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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Back_Bay_Fens&params=42.3423_N_71.0935_W_region:US-MA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Back+Bay+Fens%22">"Back Bay Fens"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Back+Bay+Fens%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Back+Bay+Fens%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Back+Bay+Fens%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Back+Bay+Fens%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Back+Bay+Fens%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #abdb75; line-height: 140%;">Back Bay Fens</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Back_Bay_Fens_Boston_November_2016_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Back Bay Fens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Back_Bay_Fens_Boston_November_2016_003.jpg/300px-Back_Bay_Fens_Boston_November_2016_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Back_Bay_Fens_Boston_November_2016_003.jpg/450px-Back_Bay_Fens_Boston_November_2016_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Back_Bay_Fens_Boston_November_2016_003.jpg/600px-Back_Bay_Fens_Boston_November_2016_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5880" data-file-height="3920" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Back Bay Fens viewed from the Boylston Street bridge</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="300" data-zoom="14" data-lat="42.345" data-lon="-71.095" data-overlays="["_ebfdde0301adf1de7d394c576f675636169573db"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/14/42.345/-71.095/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,42.345,-71.095,300x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Back_Bay_Fens&revid=1221420109&groups=_ebfdde0301adf1de7d394c576f675636169573db" width="300" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,42.345,-71.095,300x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Back_Bay_Fens&revid=1221420109&groups=_ebfdde0301adf1de7d394c576f675636169573db 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="label"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore" title="Fenway–Kenmore">Fenway–Kenmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Back_Bay_Fens&params=42.3423_N_71.0935_W_region:US-MA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°20′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°05′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.3423°N 71.0935°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.3423; -71.0935</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">1879</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Olmstead Park System</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/71000086">71000086</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>The Back Bay Fens</b>, often called <b>The Fens</b>, is a parkland and <a href="/wiki/Urban_wild" title="Urban wild">urban wild</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, United States. It was established in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-official_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designed by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a> to serve as a link in the <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Necklace" title="Emerald Necklace">Emerald Necklace</a> park system, the Fens gives its name to the <a href="/wiki/Fenway-Kenmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenway-Kenmore">Fenway-Kenmore</a> neighborhood. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_Bay_Fens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fens is a large picturesque park that forms part of Boston's Emerald Necklace. It is essentially an ancient spot of saltwater <a href="/wiki/Marshland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshland">marshland</a> that has been surrounded by dry land, disconnected from the tides of the Atlantic Ocean, and <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaped</a> into a park with fresh water within. The park is also known as the Fens or the Fenway. The latter term can also refer to either <a href="/wiki/Fenway_%E2%80%93_Kenmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenway – Kenmore">the surrounding neighborhood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fenway_(parkway)" title="Fenway (parkway)">the parkway on its southern border</a>. </p><p>When Boston was settled in the early 17th century the <a href="/wiki/Shawmut_Peninsula" title="Shawmut Peninsula">Shawmut Peninsula</a> on which it was built was connected to <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxbury, Massachusetts">Roxbury</a> by a spit of sandy ground called "<a href="/wiki/Boston_Neck" title="Boston Neck">The Neck</a>." The adjacent area of marshland to the west was a <a href="/wiki/Tidal_flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal flat">tidal flat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a>. The area became malodorous with time as it became tainted with sewage from the growing settlement. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Back_bay_fens_in_boston_at_sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Back_bay_fens_in_boston_at_sunset.jpg/220px-Back_bay_fens_in_boston_at_sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Back_bay_fens_in_boston_at_sunset.jpg/330px-Back_bay_fens_in_boston_at_sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Back_bay_fens_in_boston_at_sunset.jpg/440px-Back_bay_fens_in_boston_at_sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Sunset in the Fens viewed through <i><a href="/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis">Phragmites australis</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">non-native</a> reed. These are considered an invasive species by the US Army Corps of Engineers, which has applied for funds to remove them.</figcaption></figure> <p>For the dual purpose of eliminating the health and aesthetic problem created by the polluted bay waters and creating new and valuable Boston real estate, a series of <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a> projects was begun in 1820 and continued for the rest of the century. The filling of present-day Back Bay was completed by 1882. Filling reached Kenmore Square in 1890 and finished in the Fens in 1900. These projects more than doubled the size of the Shawmut Peninsula. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:December_1887_plan_for_the_Back_Bay_Fens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/December_1887_plan_for_the_Back_Bay_Fens.jpg/220px-December_1887_plan_for_the_Back_Bay_Fens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/December_1887_plan_for_the_Back_Bay_Fens.jpg/330px-December_1887_plan_for_the_Back_Bay_Fens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/December_1887_plan_for_the_Back_Bay_Fens.jpg/440px-December_1887_plan_for_the_Back_Bay_Fens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6893" data-file-height="4686" /></a><figcaption>Olmsted's 1887 plan for the Fens</figcaption></figure> <p>Olmsted's challenge was to restore the spot of marsh which was preserved into an ecologically healthy place that could also be enjoyed as a recreation area. Combining his renowned landscaping talents with state-of-the-art <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">sanitary engineering</a>, he turned a foul-smelling tidal creek and swamp into "scenery of a winding, brackish creek, within wooded banks; gaining interest from the meandering course of the water."<sup id="cite_ref-ENC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olmsted designed the Fens to be flushed by the tides twice daily. However, in 1910 a dam was constructed at <a href="/wiki/Craigie%27s_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Craigie's Bridge">Craigie's Bridge</a>, closing the Charles River <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> to the ocean tides and forming a body of freshwater above the dam. Thus, the Fens became a freshwater lagoon regularly accepting storm water from the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles River Basin">Charles River Basin</a>. </p><p>Soon after, noted landscape architect <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Asahel_Shurcliff" title="Arthur Asahel Shurcliff">Arthur Shurcliff</a>, a protégé of Olmsted, added new features such as the Kelleher Rose Garden and employed the more formal landscape style popular in the 1920s and 1930s. An athletic field was also added. </p><p>In 1941, at the outbreak of United States involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, citizens planted a <a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">victory garden</a> within the Fens. While these were common in their era, the one in the Fens is now the last continually operating Victory Garden in existence and today is a much-valued community garden of <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-ENC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, the Back Bay Fens were designated as a Boston Landmark.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Emerald Necklace Conservancy is headquartered in the park and operates a year-round visitor center. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_Bay_Fens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entrances">Entrances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_Bay_Fens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Entrances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlesgate_bridge_white_border_postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charlesgate_bridge_white_border_postcard.jpg/220px-Charlesgate_bridge_white_border_postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charlesgate_bridge_white_border_postcard.jpg/330px-Charlesgate_bridge_white_border_postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charlesgate_bridge_white_border_postcard.jpg/440px-Charlesgate_bridge_white_border_postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>The bridge at the Beacon Entrance on an early postcard, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1915–1930</figcaption></figure> <p>The Back Bay Fens was designed with six entrances, with straight roads and formal lawns that contrasted with the more wild Fens.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1883parkreport_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1883parkreport-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original main entrance was the Beacon Entrance, running from Beacon Street to Boylston Street, bounded by Charlesgate East and Charlesgate West. A crescent-shaped bridge crossed over the <a href="/wiki/Boston_and_Albany_Railroad" title="Boston and Albany Railroad">Boston and Albany Railroad</a>, connecting the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Avenue_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Avenue Mall">Commonwealth Avenue Mall</a> with the Fens at Gaston Square. The entrance has been wholly modified, beginning with the addition of a bridge for the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Street_line" title="Ipswich Street line">Ipswich Street line</a> in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-bridges_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bridges-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Patrick_Collins" title="Bust of Patrick Collins">bust of Patrick Collins</a> was added shortly after the mayor's 1905 death. The <a href="/wiki/Charles_River_Esplanade" title="Charles River Esplanade">Charles River Esplanade</a>, completed in 1910, connected with the Beacon Street end of the entrance. The bridge carrying Commonwealth Avenue was replaced with two bridges for separated eastbound and westbound traffic in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-bridges_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bridges-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Storrow_Drive" title="Storrow Drive">Storrow Drive</a> was built along the Esplanade in 1951–55, severing the connection with the Beacon Entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-bridges_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bridges-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike_Extension" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Turnpike Extension">Massachusetts Turnpike Extension</a> in the 1960s caused the removal of the curved bridge, separating the entrance (now Charlesgate Park) from the rest of the Fens. It was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Bowker_Overpass" title="Bowker Overpass">Bowker Overpass</a>, which overshadows the remaining parkland; the Muddy River was moved to a small side channel, and the bust was relocated east along the Mall.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isolated from the Fens, Charlesgate was included with the Commonwealth Avenue Mall in its 1978 Boston Landmark designation.<sup id="cite_ref-mmoc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmoc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p><p>The Boylston entrance is located just southeast of the Beacon Entrance, where Boylston Street meets the Fenway.<sup id="cite_ref-1883parkreport_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1883parkreport-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="#Monuments_and_memorials">statue of John Boyle O'Reilly</a> was added in the triangular center of the junction in 1894. The intersection was rebuilt in 1982, with the statue relocated into the park.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westland_Gate,_1900s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Westland_Gate%2C_1900s.jpg/220px-Westland_Gate%2C_1900s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Westland_Gate%2C_1900s.jpg/330px-Westland_Gate%2C_1900s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Westland_Gate%2C_1900s.jpg/440px-Westland_Gate%2C_1900s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9591" data-file-height="7233" /></a><figcaption>Westland Gate shortly after its completion</figcaption></figure> <p>The Westland Entrance is on the east side of the Back Bay Fens, with lawns lining a block of Westland Avenue between the Fenway and Hemenway Street. <a href="/wiki/Westland_Gate" title="Westland Gate">Westland Gate</a>, a pair of marble monuments with lion's-head fountains feeding horse troughs on the side, frames the entrance. It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Lowell" title="Guy Lowell">Guy Lowell</a> and funded by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Cheney_Johnson" title="Ellen Cheney Johnson">Ellen Cheney Johnson</a> as a memorial to her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Westland Gate was completed around 1905, at which time it replaced the Beacon Entrance as the main entrance to the Fens.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> </p><p>The Huntington Entrance runs along Forsyth Way from Huntington Avenue to the Fenway on the south side of the Fens, just east of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Boston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Fine Arts (Boston)">Museum of Fine Arts</a>. As originally laid out by Olmsted, it had twin roadways framing a canal that carried the <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_(Boston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stony Brook (Boston)">Stony Brook</a> into the Muddy River, with a bridge carrying the Fenway and paths over the brook. The entrance was rebuilt several times as the Stony Brook was placed in conduits; the canal was filled in 1905 and the bridge demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tremont Entrance is a wide formal lawn on the southwest corner of the Fens. It originally ran to the Fenway from Huntington Avenue at Longwood Avenue, in the direction of Tremont Street. Initial plans called for it to continue as a parkway to <a href="/wiki/Tremont_Street" title="Tremont Street">Tremont Street</a> and over <a href="/wiki/Parker_Hill" title="Parker Hill">Parker Hill</a>, but high lands prices prevented that design. The Emerald Necklace and its parkways were instead built along the Muddy River, and the Tremont Entrance was only built to Huntington Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> The Huntington end of the entrance was "obliterated" by expansion of <a href="/wiki/Boston_State_College" title="Boston State College">Boston State College</a> (now occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="Massachusetts College of Art and Design">Massachusetts College of Art and Design</a>) in the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining section north of Tetlow Street is now Evans Way Park. The park and eponymous street were named for Robert Evans, whose wife Marie Antoinette Evans funded a new wing of the Museum of Fine Arts in 1915 in his memory.<sup id="cite_ref-MFA-gateway_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFA-gateway-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Longwood Entrance follows the Muddy River from Brookline Avenue at the west end of the Fens. Narrower than the main section of the Fens, the Longwood Entrance connects it to the <a href="/wiki/Riverway" title="Riverway">Riverway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roadway widenings in the 1950s covered over much of the river between Avenue Louis Pasteur and Brookline Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-mmoc_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmoc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> Phase 1 of the Muddy River Restoration Project, which lasted from 2013 to 2016, <a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(streams)" title="Daylighting (streams)">daylit</a> this section of the river and restored much of the former Longwood Entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The section between the Riverway and Avenue Louis Pasteur (including the former Longwood Entrance) was renamed as Justine Mee Liff Park in 2013, honoring a former Boston Parks and Recreation Commissioner.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park opened in April 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges">Bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_Bay_Fens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boylston_Street_bridge_over_the_Muddy_River,_1890s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Boylston_Street_bridge_over_the_Muddy_River%2C_1890s.jpg/220px-Boylston_Street_bridge_over_the_Muddy_River%2C_1890s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Boylston_Street_bridge_over_the_Muddy_River%2C_1890s.jpg/330px-Boylston_Street_bridge_over_the_Muddy_River%2C_1890s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Boylston_Street_bridge_over_the_Muddy_River%2C_1890s.jpg/440px-Boylston_Street_bridge_over_the_Muddy_River%2C_1890s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8961" data-file-height="6950" /></a><figcaption>The Boylston Street bridge in the 1890s</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the main section of the Back Bay Fens (Boylston Street to Avenue Louis Pasteur), three road bridges and two footbridges cross the <a href="/wiki/Muddy_River,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Muddy River, Massachusetts">Muddy River</a>. The road bridges were designed by <a href="/wiki/John_C._Olmsted" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Olmsted">John C. Olmsted</a>, Frederick Law Omlsted's adopted son. The largest and most significant is the Boylston Street bridge, designed as a "brilliant collaboration" between architect <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hobson_Richardson" title="Henry Hobson Richardson">Henry Hobson Richardson</a> (a frequent Olmsted collaborator) and the Olmsted firm.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> John Olmsted designed the main stone arch span, while Richardson added the <a href="/wiki/Tourelle_(architecture)" title="Tourelle (architecture)">tourelles</a> flanking the arch. The foundation and abutments were built in 1880, though Richardson did not submit his design until July 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-ochsner_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ochsner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann" title="Cape Ann">Cape Ann</a> granite was not chosen as the material that December; although Richardson preferred rough boulders, <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">seam</a>-faced rock was used.<sup id="cite_ref-ochsner_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ochsner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arch was constructed in 1883, and the bridge opened in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> The bridge was "totally different from any other masonry bridge of its day", and <a href="/wiki/Shepley,_Rutan_and_Coolidge" title="Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge">Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge</a> applied its scale and materials to later structures along the Emerald Necklace.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>The Agassiz Road bridge, which connects Park Drive and the Fenway through the middle of the Fens, was designed by John Olmsted.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> It has five small brick arches, with granite abutments and piers supported by <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> <a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" title="Deep foundation">piles</a> driven into the marsh. The bridge is faced with <a href="/wiki/Roxbury_Conglomerate" title="Roxbury Conglomerate">Roxbury puddingstone</a> salvaged from old walls in <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Park,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Park, Boston">Franklin Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> Construction began in 1887 and was completed in February 1888; <a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">parapets</a> were added when the road was paved in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1891report_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1891report-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fen Bridge connects Park Drive and the Fenway at the west end of the Fens opposite Avenue Louis Pasteur. Also designed by John Olmsted, it is a masonry arch with a 15-foot (4.6 m) span.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1891report_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1891report-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the Agassiz Road bridge, its abutments are granite supported by spruce piles and the facing is reused Roxbury puddingstone. Construction lasted from February to November 1891; the bridge opened with Audubon Road (now Park Drive) on January 3, 1892. The cost of the bridge was $27,699 (equivalent to $849,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-1891report_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1891report-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The triangular median at the south end of the bridge was designated Higginson Circle after <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_Higginson" title="Henry Lee Higginson">Henry Lee Higginson</a> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The west parapet was removed in the 1950s when the Muddy River was culverted through the Longwood Entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-mmoc_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmoc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>A pair of footbridges are located on opposite sides of the Museum of Fine Arts: one across from Forsyth Way, the other north of Museum Road. They were built in the 1920s (the Forsyth Way bridge replacing an earlier crossing<sup id="cite_ref-1915plate14_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1915plate14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as part of Arthur Shurcliff's reconfiguration of The Fens, and rebuilt as concrete bridges with granite facing in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mmoc_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmoc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> A third footbridge at Evans Way existed in the early 20th century, but was gone by 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-1915plate14_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1915plate14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A replacement was designed during the 1920s work and finally built in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bridge was disassembled in 1979 with the other footbridges, but it was never rebuilt, possibly due to funding shortfalls created by <a href="/wiki/Proposition_2%C2%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposition 2½">Proposition 2½</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whathappened_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whathappened-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North from Boylston Street in Charlesgate Park, the Muddy River is crossed by Ipswich Street, the <a href="/wiki/Framingham/Worcester_Line" title="Framingham/Worcester Line">Worcester Main Line</a> railroad bridge, the Massachusetts Turnpike, two bridges carrying Commonwealth Avenue, Beacon Street, and Storrow Drive, as well as the elevated <a href="/wiki/Bowker_Overpass" title="Bowker Overpass">Bowker Overpass</a> and its ramps.<sup id="cite_ref-bridges_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bridges-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The west border of the Fens (where it meets the Riverway) is Brookline Avenue, which crosses the Muddy River on a wide bridge completed in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-bridges_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bridges-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_bridges">Former bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_Bay_Fens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Former bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StonyBrookBridge_Fens_Boston_19thc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/StonyBrookBridge_Fens_Boston_19thc.png/220px-StonyBrookBridge_Fens_Boston_19thc.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/StonyBrookBridge_Fens_Boston_19thc.png/330px-StonyBrookBridge_Fens_Boston_19thc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/StonyBrookBridge_Fens_Boston_19thc.png/440px-StonyBrookBridge_Fens_Boston_19thc.png 2x" data-file-width="1935" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption>The Stony Brook bridge in 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with the Evans Way footbridge, two road bridges are no longer extant. The Fenway originally crossed the Stony Brook canal at the Huntington Entrance on a five-arched bridge designed by the firm of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard_Walker" title="Charles Howard Walker">Walker</a> & <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rogers_Kimball" title="Thomas Rogers Kimball">Kimball</a>. The outer arches were occupied by footpaths, allowing pedestrians to cross under the road. The bridge was faced with red brick ornamented with <a href="/wiki/Milford_pink_granite" title="Milford pink granite">Milford granite</a>; the archways were faced with patterns of colored glazed bricks. A small iron footbridge crossed the canal just north of the road bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-1891report_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1891report-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bridges were removed when the canal was filled in 1905; the road bridge was <a href="/wiki/Explosive_demolition" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive demolition">demolished with explosives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p><p>At the Beacon Entrance, a curved bridge crossed the Boston and Albany Railroad (and after the 1890s, Ipswich Street). Its south end connected to Boylston Street at Gaston Square, while its north end met Commonwealth Avenue. Although Richardson sketched designs for <a href="/wiki/Truss_bridge" title="Truss bridge">truss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridges</a>, Frederick Olmsted insisted on a <a href="/wiki/Plate_girder" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate girder">plate girder</a> bridge; Richardson's contribution was ultimately the design of the decorative metalwork and lamps. The bridge was constructed in 1880–83.<sup id="cite_ref-ochsner_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ochsner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was demolished around 1962 during construction of the Turnpike Extension and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Bowker_Overpass" title="Bowker Overpass">Bowker Overpass</a>, though the south abutment remains extant.<sup id="cite_ref-fens_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structures">Structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_Bay_Fens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agassiz_Road_Duck_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Agassiz_Road_Duck_House.jpg/220px-Agassiz_Road_Duck_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Agassiz_Road_Duck_House.jpg/330px-Agassiz_Road_Duck_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Agassiz_Road_Duck_House.jpg/440px-Agassiz_Road_Duck_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Agassiz Road Duck House</figcaption></figure><p>The Agassiz Road Duck House was designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Longfellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Longfellow">Alexander Longfellow</a>, and built in 1897. It was used exclusively as a public restroom facility, and was closed after a damaging fire in 1986. The Duck House is sited within a prominent landscape in The Fens adjacent to the Agassiz Road bridge—the only building along that roadway. Agassiz Road is a significant pedestrian link between the East and West Fenway neighborhoods though it provides only one-way vehicular circulation. Much of the building that we see today is original; however, the roof design was simplified when it was reconstructed following the 1986 fire. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_Gatehouse" title="Stony Brook Gatehouse">Stony Brook Gatehouse</a> was designed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hobson_Richardson" title="Henry Hobson Richardson">Henry Hobson Richardson</a>. The building features a slate roof with distinctive wooden beams and walls of smooth stones of varying cuts. The red mortar used between the stones is similar to that of many of Richardson's other works. A similar companion building, designed by Richardson protege <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Wheelright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Wheelright (page does not exist)">Edmund Wheelright</a>, sits directly next to this structure. It was added at a later date to contain pump equipment for the Boston Water and Sewer Commission. The Stony Brook Gatehouse has since been decommissioned and in 2010 was converted into the headquarters for the Emerald Necklace Conservancy, and a visitors' center by <a href="/wiki/Ann_Beha" title="Ann Beha">Ann Beha</a> Architects. </p><p>Dedicated on December 27, 1925, the Fire Alarm Office is near the intersection of Westland Avenue and Hemenway Street. It is a neoclassical limestone building in the shape of a villa, with large ornate bronze entry doors to one side. Its facade is inscribed: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><p><span class="smallcaps">erected by the citizens of boston to fortify and extend the principle of organized resistance to the scourge of fire, consecrated and dedicated to the service through which this principle is so nobly perpetuated.</span><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments_and_memorials">Monuments and memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_Bay_Fens&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Monuments and memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A monument was dedicated in 1973 to baseball player and humanitarian <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Clemente" title="Roberto Clemente">Roberto Clemente</a> (1934–1972). It is a 5-foot-tall (1.5 m) stone marker inset with a large bronze relief of Clemente and a short inscription in Spanish and English, "Roberto Clemente: His three loves; Puerto Rico, baseball, and children." The adjacent baseball diamond, which is part of the athletic field, is also dedicated in his honor. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Lee_Bates" title="Katharine Lee Bates">Katharine Lee Bates</a> monument is a freestanding granite tablet inset with a bronze plaque on Agassiz Road overlooking the Muddy River and Stony Brook gatehouse. The plaque gives brief information on Bates and includes the lyrics of "<a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful" title="America the Beautiful">America the Beautiful</a>", which she wrote at the turn of the 20th century. </p><p>Close to the Westland Gate is the <a href="/wiki/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly" title="John Boyle O'Reilly">John Boyle O'Reilly</a> Memorial. This memorial, sculpted in 1894 by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a> memorializes the Irish poet and editor of the Catholic newspaper <i>The Pilot</i>. In the front of the memorial sits the bust of O'Reilly while the backside depicts a statue of <a href="/wiki/Erin" title="Erin">Erin</a> weaving a wreath of laurel and oak for her sons Poetry and Patriotism with <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> calligraphy as a backdrop. </p><p>Several streets surrounding the Fens (Kilmarnock, Queensbury) were given names of Scottish peerages and towns mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>'s literary works. In 1910 The Burns Memorial Association of Boston held a competition to make <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Robert_Burns_(Boston)" title="Statue of Robert Burns (Boston)">a statue of Burns</a>, to correspond with that nomenclature as an honor. The winner was artist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Kitson" title="Henry Hudson Kitson">Henry Hudson Kitson</a>. Kitson completed the statue in 1919, and Governor <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> dedicated it the next year on New Years Day, 1920. The piece was moved from the Fenway to <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Square_(Boston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Winthrop Square (Boston)">Winthrop Square</a> at Otis and Devonshire Streets, in the <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston" title="Financial District, Boston">Financial District</a>, in the summer of 1975. It was restored and returned to its original location on October 30, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A memorial commemorating the radio operators who lost their lives on merchant ships during the Second World War depicts a sinking ship with "End of service" in Morse Code around the base. It was moved in the 1990s to <a href="/wiki/Peddocks_Island" title="Peddocks Island">Peddocks Island</a> at the request of veteran operators, as Peddocks was where they trained. Its plinth remains located on Agassiz Road adjacent to the Agassiz Bridge, overlooking the war memorials across from the <a href="#Kelleher_Rose_Garden">Kelleher Rose Garden</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_Bell_(Boston)" title="Temple Bell (Boston)">Temple Bell</a>, a bronze bell cast in 1675 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanaka_Gonzaemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanaka Gonzaemon (page does not exist)">Tanaka Gonzaemon</a> under the supervision of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzuki_Magoemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzuki Magoemon (page does not exist)">Suzuki Magoemon</a>, was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a" title="Vaiśravaṇa">Bishamon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> god of children and good luck.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bell was contributed to the Japanese war effort in 1940 but ended up on a scrap heap in <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka" title="Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a>. Sailors from the <a href="/wiki/USS_Boston_(CA-69)" title="USS Boston (CA-69)">USS Boston (CA-69)</a> salvaged the bell after World War II, and offered it to the city of Boston in 1945. In 1953, Japanese officials presented the bell to Boston as a symbol of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_Endecott_Monument">John Endecott Monument</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_Bay_Fens&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: John Endecott Monument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Across from the Forsyth Dental Institute and Museum of Fine Arts on Forsyth Way, originally called the Huntington Avenue Entrance to The Fens, this is a large red granite monument and white granite statue of <a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">John Endecott</a>. The statue is a standing portrayal of John Endecott dressed in early colonial attire, consisting of a jacket with a wide, square collar, knee breeches, buckle shoes, and a long cape. He holds his hat down at his side in his right hand. The sculpture rests on a square base that extends from a large granite wall with the inscription "JOHN ENDECOTT 1588–1665". A low granite bench surrounds the base of the wall. </p><p>According to inscriptions on one side of the monument, it was designed by Architect Ralph Weld Gray, and the statue was sculpted by Carl Paul Jennewein in 1936. The rear of the monument features a large inscription, "Bequest George Augustus Peabody Esquire of Danvers, Massachusetts". The main inscription features the seal of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the quote "STRONG, VALIANT JOHN WILT THOU MARCH ON, AND TAKE UP STATION FIRST, CHRIST CAL'D HATH THEE, HIS SOLDIER BE, AND FAIL NOT OF THY TRUST -EDWARD JOHNSON 1654". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Veterans_Memorial_Park">Veterans Memorial Park</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_Bay_Fens&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Veterans Memorial Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Created by the George Robert White Fund in 1948, this is a grouping of three war memorials arranged around a circle, adjacent to the Keller Rose Garden, the Agassiz Bridge, and a concert grove that overlooks two gatehouses across the Muddy River. </p><p>This <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Memorial_(Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore,_Boston)" title="World War II Memorial (Fenway–Kenmore, Boston)">World War II memorial</a> features a granite monument designed by architect Tito Cascieri. It is composed of a plinth stage and lectern backed by a semi-circular wall, with names set in bronze tablets. A large bronze statue of an angel sculpted by John F. Paramino sits atop the memorial, along with an obelisk capped with bronze stars. It is the oldest and largest of the three memorials on the site, with the Korean and Vietnam war memorials flanking it. The lectern has a plaque, added during the 1990s, rededicating the entire memorial as Veterans Memorial Park and honoring Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Charles_Andrew_MacGillivary" title="Charles Andrew MacGillivary">Charles Andrew MacGillivary</a>, a World War II Congressional Medal of Honor recipient who enlisted in Boston. </p><p>The Korean War Memorial is a small installation, compared to the World War II memorial nearby. This memorial has a stone plaza area, with a map of the country of Korea embedded in it. Flanking the map are two stone slabs for use as benches. The memorial is a squarish monument that has three columns with names engraved in them. On top is the word, "Korea" and the years, "1950–1953." </p><p>The Vietnam War Memorial is a small installation, compared to the World War II memorial nearby. This memorial has a stone plaza area, with a map of the country of Vietnam embedded in it. Flanking the map are two stone slabs for use as benches. The memorial is a squarish monument that has three columns with names engraved in them. On top is the word, "Vietnam" and the years, "1962–1975." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gardens">Gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_Bay_Fens&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Victory Gardens are now named after Richard D. Parker, one of the original organizers of the garden, who gardened there until his death in 1975. The Victory Gardens in the Fenway are one of only two remaining victory gardens in the U.S. dating back to World War II, during which President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> encouraged Americans to grow their own vegetables. The City of Boston set up 49 areas to grow gardens, including plots on <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_Garden_(Boston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Garden (Boston)">Boston Public Garden</a>. The Fenway Victory Gardens were established in 1942. These gardens are a central part of the Fenway community and are well known to gardeners across the country. Residents use the plots to grow vegetables or flowers. </p><p>A passion for public rose gardens swept the country in the early 20th century. In 1930, landscape architect Arthur Shurcliff added a circular formal rose garden and fountain opposite the Museum of Fine Arts where the general public as well as rose enthusiasts could learn about rose culture and enjoy the flowers. The garden was expanded in 1933 when the rectangular section was built. At the south end of the rectangular portion of the garden is a statue that is a copy of the famous El Desconsol which was a gift to the City of Boston by Barcelona, Spain. In 1975, the garden was named the James P. Kelleher Rose Garden to honor the Boston Parks and Recreation Department's Superintendent of Horticulture. By the late 20th century, The Kelleher Rose Garden was in decline and needed a complete restoration. In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Necklace#The_Emerald_Necklace_Conservancy" title="Emerald Necklace">Emerald Necklace Conservancy</a>, in cooperation with the Boston Parks and Recreation Department, convened landscape architects, horticultural specialists, and <a href="/wiki/Rosarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosarian">rosarians</a> to develop a master plan for its renewal. Paths and planting beds were recut according to the original plans; the soil was rejuvenated and new turf laid. An irrigation system was installed and new signs were placed to help visitors learn from the garden. The restoration was completed in 2008. In 2014 the Emerald Necklace Conservancy completed restoration of the original ornamental fountain and had the descendant of the original sculpture manufacturer replicate missing ornamental cherub statues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletic_fields">Athletic fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_Bay_Fens&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Athletic fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of Arthur Shurcliff's alterations to The Fens, an athletic track and field was constructed in 1923. Two massive cast stone bleachers were completed in 1926 followed shortly in 1928 by a field house designed by <a href="/wiki/William_D._Austin" title="William D. Austin">William D. Austin</a>. The original field house was demolished in the 1980s, due to neglect, and replaced with a simple Gothic styled storage structure. The 420m<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> athletic track and field was later dedicated as the Joseph Lee Playground. At some point two baseball diamonds were added. One of them is dedicated to baseball player and humanitarian <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Clemente" title="Roberto Clemente">Roberto Clemente</a> with a cast stone monument featuring a brass relief & dedication plaque. The other was dedicated to neighborhood residents Brian and David Cobe in 1984 with a bronze plaque inset into a Roxbury puddingstone boulder adjacent to the diamond. Sometime in the 1970s two basketball courts were also added alongside the playground and dedicated in honor of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bradley_(basketball)" title="Jim Bradley (basketball)">Jim Bradley</a>. In 2010, as part of a public-private partnership between the City of Boston and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_College_(Massachusetts)" title="Emmanuel College (Massachusetts)">Emmanuel College</a>, the field was extensively renovated to collegiate standards, which necessitated the demolition of one of the stone bleachers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_Bay_Fens&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-official-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-official_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofboston.gov/Parks/emerald/Back_Bay_Fens.asp">"Back Bay Fens"</a>. City of Boston. July 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Back+Bay+Fens&rft.pub=City+of+Boston&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofboston.gov%2FParks%2Femerald%2FBack_Bay_Fens.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511040324/http://www.emeraldnecklace.org/index.cgi?page=backbayfens">"Back Bay Fens"</a>. <i>Tour</i>. Emerald Necklace Conservancy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldnecklace.org/index.cgi?page=backbayfens">the original</a> on May 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tour&rft.atitle=Back+Bay+Fens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emeraldnecklace.org%2Findex.cgi%3Fpage%3Dbackbayfens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Boston" class="citation web cs1">City of Boston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/Back%20Bay%20Fens%20Study%20Report%20%2356_tcm3-20783.pdf">"Back Bay Fens Study Report, Boston Landmarks Commission"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Back+Bay+Fens+Study+Report%2C+Boston+Landmarks+Commission&rft.au=City+of+Boston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofboston.gov%2Fimages_documents%2FBack%2520Bay%2520Fens%2520Study%2520Report%2520%252356_tcm3-20783.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fens-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fens_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/imce-uploads/2016-11/back_bay_fens_study_report_56_ocr.pdf">"Report of the Boston Landmarks Commission on the potential designation of BACK BAY FENS as a Landmark under Chapter 772 of the Acts of 1975, as amended"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Boston Landmarks Commission. 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Boston+Landmarks+Commission+on+the+potential+designation+of+BACK+BAY+FENS+as+a+Landmark+under+Chapter+772+of+the+Acts+of+1975%2C+as+amended&rft.pub=Boston+Landmarks+Commission&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fimce-uploads%2F2016-11%2Fback_bay_fens_study_report_56_ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1883parkreport-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1883parkreport_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1883parkreport_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015068187676&view=2up&seq=444"><i>Ninth Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of the Department of Parks for the City of Boston, for the Year 1883</i></a>. Vol. 1. City of Boston. 1884. pp. 10–15 – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninth+Annual+Report+of+the+Board+of+Commissioners+of+the+Department+of+Parks+for+the+City+of+Boston%2C+for+the+Year+1883&rft.pages=10-15&rft.pub=City+of+Boston&rft.date=1884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015068187676%26view%3D2up%26seq%3D444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bridges-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bridges_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bridges_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bridges_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bridges_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bridges_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=d42ae2ac2cb640ac992f763570ce10ed">"Bridges Web Application"</a>. Massachusetts Department of Transportation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bridges+Web+Application&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Department+of+Transportation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcgis.com%2Fapps%2Fwebappviewer%2Findex.html%3Fid%3Dd42ae2ac2cb640ac992f763570ce10ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mass.gov/doc/07pp114116charlesgatepdf/download">"Charlesgate (3S)"</a>. Charles River Basin Master Plan (Report). Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. 2002. pp. 114–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Charles+River+Basin+Master+Plan&rft.pages=114-116&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Department+of+Conservation+and+Recreation&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2Fdoc%2F07pp114116charlesgatepdf%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/editorials/2018/08/04/new-life-for-olmsted-gem-charlesgate/Hrx5dgtzrlUDRjRZBRsWjJ/story.html">"New life for an Olmsted gem at Charlesgate"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. August 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=New+life+for+an+Olmsted+gem+at+Charlesgate&rft.date=2018-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2F2018%2F08%2F04%2Fnew-life-for-olmsted-gem-charlesgate%2FHrx5dgtzrlUDRjRZBRsWjJ%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmoc-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmoc_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmoc_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmoc_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmoc_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 2: Historic Overview". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muddyrivermmoc.org/pdf/MMOC-muddy-river-project-parklands-maintenance-and-management-plan-4826-2537-0470.pdf"><i>The Muddy River Restoration Project Maintenance and Management Plan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Sterling. pp. 52–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760727577" title="Special:BookSources/9780760727577"><bdi>9780760727577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Illustrated+Guidebook+to+Boston%27s+Public+Parks+and+Gardens&rft.pages=52-60&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780760727577&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Berenson%2C+Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTX7S2vEqV9sC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYudis1975" class="citation news cs1">Yudis, Anthony J. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2008/04/27/mfa_unveiling_a_grander_gateway_to_its_treasures/?page=full">the original</a> on January 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=MFA+unveiling+a+grander+gateway+to+its+treasures&rft.date=2008-04-27&rft.aulast=Edgers&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fae%2Ftheater_arts%2Farticles%2F2008%2F04%2F27%2Fmfa_unveiling_a_grander_gateway_to_its_treasures%2F%3Fpage%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvie2017" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Harvie, Ann Marie R. 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US Army Corps of Engineers New England Division.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ribbon+cutting+marks+Phase+1+completion+of+Muddy+River+Restoration+project&rft.pub=US+Army+Corps+of+Engineers+New+England+Division&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft.aulast=Harvie&rft.aufirst=Ann+Marie+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nad.usace.army.mil%2FMedia%2FNews-Stories%2FArticle%2F1188524%2Fribbon-cutting-marks-phase-1-completion-of-muddy-river-restoration-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofboston.gov/news/default.aspx?id=6072">"Justine Mee Liff Park Announced"</a> (Press release). City of Boston. April 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justine+Mee+Liff+Park+Announced&rft.pub=City+of+Boston&rft.date=2013-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofboston.gov%2Fnews%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fid%3D6072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2017" class="citation news cs1">Freeman, Abigail (April 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailyfreepress.com/2017/04/26/justine-mee-liff-park-opens-as-part-of-restoration-effort/">"Justine Mee Liff Park opens as part of restoration effort"</a>. <i>Daily Free Press</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Justine+Mee+Liff+Park+opens+as+part+of+restoration+effort&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailyfreepress.com%2F2017%2F04%2F26%2Fjustine-mee-liff-park-opens-as-part-of-restoration-effort%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ochsner-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ochsner_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ochsner_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ochsner_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchsner1982" class="citation book cs1">Ochsner, Jeffery Karl (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hhrichardsoncomp00ochs/page/221"><i>H.H. 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MIT Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hhrichardsoncomp00ochs/page/221">221–25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262150239" title="Special:BookSources/0262150239"><bdi>0262150239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.H.+Richardson%3A+Complete+Architectural+Works&rft.pages=221-25&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0262150239&rft.aulast=Ochsner&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhhrichardsoncomp00ochs%2Fpage%2F221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1891report-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1891report_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1891report_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1891report_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1891report_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"D (From the City Engineer's Report to the Board of Park Commissioners)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015068187767&view=2up&seq=596"><i>Annual Report of the Engineering Department for the Year 1891</i></a>. Vol. 1. City of Boston. 1892. pp. 73–77 – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=D+%28From+the+City+Engineer%27s+Report+to+the+Board+of+Park+Commissioners%29&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Engineering+Department+for+the+Year+1891&rft.pages=73-77&rft.pub=City+of+Boston&rft.date=1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015068187767%26view%3D2up%26seq%3D596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-USGDP-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonWilliamson2023" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/">"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+U.S.+GDP+Then%3F&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fusgdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span> United States <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_deflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product deflator">Gross Domestic Product deflator</a> figures follow the <i>MeasuringWorth</i> series. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QEGJb3fPcuUC&pg=RA2-PA110">"Proceedings of City Council: May 24, 1920"</a>. <i>Report of Proceedings of the City Council of Boston for the Year Commencing February 2, 1920 and Ending February 5, 1921</i>. 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April 7, 1939. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Footbridge+Going+Up+Over+Muddy+River&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1939-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F54042420%2Fthe-boston-globe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whathappened-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whathappened_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPultinas2018" class="citation news cs1">Pultinas, Alison (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.net/93268807-What-happened-to-the-evans.html">"Never Rebuilt, Bridge Remains Missing Piece of Park Puzzle"</a>. <i>Fenway News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fenway+News&rft.atitle=Never+Rebuilt%2C+Bridge+Remains+Missing+Piece+of+Park+Puzzle&rft.date=2018-06&rft.aulast=Pultinas&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.net%2F93268807-What-happened-to-the-evans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53889527/the-boston-globe/">"Bridge Blown Up"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. October 4, 1905. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Bridge+Blown+Up&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1905-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F53889527%2Fthe-boston-globe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonfirehistory.org/firehouses/active-firehouses/fire-alarm-office-59-fenway-back-bay/">"Fire Alarm Office @ 59 Fenway, Back Bay"</a>. Boston Fire Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fire+Alarm+Office+%40+59+Fenway%2C+Back+Bay&rft.pub=Boston+Fire+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbostonfirehistory.org%2Ffirehouses%2Factive-firehouses%2Ffire-alarm-office-59-fenway-back-bay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.gov/news/robert-burns-statue-returned-back-bay-fens">"Robert Burns statue returned to the Back Bay Fens"</a>. <i>Boston.gov</i>. October 31, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston.gov&rft.atitle=Robert+Burns+statue+returned+to+the+Back+Bay+Fens&rft.date=2019-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.gov%2Fnews%2Frobert-burns-statue-returned-back-bay-fens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100214161433/http://www.bostoninnovation.org/BostonFamilyHistory/immigranttrail/index.html">"Boston Immigrant Trail"</a>. <i>Boston Family History</i>. bostoninnovation.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostoninnovation.org/BostonFamilyHistory/immigranttrail/index.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Family+History&rft.atitle=Boston+Immigrant+Trail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostoninnovation.org%2FBostonFamilyHistory%2Fimmigranttrail%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABack+Bay+Fens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213051815/http://www.emeraldnecklace.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Emerald-Necklace-Map.pdf">"Emerald Necklace Parks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Emerald Necklace Conservancy. November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldnecklace.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Emerald-Necklace-Map.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 13, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Massachusetts">Dorchester</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parks_in_Boston" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#88C65A;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parks_in_Boston" title="Template:Parks in Boston"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Billings_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Billings Field">Billings Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor_Islands_National_Recreation_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area">Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_National_Historical_Park" title="Boston National Historical Park">Boston National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Street_Park" title="Bremen Street Park">Bremen Street Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Cushing_Memorial_Park" title="Cardinal Cushing Memorial Park">Cardinal Cushing Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Castle Island (Massachusetts)">Castle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_River_Esplanade" title="Charles River Esplanade">Charles River Esplanade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_River_Reservation" title="Charles River Reservation">Charles River Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlestown_Naval_Shipyard_Park" title="Charlestown Naval Shipyard Park">Charlestown Naval Shipyard Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlestown_Veterans_Memorial_Park" title="Charlestown Veterans Memorial Park">Charlestown Veterans Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_Reservation" title="Chestnut Hill Reservation">Chestnut Hill Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_Waterfront_Park" title="Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park">Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Square_Park" title="City Square Park">City Square Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Avenue_(Boston)" title="Commonwealth Avenue (Boston)">Commonwealth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Park" title="Dorchester Park">Dorchester Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Shores_Reservation" title="Dorchester Shores Reservation">Dorchester Shores Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Necklace" title="Emerald Necklace">Emerald Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forsyth_Park_(Boston)" title="Forsyth Park (Boston)">Forsyth Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Independence_(Massachusetts)" title="Fort Independence (Massachusetts)">Fort Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Warren_(Massachusetts)" title="Fort Warren (Massachusetts)">Fort Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Park_(Boston)" title="Franklin Park (Boston)">Franklin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Park_Zoo" title="Franklin Park Zoo">Franklin Park Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvin_Memorial_Park" title="Galvin Memorial Park">Galvin Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harambee_Park" title="Harambee Park">Harambee Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Park">Harriet Tubman Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Pond" title="Jamaica Pond">Jamaica Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvard_Mall" title="John Harvard Mall">John Harvard Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_W._Fitzgerald_Park" title="Kevin W. Fitzgerald Park">Kevin W. Fitzgerald Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langone_Park" title="Langone Park">Langone Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larz_Anderson_Bonsai_Collection" title="Larz Anderson Bonsai Collection">Larz Anderson Bonsai Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Welch_Greenway" title="Mary Ellen Welch Greenway">Mary Ellen Welch Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Park_(Boston)" title="Millennium Park (Boston)">Millennium Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashua_Street_Park" title="Nashua Street Park">Nashua Street Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neponset_River_Reservation" title="Neponset River Reservation">Neponset River Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_End_Parks" title="North End Parks">North End Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Point_Park_(Massachusetts)" title="North Point Park (Massachusetts)">North Point Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmsted_Park" title="Olmsted Park">Olmsted Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_Park" title="Paul Revere Park">Paul Revere Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Park" title="Piers Park">Piers Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Garden" title="Boston Public Garden">Boston Public Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Greenway" title="Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway">Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxbury_Heritage_State_Park" title="Roxbury Heritage State Park">Roxbury Heritage State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxbury_High_Fort" title="Roxbury High Fort">Roxbury High Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Corridor_Park" title="Southwest Corridor Park">Southwest Corridor Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_Reservation" title="Stony Brook Reservation">Stony Brook Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Street_Park" title="Temple Street Park">Temple Street Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Square_(Charlestown,_Boston)" title="Thompson Square (Charlestown, Boston)">Thompson Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Charles_River_Reservation" title="Upper Charles River Reservation">Upper Charles River Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webb_Memorial_State_Park" title="Webb Memorial State Park">Webb Memorial State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Square_(Charlestown,_Boston)" title="Winthrop Square (Charlestown, Boston)">Winthrop Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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