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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Emergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_postwar_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_postwar_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The postwar era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_postwar_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>USSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Narrow-body_airliners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrow-body_airliners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Narrow-body airliners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrow-body_airliners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wide-body_airliners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wide-body_airliners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Wide-body airliners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wide-body_airliners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Regional aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commuter_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commuter_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Commuter aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commuter_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airliner_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airliner_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Airliner variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airliner_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Configuration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Current manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_airliners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_airliners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable airliners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_airliners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_production_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_production_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In production aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_production_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Fleet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage,_scrapping_and_recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage,_scrapping_and_recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Storage, scrapping and recycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage,_scrapping_and_recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabin_configurations_and_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabin_configurations_and_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Cabin configurations and features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cabin_configurations_and_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cabin configurations and features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cabin_configurations_and_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Seats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overhead_bins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overhead_bins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Overhead bins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overhead_bins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passenger_service_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passenger_service_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Passenger service units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passenger_service_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabin_pressurization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabin_pressurization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Cabin pressurization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabin_pressurization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabin_climate_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabin_climate_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Cabin climate control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabin_climate_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baggage_holds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baggage_holds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Baggage holds</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Baggage_holds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Baggage holds subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Baggage_holds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Narrow-body_airliners_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrow-body_airliners_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Narrow-body airliners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrow-body_airliners_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wide-body_airliners_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wide-body_airliners_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Wide-body airliners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wide-body_airliners_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Airliner</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passasiersvliegtuig" title="Passasiersvliegtuig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Passasiersvliegtuig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="طائرة رحلات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طائرة رحلات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B3n_comercial" title="Avión comercial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Avión comercial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B3n_comercial" title="Avión comercial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Avión comercial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99rni%C5%9Fin_t%C9%99yyar%C9%99si" title="Sərnişin təyyarəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sərnişin təyyarəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82" title="Пасажырскі самалёт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пасажырскі самалёт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putni%C4%8Dki_avion" title="Putnički avion – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Putnički avion" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B3_comercial" title="Avió comercial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Avió comercial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopravn%C3%AD_letoun" title="Dopravní letoun – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dopravní letoun" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passagerfly" title="Passagerfly – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Passagerfly" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsflugzeug" title="Verkehrsflugzeug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verkehrsflugzeug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reisilennuk" title="Reisilennuk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reisilennuk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B3n_comercial" title="Avión comercial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Avión comercial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komercaviadilo" title="Komercaviadilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komercaviadilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="هواپیمای مسافربری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هواپیمای مسافربری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_de_ligne" title="Avion de ligne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avion de ligne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passazjiersfleanmasine" title="Passazjiersfleanmasine – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Passazjiersfleanmasine" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B3n_comercial" title="Avión comercial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Avión comercial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EA%B0%9D%EA%B8%B0" title="여객기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여객기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linijski_putni%C4%8Dki_zrakoplov" title="Linijski putnički zrakoplov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Linijski putnički zrakoplov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_penumpang_sipil" title="Pesawat penumpang sipil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesawat penumpang sipil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%C3%BEegaflugv%C3%A9l" title="Farþegaflugvél – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Farþegaflugvél" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aereo_di_linea" title="Aereo di linea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aereo di linea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מטוס נוסעים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטוס נוסעים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_laineris" title="Oro laineris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oro laineris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utassz%C3%A1ll%C3%ADt%C3%B3_rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p" title="Utasszállító repülőgép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Utasszállító repülőgép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रवासी विमान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रवासी विमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_terbang_penumpang" title="Kapal terbang penumpang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapal terbang penumpang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passagiersvliegtuig" title="Passagiersvliegtuig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Passagiersvliegtuig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%85%E5%AE%A2%E6%A9%9F" title="旅客機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="旅客機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passasjerfly" title="Passasjerfly – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Passasjerfly" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passasjerfly" title="Passasjerfly – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Passasjerfly" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samolot_pasa%C5%BCerski" title="Samolot pasażerski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samolot pasażerski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%A3o_comercial" title="Avião comercial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Avião comercial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_comercial" title="Avion comercial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Avion comercial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82" title="Пассажирский самолёт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пассажирский самолёт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Airliner" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Airliner" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopravn%C3%A9_lietadlo" title="Dopravné lietadlo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dopravné lietadlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potni%C5%A1ko_letalo" title="Potniško letalo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Potniško letalo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فڕۆکەی گەشتیاری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فڕۆکەی گەشتیاری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putni%C4%8Dki_avion" title="Putnički avion – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Putnički avion" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putni%C4%8Dki_avion" title="Putnički avion – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Putnički avion" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matkustajalentokone" title="Matkustajalentokone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Matkustajalentokone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafikflygplan" title="Trafikflygplan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trafikflygplan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="เครื่องบินพาณิชย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องบินพาณิชย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolcu_u%C3%A7a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yolcu uçağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yolcu uçağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Пасажирський літак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пасажирський літак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="مسافر بردار طیارہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مسافر بردار طیارہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A8reo_de_l%C3%ACnea" title="Aèreo de lìnea – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Aèreo de lìnea" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_bay_d%C3%A2n_d%E1%BB%A5ng" title="Máy bay dân dụng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy bay dân dụng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E6%A9%9F" title="客機 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="客機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E8%88%AA%E9%A3%9B%E6%A9%9F" title="民航飛機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="民航飛機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210932#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Aircraft designed for commercial transportation of passengers and cargo</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Airliners" redirects here. For the website, see <a href="/wiki/Airliners.net" title="Airliners.net">Airliners.net</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UnitedandVA_32315_(16735062459).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UnitedandVA_32315_%2816735062459%29.jpg/310px-UnitedandVA_32315_%2816735062459%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UnitedandVA_32315_%2816735062459%29.jpg/465px-UnitedandVA_32315_%2816735062459%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UnitedandVA_32315_%2816735062459%29.jpg/620px-UnitedandVA_32315_%2816735062459%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a> (foreground) and a <a href="/wiki/Virgin_America" title="Virgin America">Virgin America</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320">Airbus A320</a> (background), two of the world's most widely used airliners</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>airliner</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a> for transporting <a href="/wiki/Passenger" title="Passenger">passengers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">air cargo</a>. Such aircraft are most often operated by <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a>. The modern and most common variant of the airliner is a long, tube shaped, and <a href="/wiki/Jetliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetliner">jet powered aircraft</a>. The largest of them are <a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">wide-body</a> jets which are also called twin-aisle because they generally have two separate aisles running from the front to the back of the passenger cabin. These are usually used for <a href="/wiki/Flight_length#Short-haul_and_long-haul" title="Flight length">long-haul flights</a> between <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">airline hubs</a> and major cities. A smaller, more common class of airliners is the <a href="/wiki/Narrow-body_aircraft" title="Narrow-body aircraft">narrow-body</a> or single-aisle. These are generally used for short to medium-distance flights with fewer passengers than their wide-body counterparts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Regional_airliner" title="Regional airliner">Regional airliners</a> typically seat fewer than 100 passengers and may be powered by <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprops</a>. These airliners are the non-<a href="/wiki/Mainline_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline (flight)">mainline</a> counterparts to the larger aircraft operated by the major carriers, <a href="/wiki/Legacy_carrier" title="Legacy carrier">legacy carriers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carriers</a>, and are used to feed traffic into the large airline hubs. These regional routes then form the spokes of a hub-and-spoke air transport model. </p><p>The lightest aircraft are short-haul regional feeder airliner type aircraft that carry a small number of passengers are called commuter aircraft, commuterliners, feederliners, and <a href="/wiki/Air_taxi" title="Air taxi">air taxis</a>, depending on their size, engines, how they are marketed, region of the world, and seating configurations. The <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_1900" title="Beechcraft 1900">Beechcraft 1900</a>, for example, has only 19 seats. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence">Emergence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> made the world's first sustained <a href="/wiki/Heavier-than-air_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavier-than-air flight">heavier-than-air flight</a>, they laid the foundation for what would become a major transport industry. Their flight, performed in the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a> during 1903,<sup id="cite_ref-NewarkDailyAdvocate_19031228_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewarkDailyAdvocate_19031228-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was just 11 years before what is often defined as the world's first airliner.<sup id="cite_ref-Tise_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tise-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1960s, airliners had expanded capabilities, making a significant impact on global society, economics, and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernardo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernardo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_Ilya_Muromets" title="Sikorsky Ilya Muromets">Sikorsky Ilya Muromets</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During 1913, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sikorsky" title="Igor Sikorsky">Igor Sikorsky</a> developed the first large multi-engine airplane, the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_Russky_Vityaz" title="Sikorsky Russky Vityaz">Russky Vityaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aircraft was subsequently refined into the more practical <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_Ilya_Muromets" title="Sikorsky Ilya Muromets">Ilya Muromets</a>, being furnished with dual controls for a pilot and copilot and a comfortable <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">cabin</a> with a lavatory, cabin heating and lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-ASM0807_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASM0807-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This large four-engine biplane was further adapted into an early <a href="/wiki/Bomber_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomber aircraft">bomber aircraft</a>, preceding subsequent transport and bomber aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-ASM0807_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASM0807-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It first flew on 10 December 1913 and took off for its first demonstration flight with 16 passengers aboard on 25 February 1914. However, it was never used as a commercial airliner due to the onset of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> which led to military applications being prioritised.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-igo40_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igo40-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, shortly after the end of the First World War, large numbers of ex-military aircraft flooded the market. One such aircraft was the French <a href="/wiki/Farman_F.60_Goliath" title="Farman F.60 Goliath">Farman F.60 Goliath</a>, which had originally been designed as a long-range <a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">heavy bomber</a>; a number were converted for commercial use into passenger airliners starting in 1919, being able to accommodate a maximum of 14 seated passengers. and around 60 were built. Initially, several publicity flights were made, including one on 8 February 1919, when the Goliath flew 12 passengers from <a href="/wiki/Toussus-le-Noble" title="Toussus-le-Noble">Toussus-le-Noble</a> to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Kenley" title="RAF Kenley">RAF Kenley</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a>, despite having no permission from the British authorities to land. Dozens of early airlines subsequently procured the type.<sup id="cite_ref-aeroplane1015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aeroplane1015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One high-profile flight, made on 11 August 1919, involved an F.60 flying eight passengers and a ton of supplies from Paris via <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mogador" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogador">Mogador</a> to Koufa, 180 km (110 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis,_Senegal" title="Saint-Louis, Senegal">Saint-Louis, Senegal</a>, flying more than 4,500 km (2,800 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important airliner built in 1919 was the <a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.16" title="Airco DH.16">Airco DH.16</a>; a redesigned <a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.9A" title="Airco DH.9A">Airco DH.9A</a> with a wider <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> to accommodate an enclosed cabin seating four passengers, plus pilot in an open cockpit. In March 1919, the prototype first flew at <a href="/wiki/Hendon_Aerodrome" title="Hendon Aerodrome">Hendon Aerodrome</a>. Nine aircraft were built, all but one being delivered to the nascent airline, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Transport_and_Travel" title="Aircraft Transport and Travel">Aircraft Transport and Travel</a>, which used the first aircraft for pleasure flying, and on 25 August 1919, it inaugurated the first scheduled international airline service from London to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Civil_V2_p62_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Civil_V2_p62-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One aircraft was sold to the River Plate Aviation Company in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, to operate a cross-river service between <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Civil_V2_p62_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Civil_V2_p62-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the competing <a href="/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers">Vickers</a> converted its successful First World War era bomber, the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vimy" title="Vickers Vimy">Vickers Vimy</a>, into a civilian version, the Vimy Commercial. It was redesigned with a larger-diameter fuselage (largely of <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> plywood), and first flew from the Joyce Green airfield in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> on 13 April 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_Vickersp95_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews_Vickersp95-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_v3_p202_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_v3_p202-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The world's first all-metal transport aircraft was the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_F.13" class="mw-redirect" title="Junkers F.13">Junkers F.13</a>, which also made its first flight in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Junkers marketed the aircraft towards business travellers and commercial operators, and European entrepreneurs bought examples for their private use and business trips. Over 300 Junkers F 13s were built between 1919 and 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch <a href="/wiki/Fokker" title="Fokker">Fokker</a> company produced the <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F.II" title="Fokker F.II">Fokker F.II</a>, then the enlarged <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F.III" title="Fokker F.III">F.III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flight260521p355_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight260521p355-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were used by the Dutch airline <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a>, including on its Amsterdam-London service in 1921. A relatively reliable aircraft for the era, the Fokkers were flying to destinations across Europe, including Bremen, Brussels, Hamburg, and Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-deLeeuw_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deLeeuw-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page" title="Handley Page">Handley Page</a> company in Britain produced the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Type_W" title="Handley Page Type W">Handley Page Type W</a>, its first civil transport aircraft. It housed two crew in an open <a href="/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit">cockpit</a> and 15 passengers in an enclosed cabin. Powered by two 450 hp (340 kW) <a href="/wiki/Napier_Lion" title="Napier Lion">Napier Lion</a> engines, the prototype first flew on 4 December 1919, shortly after it was displayed at the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Air_Show" title="Paris Air Show">Paris Air Show</a> at <a href="/wiki/Le_Bourget" title="Le Bourget">Le Bourget</a>. It was ordered by the Belgian firm <a href="/wiki/Sabena" title="Sabena">Sabena</a>, a further ten Type Ws were <a href="/wiki/Licensed_production" title="Licensed production">produced under license</a> in Belgium by <a href="/wiki/SABCA" title="SABCA">SABCA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921 the <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> ordered three aircraft, built as the W.8b, for use by <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Transport" title="Handley Page Transport">Handley Page Transport</a>, and later by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a>, on services to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, the <a href="/wiki/Bleriot-SPAD_S.33" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleriot-SPAD S.33">Bleriot-SPAD S.33</a> was introduced during the early 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-Flight070721p460_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight070721p460-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was commercially successful, initially serving the Paris-<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> route, and later on <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">continental</a> routes. The enclosed cabin could carry four passengers with an extra seat in the cockpit. It was further developed into the <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot-SPAD_S.46" title="Blériot-SPAD S.46">Blériot-SPAD S.46</a>. Throughout the 1920s, companies in Britain and France were at the forefront of the civil airliner industry.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1921, the capacity of airliners needed to be increased to achieve more favourable economics. The English company <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland" title="De Havilland">de Havilland</a>, built the 10-passenger <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Doncaster" title="De Havilland Doncaster">DH.29</a> monoplane,<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Civil_V2_pageneeded_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Civil_V2_pageneeded-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while starting work on the design of the DH.32, an eight-seater <a href="/wiki/Biplane" title="Biplane">biplane</a> with a more economical but less powerful <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Eagle" title="Rolls-Royce Eagle">Rolls-Royce Eagle</a> engine.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Civil_V3_508525_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Civil_V3_508525-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For more capacity, DH.32 development was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.34" title="De Havilland DH.34">DH.34</a> biplane, accommodating 10 passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-Flight180823_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight180823-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commercially successful aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Daimler_Airway" title="Daimler Airway">Daimler Airway</a> ordered a batch of nine.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Civil_V2_pageneeded_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Civil_V2_pageneeded-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Trimotor" title="Ford Trimotor">Ford Trimotor</a> had two engines mounted on the wings and one in the nose, and a slabsided body, it carried eight passengers and was produced from 1925 to 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrick_2004_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrick_2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an important early airliner in America. It was used by the predecessor to <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">Trans World Airlines</a>, and by other airlines long after production ceased. The Trimotor helped to popularise numerous aspects of modern aviation infrastructure, including paved <a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">runways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">passenger terminals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">hangars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airmail" title="Airmail">airmail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">radio navigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrick_2004_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrick_2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am">Pan Am</a> opened up transoceanic service in the late 1920s and early 1930s, based on a series of large seaplanes – the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-38" title="Sikorsky S-38">Sikorsky S-38</a> through <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-42" title="Sikorsky S-42">Sikorsky S-42</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daley,_Robert_1980,_page_103_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daley,_Robert_1980,_page_103-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1930s, the airliner industry had matured and large consolidated national airlines were established with regular international services that spanned the globe, including <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a> in Britain, <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a> in Germany, KLM in the Netherlands, and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> in America. Multi-engined aircraft were now capable of transporting dozens of passengers in comfort.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1930s, the British <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon" title="De Havilland Dragon">de Havilland Dragon</a> emerged as a short-haul, low-capacity airliner. Its relatively simple design could carry six passengers, each with 45 lb (20 kg) of luggage, on the London-Paris route on a fuel consumption of 13 gal (49 L) per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DH.84 Dragon entered worldwide service. During early August 1934, one performed the first non-stop flight between the Canadian mainland and Britain in 30 hours 55 minutes, although the intended destination had originally been <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding1980289_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding1980289-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-racing_p265_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-racing_p265-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British production of the Dragon ended in favour of the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon_Rapide" title="De Havilland Dragon Rapide">de Havilland Dragon Rapide</a>, a faster and more comfortable successor.<sup id="cite_ref-moss_3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moss_3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By November 1934, series production of the Dragon Rapide had commenced.<sup id="cite_ref-moss_4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moss_4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Havilland invested into advanced features including elongated rear windows, cabin heating, thickened wing tips, and a strengthened airframe for a higher gross weight of 5,500 lb (2,500 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-moss_5_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moss_5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later aircraft were amongst the first airliners to be fitted with <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">flaps</a> for improved landing performance, along with downwards-facing recognition light and metal propellers, which were often retrofitted to older aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-moss_6_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moss_6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used in military roles;<sup id="cite_ref-moss_4_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moss_4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> civil Dragon Rapides were <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">impressed</a> into military service during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-moss_6_7_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moss_6_7-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_C-47A_Skytrain_(DC-3),_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_(DDA_Classic_Airlines)_AN2107554.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Douglas_C-47A_Skytrain_%28DC-3%29%2C_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_%28DDA_Classic_Airlines%29_AN2107554.jpg/220px-Douglas_C-47A_Skytrain_%28DC-3%29%2C_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_%28DDA_Classic_Airlines%29_AN2107554.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Douglas_C-47A_Skytrain_%28DC-3%29%2C_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_%28DDA_Classic_Airlines%29_AN2107554.jpg/330px-Douglas_C-47A_Skytrain_%28DC-3%29%2C_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_%28DDA_Classic_Airlines%29_AN2107554.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Douglas_C-47A_Skytrain_%28DC-3%29%2C_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_%28DDA_Classic_Airlines%29_AN2107554.jpg/440px-Douglas_C-47A_Skytrain_%28DC-3%29%2C_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_%28DDA_Classic_Airlines%29_AN2107554.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a> appeared in 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>Metal airliners came into service in the 1930s. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_247" title="Boeing 247">Boeing 247</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bhistory_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhistory-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 14-passenger <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">Douglas DC-2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> flew during the first half of the decade, while the more powerful, faster, 21–32 passenger <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a> first appeared in 1935. DC-3s were produced in quantity for the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and were sold as surplus afterward, becoming widespread within the commercial sector. It was one of first airliners to be profitable without the support of postal or government subsidies.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellberg_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellberg-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long-haul flights were expanded during the 1930s as Pan American Airways and Imperial Airways competed on <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_flight" title="Transatlantic flight">transatlantic travel</a> using fleets of <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a>, such as the British <a href="/wiki/Short_Empire" title="Short Empire">Short Empire</a> and the American <a href="/wiki/Boeing_314" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 314">Boeing 314</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bogash_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bogash-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imperial Airways' order for 28 Empire flying boats was viewed by some as a bold gamble.<sup id="cite_ref-norris_3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norris_3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, flying boats were the only practical means of building aircraft of such size and weight as land-based aircraft would have unfeasibly poor field performance.<sup id="cite_ref-norris_3_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norris_3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One Boeing 314, <a href="/wiki/Extended_flight_of_Pan_American_NC18602" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended flight of Pan American NC18602">registration NC18602</a>, became the first commercial plane to circumnavigate the globe during December 1941 and January 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Bull_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bull-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_postwar_era">The postwar era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The postwar era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">Jet airliner</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg/220px-Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg/330px-Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg/440px-Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Prototype of the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">de Havilland Comet</a> in 1949, the first jet airliner in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Brabazon_Committee" title="Brabazon Committee">Brabazon Committee</a> was formed in 1942 under <a href="/wiki/John_Moore-Brabazon,_1st_Baron_Brabazon_of_Tara" title="John Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara">John Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara</a> to forecast advances in aviation technology and the air transport needs of the postwar <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> (in South Asia, Africa, and the Near and <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>) and Commonwealth (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-MandG82_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MandG82-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phipp17_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phipp17-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For British use, multi-engine aircraft types were allegedly split between the US for <a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">military transport aircraft</a> and the UK for <a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">heavy bombers</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> That such a policy was suggested or implemented have been disputed, at least by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Peter_Masefield" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Peter Masefield">Sir Peter Masefield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MandG97_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MandG97-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British aircraft manufacturers were tied up to fulfill military requirements, and had no free capacity to address other matters though the war.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The committee final report pushed four designs for the state-owned airlines <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation" title="British Overseas Airways Corporation">British Overseas Airways Corporation</a> (BOAC) and later <a href="/wiki/British_European_Airways" title="British European Airways">British European Airways</a> (BEA): three piston-powered aircraft of varying sizes, and a <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet-powered</a> 100-seat design at the request of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Havilland" title="Geoffrey de Havilland">Geoffrey de Havilland</a>, involved in the first jet fighters development. </p><p>After a brief contest, the Type I design was given to the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company" title="Bristol Aeroplane Company">Bristol Aeroplane Company</a>, building on a "100 ton <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber</a>" submission.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes324_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes324-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Brabazon" title="Bristol Brabazon">Bristol Brabazon</a> but this project folded in 1951 as BOAC lost interest and the first aircraft needed a costly wing re-design to accommodate the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Proteus" title="Bristol Proteus">Bristol Proteus</a> engine.<sup id="cite_ref-Phipp67_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phipp67-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Type II was split between the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dove" title="De Havilland Dove">de Havilland Dove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Ambassador" title="Airspeed Ambassador">Airspeed Ambassador</a> conventional piston designs,<sup id="cite_ref-Phipp75_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phipp75-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers">Vickers</a> model powered by newly developed <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprops</a>: first flown in 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">VC.2 Viceroy</a> was the first turboprop design to enter service;<sup id="cite_ref-Phipp81_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phipp81-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a commercial success with 445 Viscounts built.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_and_Morgan,_p._537_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews_and_Morgan,_p._537-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Type III requirement led to the conventional <a href="/wiki/Avro_Tudor" title="Avro Tudor">Avro Tudor</a> and the more ambitious <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Britannia" title="Bristol Britannia">Bristol Britannia</a>, although both aircraft suffered protracted developments,<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes347_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes347-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the latter entering service with BOAC in February 1957, over seven years following its order.<sup id="cite_ref-Phipp105_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phipp105-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The jet-powered Type IV became the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">de Havilland Comet</a> in 1949. It featured an aerodynamically clean design with four <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Ghost" title="De Havilland Ghost">de Havilland Ghost</a> turbojet engines buried in the wings, a pressurised fuselage, and large square windows. On 2 May 1952, the Comet took off on the world's first <a href="/wiki/Jetliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetliner">jetliner</a> flight carrying fare-paying passengers and simultaneously inaugurated scheduled service between London and Johannesburg.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cookman195207_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cookman195207-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, roughly one year after introduction, three Comets broke up mid-flight due to airframe <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">metal fatigue</a>, not well understood at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-withey_fatigue_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-withey_fatigue-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Comet was grounded and tested to discover the cause, while rival manufacturers heeded the lessons learned while developing their own aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The improved Comet 2 and the prototype Comet 3 culminated in the redesigned Comet 4 series which debuted in 1958 and had a productive career over 30 years, but sales never fully recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Phipp93_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phipp93-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson464_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson464-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1960s, the UK had lost the airliner market to the US due to the Comet disaster and a smaller domestic market, not regained by later designs like the <a href="/wiki/BAC_1-11" class="mw-redirect" title="BAC 1-11">BAC 1-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">Vickers VC10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Trident" title="Hawker Siddeley Trident">Hawker Siddeley Trident</a>. The STAC committee was formed to consider <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> designs and worked with Bristol to create the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_223" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol 223">Bristol 223</a>, a 100-passenger transatlantic airliner. The effort was later merged with similar efforts in France to create the <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> supersonic airliner to share the cost.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarrett_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarrett-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg/220px-6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg/330px-6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg/440px-6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">DC-6</a>, Stapleton Airport, Denver, September 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>The first batch of the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-4" title="Douglas DC-4">Douglas DC-4s</a> went to the U.S. Army and Air Forces,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> and was named the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster" title="Douglas C-54 Skymaster">C-54 Skymaster</a>. Some ex-military DC-6s were later converted into airliners, with both passenger and cargo versions flooding the market shortly after the war's end. Douglas also developed a pressurized version of the DC-4, which it designated the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">Douglas DC-6</a>. Rival company Lockheed produced the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Constellation</a>, a triple-tailed aircraft with a wider fuselage than the DC-4. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_377_Stratocruiser" title="Boeing 377 Stratocruiser">Boeing 377 Stratocruiser</a> was based on the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-97_Stratofreighter" title="Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter">C-97 Stratofreighter</a> military transport, it had a double deck and a pressurized fuselage. </p><p>Convair produced the <a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family" title="Convair CV-240 family">Convair 240</a>, a 40-person pressurized airplane; 566 examples flew. Convair later developed the <a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family" title="Convair CV-240 family">Convair 340</a>, which was slightly larger and could accommodate between 44 and 52 passengers, of which 311 were produced. The firm also commenced work on the <a href="/wiki/Convair_Model_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Convair Model 37">Convair 37</a>, a relatively large double-deck airliner that would have served trans<a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continental</a> routes; however, the project was abandoned due to a lack of customer demand and its high development costs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rival planes include the <a href="/wiki/Martin_2-0-2" title="Martin 2-0-2">Martin 2-0-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_4-0-4" title="Martin 4-0-4">Martin 4-0-4</a>, but the 2-0-2 had safety concerns and was unpressurized, while the 4-0-4 only sold around 100 units.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarrett_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarrett-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the postwar years, engines became much larger and more powerful, and safety features such as deicing, navigation, and weather information were added to the planes. American planes were allegedly more comfortable and had superior flight decks than those produced in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarrett_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarrett-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1936, the French Air Ministry requested transatlantic flying boats that could hold at least 40 passengers, leading to three <a href="/wiki/Lat%C3%A9co%C3%A8re_631" title="Latécoère 631">Latécoère 631s</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> in July 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Aeroplane0114_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aeroplane0114-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, two crashed and the third was removed from service over safety concerns. The <a href="/wiki/SNCASE_Languedoc" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCASE Languedoc">SNCASE Languedoc</a> was the first French post-war airliner.<sup id="cite_ref-Aeroplane0414_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aeroplane0414-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accommodating up to 44 seats, 40 aircraft were completed for Air France between October 1945 and April 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jarrett_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarrett-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air France withdrew the last Languedoc from its domestic routes in 1954, being replaced by later designs.<sup id="cite_ref-Aeroplane0414_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aeroplane0414-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First flying in February 1949, the four-engined <a href="/wiki/Breguet_Deux-Ponts" class="mw-redirect" title="Breguet Deux-Ponts">Breguet Deux-Ponts</a> was a double-decker transport for passengers and cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-Aeroplane_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aeroplane-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air France used it on its busiest routes, including from <a href="/wiki/Paris-Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport">Paris</a> to the Mediterranean area and to <a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aeroplane_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aeroplane-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sud_SE-210_Caravelle_III,_F-BHRS,_Air_France_Manteufel-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sud_SE-210_Caravelle_III%2C_F-BHRS%2C_Air_France_Manteufel-1.jpg/220px-Sud_SE-210_Caravelle_III%2C_F-BHRS%2C_Air_France_Manteufel-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sud_SE-210_Caravelle_III%2C_F-BHRS%2C_Air_France_Manteufel-1.jpg/330px-Sud_SE-210_Caravelle_III%2C_F-BHRS%2C_Air_France_Manteufel-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sud_SE-210_Caravelle_III%2C_F-BHRS%2C_Air_France_Manteufel-1.jpg/440px-Sud_SE-210_Caravelle_III%2C_F-BHRS%2C_Air_France_Manteufel-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sud-Aviation_Caravelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sud-Aviation Caravelle">Sud-Aviation Caravelle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sud-Aviation_Caravelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sud-Aviation Caravelle">Sud-Aviation Caravelle</a> was developed during the late 1950s as the first short range jet airliner. The nose and cockpit layout were licensed from the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">de Havilland Comet</a>, along with some fuselage elements.<sup id="cite_ref-López1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-López1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entering service in mid 1959, 172 Caravelles had been sold within four years and six versions were in production by 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sud Aviation then focused its design team on a Caravelle successor.<sup id="cite_ref-López1_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-López1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Super-Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle">Super-Caravelle</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">supersonic transport</a> project of similar size and range to the Caravelle. It was merged with the similar <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company" title="Bristol Aeroplane Company">Bristol Aeroplane Company</a> project into the Anglo-French <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-López1_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-López1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Concorde entered service in January 1967 as the second and last commercial <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">supersonic transport</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_Tu-144_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_Tu-144-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melik-Karamov_2000_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melik-Karamov_2000-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after large overruns and delays, costing £1.3 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All subsequent French airliner efforts were part of the <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> pan-European initiative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="USSR">USSR</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: USSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after the war, most of the Soviet fleet of airliners consisted of DC-3s or <a href="/wiki/Lisunov_Li-2" title="Lisunov Li-2">Lisunov Li-2s</a>. These planes were in desperate need of replacement, and in 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-12" title="Ilyushin Il-12">Ilyushin Il-12</a> made its first flight. The Il-12 was very similar in design to American Convair 240, except was unpressurized. In 1953, the <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-14" title="Ilyushin Il-14">Ilyushin Il-14</a> made its first flight, and this version was equipped with much more powerful engines. The main contribution that the Soviets made in regards to airliners was the <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-2" title="Antonov An-2">Antonov An-2</a>. This plane is a biplane, unlike most of the other airliners, and sold more units than any other transport plane.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarrett_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarrett-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narrow-body_airliners">Narrow-body airliners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Narrow-body airliners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus_A320-200_Airbus_Industries_(AIB)_%22House_colors%22_F-WWBA_-_MSN_001_(10276181983).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Airbus_A320-200_Airbus_Industries_%28AIB%29_%22House_colors%22_F-WWBA_-_MSN_001_%2810276181983%29.jpg/220px-Airbus_A320-200_Airbus_Industries_%28AIB%29_%22House_colors%22_F-WWBA_-_MSN_001_%2810276181983%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Airbus_A320-200_Airbus_Industries_%28AIB%29_%22House_colors%22_F-WWBA_-_MSN_001_%2810276181983%29.jpg/330px-Airbus_A320-200_Airbus_Industries_%28AIB%29_%22House_colors%22_F-WWBA_-_MSN_001_%2810276181983%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Airbus_A320-200_Airbus_Industries_%28AIB%29_%22House_colors%22_F-WWBA_-_MSN_001_%2810276181983%29.jpg/440px-Airbus_A320-200_Airbus_Industries_%28AIB%29_%22House_colors%22_F-WWBA_-_MSN_001_%2810276181983%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="2045" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320 family</a> is the most ordered <a href="/wiki/Narrow-body_aircraft" title="Narrow-body aircraft">narrow-body aircraft</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most common airliners are the <a href="/wiki/Narrow-body_aircraft" title="Narrow-body aircraft">narrow-body aircraft</a>, or single-aisles. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">jet airliners</a> were narrowbodies: the initial <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">de Havilland Comet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a> and its competitor the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8</a>. They were followed by smaller models : the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-9" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas DC-9">Douglas DC-9</a> and its <a href="/wiki/MD-80" class="mw-redirect" title="MD-80">MD-80</a>/<a href="/wiki/MD-90" class="mw-redirect" title="MD-90">MD-90</a>/<a href="/wiki/Boeing_717" title="Boeing 717">Boeing 717</a> derivatives; the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">737</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">757</a> using the 707 cabin cross-section; or the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-154" title="Tupolev Tu-154">Tupolev Tu-154</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-18" title="Ilyushin Il-18">Ilyushin Il-18</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-62" title="Ilyushin Il-62">Ilyushin Il-62</a>. </p><p>Currently produced narrow-body airliners include the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A220" title="Airbus A220">Airbus A220</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">A320 family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embraer_E-Jet_family" title="Embraer E-Jet family">Embraer E-Jet family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comac_C919" title="Comac C919">Comac C919</a>, generally used for <a href="/wiki/Flight_length" title="Flight length">medium-haul flights</a> with 100 to 240 passengers. They could be joined by the in-development <a href="/wiki/Irkut_MC-21" class="mw-redirect" title="Irkut MC-21">Irkut MC-21</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wide-body_airliners">Wide-body airliners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wide-body airliners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_747_rollout_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Boeing_747_rollout_%283%29.jpg/220px-Boeing_747_rollout_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Boeing_747_rollout_%283%29.jpg/330px-Boeing_747_rollout_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Boeing_747_rollout_%283%29.jpg/440px-Boeing_747_rollout_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2637" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">wide-body aircraft</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>, rolled out in September 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>The larger <a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">wide-body aircraft</a>, or twin-aisle as they have two separate aisles in the cabin, are used for long-haul flights. The first was the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> quadjet, followed by the trijets: the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed L-1011">Lockheed L-1011</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-10" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas DC-10">Douglas DC-10</a>, then its <a href="/wiki/MD-11" class="mw-redirect" title="MD-11">MD-11</a> stretch. Then other quadjets were introduced: the <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-86" title="Ilyushin Il-86">Ilyushin Il-86</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-96" title="Ilyushin Il-96">Il-96</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">Airbus A340</a> and the double-deck <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">A380</a>. Twinjets were also put into service: the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300</a>/<a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310" title="Airbus A310">A310</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">A330</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A350" title="Airbus A350">A350</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">767</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">777</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">787</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_aircraft">Regional aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Regional aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lufthansa_CityLine,_Canadair_CRJ-700,_D-ACPQ_(14003297897).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lufthansa_CityLine%2C_Canadair_CRJ-700%2C_D-ACPQ_%2814003297897%29.jpg/220px-Lufthansa_CityLine%2C_Canadair_CRJ-700%2C_D-ACPQ_%2814003297897%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lufthansa_CityLine%2C_Canadair_CRJ-700%2C_D-ACPQ_%2814003297897%29.jpg/330px-Lufthansa_CityLine%2C_Canadair_CRJ-700%2C_D-ACPQ_%2814003297897%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lufthansa_CityLine%2C_Canadair_CRJ-700%2C_D-ACPQ_%2814003297897%29.jpg/440px-Lufthansa_CityLine%2C_Canadair_CRJ-700%2C_D-ACPQ_%2814003297897%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3143" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Over 1,800 <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ" title="Bombardier CRJ">Bombardier CRJs</a> have been delivered</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Regional_airliner" title="Regional airliner">Regional airliners</a> seat fewer than 100 passengers. These smaller aircraft are often used to feed traffic at large <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">airline hubs</a> to larger aircraft operated by the major <a href="/wiki/Mainline_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline (flight)">mainline carriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legacy_carriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Legacy carriers">legacy carriers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carriers</a>; often sharing the same livery. <a href="/wiki/Regional_jet" title="Regional jet">Regional jets</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ100/200" title="Bombardier CRJ100/200">Bombardier CRJ100/200</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ700_series" title="Bombardier CRJ700 series">Bombardier CRJ700 series</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Embraer_ERJ_family" title="Embraer ERJ family">Embraer ERJ family</a>. Currently produced <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> regional airliners include the <a href="/wiki/Dash-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Dash-8">Dash-8</a> series, and the <a href="/wiki/ATR_42" title="ATR 42">ATR 42</a>/<a href="/wiki/ATR_72" title="ATR 72">72</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commuter_aircraft">Commuter aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commuter aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1900C_envol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1900C_envol.jpg/220px-1900C_envol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1900C_envol.jpg/330px-1900C_envol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1900C_envol.jpg/440px-1900C_envol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_1900" title="Beechcraft 1900">Beechcraft 1900</a>, short-range commuter aircraft</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft" title="Light aircraft">Light aircraft</a> can be used as small commuter airliners, or as <a href="/wiki/Air_taxi" title="Air taxi">air taxis</a>. Twin turboprops carrying up to 19 passengers include the <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_1900" title="Beechcraft 1900">Beechcraft 1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairchild Metro">Fairchild Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jetstream_31" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetstream 31">Jetstream 31</a>, <a href="/wiki/DHC-6_Twin_Otter" class="mw-redirect" title="DHC-6 Twin Otter">DHC-6 Twin Otter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embraer_EMB_110_Bandeirante" title="Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante">Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante</a>. Smaller airliners include the single-engined turboprops like the <a href="/wiki/Cessna_Caravan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna Caravan">Cessna Caravan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-12" title="Pilatus PC-12">Pilatus PC-12</a>; or twin piston-powered aircraft made by <a href="/wiki/Cessna" title="Cessna">Cessna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piper_Aircraft" title="Piper Aircraft">Piper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britten-Norman" title="Britten-Norman">Britten-Norman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft" title="Beechcraft">Beechcraft</a>. They often lack <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">lavatories</a>, stand-up cabins, <a href="/wiki/Pressurization" title="Pressurization">pressurization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">galleys</a>, overhead storage bins, reclining seats, or a <a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">flight attendant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engines">Engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piston_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piston engine">piston engines</a> were common on <a href="/wiki/Propliner" title="Propliner">propliners</a> such as the Douglas DC-3. Nearly all modern airliners are now powered by <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">turbine</a> engines, either <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprops</a>. Gas turbine engines operate efficiently at much higher altitudes, are more reliable than piston engines, and produce less vibration and noise. The use of a common fuel type – kerosene-based jet fuel – is another advantage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Airliner_variants">Airliner variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Airliner variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some variants of airliners have been developed for carrying freight or for luxury <a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">corporate use</a>. Many airliners have also been modified for government use as <a href="/wiki/Very_Important_Person" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Important Person">VIP</a> transports and for military functions such as airborne tankers (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">Vickers VC10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed L-1011">Lockheed L-1011</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a>), air ambulance (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">USN</a> <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-9">McDonnell Douglas DC-9</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Embraer_ERJ_145_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Embraer ERJ 145 family">Embraer ERJ 145</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">Saab 340</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a>), as well as for troop-carrying roles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Configuration">Configuration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Configuration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern jetliners are usually low-wing designs with two engines mounted underneath the <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">swept wings</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> aircraft are slow enough to use straight wings. Smaller airliners sometimes have their engines mounted on either side of the rear fuselage. Numerous advantages and disadvantages exist due to this arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the most important advantage to mounting the engines under the wings is that the total aircraft weight is more evenly distributed across the wingspan, which imposes less <a href="/wiki/Bending_moment" title="Bending moment">bending moment</a> on the wings and allows for a lighter wing structure. This factor becomes more important as aircraft weight increases, and no in-production airliners have both a maximum takeoff weight more than 50 tons and engines mounted on the fuselage. The <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-148" title="Antonov An-148">Antonov An-148</a> is the only in-production jetliner with high-mounted wings (usually seen in <a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">military transport aircraft</a>), which reduces the risk of damage from unpaved runways. </p><p>Except for a few experimental or military designs, all aircraft built to date have had all of their weight <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lifted</a> off the ground by airflow across the wings. In terms of <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a>, the fuselage has been a mere burden. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> are currently developing a <a href="/wiki/Blended_wing_body" title="Blended wing body">blended wing body</a> design in which the entire airframe, from wingtip to wingtip, contributes lift. This promises a significant gain in <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency_in_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel efficiency in transportation">fuel efficiency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_manufacturers">Current manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Current manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg/220px-Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg/330px-Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg/440px-Boeing_767_Nose_Section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Assembly of a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a> nose section</figcaption></figure> <p>The major manufacturers with <a href="/wiki/Large_aircraft" title="Large aircraft">large aircraft</a> airliners currently in production include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> (France/Germany/Spain/United Kingdom/Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonov" title="Antonov">Antonov</a> (Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATR_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="ATR Aircraft">ATR Aircraft</a> (France/Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britten-Norman" title="Britten-Norman">Britten-Norman</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comac" title="Comac">Comac</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada" title="De Havilland Canada">De Havilland Canada</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irkut_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Irkut Corporation">Irkut Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Aircraft_Corporation" title="United Aircraft Corporation">UAC</a>, Russia, includes <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi" title="Sukhoi">Sukhoi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let_Kunovice" class="mw-redirect" title="Let Kunovice">Let Kunovice</a> (Czech Republic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Aircraft_Industrial_Corporation" title="Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation">Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation</a> (China)</li></ul> <p>The narrow-body and wide-body airliner market is dominated by Airbus and Boeing, and the <a href="/wiki/Regional_airliner" title="Regional airliner">regional airliner</a> market is shared between <a href="/wiki/ATR_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="ATR Aircraft">ATR Aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada" title="De Havilland Canada">De Havilland Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a>. </p><p>Setting up a reliable <a href="/wiki/Customer_support" title="Customer support">customer support</a> network, ensuring uptime, availability and support 24/7 and anywhere, is critical for the success of airliner manufacturers. <a href="/wiki/Boeing_and_Airbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing and Airbus">Boeing and Airbus</a> are ranked 1 and 2 in customer satisfaction for aftermarket support by a survey by <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Inside MRO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_World" title="Air Transport World">Air Transport World</a>, and this is a reason why <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Aircraft_Corporation" title="Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation">Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation</a> purchased the <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ" title="Bombardier CRJ">Bombardier CRJ</a> program. It is an <a href="/wiki/Entry_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Entry barrier">entry barrier</a> for new entrants like the <a href="/wiki/Xian_MA700" class="mw-redirect" title="Xian MA700">Xian MA700</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comac_C919" title="Comac C919">Comac C919</a>, with no credible previous experience with the <a href="/wiki/MA60" class="mw-redirect" title="MA60">MA60</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Irkut_MC-21" class="mw-redirect" title="Irkut MC-21">Irkut MC-21</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Superjet_100" title="Sukhoi Superjet 100">Sukhoi Superjet 100</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek17jul2019_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek17jul2019-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_airliners">Notable airliners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable airliners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png/220px-Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png/330px-Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png/440px-Development_of_long_haul_airliners.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Development of the capabilities of long-haul airliners shown by some notable ones</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Havilland_DH-106_Comet_4C,_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1476165.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/De_Havilland_DH-106_Comet_4C%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1476165.jpg/220px-De_Havilland_DH-106_Comet_4C%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1476165.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/De_Havilland_DH-106_Comet_4C%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1476165.jpg/330px-De_Havilland_DH-106_Comet_4C%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1476165.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/De_Havilland_DH-106_Comet_4C%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1476165.jpg/440px-De_Havilland_DH-106_Comet_4C%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1476165.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">De Havilland Comet</a> – the first <a href="/wiki/Jetliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetliner">jetliner</a></figcaption></figure> 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#9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Airliner" title="Special:EditPage/Airliner">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_247" title="Boeing 247">Boeing 247</a> – the first modern airliner, with all-metal construction and <a href="/wiki/Retractable_landing_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Retractable landing gear">retractable landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a> – very widespread, still serving</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_307_Stratoliner" title="Boeing 307 Stratoliner">Boeing 307 Stratoliner</a> – the first with a <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_cabin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressurized cabin">pressurized cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_377_Stratocruiser" title="Boeing 377 Stratocruiser">Boeing 377 Stratocruiser</a> - popularized multiple passenger decks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Vickers Viscount</a> – the first <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> airliner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed Constellation</a> – popularized the pressurized cabin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-2" title="Antonov An-2">Antonov An-2</a> – a single engine biplane, a widespread large <a href="/wiki/Utility_aircraft" title="Utility aircraft">utility aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">De Havilland Comet</a> – the first operational <a href="/wiki/Jetliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetliner">jetliner</a>, grounded by early crashes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-104" title="Tupolev Tu-104">Tupolev Tu-104</a> – the first <a href="/wiki/Twinjet" title="Twinjet">twinjet</a>, developed into the first <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a>-powered airliner, the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-124" title="Tupolev Tu-124">Tupolev Tu-124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a> – the most successful early jetliner, along the less widespread <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Caravelle">Sud Aviation Caravelle</a> – the first jetliner with rear <a href="/wiki/Podded_engine" title="Podded engine">podded engines</a>, the configuration of the more widespread <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-9" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas DC-9">Douglas DC-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a> – the most successful jet airliner by deliveries as of 2022</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144" title="Tupolev Tu-144">Tupolev Tu-144</a> – the first operational <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">supersonic transport</a> in 1975, with passenger service 1977-78</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> – the first supersonic airliner in passenger service, operating from 1976 to 2003; the first airliner with <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire#Analog_systems" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a> flight controls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> – the first <a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">wide-body aircraft</a> and first <a href="/wiki/High-bypass_turbofan" class="mw-redirect" title="High-bypass turbofan">high-bypass turbofan</a>-powered airliner, the largest passenger airliner until the A380</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">McDonnell Douglas DC-10</a> – the first <a href="/wiki/Trijet" title="Trijet">trijet</a> wide-body, along the later <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar" title="Lockheed L-1011 TriStar">Lockheed L-1011 TriStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300</a> – the first <a href="/wiki/Twinjet" title="Twinjet">twinjet</a> wide-body, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320</a> – the first airliner with <a href="/wiki/Digital_systems#fly-by-wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital systems">digital fly-by-wire</a> flight controls, the most ordered jet airliner as of November 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a> – the largest twinjet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> – full <a href="/wiki/Double-deck_aircraft" title="Double-deck aircraft">double-deck aircraft</a>, the largest passenger airliner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">Boeing 787</a> – the first airliner mostly constructed with <a href="/wiki/Composite_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite materials">composite materials</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_production_aircraft">In production aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In production aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Mainline airliners as of November 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Model </th> <th data-sort-type="date">First flight </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Net orders </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Deliveries </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Backlog </th> <th data-sort-type="number">MTOW (t) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">typ. seats </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Range (nmi) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A220" title="Airbus A220">Airbus A220</a> </th> <td>16/09/2013</td> <td>397</td> <td>45</td> <td>352</td> <td>60.8-67.6</td> <td>116-141</td> <td>2,950-3,200 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320 family</a> (excl. A318) </th> <td>22/02/1987</td> <td>14,096</td> <td>8,195</td> <td>5,901</td> <td>75.5-97</td> <td>124-206</td> <td>3,200-4,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330</a>/<a href="/wiki/A330neo" class="mw-redirect" title="A330neo">A330neo</a> </th> <td>02/11/1992</td> <td>1,613</td> <td>1,333</td> <td>280</td> <td>242-251</td> <td>247-287</td> <td>6,350-8,150 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A350" title="Airbus A350">Airbus A350</a> </th> <td>14/06/2013</td> <td>889</td> <td>202</td> <td>687</td> <td>280-316</td> <td>325-366</td> <td>8,100-8,400 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_NG" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737 NG">Boeing 737 NG</a>/<a href="/wiki/737_MAX" class="mw-redirect" title="737 MAX">737 MAX</a> </th> <td>09/02/1997</td> <td>11,447</td> <td>6,775</td> <td>4,672</td> <td>70.1-88.3</td> <td>126-188</td> <td>2,935-3,825 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a>-300F </th> <td>20/06/1995</td> <td>300</td> <td>233</td> <td>67</td> <td>185</td> <td></td> <td>3,255 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a>-300ER/F/<a href="/wiki/777X" class="mw-redirect" title="777X">777X</a> </th> <td>24/02/2003</td> <td>1,356</td> <td>939</td> <td>417</td> <td>349.7-351</td> <td>336-400</td> <td>7,370-8,700 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">Boeing 787</a> </th> <td>15/12/2009</td> <td>1,377</td> <td>728</td> <td>652</td> <td>227.9-250.8</td> <td>242-330</td> <td>6,430-7,635 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fleet">Fleet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fleet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The airliner fleet went from 13,500 in 2000 to 25,700 in 2017: 16% to 30.7% in Asia/Pacific (2,158 to 7,915), 34.7% to 23.6% in USA (4,686 to 6,069) and 24% to 20.5% in Europe (3,234 to 5,272).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, there were 29,398 airliners in service: 26,935 passenger transports and 2,463 freighters, while 2,754 others were stored. The largest fleet was in Asia-Pacific with 8,808 (5% stored), followed by 8,572 in North America (10% stored), 7,254 in Europe (9% stored), 2,027 in Latin America, 1,510 in Middle East and 1,347 in Africa. Narrowbody are dominant with 16,235, followed by 5,581 Widebodies, 3,743 Turboprops, 3,565 Regional jets and 399 Others.<sup id="cite_ref-2018census_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018census-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Largest in service mainline fleet as of August 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2017census_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017census-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Model</th> <th>2018<sup id="cite_ref-2018census_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018census-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2017</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2015<sup id="cite_ref-2016census_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016census-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320 family</a></td> <td>7,132</td> <td>6,838</td> <td>6,516</td> <td>6,041 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_NG" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737 NG">Boeing 737 NG</a></td> <td>6,373</td> <td>5,968</td> <td>5,556</td> <td>5,115 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a></td> <td>1,422</td> <td>1,387</td> <td>1,319</td> <td>1,258 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330</a></td> <td>1,269</td> <td>1,214</td> <td>1,169</td> <td>1,093 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737 Classic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">original</a></td> <td>818</td> <td>890</td> <td>931</td> <td>1,006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a></td> <td>740</td> <td>744</td> <td>738</td> <td>762 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">Boeing 787</a></td> <td>696</td> <td>554</td> <td>422</td> <td>288 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757</a></td> <td>669</td> <td>689</td> <td>688</td> <td>737 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_717" title="Boeing 717">Boeing 717</a>/MD-80/90/DC-9</td> <td>516</td> <td>607</td> <td>653</td> <td>668 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a></td> <td>475</td> <td>489</td> <td>503</td> <td>558 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Largest in service regional fleet as of August 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2017census_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017census-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Model</th> <th>2018<sup id="cite_ref-2018census_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018census-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2017</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2015<sup id="cite_ref-2016census_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016census-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Embraer_E-jets" class="mw-redirect" title="Embraer E-jets">Embraer E-jets</a></td> <td>1,358</td> <td>1,235</td> <td>1,140</td> <td>1,102 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ATR_(aircraft_manufacturer)" title="ATR (aircraft manufacturer)">ATR</a>42/72</td> <td>994</td> <td>950</td> <td>913</td> <td>886 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Q400" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Q400">Bombardier Q400</a></td> <td>956</td> <td>506</td> <td>465</td> <td>451 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ700" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier CRJ700">Bombardier CRJ700</a>/900/1000</td> <td>775</td> <td>762</td> <td>747</td> <td>696 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ100" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier CRJ100">Bombardier CRJ100</a>/200</td> <td>515</td> <td>516</td> <td>557</td> <td>558 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Embraer_ERJ_145_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Embraer ERJ 145 family">Embraer ERJ 145 family</a></td> <td>531</td> <td>454</td> <td>528</td> <td>606 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_1900" title="Beechcraft 1900">Beechcraft 1900</a>-100/200/300</td> <td>420</td> <td>328</td> <td>338</td> <td>347 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-6_Twin_Otter" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter">de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter</a></td> <td>330</td> <td>270</td> <td>266</td> <td>268 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">Saab 340</a></td> <td>215</td> <td>225</td> <td>231</td> <td>228 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>By the end of 2018, there were 1,826 parked or in storage jetliners out of 29,824 in service (6.1%): 1,434 narrowbodies and 392 widebodies, down from 9.8% of the fleet at the end of 2012 and 11.3% at the end of 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market">Market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since it began, the <a href="/wiki/Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">jet airliner</a> market had a recurring pattern of seven years of growth followed by three years of deliveries falling 30–40%, except a steady growth from 2004 due to the <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)#From_2001" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">economic rise of China</a> going from 3% of world market in 2001 to 22% in 2015, expensive <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a> till 2014 stimulating old jets replacement allowed by low <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rates</a> since 2008, and strong <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airline</a> passenger demand since.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, 718 Airbus and Boeings were delivered, worth $39.3 billion; 1,466 are expected in 2017, worth $104.4 billion: a growth by 3.5 from 2004 to 2020 is unprecedented and highly unusual for any mature market.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Manufacturer </th> <th colspan="4">2016 orders and deliveries<sup id="cite_ref-FGfleetwatch_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGfleetwatch-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>deliveries</th> <th>values ($bn)</th> <th>net orders</th> <th>backlog </th></tr> <tr> <td>Boeing</td> <td>726</td> <td>57.8</td> <td>563</td> <td>5,660 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Airbus</td> <td>685</td> <td>45.5</td> <td>711</td> <td>6,845 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Embraer</td> <td>108</td> <td>2.9</td> <td>39</td> <td>444 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bombardier</td> <td>81</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>162</td> <td>437 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ATR</td> <td>73</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>36</td> <td>236 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td>31</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>72</td> <td>1,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>1,704</td> <td>110.1</td> <td>1,583</td> <td>14,702 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2016, the deliveries went for 38% in Asia-Pacific, 25% in Europe, 22% in North America, 7% in Middle East, 6% in South America and 2% in Africa. 1,020 narrowbodies were delivered and their backlog reach 10891: 4,991 A320neo, 644 A320ceo; 3,593 737 Max, 835 737NG, 348 CSeries, 305 C919 and 175 MC-21; while 398 widebodies were delivered : 137 Dreamliners and 99 B777 for Boeing (65%) against 63 A330 and 49 A350 for Airbus, more than 2,400 widebodies were in backlog, led by the A350 with 753 (31%) then the Boeing 787 with 694 (28%).<sup id="cite_ref-FGfleetwatch_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGfleetwatch-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important driver of orders is airline <a href="/wiki/Profitability" class="mw-redirect" title="Profitability">profitability</a>, itself driven mainly by world <a href="/wiki/GDP_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP growth">GDP growth</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a> balance and <a href="/wiki/Oil_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil price">oil prices</a>, while new programmes by <a href="/wiki/Airbus_and_Boeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus and Boeing">Airbus and Boeing</a> help to stimulate aircraft demand. In 2016, 38% of the 25 years old airliners had been retired, 50% of the 28 years old : there will be 523 aircraft reaching 25 years old in 2017, 1,127 in 2026 and 1,628 in 2041. Deliveries rose by 80% from 2004 to 2016, they represented 4.9% of the fleet in 2004 and 5.9% in 2016, down from 8% previously.<sup id="cite_ref-CAPA20June2017_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAPA20June2017-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil prices and <a href="/wiki/Airshow" class="mw-redirect" title="Airshow">airshow</a> orders are trending together.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, deliveries were down by more than 50% compared to 2019 due to the <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation">impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation</a>, after 10 years of growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Flight23dec2020_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight23dec2020-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:009_Competing_airlines_together_at_Narita_Airport,_Japan_-_%E6%88%90%E7%94%B0%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E7%A9%BA%E6%B8%AF.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/009_Competing_airlines_together_at_Narita_Airport%2C_Japan_-_%E6%88%90%E7%94%B0%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E7%A9%BA%E6%B8%AF.JPG/800px-009_Competing_airlines_together_at_Narita_Airport%2C_Japan_-_%E6%88%90%E7%94%B0%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E7%A9%BA%E6%B8%AF.JPG" decoding="async" width="800" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/009_Competing_airlines_together_at_Narita_Airport%2C_Japan_-_%E6%88%90%E7%94%B0%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E7%A9%BA%E6%B8%AF.JPG/1200px-009_Competing_airlines_together_at_Narita_Airport%2C_Japan_-_%E6%88%90%E7%94%B0%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E7%A9%BA%E6%B8%AF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/009_Competing_airlines_together_at_Narita_Airport%2C_Japan_-_%E6%88%90%E7%94%B0%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E7%A9%BA%E6%B8%AF.JPG/1600px-009_Competing_airlines_together_at_Narita_Airport%2C_Japan_-_%E6%88%90%E7%94%B0%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E7%A9%BA%E6%B8%AF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>Wide body airliners of various airlines at Tokyo Narita Airport in April 2012</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage,_scrapping_and_recycling"><span id="Storage.2C_scrapping_and_recycling"></span>Storage, scrapping and recycling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Storage, scrapping and recycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_recycling" title="Aircraft recycling">Aircraft recycling</a></div> <p>Storage can be an adjustment variable for the airliner fleet: as Jan–Apr 2018 <a href="/wiki/Revenue_passenger_kilometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue passenger kilometer">RPKs</a> are up by 7% over a year and <a href="/wiki/Tonne-kilometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonne-kilometer">FTKs</a> up by 5.1%, the <a href="/wiki/IATA" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA">IATA</a> reports 81 net aircraft went back from storage (132 recalled and 51 stored) in April. It is the second month of storage contraction after eight of expansion and the largest in four years, while new aircraft deliveries fell slightly to 448 from 454 due to supply-chain issues and in-service issues <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_on_ground" title="Aircraft on ground">grounding</a> others. Retirements were down by 8% and utilization up by 2%, according to <a href="/wiki/Canaccord_Genuity" title="Canaccord Genuity">Canaccord Genuity</a>, driving used aircraft and engines values up while <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance" title="Aircraft maintenance">MRO</a> shops have unexpected demand for legacy products like the <a href="/wiki/PW4000" class="mw-redirect" title="PW4000">PW4000</a> and <a href="/wiki/GE_CF6" class="mw-redirect" title="GE CF6">GE CF6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek13jun2018_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek13jun2018-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cabin_configurations_and_features">Cabin configurations and features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cabin configurations and features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flight-interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flight-interior.jpg/220px-Flight-interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flight-interior.jpg/330px-Flight-interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flight-interior.jpg/440px-Flight-interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Interior of a <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Airways" title="Qatar Airways">Qatar Airways</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>. Video systems (the vertical white panels) are visible above the very centre seats of the aircraft</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Aircraft cabin</a></div> <p>An airliner will usually have several classes of seating: <a href="/wiki/First_class_travel" title="First class travel">first class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">business class</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">economy class</a> (which may be referred to as coach class or tourist class, and sometimes has a separate "premium" economy section with more legroom and amenities). The seats in more expensive classes are wider, more comfortable, and have more amenities such as "lie flat" seats for more comfortable sleeping on long flights. Generally, the more expensive the class, the better the beverage and meal service. </p><p>Domestic flights generally have a two-class configuration, usually first or business class and coach class, although many airlines instead offer all-economy seating. International flights generally have either a two-class configuration or a three-class configuration, depending on the airline, route and aircraft type. Many airliners offer <a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">movies or audio/video</a> on demand (this is standard in first and business class on many international flights and may be available on economy). Cabins of all classes have <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">lavatory</a> facilities, reading lights, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system#Air_distribution" title="Environmental control system">air vents</a>. Some larger airliners have a <a href="/wiki/Crew_rest_compartment" title="Crew rest compartment">rest compartment</a> reserved for crew use during breaks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seats">Seats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Seats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">Airline seat</a></div> <p>The types of seats that are provided and how much legroom is given to each passenger are decisions made by the individual airlines, not the aircraft manufacturers. Seats are mounted in "tracks" on the floor of the cabin and can be moved back and forth by the maintenance staff or removed altogether. One driver of airline profitability is how many passengers can be seated in economy class cabins, meaning that airline companies have an incentive to place seats close together to fit as many passengers in as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, ‘premium class’ seat configurations provide more space for travelers.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passengers seated in an <b>exit row</b> (the row of seats adjacent to an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_exit" title="Emergency exit">emergency exit</a>) usually have substantially more legroom than those seated in the remainder of the cabin, while the seats directly in front of the exit row may have less legroom and may not even recline (for evacuation safety reasons). However, passengers seated in an exit row may be required to assist cabin crew during an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">emergency evacuation</a> of the aircraft opening the emergency exit and assisting fellow passengers to the exit. As a precaution, many airlines prohibit young people under the age of 15 from being seated in the exit row.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seats are designed to withstand strong forces so as not to break or come loose from their floor tracks during <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> or accidents. The backs of seats are often equipped with a fold-down tray for eating, writing, or as a place to set up a portable computer, or a music or video player. Seats without another row of seats in front of them have a tray that is either folded into the armrest or that clips into brackets on the underside of the armrests. However, seats in premium cabins generally have trays in the armrests or clip-on trays, regardless of whether there is another row of seats in front of them. Seatbacks now often feature small colour <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> screens for videos, television and video games. Controls for this display as well as an outlet to plug in audio headsets are normally found in the armrest of each seat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overhead_bins"><span class="anchor" id="Overhead_bin"></span> Overhead bins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Overhead bins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Overhead_storage" title="Overhead storage">Overhead storage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overhead_bins_(6389156645).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Overhead_bins_%286389156645%29.jpg/220px-Overhead_bins_%286389156645%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Overhead_bins_%286389156645%29.jpg/330px-Overhead_bins_%286389156645%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Overhead_bins_%286389156645%29.jpg/440px-Overhead_bins_%286389156645%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Overhead bins aboard a <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Superjet_100" title="Sukhoi Superjet 100">Sukhoi Superjet 100</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The overhead bins, also known as overhead lockers or pivot bins, are used for stowing carry-on baggage and other items. While the airliner manufacturer will normally specify a standard version of the product to supply, airlines can choose to have bins of differing size, shape, or color installed. Over time, overhead bins evolved out of what were originally overhead shelves that were used for little more than coat and briefcase storage. As concerns about falling debris during turbulence or in accidents increased, enclosed bins became<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2014)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the norm. Bins have increased in size to accommodate the larger carry-on baggage passengers can bring onto the aircraft. Newer bin designs have included a handrail, useful when moving through the cabin.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passenger_service_units">Passenger service units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Passenger service units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Above the passenger seats are <a href="/wiki/Passenger_Service_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger Service Unit">Passenger Service Units</a> (PSU). These typically contain reading lights, air vents, and a flight attendant call light. On most narrowbody aircraft (and some <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310" title="Airbus A310">A310s</a>), the flight attendant call button and the buttons to control the reading lights are located directly on the PSU, while on most widebody aircraft, the flight attendant call button and the reading light control buttons are usually part of the <a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">in-flight entertainment</a> system. The units frequently have small "Fasten Seat Belt" and "No Smoking" illuminated signage and may also contain a speaker for the cabin public address system. On some newer aircraft, a "Turn off electronic devices" sign is used instead of the "No Smoking" sign, as smoking isn't permitted on board the aircraft anyway. </p><p>The PSU will also normally contain the drop-down <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">oxygen masks</a> which are activated if there is a sudden drop in cabin pressure. These are supplied with oxygen by means of a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_generator" title="Chemical oxygen generator">chemical oxygen generator</a>. By using a chemical reaction rather than a connection to an oxygen tank, these devices supply breathing oxygen for long enough for the airliner to descend to thicker, more breathable air. Oxygen generators do generate considerable heat in the process. Because of this, the oxygen generators are thermally shielded and are only allowed in commercial airliners when properly installed – they are not permitted to be loaded as freight on passenger-carrying flights. <a href="/wiki/ValuJet_Flight_592" title="ValuJet Flight 592">ValuJet Flight 592</a> crashed on May 11, 1996, as a result of improperly loaded chemical oxygen generators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabin_pressurization">Cabin pressurization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cabin pressurization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cabin_pressurization" title="Cabin pressurization">Cabin pressurization</a></div> <p>Airliners developed since the 1940s have had pressurized cabins (or, more accurately, pressurized hulls including baggage holds) to enable them to carry passengers safely at high altitudes where low oxygen levels and air pressure would otherwise cause sickness or death. High altitude flight enabled airliners to fly above most weather systems that cause turbulent or dangerous flying conditions, and also to fly faster and further as there is less drag due to the lower air density. Pressurization is applied using compressed air, in most cases bled from the engines, and is managed by an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">environmental control system</a> which draws in clean air, and vents stale air out through a valve. </p><p>Pressurization presents design and construction challenges to maintain the structural integrity and sealing of the cabin and hull and to prevent <a href="/wiki/Rapid_decompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid decompression">rapid decompression</a>. Some of the consequences include small round windows, doors that open inwards and are larger than the door hole, and an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">emergency oxygen system</a>. </p><p>To maintain a pressure in the cabin equivalent to an altitude close to sea level would, at a cruising altitude around 10,000 m (33,000 ft), create a pressure difference between inside the aircraft and outside the aircraft that would require greater hull strength and weight. Most people do not suffer ill effects up to an altitude of 1,800–2,500 m (5,900–8,200 ft), and maintaining cabin pressure at this equivalent altitude significantly reduces the pressure difference and therefore the required hull strength and weight. A side effect is that passengers experience some discomfort as the cabin pressure changes during ascent and descent to the majority of airports, which are at low altitudes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabin_climate_control">Cabin climate control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cabin climate control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The air bled from the engines is hot and requires cooling by <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> units. It is also extremely dry at cruising altitude, and this causes sore eyes, dry skin and <a href="/wiki/Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a> on long flights. Although <a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">humidification</a> technology could raise its <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> to comfortable middle levels, this is not done since humidity promotes <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> to the inside of the hull and risks <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> which could <a href="/wiki/Short_circuit" title="Short circuit">short</a> electrical systems, so for safety reasons it is deliberately kept to a low value, around 10%. Another problem of the air coming from the ventilation (unto which the oil lubrication system of the engines is hooked up) is that fumes from components in the synthetic oils can sometimes travel along, causing passengers, pilots and crew to be intoxicated. The illness it causes is called <a href="/wiki/Aerotoxic_syndrome" title="Aerotoxic syndrome">aerotoxic syndrome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baggage_holds"><span class="anchor" id="Baggage_hold"></span> Baggage holds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Baggage holds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG/220px-Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG/330px-Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG/440px-Baggage_compartment_A320.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320</a> baggage hold</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg/220px-USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg/330px-USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg/440px-USA_Boston_airport_loading_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="1597" /></a><figcaption>Loading luggage onto a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> at <a href="/wiki/Boston_Logan_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Logan Airport">Boston Logan Airport</a>, during snow</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus_A300_cross_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Airbus_A300_cross_section.jpg/220px-Airbus_A300_cross_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Airbus_A300_cross_section.jpg/330px-Airbus_A300_cross_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Airbus_A300_cross_section.jpg/440px-Airbus_A300_cross_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300</a>'s cross-section, showing cargo (with <a href="/wiki/Unit_Load_Device" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit Load Device">Unit Load Devices</a>), passenger, and overhead areas</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg/220px-747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg/330px-747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg/440px-747_Front_lower_compartment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> front lower compartment. Note the rollers for <a href="/wiki/Unit_Load_Device" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit Load Device">ULDs</a> on the floor and the partition labeled "Caution: Do Not Hit – Potable Water Tank Inside".</figcaption></figure> <p>Airliners must have space on board to store "checked" baggage – that which will not safely fit in the passenger cabin. </p><p>Designed to hold baggage as well as freight, these compartments are called "cargo bins", "baggage holds", "luggage holds", or occasionally "pits". Occasionally baggage holds may be referred to as <b>cargo decks</b> on the largest of aircraft. These compartments can be accessed through doors on the outside of the aircraft. </p><p>Depending on the aircraft, baggage holds are normally inside the hull and are therefore pressurized just like the passenger cabin although they may not be heated. While lighting is normally installed for use by the loading crew, typically the compartment is unlit when the door is closed. </p><p>Baggage holds on modern airliners are equipped with fire detection equipment and larger aircraft have automated or remotely activated fire-fighting devices installed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narrow-body_airliners_2">Narrow-body airliners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Narrow-body airliners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most "<a href="/wiki/Narrow-body_aircraft" title="Narrow-body aircraft">narrow-body</a>" airliners with more than 100 seats have space below the cabin floor, while smaller aircraft often have a special compartment separate from the passenger area but on the same level. </p><p>Baggage is normally stacked within the bin by hand, sorted by destination category. Netting that fits across the width of the bin is secured to limit movement of the bags. Airliners often carry items of <a href="/wiki/Freight" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight">freight</a> and mail. These may be loaded separately from the baggage or mixed in if they are bound for the same destination. For securing bulky items "hold down" rings are provided to tie items into place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wide-body_airliners_2">Wide-body airliners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Wide-body airliners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">Wide-body</a>" airliners frequently have a compartment like the ones described above, typically called a "bulk bin". It is normally used for late arriving luggage or bags which may have been checked at the gate. </p><p>However, most baggage and loose freight items are loaded into containers called <a href="/wiki/Unit_Load_Device" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit Load Device">Unit Load Devices</a> (ULDs), often referred to as "cans". ULDs come in a variety of sizes and shapes, but the most common model is the <a href="/wiki/LD3" class="mw-redirect" title="LD3">LD3</a>. This particular container has approximately the same height as the cargo compartment and fits across half of its width. </p><p>ULDs are loaded with baggage and are transported to the aircraft on <a href="/wiki/Ground_support_equipment#Dollies" title="Ground support equipment">dolly carts</a> and loaded into the baggage hold by a loader designed for the task. By means of <a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt" title="Conveyor belt">belts</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_(machine_part)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roller (machine part) (page does not exist)">rollers</a> an operator can maneuver the ULD from the dolly cart, up to the aircraft baggage hold door, and into the aircraft. Inside the hold, the floor is also equipped with drive wheels and rollers that an operator inside can use to move the ULD properly into place. Locks in the floor are used to hold the ULD in place during flight. </p><p>For consolidated freight loads, like a pallet of boxes or an item too oddly shaped to fit into a container, flat metal pallets that resemble large baking sheets that are compatible with the loading equipment are used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_jet" title="Regional jet">Regional jets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_aircraft" title="List of civil aircraft">List of civil aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airliners" title="List of regional airliners">List of regional airliners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airliners_by_maximum_takeoff_weight" title="List of airliners by maximum takeoff weight">List of airliners by maximum takeoff weight</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topics">Topics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_design_process" title="Aircraft design process">Aircraft design process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft spotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_and_the_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation and the environment">Aviation and the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_length" title="Flight length">Flight length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_planning" title="Flight planning">Flight planning</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NewarkDailyAdvocate_19031228-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewarkDailyAdvocate_19031228_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/newark-advocate-dec-28-1903-p-7/">"Machine That Flies / What the Wright Brothers' Invention Has Accomplished"</a>. <i>The Newark Daily Advocate</i>. Newark, Ohio, U.S. 28 December 1903. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Newark+Daily+Advocate&rft.atitle=Machine+That+Flies+%2F+What+the+Wright+Brothers%27+Invention+Has+Accomplished&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1903-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fnewark-advocate-dec-28-1903-p-7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tise-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tise_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tise, Larry E. Conquering the Sky. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernardo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernardo_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernardo, James V. Aviation and Space: In the Modern World. New York: E.P. Dutton. 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergei_Sikorsky2007" class="citation book cs1">Sergei Sikorsky (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eE-trX3XZawC&q=Bolshoi+Baltisky&pg=PA27"><i>The Sikorsky Legacy-Bolshoi Baltisky</i></a> (1st ed.). Arcadia Publishing. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738549958" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738549958"><bdi>978-0738549958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikorsky+Legacy-Bolshoi+Baltisky&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0738549958&rft.au=Sergei+Sikorsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeE-trX3XZawC%26q%3DBolshoi%2BBaltisky%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage,_Walter_HinesPage,_Arthur_Wilson1914" class="citation journal cs1">Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur Wilson (July 1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zegeQtMn9JsC&pg=PA360">"Man And His Machines: A Russian "Airbus"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a></i>. <b>XLIV</b> (2): 360<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=Man+And+His+Machines%3A+A+Russian+%22Airbus%22&rft.volume=XLIV&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=360&rft.date=1914-07&rft.au=Page%2C+Walter+Hines&rft.au=Page%2C+Arthur+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzegeQtMn9JsC%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASM0807-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASM0807_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASM0807_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_P._Hallion2008" class="citation news cs1">Richard P. Hallion (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/airplanes-that-transformed-aviation-46502830/?all">"Airplanes that Transformed Aviation"</a>. <i>Air & space magazine</i>. Smithsonian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+space+magazine&rft.atitle=Airplanes+that+Transformed+Aviation&rft.date=2008-07&rft.au=Richard+P.+Hallion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com%2Fhistory-of-flight%2Fairplanes-that-transformed-aviation-46502830%2F%3Fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loftin, Laurence K. Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm">"Part I: The Age of Propellers, Chapter 2: Design Exploration, 1914–18, Heavy Bombers."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529231420/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm">Archived</a> 2018-05-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft.</i> Washington, D.C.: NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 2004. Retrieved: 25 April 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igo40-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-igo40_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinne1987" class="citation book cs1">Finne, K.N. (1987). <i>Igor Sikorsky: The Russian Years</i>. translated and adapted by Von Hardesty; Carl J. Bobrow and Von Hardesty, eds. 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Stamford: Key Publishing: 56–61. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-7240">0143-7240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aeroplane&rft.atitle=The+story+of+Goliath&rft.issue=October+2015&rft.pages=56-61&rft.issn=0143-7240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6551947m/f246.image">"Le Raid du Goliath"</a>. <i>L'Aérophile</i> (in French): 247. 15 August 1919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27A%C3%A9rophile&rft.atitle=Le+Raid+du+Goliath&rft.pages=247&rft.date=1919-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6551947m%2Ff246.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_Civil_V2_p62-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_Civil_V2_p62_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_Civil_V2_p62_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson 1973, p .62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews_Vickersp95-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_Vickersp95_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_v3_p202-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_v3_p202_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson 1988, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwopes" class="citation web cs1">Swopes, Bryan R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisdayinaviation.com/25-june-1919/">"25 June 1919"</a>. 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(December 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_Civil_V3_508525-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_Civil_V3_508525_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson 1987, pp. 508–525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flight180823-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flight180823_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1922/1922%20-%200474.html">"British Air Travellers Increasing"</a>. <i>Flight</i>. 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Retrieved: 4 April 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-IDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&pg=PA290">"Plane Carries Mail In Wing To Increase Load"(photo of under wing cargo carriers).</a> <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, February 1931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, E.R. (2009). <i>American flying boats and amphibious aircraft : an illustrated history</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casa.gov.au/airsafe/trip/seating.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Aviation+Safety+Authority+%E2%80%93+Seating+information&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Civil+Aviation+Safety+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casa.gov.au%2Fairsafe%2Ftrip%2Fseating.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cntraveler.com/story/theres-a-secret-handrail-on-planes-youre-not-using">"There's a Secret Handrail on Planes You're Not Using"</a>. <i>Condé Nast Traveler</i>. 2017-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cond%C3%A9+Nast+Traveler&rft.atitle=There%27s+a+Secret+Handrail+on+Planes+You%27re+Not+Using&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cntraveler.com%2Fstory%2Ftheres-a-secret-handrail-on-planes-youre-not-using&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Andrews, C.F. and Eric B. Morgan. <i>Vickers Aircraft since 1908, Second edition</i>. London: Putnam, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-815-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-815-1">0-85177-815-1</a>.</li> <li>Barnes, C.H. <i>Bristol Aircraft since 1910</i>. London: Putnam, First Edition, 1964 (1987 reprint). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-823-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-823-2">0-85177-823-2</a>.</li> <li>Chillon J., J-P Dubois and J.Wegg. <i>French Postwar Transport Aircraft.</i> Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Limited. 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85130-078-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85130-078-8">978-0-85130-078-8</a>.</li> <li>Faith, Nicholas. <i>Black Box: Why Air Safety is no Accident, The Book Every Air Traveller Should Read</i>. London: Boxtree, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7522-2118-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7522-2118-3">0-7522-2118-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougal1963" class="citation cs2">Dougal, M. G. (12 September 1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1963/1963%20-%201646.html">"The Caravelle: Past Present and Future"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>, <i>Flight International</i>: 456–458</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=The+Caravelle%3A+Past+Present+and+Future&rft.pages=456-458&rft.date=1963-09-12&rft.aulast=Dougal&rft.aufirst=M.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1963%2F1963%2520-%25201646.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonRigmant.2005" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Yefim; Rigmant., Vladimir (2005). <i>Tupolev Tu-144</i>. Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-216-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-216-0"><bdi>978-1-85780-216-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tupolev+Tu-144&rft.place=Hinckley%2C+Leicestershire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Midland&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85780-216-0&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Yefim&rft.au=Rigmant.%2C+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Jackson, A.J. <i>British Civil Aircraft since 1919: Volume II</i>. London:Putnam, Second edition 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-10010-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-370-10010-7">0-370-10010-7</a>.</li> <li>Jackson, A.J. <i>British Civil Aircraft 1919–1972: Volume III</i>. London: Putnam, revised second edition, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-818-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-818-6">0-85177-818-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1971" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Peter (1971). <i>British Racing and Record-Breaking Aircraft</i>. London: Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-00067-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-370-00067-6"><bdi>0-370-00067-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Racing+and+Record-Breaking+Aircraft&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-370-00067-6&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasefieldGunston2002" class="citation book cs1">Masefield, Sir Peter; Gunston, Bill (2002). <i>Flight Path</i>. Shrewsbury, England: Airlife. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-283-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-283-0"><bdi>978-1-84037-283-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flight+Path&rft.place=Shrewsbury%2C+England&rft.pub=Airlife&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84037-283-0&rft.aulast=Masefield&rft.aufirst=Sir+Peter&rft.au=Gunston%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss1966" class="citation book cs1">Moss, Peter W. (1966). <i>The de Havilland Rapide: Profile Publications Number 144</i>. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+de+Havilland+Rapide%3A+Profile+Publications+Number+144&rft.place=Leatherhead%2C+Surrey%2C+UK&rft.pub=Profile+Publications&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Norris, Geoffrey. <i>The Short Empire Boats</i> (Aircraft in Profile Number 84). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhipp2007" class="citation book cs1">Phipp, Mike (2007). <i>The Brabazon Committee and British Airliners 1945-1960</i>. Stroud, England: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4374-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4374-4"><bdi>978-0-7524-4374-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brabazon+Committee+and+British+Airliners+1945-1960&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4374-4&rft.aulast=Phipp&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiding1980" class="citation magazine cs1">Riding, Richard (June 1980). "The Black Dragons". <i><a href="/wiki/Aeroplane_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeroplane Monthly">Aeroplane Monthly</a></i>. Vol. 8, no. 6. pp. 284–290. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-7240">0143-7240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aeroplane+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Black+Dragons&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=284-290&rft.date=1980-06&rft.issn=0143-7240&rft.aulast=Riding&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airliner&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewhouse,_John1982" class="citation book cs1">Newhouse, John (1982). <i>The Sporty Game: The High-Risk Competitive Business of Making and Selling Commercial Airliners</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51447-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51447-5"><bdi>978-0-394-51447-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sporty+Game%3A+The+High-Risk+Competitive+Business+of+Making+and+Selling+Commercial+Airliners&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-394-51447-5&rft.au=Newhouse%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuastler,_I._E.2017" class="citation book cs1">Quastler, I. E. (2017). <i>Unusual Airlines and Airliners: A Photo Journal</i>. San Diego, CA: R&I Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976985846" title="Special:BookSources/978-0976985846"><bdi>978-0976985846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unusual+Airlines+and+Airliners%3A+A+Photo+Journal&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.pub=R%26I+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0976985846&rft.au=Quastler%2C+I.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION"><span title="Material appears to be promotional in nature. (December 2018)">promotion?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Winchester2016" class="citation news cs1">Jim Winchester (15–21 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/14332">"World Airliner Directory"</a>. <i>Flight International</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=World+Airliner+Directory&rft.date=2016-11-15%2F2016-11-21&rft.au=Jim+Winchester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fasset%2F14332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017042737/https://www.dvbbank.com/~/media/Files/D/dvbbank-corp/aviation/dvb-overview-of-commercial-aircraft-2017-2018.pdf">"An Overview of Commercial Aircraft 2017 - 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/DVB_Bank" title="DVB Bank">DVB Bank</a>. October 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvbbank.com/~/media/Files/D/dvbbank-corp/aviation/dvb-overview-of-commercial-aircraft-2017-2018.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+Commercial+Aircraft+2017+-+2018&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvbbank.com%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FD%2Fdvbbank-corp%2Faviation%2Fdvb-overview-of-commercial-aircraft-2017-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirliner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_aircraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_aircraft" title="Template:Lists of aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_aircraft" title="Template talk:Lists of aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft" title="List of aircraft">Lists of aircraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_name" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By name</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(pre-1914)" title="List of aircraft (pre-1914)">pre-1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(0%E2%80%93Ah)" title="List of aircraft (0–Ah)">0–Ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Ai%E2%80%93Am)" title="List of aircraft (Ai–Am)">Ai–Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(An%E2%80%93Az)" title="List of aircraft (An–Az)">An–Az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(B%E2%80%93Be)" title="List of aircraft (B–Be)">B–Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Bf%E2%80%93Bo)" title="List of aircraft (Bf–Bo)">Bf–Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Br%E2%80%93Bz)" title="List of aircraft (Br–Bz)">Br–Bz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(C%E2%80%93Cc)" title="List of aircraft (C–Cc)">C–Cc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Cd%E2%80%93Cn)" title="List of aircraft (Cd–Cn)">Cd–Cn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Co%E2%80%93Cz)" title="List of aircraft (Co–Cz)">Co–Cz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(D)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft (D)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(E)" title="List of aircraft (E)">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(F)" title="List of aircraft (F)">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(G%E2%80%93Gn)" title="List of aircraft (G–Gn)">G–Gn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Go%E2%80%93Gz)" title="List of aircraft (Go–Gz)">Go–Gz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(H)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft (H)">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(I)" title="List of aircraft (I)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(J)" title="List of aircraft (J)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(K)" title="List of aircraft (K)">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(La%E2%80%93Lh)" title="List of aircraft (La–Lh)">La–Lh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Li%E2%80%93Lz)" title="List of aircraft (Li–Lz)">Li–Lz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(M)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft (M)">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(N)" title="List of aircraft (N)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(O)" title="List of aircraft (O)">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(P)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft (P)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Q)" title="List of aircraft (Q)">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(R)" title="List of aircraft (R)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(S)" title="List of aircraft (S)">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(T)" title="List of aircraft (T)">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(U)" title="List of aircraft (U)">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(V)" title="List of aircraft (V)">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(W)" title="List of aircraft (W)">W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(X)" title="List of aircraft (X)">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Y)" title="List of aircraft (Y)">Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Z)" title="List of aircraft (Z)">Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gliders" title="List of gliders">Gliders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human-powered_aircraft" title="List of human-powered aircraft">List</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human-powered_aircraft" title="Human-powered aircraft">human-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles" title="List of unmanned aerial vehicles">List</a> of <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Civil_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_aircraft" title="List of civil aircraft">Civil aircraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="By_characteristic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By characteristic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aerobatic_aircraft" title="List of aerobatic aircraft">Aerobatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_plane" title="Bush plane">Bush planes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_aircraft" title="List of electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flying_wings" title="List of flying wings">Flying wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gliders" title="List of gliders">Gliders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human-powered_aircraft" title="List of human-powered aircraft">Human-powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prone_pilot#List_of_prone-pilot_aircraft" title="Prone pilot">Prone-pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rocket aircraft">Rocket-powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flying_boats_and_floatplanes" title="List of flying boats and floatplanes">Flying boats and floatplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_STOL_aircraft" title="List of STOL aircraft">STOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supersonic_aircraft" title="List of supersonic aircraft">Supersonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimotor" title="Trimotor">Trimotors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_triplanes" title="List of triplanes">Triplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles" title="List of unmanned aerial vehicles">Unmanned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_VTOL_aircraft" title="List of VTOL aircraft">VTOL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuselage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double-deck_aircraft" title="Double-deck aircraft">Double-deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-body_aircraft" title="Narrow-body aircraft">Narrow-body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">Wide-body</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Weight</li><li>Size</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airliners_by_maximum_takeoff_weight" title="List of airliners by maximum takeoff weight">Maximum takeoff weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_production_certified_light_aircraft" title="List of current production certified light aircraft">Light aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_very_light_jets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of very light jets">very light jets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_large_aircraft" title="List of large aircraft">Large aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Airbus_Group_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Airbus Group aircraft">Airbus</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Antonov_aircraft" title="Template:Antonov aircraft">Antonov</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Boeing_airliners" title="Template:Boeing airliners">Boeing</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Bombardier_aircraft" title="Template:Bombardier aircraft">Bombardier</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Douglas_airliners" title="Template:Douglas airliners">Douglas / McDonnell Douglas</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Embraer_aircraft" title="Template:Embraer aircraft">Embraer</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Ilyushin_aircraft" title="Template:Ilyushin aircraft">Ilyushin</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Tupolev_aircraft" title="Template:Tupolev aircraft">Tupolev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine number</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twinjet" title="Twinjet">Twinjets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trijet" title="Trijet">Trijets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimotor" title="Trimotor">Trimotors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-engined_jet_aircraft" title="Four-engined jet aircraft">Four-engined jet aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Range</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jet_airliners" class="mw-redirect" title="List of jet airliners">Jet airliners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airliners" title="List of regional airliners">Regional airliners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_racing_aircraft" title="List of racing aircraft">Racers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_airliner" title="Regional airliner">Regional airliner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_jet" title="Regional jet">regional jet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_flying_machines" title="Early flying machines">Early flying machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_aircraft" title="List of experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_X-planes" title="List of X-planes">X-planes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rotor-powered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rotorcraft" title="List of rotorcraft">Rotorcraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_utility_helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of utility helicopters">utility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiltrotor#List_of_tiltrotor_aircraft" title="Tiltrotor">Tiltrotors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Executive</li><li>Private</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">Business jets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-sport_aircraft" title="Light-sport aircraft">Light-sport aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="Other_lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_by_date_and_usage_category" title="List of aircraft by date and usage category">By date and usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_by_tail_number" title="List of aircraft by tail number">By tail number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_aircraft" title="List of most-produced aircraft">Most-produced</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">Military aircraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airborne_early_warning_aircraft" title="List of airborne early warning aircraft">AEW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attack_aircraft" title="List of attack aircraft">Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bomber_aircraft" title="List of bomber aircraft">Bomber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torpedo_bombers" title="List of torpedo bombers">Torpedo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carrier-based_aircraft" title="List of carrier-based aircraft">Carrier-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fighter_aircraft" title="List of fighter aircraft">Fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="List of maritime patrol aircraft">Maritime patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine-borne_aircraft" title="List of submarine-borne aircraft">Submarine-borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tanker_aircraft" title="List of tanker aircraft">Tanker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_aircraft_by_nation" title="Lists of military aircraft by nation">Nation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Afghan_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of Afghan Air Force aircraft">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of Albanian Air Force aircraft">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Argentine_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Argentine Air Force">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Royal_Australian_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of current Royal Australian Air Force aircraft">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Bangladesh_military_aircraft" title="List of active Bangladesh military aircraft">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belize_Defence_Force_Air_Wing_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Belize Defence Force Air Wing aircraft">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Brazilian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Brazilian military aircraft">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Bulgarian_military_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active Bulgarian military aircraft">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_Canada%27s_air_forces" title="List of aircraft of Canada's air forces">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Chile_military_aircraft" title="List of active Chile military aircraft">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_People%27s_Liberation_Army_aircraft" title="List of active People's Liberation Army aircraft">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of military aircraft of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Denmark" title="List of military aircraft of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Egyptian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Egyptian Air Force">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Finland" title="List of military aircraft of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_France" title="List of military aircraft of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Germany" title="List of military aircraft of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Hellenic_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft of the Hellenic Air Force">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Indian military aircraft">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="List of aircraft of the Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Iranian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Iranian Air Force">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Irish_Air_Corps" title="List of aircraft of the Irish Air Corps">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Israeli_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Israeli Air Force">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Italian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Italian military aircraft">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Japan" title="List of military aircraft of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="List of aircraft of the Malaysian Armed Forces">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Moroccan_military_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active Moroccan military aircraft">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_New_Zealand_military_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active New Zealand military aircraft">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Norway" title="List of military aircraft of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Pakistan_military_aircraft" title="List of active Pakistan military aircraft">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_military_aircraft_of_the_Philippines" title="List of active military aircraft of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_retired_Polish_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of retired Polish Air Force aircraft">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Portuguese_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft of the Portuguese Air Force">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Romanian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Romanian Air Force">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_Russian_military_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of currently active Russian military aircraft">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_South_African_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the South African Air Force">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft of the Spanish Air and Space Force">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of military aircraft of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Sweden" title="List of military aircraft of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Swiss_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Swiss Air Force">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Thai Air Force">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Turkish_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of active Turkish Air Force aircraft">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_Kingdom_military_aircraft" title="List of active United Kingdom military aircraft">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft" title="List of active United States military aircraft">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_Entente_aircraft" title="List of World War I Entente aircraft">WWI Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_Central_Powers_aircraft" title="List of World War I Central Powers aircraft">WWI Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interwar_military_aircraft" title="List of interwar military aircraft">Interwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft of World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jet_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of jet aircraft of World War II">World War II jets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commercial_aviation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_air_travel" title="Template:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_air_travel" title="Template talk:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_air_travel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commercial_aviation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">Commercial aviation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airlines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_codes" title="Airline codes">Airline codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_holding_companies" title="List of airline holding companies">Airline holding companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_airline" title="Cargo airline">Cargo airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charter_airlines" title="List of charter airlines">Charter airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">Flag carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-cost_airlines" title="List of low-cost airlines">Low-cost airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-scheduled_airline" title="Non-scheduled airline">Non-scheduled airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_airlines" title="List of passenger airlines">Passenger airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airlines" title="List of regional airlines">Regional airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">Alliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oneworld" title="Oneworld">Oneworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_Alliance" title="Value Alliance">Value Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Alliance" title="Vanilla Alliance">Vanilla Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-FLY_Alliance" title="U-FLY Alliance">U-FLY Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Airline_Cooperative" title="The Airline Cooperative">ACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Action_Group" title="Air Transport Action Group">ATAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Travel_Agents_Network" title="International Association of Travel Agents Network">IATAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Air_Line_Pilots%27_Associations" title="International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations">IFALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Transport_Aircraft_Trading" title="International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading">ISTAT</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_America" title="Airlines for America">A4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Airline_Association" title="Regional Airline Association">RAA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_Europe" title="Airlines for Europe">A4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cockpit_Association" title="European Cockpit Association">ECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_Aviation_Association" title="European Business Aviation Association">EBAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Regions_Airline_Association" title="European Regions Airline Association">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="European Transport Workers' Federation">ETWF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers%27_Organization" title="Arab Air Carriers' Organization">AACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Asia_Pacific_Airlines" title="Association of Asia Pacific Airlines">AAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Airlines_Association" title="African Airlines Association">AFRAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Aviation_Association_of_Australia" title="Regional Aviation Association of Australia">RAAA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">Aircrew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">Pilot in command (Captain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aviation)" title="First officer (aviation)">First officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_officer_(aviation)" title="Second officer (aviation)">Second officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_officer_(aviation)" title="Third officer (aviation)">Third officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_crew_relief" title="In-flight crew relief">Relief crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">Flight attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">Flight engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadmaster" title="Loadmaster">Loadmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Aircraft pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purser#Aircraft" title="Purser">Purser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Airliner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">Business class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_economy_class" title="Premium economy class">Premium economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">Economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_economy_class" title="Basic economy class">Basic economy class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Aircraft cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_seat_map" title="Aircraft seat map">Aircraft seat map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">Airline seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_on_board" title="Buy on board">Buy on board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_rest_compartment" title="Crew rest compartment">Crew rest compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickness_bag" title="Sickness bag">Sickness bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">Airline hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">Airport check-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">Airport lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">Airport terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airside_pass" title="Airside pass">Airside pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstair" title="Airstair">Airstair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_airport" title="Domestic airport">Domestic airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Jet bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier_terminal" title="Low-cost carrier terminal">Low-cost carrier terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_hotel" title="Transit hotel">Transit hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_card" title="Arrival card">Arrival card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">Border control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_border_control" title="Internal border control">internal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departure_card" title="Departure card">Departure card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timatic" title="Timatic">Timatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visa" title="Electronic visa">(Electronic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects of aviation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_agreement" title="Air transport agreement">Air transport agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China" title="Air route authority between the United States and China">Air route authority between the United States and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Agreement" title="Bermuda Agreement">Bermuda Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1946–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_II_Agreement" title="Bermuda II Agreement">Bermuda II Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1978–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_charter" title="Cross-strait charter">Cross-strait charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Convention" title="Beijing Convention">Beijing Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation">Chicago Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Marking_of_Plastic_Explosives" title="Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives">Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_permit" title="Flight permit">Flight permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">Freedoms of the air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US_Open_Skies_Agreement" title="EU–US Open Skies Agreement">EU–US Open Skies Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Hijacking_Convention" title="Hague Hijacking Convention">Hague Hijacking Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Protocol" title="Hague Protocol">Hague Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Convention" title="Montreal Convention">Montreal Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_of_1919" title="Paris Convention of 1919">Paris Convention of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_on_Damage_Caused_by_Foreign_Aircraft_to_Third_Parties_on_the_Surface" title="Rome Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface">Rome Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Unlawful_Acts_against_the_Safety_of_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation">Sabotage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Convention" title="Tokyo Convention">Tokyo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Convention" title="Warsaw Convention">Warsaw Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Intergovernmental organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">ENCASIA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">Baggage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_tag" title="Bag tag">Bag tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_allowance" title="Baggage allowance">Baggage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_carousel" title="Baggage carousel">Baggage carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_reclaim" title="Baggage reclaim">Baggage reclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handling_system" title="Baggage handling system">Baggage handling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_sizer" title="Baggage sizer">Baggage sizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_luggage" title="Hand luggage">Hand luggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_luggage" title="Lost luggage">Lost luggage</a> (<a href="/wiki/WorldTracer" title="WorldTracer">WorldTracer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luggage_lock" title="Luggage lock">Luggage lock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rage" title="Air rage">Air rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_service" title="Air traffic service">Air traffic service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_safety_card" title="Aircraft safety card">Aircraft safety card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_authority" title="Airport authority">Airport authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_police" title="Airport police">Airport police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspace_class" title="Airspace class">Airspace class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_control_center" title="Area control center">Area control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_position" title="Brace position">Brace position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority" title="Civil aviation authority">Civil aviation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_area_(aviation)" title="Control area (aviation)">Control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_zone" title="Control zone">Control zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_airspace" title="Controlled airspace">Controlled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_slide" title="Evacuation slide">Evacuation slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_region" title="Flight information region">Flight information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_service" title="Flight information service">Flight information service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">Instrument flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwing_exits" title="Overwing exits">Overwing exits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-flight_safety_demonstration" title="Pre-flight safety demonstration">Pre-flight safety demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_marshal" title="Sky marshal">Sky marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_use_airspace" title="Special use airspace">Special use airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visual_flight_rules" title="Special visual flight rules">Special visual flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_area" title="Terminal control area">Terminal control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal control center">Terminal control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_airspace" title="Uncontrolled airspace">Uncontrolled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_information_region" title="Upper information region">Upper information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_flight_rules" title="Visual flight rules">Visual flight rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_booking_ploys" title="Airline booking ploys">Airline booking ploys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_reservations_system" title="Airline reservations system">Airline reservations system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_timetable" title="Airline timetable">Airline timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_flight" title="Bereavement flight">Bereavement flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_pass" title="Boarding pass">Boarding pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeshare_agreement" title="Codeshare agreement">Codeshare agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continent_pass" title="Continent pass">Continent pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_ticket" title="Electronic ticket">Electronic ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_basis_code" title="Fare basis code">Fare basis code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_cancellation_and_delay" title="Flight cancellation and delay">Flight cancellation and delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_contract_flight" title="Government contract flight">Government contract flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_travel" title="One-way travel">One-way travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-jaw_ticket" title="Open-jaw ticket">Open-jaw ticket</a></li> <li>Overbooking (<a href="/wiki/Overselling" title="Overselling">Overselling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_name_record" title="Passenger name record">Passenger name record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_flight" title="Red-eye flight">Red-eye flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-the-world_ticket" title="Round-the-world ticket">Round-the-world ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standby_(air_travel)" title="Standby (air travel)">Standby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_tracking" title="Flight tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_crew" title="Ground crew">Ground crew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_technician" title="Aircraft maintenance technician">Aircraft maintenance technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ground_handling" title="Aircraft ground handling">Aircraft ground handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_dispatcher" title="Flight dispatcher">Flight dispatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">Air cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_taxation_and_subsidies" title="Aviation taxation and subsidies">Aviation taxation and subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_high_club" title="Mile high club">Mile high club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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[\"CITEREFKaminski-Morrow2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKathleen_Burke2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_Michaels2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaboda2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLópez_Ortega1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasefieldGunston2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelik-Karamov_\u0026#91;Мелик-Карамов\u0026#93;2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellberg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoss1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewhouse,_John1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage,_Walter_HinesPage,_Arthur_Wilson1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhipp2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuastler,_I._E.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Aboulafia2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_P._Hallion2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiding1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSean_Broderick2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSergei_Sikorsky2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwopes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWithey1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Leeuw1994\"] = 1,\n [\"Overhead_bin\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 18,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commercial air travel\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:110+34+63+2423+134+446+1462\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:1133+4903+523+206+10\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:1133+5013+557+63+2629+144+446+1462\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:1395+4642+1690+383+85\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:1414+4753+1800+52+4092+1985\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:143+1279\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:165+536+504+153\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:19+111+110+52+3709+1900\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:36+1233\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:41+1292+4170+1629\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:439+770+168\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:5+6366+2\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:582+751\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:602+787+224\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:830+200+53+263+10\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Lists of aircraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Promotion inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"When\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5blz9","timestamp":"20241124151019","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Airliner","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Airliner","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q210932","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q210932","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-05-03T16:59:26Z","dateModified":"2024-09-17T22:10:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9a\/UnitedandVA_32315_%2816735062459%29.jpg","headline":"fixed-wing powered aircraft intended to carry cargo or passengers in commercial service"}</script> </body> </html>