar <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> and dated to around 350 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin2024p._21:_"'[B]rahmins'_(Skt._brāhmaṇa)_[...]_produced_the_mantras,_exegeses,_and_ritual_codes_of_the_Vedic_tradition,_along_with_the_earliest_Vedāṅgas,_or_'limbs_of_the_Veda'—ancillary_works_expounding_various_aspects_of_language_and_ritual._Most_notable_among_these_was_Pāṇini's_Aṣṭādhyāyī_('Eight_Lessons',_<abbr_title="circa">c.</abbr>_350_BCE),_a_foundational_grammatical_work_that_has_set_the_standards_for_proper_Sanskrit_usage_ever_since"_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin2024p._21:_"'[B]rahmins'_(Skt._brāhmaṇa)_[...]_produced_the_mantras,_exegeses,_and_ritual_codes_of_the_Vedic_tradition,_along_with_the_earliest_Vedāṅgas,_or_'limbs_of_the_Veda'—ancillary_works_expounding_various_aspects_of_language_and_ritual._Most_notable_among_these_was_Pāṇini's_Aṣṭādhyāyī_('Eight_Lessons',_<abbr_title="circa">c.</abbr>_350_BCE),_a_foundational_grammatical_work_that_has_set_the_standards_for_proper_Sanskrit_usage_ever_since"-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it describes the language as current in his time, specifically the dialect and register of an élite of model speakers, referred to by Pāṇini himself as <i>śiṣṭa</i>. The work also accounts both for some features specific to the older <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a> form of the language, as well as certain dialectal features current in the author's time. </p><p>The <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> employs a <a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">derivational</a> system to describe the language, where real speech is derived from posited abstract utterances formed by means of affixes added to bases under certain conditions. </p><p>The Aṣṭādhyāyī is supplemented by three ancillary texts: <i>Akṣarasamāmnāya</i>, <i>Dhātupāṭha</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Gaṇapāṭha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panini_Astadhyayi,_Sanskrit_language,_Southern_Grantha_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Panini_Astadhyayi%2C_Sanskrit_language%2C_Southern_Grantha_script.jpg/600px-Panini_Astadhyayi%2C_Sanskrit_language%2C_Southern_Grantha_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Panini_Astadhyayi%2C_Sanskrit_language%2C_Southern_Grantha_script.jpg/900px-Panini_Astadhyayi%2C_Sanskrit_language%2C_Southern_Grantha_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Panini_Astadhyayi%2C_Sanskrit_language%2C_Southern_Grantha_script.jpg/1200px-Panini_Astadhyayi%2C_Sanskrit_language%2C_Southern_Grantha_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3718" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">Palm-leaf page</a> from a version of <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> in <a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha script</a>.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> is made of two words <i>aṣṭa-</i>, 'eight' and <i>adhyāya-</i>, 'chapter', thus meaning eight-chaptered, or 'the book of eight chapters'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_tradition">Grammatical tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammatical tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1000 BCE, a large body of hymns composed in the oldest attested form of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan language</a> had been consolidated into the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>, which formed the canonical basis of the Vedic religion, being transmitted from generation to generation entirely orally. </p><p>In the course of the following centuries, as the popular speech evolved, growing concern among the guardians of the Vedic religion that the hymns be passed on without 'corruption' led to the rise of a vigorous, sophisticated grammatical tradition involving the study of linguistic analysis, in particular phonetics alongside grammar. The high point of this centuries-long endeavour was Pāṇini's <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i>, which eclipsed all others before him.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrow21_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrow21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While not the first, the <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> is the oldest linguistic and grammar text, and one of the oldest Sanskrit texts, surviving in its entirety. Pāṇini refers to older texts such as the <i>Unādisūtra</i>, <i>Dhātupāṭha</i>, and <i>Gaṇapātha</i> but some of these have only survived in part.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrangement">Arrangement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arrangement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> consists of 3,995 sūtras<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in eight chapters, which are each subdivided into four sections or pādas. There are different types of sūtras, with the <i>vidhisūtra</i> – operational rules, being the main one. The other, ancillary sūtras, are:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>paribhāṣā</i> – metarules</li> <li><i>adhikāra</i> – headings</li> <li><i>atideśa-sūtra</i> – extension rules</li> <li><i>niyama-sūtra</i> – restrictive rules</li> <li><i>pratiṣedha- & niṣedha-sūtra</i> – negation rules</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_fields">Related fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Related fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> is the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a>, one of the Vedic ancillary fields (<a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedāṅgas</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14,_111_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14,_111-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and complements others such as the <a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Niruktas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nighantu" title="Nighantu">Nighaṇṭus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Śikṣā</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarded as extremely compact without sacrificing completeness, it would become the model for later specialist technical texts or <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sūtras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Method">Method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The text takes material from lexical lists (<i>Dhātupāṭha</i>, <i>Gaṇapātha</i>) as input and describes algorithms to be applied to them for the generation of well-formed words. It is highly systematised and technical. Inherent in its approach are the concepts of the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A consequence of his grammar's focus on brevity is its highly unintuitive structure, reminiscent of modern notations such as the "<a href="/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form" title="Backus–Naur form">Backus–Naur form</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His sophisticated logical rules and technique have been widely influential in ancient and modern linguistics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pāṇini makes use of a technical metalanguage consisting of a syntax, morphology, and lexicon. This metalanguage is organised according to a series of meta-rules, some of which are explicitly stated while others can be deduced.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentarial_tradition">Commentarial tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commentarial tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i>, composed in an era when oral composition and transmission was the norm, is staunchly embedded in that oral tradition. In order to ensure wide dissemination, Pāṇini is said to have preferred brevity over clarity<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – it can be recited end-to-end in two hours. This has led to the emergence of a great number of commentaries<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>α<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of his work over the centuries, which for the most part adhere to the foundations laid by Pāṇini's work.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burrow21_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrow21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous and among the most ancient of these <a href="/wiki/Bhasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasya">Bhāṣyas</a> is the <i>Mahābhāṣya</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardona1997243–259_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardona1997243–259-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Patañjali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016–17_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016–17-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Hindu texts and traditions on grammar emerged after Patañjali, some of which include the Sanskrit grammar text of Jainendra of Jainism and the Chandra school of Buddhism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_responses">Critical responses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Critical responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Aṣṭādhyāyī</i></span>, language is observed in a manner that has no parallel among Greek or Latin grammarians. Pāṇini's grammar, according to Renou and Filliozat, defines the linguistic expression and a classic that set the standard for Sanskrit language.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules">Rules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" title="Special:EditPage/Aṣṭādhyāyī">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first two sutras are as follows: </p> <dl><dd>1.1.1 <i>vṛddhir ādaiC</i> <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>1.1.2 <i>adeṄ guṇaḥ</i> <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In these sutras, the letters which here are put into the upper case actually are special meta-linguistic <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a>; they are called <i>IT</i> <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> markers or, by later writers such as Katyayana and Patanjali, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anubandha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anubandha (page does not exist)">anubandhas</a></i> (see below). The <i>C</i> and <i>Ṅ</i> refer to <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras" title="Shiva Sutras">Shiva Sutras</a></i> 4 ("<i>ai</i>, <i>au</i>, <i>C"</i>) and 3 ("<i>e</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>Ṅ"</i>), respectively, forming what are known as the <i>pratyāhāra</i>s "comprehensive designations" <i>aiC</i>, <i>eṄ</i>. They denote the list of phonemes {<i>ai</i>, <i>au</i>} and {<i>e</i>, <i>o</i>} respectively. The <i>T</i> <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appearing (in its variant form /d/) in both sutras is also an <i>IT</i> marker: Sutra 1.1.70 defines it as indicating that the preceding phoneme does <i>not</i> represent a list, but a single phoneme, encompassing all supra-segmental features such as accent and nasality. For further example, <i>āT</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>aT</i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> represent <i>ā</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>a</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively. </p><p>When a sutra defines the technical term, the term defined comes at the end, so the first sutra should have properly been <i>ādaiJ vṛddhir</i> instead of <i>vṛddhir ādaiC</i>. However the orders are reversed to have a good-luck word at the very beginning of the work; <i>vṛddhir</i> happens to mean 'prosperity' in its non-technical use. </p><p>Thus the two sutras consist of a list of phonemes, followed by a technical term; the final interpretation of the two sutras above is thus: </p> <dl><dd>1.1.1: {<i>ā</i>, <i>ai</i>, <i>au</i>} are called <i><a href="/wiki/V%E1%B9%9Bddhi" title="Vṛddhi"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vṛ́ddhi</i></span></a></i>.</dd> <dd>1.1.2: {<i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>o</i>} are called <i><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">guṇa</a></i>.</dd></dl> <p>At this point, one can see they are definitions of terminology: <i>guṇa</i> and <i>vṛ́ddhi</i> are the terms for the full and the lengthened <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a> grades, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_IT_markers">List of <i>IT</i> markers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: List of IT markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Markers called <i>it</i> or <i>anubandha</i> are defined in P. 1.3.2 through P. 1.3.8. These definitions refer only to items taught in the grammar or its ancillary texts such at the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Dhātupāṭha</i></span></i>; this fact is made clear in P. 1.3.2 by the word <i>upadeśe</i>, which is then continued in the following six rules by <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">anuvṛtti</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical construction">Ellipsis</a>. As these <i>anubandha</i>s are metalinguistic markers and not pronounced in the final derived form, <i>pada</i> (word), they are elided by P. 1.3.9 <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tasya lopaḥ</i></span></i> – 'There is elision of that (i.e. any of the preceding items which have been defined as an <i>it</i>).' Accordingly, Pāṇini defines the <i>anubandha</i>s as follows: </p> <ol><li>Nasalized vowels, e.g. <i>bhañjO</i>. Cf. P. 1.3.2.</li> <li>A final consonant (<i>haL</i>). Cf. P. 1.3.3.<br />2. (a) except a dental, <i>m</i> and <i>s</i> in verbal or nominal endings. Cf. P. 1.3.4.</li> <li>Initial <i>ñi</i> <i>ṭu</i> <i>ḍu</i>. Cf. P 1.3.5</li> <li>Initial <i>ṣ</i> of a <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> (<i>pratyaya</i>). Cf. P. 1.3.6.</li> <li>Initial palatals and cerebrals of a suffix. Cf. P. 1.3.7</li> <li>Initial <i>l</i>, <i>ś</i>, and velars but not in a <i>taddhita</i> 'secondary' suffix. Cf. P. 1.3.8.</li></ol> <p>A few examples of elements that contain <i>it</i>s are as follows: </p> <ul><li><i><b>suP</b></i>   nominal suffix</li> <li><i><b>Ś-IT</b></i> <ul><li><i>Śi</i>   strong case endings</li> <li><i>Ślu</i>   elision</li> <li><i>ŚaP</i>   active marker</li></ul></li> <li><i><b>P-IT</b></i> <ul><li><i>luP</i>   elision</li> <li><i>āP</i>   <i>ā</i>-stems <ul><li><i>CāP</i></li> <li><i>ṬāP</i></li> <li><i>ḌāP</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>LyaP</i>   (7.1.37)</li></ul></li> <li><i><b>L-IT</b></i></li> <li><i><b>K-IT</b></i> <ul><li><i>Ktvā</i></li> <li><i>luK</i>   elision</li></ul></li> <li><i><b>saN</b></i>   Desiderative</li> <li><i><b>C-IT</b></i></li> <li><i><b>M-IT</b></i></li> <li><i><b>Ṅ-IT</b></i> <ul><li><i>Ṅí</i>   Causative</li> <li><i>Ṅii</i>   ī-stems <ul><li><i>ṄīP</i></li> <li><i>ṄīN</i></li> <li><i>Ṅī’Ṣ</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>tiṄ</i>   verbal suffix</li> <li><i>lUṄ</i>   Aorist</li> <li><i>lIṄ</i>   Precative</li></ul></li> <li><i><b>S-IT</b></i></li> <li><i><b>GHU</b></i>   class of verbal stems (1.1.20)</li> <li><i><b>GHI</b></i>   (1.4.7)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auxiliary_texts">Auxiliary texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Auxiliary texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pāṇini's <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> has three associated texts. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva Sutra"><i>Śiva Sūtras</i></a> are a brief but highly organised list of phonemes.</li> <li>The <i>Dhātupāṭha</i> is a lexical list of verbal roots (<i>dhātu</i>) sorted by present class.</li> <li>The <i>Gaṇapāṭha</i> is a lexical list of nominal stems grouped (<i>gaṇa</i>, "group") by common properties.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Śiva_Sūtras"><span id=".C5.9Aiva_S.C5.ABtras"></span><i>Śiva Sūtras</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Śiva Sūtras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva Sutra">Śiva Sūtras</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva Sutra">Śiva Sūtras</a></i> describe a phonemic notational system in the fourteen initial lines preceding the <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i>. The notational system introduces different clusters of phonemes that serve special roles in the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> of Sanskrit, and are referred to throughout the text. Each cluster, called a <i>pratyāhāra</i>, ends with a dummy sound called an <i>anubandha</i> (the so-called <i>IT</i> index), which acts as a symbolic referent for the list. Within the main text, these clusters, referred through the <i>anubandhas</i>, are related to various grammatical functions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dhātupāṭha"><span id="Dh.C4.81tup.C4.81.E1.B9.ADha"></span><i>Dhātupāṭha</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dhātupāṭha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Dhātupāṭha</i> is a lexicon of Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">verbal roots</a> (<i>dhātu</i>) of classical Sanskrit, indicating their properties and meanings. There are approximately 2300 roots in <i>Dhātupāṭha</i>. Of these, 522 roots are often used in classical Sanskrit. </p><p><i>Dhātupāṭha</i> is organised by the ten present classes of Sanskrit, i.e. the roots are grouped by the form of their stem in the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a>. </p><p>The ten present classes of Sanskrit are: </p> <ol><li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bhv-ādayaḥ</i></span></i> (i.e., <i>bhū-ādayaḥ</i>) – root-<a href="/wiki/Ablaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablaut">full grade</a> + <i>a</i> thematic presents</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ad-ādayaḥ</i></span></i> – root presents</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">juhoty-ādayaḥ</i></span></i> (i.e., <i>juhoti-ādayaḥ</i>) – reduplicated presents</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">div-ādayaḥ</i></span></i> – <i>ya</i> thematic presents</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sv-ādayaḥ</i></span></i> (i.e., <i>su-ādayaḥ</i>) – <i>nu</i> presents</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tud-ādayaḥ</i></span></i> – root-<a href="/wiki/Ablaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablaut">zero grade</a> + <i>a</i> thematic presents</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">rudh-ādayaḥ</i></span></i> – <i>n</i>-infix presents</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tan-ādayaḥ</i></span></i> – <i>no</i> presents</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kry-ādayaḥ</i></span></i> (i.e., <i>krī-ādayaḥ</i>) – <i>ni</i> presents</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">cur-ādayaḥ</i></span></i> – <i>aya</i> presents (causatives, denominatives etc.)</li></ol> <p>The above names are composed of the first verbal root in each class followed by <i>ādayaḥ</i> "etc.; and next" – <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bhv-ādayaḥ</i></span></i> thus means "the class starting with <i>bhū</i>". </p><p>The small number of class 8 verbs are a secondary group derived from class 5 roots, and class 10 is a special case, in that any verb can form class 10 presents, then assuming causative meaning. The roots specifically listed as belonging to class 10 are those for which any other form has fallen out of use (causative <a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">deponents</a>, so to speak, and denominatives). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaṇapāṭha"><span id="Ga.E1.B9.87ap.C4.81.E1.B9.ADha"></span><i>Gaṇapāṭha</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gaṇapāṭha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Gaṇapāṭha</i> is a list of groups of primitive nominal stems (roots) used by the <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i>. </p><p>Examples of groups include: </p> <ol><li>Listing of verbal prefixes (<i>upasarga</i>).</li> <li>Listing of pronouns ("pronoun" is not an accurate translation but is commonly used as the list includes 'he', 'she', 'it', but also 'all' (from which the group gets its name), 'that').</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentary">Commentary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" title="Special:EditPage/Aṣṭādhyāyī">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After Pāṇini, the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhāṣya"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mahābhāṣya</i></span></a> of <a href="/wiki/Pata%C3%B1jali" class="mw-redirect" title="Patañjali">Patañjali</a> on the Aṣṭādhyāyī is one of the three most famous works in Sanskrit grammar. It was with <a href="/wiki/Pata%C3%B1jali" class="mw-redirect" title="Patañjali">Patañjali</a> that Indian linguistic science reached its definite form. The system thus established is extremely detailed as to <a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha"><i>śikṣā</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, including accent) and <a href="/wiki/Vyakarana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyakarana"><i>vyākaraṇa</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>). Syntax is scarcely touched, but <i><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">nirukta</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>) is discussed, and these etymologies naturally lead to <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> explanations. People interpret his work to be a defence of Pāṇini, whose <i>sūtras</i> are elaborated meaningfully. He also attacks <a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (mathematician)">Kātyāyana</a> rather severely. But the main contributions of <a href="/wiki/Pata%C3%B1jali" class="mw-redirect" title="Patañjali">Patañjali</a> lies in the treatment of the principles of grammar enunciated by him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_information">Other information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pāṇini's work has been one of the important sources of cultural, religious, and geographical information about <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>, with he himself being referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> scholar of grammar and linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-Weisler44_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisler44-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-halle88_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halle88-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bowman328_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowman328-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work, for example, illustrates the word <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a> (4.3.98) as a proper noun in an honorific sense, that can equally mean a divine or an ordinary person. This has been interpreted by scholars as attesting the significance of god Vasudeva (Krishna) or the opposite.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> is attested in his sutra 4.4.41 as, <i>dharmam carati</i> or "he observes dharma (duty, righteousness)" (cf. <i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a></i> 1.11).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much social, geographical and historical information has been thus inferred from a close reading of Pāṇini's grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions">Editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Nath_Sharma" title="Rama Nath Sharma">Rama Nath Sharma</a>, <i>The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini (6 Vols.)</i>, 2001, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8121500516" title="Special:BookSources/8121500516">8121500516</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_B%C3%B6htlingk" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Böhtlingk">Otto Böhtlingk</a>, <i>Panini's Grammatik</i> 1887, reprint 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87548-198-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-87548-198-4">3-87548-198-4</a> <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Katre, Sumitra M., <i>Astadhyayi of Panini</i>, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987. Reprint Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-70394-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-70394-5">0-292-70394-5</a></li> <li>Misra, Vidya Niwas, <i>The Descriptive Technique of Panini</i>, Mouton and Co., 1966.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srisa_Chandra_Vasu" class="mw-redirect" title="Srisa Chandra Vasu">Vasu, Srisa Chandra</a>, <i>The Ashṭádhyáyí of Páṇini</i>. Translated into English, Indian Press, Allahabad, 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His rules have a reputation for perfection<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – that is, they tersely describe Sanskrit morphology unambiguously and completely.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="/wiki/Udayana" title="Udayana">Udayana</a> states that a technical treatise or <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra">śāstra</a>, in any discipline, should aspire to clarity (<i>vaiśadya</i>), compactness (<i>laghutā</i>), and completeness (<i>kṛtsnatā</i>). A compilation of <a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sūtra">sūtras</a> maximises compactness and completeness, at the expense of clarity. A <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhāṣya">bhāṣya</a> is complete and clear, but not compact. A group of sūtras, a 'section' or prakaraṇa of the whole compilation, is clear and compact, but not complete. The sūtras achieve compactness i) by making sequence significant, ii) letting one item stand for or range over many, and iii) using grammar and lexicon artificially. The background model is always Pāṇini's grammar for the Sanskrit language, the <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i>, which exploits a range of brevity-enabling devices to compose what has often been described as the tersest and yet most complete grammar of any language." The monumental multi-volume grammars published in the 20th century (for Sanskrit, the <i><a href="/wiki/Altindische_Grammatik" title="Altindische Grammatik">Altindische Grammatik</a></i> 1896–1957) of course set new standards in completeness, but the Aṣṭādhyāyī remains unrivalled in terms of terseness.<sup id="cite_ref-Pan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">great commentary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patañjali may or may not be the same person as the one who authored <a href="/wiki/Yogasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogasutra">Yogasūtras</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Mahābhāṣya</i> is more than a commentary on Aṣṭādhyāyī. It is the earliest known philosophical text of the Hindu Grammarians.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest secondary literature on the primary text of Pāṇini are by Kātyāyana (~3rd century BCE) and Patanjali (~2nd century BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201571–72_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201571–72-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glossary">Glossary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Glossary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-upper-alpha" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>dhātu</i>: root, <i>pāṭha</i>: reading, lesson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>gaṇa</i>: class</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">aphoristic threads</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_glossary_and_notes">Traditional glossary and notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Traditional glossary and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-greek"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>bhāṣya</i>s</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brahmic_notes">Brahmic notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brahmic notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Brahmic transliteration</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/अष्टाध्यायी_१">वृद्धिरादैच्</a> । १।१।१)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/अष्टाध्यायी_१">अदेङ्गुणः</a> । १।१।२)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">इत्)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">त्</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">आत्</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">अत्</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">आ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">अ</span> </li> </ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin2024p._21:_"'[B]rahmins'_(Skt._brāhmaṇa)_[...]_produced_the_mantras,_exegeses,_and_ritual_codes_of_the_Vedic_tradition,_along_with_the_earliest_Vedāṅgas,_or_'limbs_of_the_Veda'—ancillary_works_expounding_various_aspects_of_language_and_ritual._Most_notable_among_these_was_Pāṇini's_Aṣṭādhyāyī_('Eight_Lessons',_<abbr_title="circa">c.</abbr>_350_BCE),_a_foundational_grammatical_work_that_has_set_the_standards_for_proper_Sanskrit_usage_ever_since"-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin2024p._21:_"'[B]rahmins'_(Skt._brāhmaṇa)_[...]_produced_the_mantras,_exegeses,_and_ritual_codes_of_the_Vedic_tradition,_along_with_the_earliest_Vedāṅgas,_or_'limbs_of_the_Veda'—ancillary_works_expounding_various_aspects_of_language_and_ritual._Most_notable_among_these_was_Pāṇini's_Aṣṭādhyāyī_('Eight_Lessons',_<abbr_title="circa">c.</abbr>_350_BCE),_a_foundational_grammatical_work_that_has_set_the_standards_for_proper_Sanskrit_usage_ever_since"_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLubin2024">Lubin 2024</a>, p. 21: "'[B]rahmins' (Skt. brāhmaṇa) [...] produced the mantras, exegeses, and ritual codes of the Vedic tradition, along with the earliest Vedāṅgas, or 'limbs of the Veda'—ancillary works expounding various aspects of language and ritual. Most notable among these was Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī ('Eight Lessons', <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350 BCE), a foundational grammatical work that has set the standards for proper Sanskrit usage ever since".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardona, §1-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Monier-Williams</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burrow21-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burrow21_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrow21_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burrow, §2.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulson, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardona, §4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardona (1997) §10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14,_111-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14,_111_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, pp. 13–14, 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vyākaraṇa" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, pages 476, 744-745, 769</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonardon_Ganeri" class="citation cs2">Jonardon Ganeri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pollock/sks/papers/Ganeri(commentary).pdf"><i>Sanskrit Philosophical Commentary</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127210045/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pollock/sks/papers/Ganeri(commentary).pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Philosophical+Commentary&rft.au=Jonardon+Ganeri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpollock%2Fsks%2Fpapers%2FGaneri%28commentary%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloomfield, L., 1929, "Review of Liebich, Konkordanz Pāṇini-Candra", Language 5, 267–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angot, Michel. <i>L'Inde Classique</i>, pp.213–215. Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-251-41015-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-251-41015-5">2-251-41015-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pan-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pan_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the 1909 <a href="/wiki/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India" title="The Imperial Gazetteer of India">Imperial Gazetteer of India</a>, it was still possible to describe it as "at once the shortest and the fullest grammar in the world". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_298.gif">Sanskrit Literature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421101628/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_298.gif">Archived</a> 2021-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Imperial Gazetteer of India</i>, vol. 2 (1909), p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, p. xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulson, p xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECardona1997243–259-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardona1997243–259_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCardona1997">Cardona 1997</a>, pp. 243–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016–17-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016–17_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201571–72-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201571–72_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTibor_Kiss2015">Tibor Kiss 2015</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Renou & Jean Filliozat. <i>L'Inde Classique, manuel des etudes indiennes</i>, vol.II pp.86–90, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="École française d'Extrême-Orient">École française d'Extrême-Orient</a>, 1953, reprinted 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85539-903-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-85539-903-3">2-85539-903-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weisler44-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weisler44_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_WeislerSlavoljub_P._Milekic2000" class="citation book cs1">Steven Weisler; Slavoljub P. Milekic (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wIaGLUFHtxsC&pg=PA44"><i>Theory of Language</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-73125-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-73125-6"><bdi>978-0-262-73125-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Language&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-262-73125-6&rft.au=Steven+Weisler&rft.au=Slavoljub+P.+Milekic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwIaGLUFHtxsC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span>, <b>Quote:</b> "The linguistic investigations of Panini, the notable Hindu grammarian, can be ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halle88-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-halle88_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris_Halle1971" class="citation book cs1">Morris Halle (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Hy3huuFVyIC&pg=PA88"><i>The Sound Pattern of Russian: A Linguistic and Acoustical Investigation</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-086945-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-086945-3"><bdi>978-3-11-086945-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sound+Pattern+of+Russian%3A+A+Linguistic+and+Acoustical+Investigation&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-3-11-086945-3&rft.au=Morris+Halle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Hy3huuFVyIC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span>, <b>Quote:</b> "The problem was, however, faced by the Hindu grammarian Panini, who apparently was conscious of the grammatical implications of his phonetic classificatory scheme."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bowman328-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bowman328_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bowman2005" class="citation book cs1">John Bowman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C"><i>Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 728 (Panini, Hindu grammarian, 328). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50004-3"><bdi>978-0-231-50004-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Chronologies+of+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=728+%28Panini%2C+Hindu+grammarian%2C+328%29&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50004-3&rft.au=John+Bowman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYoHOqC7Yx4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. G. Bhandarkar (1910), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189648">Vasudeva of Panini IV, iii, 98</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114012/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189648">Archived</a> 2023-02-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, (Jan., 1910), pp. 168-170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRama_Nath_Sharma1999" class="citation book cs1">Rama Nath Sharma (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7EdjAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini: English translation of adhyāyas four and five</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0747-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0747-9"><bdi>978-81-215-0747-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB+of+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini%3A+English+translation+of+adhy%C4%81yas+four+and+five&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0747-9&rft.au=Rama+Nath+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7EdjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span>;<br />Sanskrit: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/s/65">४.४.४१ धर्मं चरति ।</a>, अष्टाध्यायी ४, Wikisource</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Scharf2014" class="citation book cs1">Peter Scharf (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JvoJBAAAQBAJ"><i>Ramopakhyana – The Story of Rama in the Mahabharata</i></a>. Routledge. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84655-7"><bdi>978-1-136-84655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramopakhyana+%E2%80%93+The+Story+of+Rama+in+the+Mahabharata&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-136-84655-7&rft.au=Peter+Scharf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJvoJBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVĀSUDEVA_S._AGARVĀLĀ1963" class="citation book cs1">VĀSUDEVA S. AGARVĀLĀ (1963). <i>India as known to Pāṇini. A study of the cultural material in the Ashṭādhyāyī. (Radha Kumud Mookerji Endowment Lectures for 1952.) [With a plate and folding maps.]</i> Varanasi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/504674962">504674962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+as+known+to+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini.+A+study+of+the+cultural+material+in+the+Ash%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB.+%28Radha+Kumud+Mookerji+Endowment+Lectures+for+1952.%29+%5BWith+a+plate+and+folding+maps.%5D&rft.place=Varanasi&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F504674962&rft.au=V%C4%80SUDEVA+S.+AGARV%C4%80L%C4%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vedicbooks.net/astadhyayi-panini-vols-p-5273.html">"The Astadhyayi of Panini (6 Vols.) by Rama Nath Sharma at Vedic Books"</a>. <i>www.vedicbooks.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923052005/http://www.vedicbooks.net/astadhyayi-panini-vols-p-5273.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vedicbooks.net&rft.atitle=The+Astadhyayi+of+Panini+%286+Vols.%29+by+Rama+Nath+Sharma+at+Vedic+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vedicbooks.net%2Fastadhyayi-panini-vols-p-5273.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.22618">"Paninis Grammatik, Otto von Böhtlingk, Leipzig 1887 – Heidelberg University Library"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paninis+Grammatik%2C+Otto+von+B%C3%B6htlingk%2C+Leipzig+1887+%E2%80%93+Heidelberg+University+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11588%2Fdiglit.22618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Books <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.424389">I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.424390">III</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.552481">IV</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.424391">V</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.552483">VI</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.552484">VII</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.552486">VIII.</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrow" class="citation book cs1">Burrow, T. <i>The Sanskrit Language</i> (2001 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1767-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1767-2"><bdi>81-208-1767-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanskrit+Language&rft.edition=2001&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.isbn=81-208-1767-2&rft.aulast=Burrow&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardona1997" class="citation book cs1">Cardona, George (1997). <i>Pāṇini – His Work and its Traditions – Vol 1</i> (2nd ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0419-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0419-8"><bdi>81-208-0419-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini+%E2%80%93+His+Work+and+its+Traditions+%E2%80%93+Vol+1&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-208-0419-8&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson" class="citation book cs1">Fortson, Benjamin W. <i>Indo-European Language and Culture</i> (2010 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8895-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8895-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-8895-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture&rft.edition=2010&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8895-1&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990" class="citation book cs1">Harold G. Coward (1990). Karl Potter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC"><i>The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies</i></a>. Vol. 5. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0426-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0426-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0426-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+the+Grammarians%2C+in+Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0426-5&rft.au=Harold+G.+Coward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2CEj6wRqeRAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKale" class="citation book cs1">Kale, M R. <i>A Higher Sanskrit Grammar</i> (2002 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0177-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0177-6"><bdi>81-208-0177-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Higher+Sanskrit+Grammar&rft.edition=2002&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.isbn=81-208-0177-6&rft.aulast=Kale&rft.aufirst=M+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubin2024" class="citation book cs1">Lubin, Timothy (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/121885069/Sources_of_Authority_Authors_Texts_and_Institutions_in_the_Formation_of_Classical_Hinduism">"Sources of Authority: Authors, Texts, and Institutions in the Formation of Classical Hinduism"</a>. <i>A Cultural History of Hinduism in the Classical Age</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781350024311.0007">10.5040/9781350024311.0007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sources+of+Authority%3A+Authors%2C+Texts%2C+and+Institutions+in+the+Formation+of+Classical+Hinduism&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+Hinduism+in+the+Classical+Age&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781350024311.0007&rft.aulast=Lubin&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F121885069%2FSources_of_Authority_Authors_Texts_and_Institutions_in_the_Formation_of_Classical_Hinduism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonnel" class="citation book cs1">Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony. <i>A Sanskrit Grammar for Students</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-246-0094-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-246-0094-5"><bdi>81-246-0094-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit+Grammar+for+Students&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.isbn=81-246-0094-5&rft.aulast=Macdonnel&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams" class="citation book cs1">Monier-Williams, Monier. <i>A Sanskrit Dictionary</i>. Oxford Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+Clarendon+Press&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajpopat2021" class="citation thesis cs1">Rajpopat, Rishi Atul (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/332654/Accepted%20Version.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y"><i>In Pāṇini We Trust: Discovering the Algorithm for Rule Conflict Resolution in the Aṣṭādhāyī</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD dissertation). University of Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17863%2FCAM.80099">10.17863/CAM.80099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=In+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini+We+Trust%3A+Discovering+the+Algorithm+for+Rule+Conflict+Resolution+in+the+A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dh%C4%81y%C4%AB&rft.inst=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17863%2FCAM.80099&rft.aulast=Rajpopat&rft.aufirst=Rishi+Atul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F332654%2FAccepted%2520Version.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTibor_Kiss2015" class="citation book cs1">Tibor Kiss (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgVfCAAAQBAJ"><i>Syntax – Theory and Analysis</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-037740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-037740-8"><bdi>978-3-11-037740-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntax+%E2%80%93+Theory+and+Analysis&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-11-037740-8&rft.au=Tibor+Kiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgVfCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney" class="citation book cs1">Whitney, William Dwight. <i>Sanskrit Grammar</i> (2000 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0620-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0620-4"><bdi>81-208-0620-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Grammar&rft.edition=2000&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.isbn=81-208-0620-4&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=William+Dwight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ashtadhyayi.com">Ashtadhyayi.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedicheritage.gov.in/flipbook/Ashtadhyayi_Panini_SCV_Vol_I/#book/">Online viewer for the Ashtadhyayi of Panini translated into English by Srisa Chandra Basu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.learnsanskrit.org/vyakarana/">An Introduction to Traditional Sanskrit Grammar</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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