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<span>Modern Moldova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Moldova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politics and Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Moldova" title="Category:Moldova">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Moldova" title="Culture of Moldova">Culture of Moldova</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/120px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/180px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/240px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of the Balkans">Prehistoric Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">Moldavian Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia_conflict" title="Gagauzia conflict">Gagauzia conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_Republic" title="Gagauz Republic">Gagauz Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Moldovan Declaration of Independence">Declaration of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_independent_Moldova" title="History of independent Moldova">Post-independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_protests_in_Moldova" title="2015–2016 protests in Moldova">2015–2016 protests</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Moldova">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova" title="Languages of Moldova">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian dress">Dress</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Moldova">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Wine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Moldova" title="Public holidays in Moldova">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Moldova">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Moldova">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moldovan_painters" title="Category:Moldovan painters">Painters</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Moldova">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Moldova" title="Television in Moldova">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Moldova" title="Sport in Moldova">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Moldova" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Moldova">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Moldova">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Moldova" title="Flag of Moldova">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova" title="Coat of arms of Moldova">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Moldova">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/16px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/24px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/32px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Moldova" title="Portal:Moldova">Moldova portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Moldova" title="Template:Culture of Moldova"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Moldova" title="Template talk:Culture of Moldova"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Moldova" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Moldova"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Literature of Moldova</b> comprises the literature of the principality of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, the later trans-<a href="/wiki/Pruth" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruth">Prut</a> Moldavia, <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, and the modern <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a>, irrespective of the language. Although there has been considerable controversy over linguistic identity in Moldova, the Moldovan and Romanian languages are virtually identical and share a common literary history.<sup id="cite_ref-standardlang_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standardlang-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moldovan literature, therefore, has considerable overlap with <a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature" title="Romanian literature">Romanian literature</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Moldova&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The creation of Moldovan written literature was preceded by a rich folklore that emerged in the 10th and 11th centuries CE: calendrical and family ritual poetry (<i>Plugusorul</i>), fairy tales, heroic epics (<i>Hydra</i>, <i>Toma Alimos</i>, <i>The Knight Gruia Grozovan</i>, <i>Mihul Kopilul</i>, <i>Codreanu</i>, <i>Corbea</i>), historical songs (<i>Duca Vode</i>, <i>Buzhor</i>, <i>Tobultok</i>), folk legends, proverbs, popular sayings, lyrical songs, ballads (<i>The Sun and the Moon</i>, <i>The Rich Man and the Pauper</i>, <i>Dolca</i>). The greatest achievement of Moldovan epic-lyric pastoral poetry is the ballad <i><a href="/wiki/Miori%C5%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Mioriţa">Mioriţa</a></i>, various versions of which were found across <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. The national struggle against the Ottoman occupation is reflected in the ballad <i>The Well of Frost</i>, which was popular not only in the Moldovan principality but also in <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Middle_Ages">The Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Moldova&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first written records appeared in Moldova at the turn of the 10th-11th centuries CE in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> (or Middle Bulgarian), which was the official language of the church and state until the 7th century, as well as the literary language. In this language appear the significant sacred and historical literature (<i>The Life of St John the New</i> and the preachings of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Tsamblak" title="Gregory Tsamblak">Gregory Tsamblak</a>), a hierarch of the Moldovan church between 1401 and 1403; anonymous chronicles of the 14th and 15th centuries, as well as those of Makarios, Eftimius, Azarius in the 16th century, and so on. The first Moldovan book was <i>Kazania</i> (interpretations of the Gospels) by the Metropolitan Barlaam (1590-1657) published in 1643. Barlaam's successor, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Dosoftei" title="Dosoftei">Dosoftei</a> (1624-1693) translated the Psalms in verse in the Romanian language. </p><p>From the 15th century, Moldovan literature absorbed influences from Latin literature, chiefly propagated by the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a>, as well as southern Slavs (from <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>). The first half of the 17th century was marked by the awakening of nationalist consciousness among the Romanians. The Moldovan prince <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Lupu" title="Vasile Lupu">Vasile Lupu</a> established a university, several publishing houses (from 1642), and introduced the first Moldavian legal code,<sup id="cite_ref-And06_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-And06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially laws on serfdom which provided a number of benefits to the big landowning classes. </p><p>The second half of the 15th century saw the development of historical literature in the Moldovan principality. The chronicles were compiled at the behest and supervision of the rulers, and were intended to glorify their reigns and actions. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stefan the Great</a>, an official chronicle was written in the Slavonic language: the original is lost, but its contents have been preserved in five different editions: Anonymous Chronicle, the <a href="/wiki/Putna_Monastery" title="Putna Monastery">Putna Monastery</a> Chronicle (in two versions),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Moldovan-German chronicle, a Russo-Moldovan chronicle<sup id="cite_ref-Spinei1986_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinei1986-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Moldovan-Polish chronicle.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While all the editions include the reign of Stefan, there are differences and further additions by their scribes. </p><p>Moldovan chronography in Slavonic continued to develop in the 16th century. Roman Makarios' chronicle, compiled on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_Rare%C8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter IV Rareș">Peter Rareș</a>, covers historical events occurring between 1504 and 1551. Eftimius, abbot of the <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83priana_monastery" title="Căpriana monastery">Căpriana monastery</a>, was asked by <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_L%C4%83pu%C8%99neanu" title="Alexandru Lăpușneanu">Alexandru Lăpușneanu</a> to continue Makarios' work to include the events of the principality between 1541 and 1554. The events of the years 1554-1574 were addressed by the monk Azarius, a disciple of Makarios, by decree of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Lame" title="Peter the Lame">Peter the Lame</a>. The fundamental premise of these 16th century chronicles was the establishment of centralised power in Moldova, as well as emphasis on the continuity between Roman and Greek history and Moldavian history.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azarius was the last representative of the school of court chroniclers. </p><p>The Annals of Moldova illuminate the period from the 14th through the 18th centuries. They describe the activities and achievements of various princes and monasteries, the chief proponents of Christian culture of the time. From the 17th century, the chronicles began to be written in the Romanian language. The best known chroniclers are <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Ureche" title="Grigore Ureche">Grigore Ureche</a> (1590s-1647), <a href="/wiki/Miron_Costin" title="Miron Costin">Miron Costin</a> (1633 -1691), <a href="/wiki/Ion_Neculce" title="Ion Neculce">Ion Neculce</a> (1672-1745). </p><p>Moldovan historiography rose to the levels of contemporary European science in the works of <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a> (1673-1723). Dimitrie Cantemir was the author of one of the most complete histories of the Turks. His <i>History of the Growth and Decay of the Ottoman Empire</i> (1714) was translated into many European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Cantemir1734_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantemir1734-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A valuable historical, ethnographic and geographic source is his <i>Description of Moldova</i> (1716). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Era">Modern Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Moldova&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gheorghe_Asachi_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gheorghe_Asachi_%282%29.jpg/170px-Gheorghe_Asachi_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gheorghe_Asachi_%282%29.jpg/255px-Gheorghe_Asachi_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gheorghe_Asachi_%282%29.jpg/340px-Gheorghe_Asachi_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Asachi" title="Gheorghe Asachi">Gheorghe Asachi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nestor_Heck_-_Vasile_Alecsandri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nestor_Heck_-_Vasile_Alecsandri.jpg/170px-Nestor_Heck_-_Vasile_Alecsandri.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nestor_Heck_-_Vasile_Alecsandri.jpg/255px-Nestor_Heck_-_Vasile_Alecsandri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nestor_Heck_-_Vasile_Alecsandri.jpg/340px-Nestor_Heck_-_Vasile_Alecsandri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Alecsandri" title="Vasile Alecsandri">Vasile Alecsandri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Only at the end of the 17th and early 18th centuries did a secular literature develop in Moldova. The so-called Transylvanian school promoted the idea of a Romance origin for the Romanian people and their language, an idea that propelled their nationalistic development from the end of the 17th century. This 'Latinate' school included <a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Samuil Micu-Klein</a> (1745-1808), <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Gheorghe Şincai</a> (1754-1816), <a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Petru Maior</a> (c.1756-1821).<sup id="cite_ref-worldlit_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldlit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1780, Samuil Micu-Klein's grammar <i>Elements of Dacio-Romanian Language</i> in Latin was published, while other scientific and historical works include Şincai's <i>Chronicle of the Romanians and other peoples</i> (on which he worked for over thirty years, and which was published posthumously), and Maior's <i>History of the early Romanians in Dacia</i> (1812) and <i>A Conversation on the Beginnings of the Romanian Language between an Uncle and a Nephew</i> (1819). </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Beldiman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Beldiman (page does not exist)">Alexandru Beldiman</a> (1832-1898) wrote the chronicle <i>Tragodia sau mai bine a zice jalnica Moldovei întâmplare după răzvrătirea grecilor</i>, a tale of social upheaval during a peasant uprising in 1821 against the boyar landlords. Much of the storytelling of the first half of the 19th century reflected the social struggle between the poor peasantry and the landowning classes in Moldova and Wallachia. Songs celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Hajduk" title="Hajduk">Hajduk</a> appeared at this time. Bourgeouis literature of the period painted a villainous picture of the hajduks, but in folks songs they were romanticised as heroes and champions of peasant rights. The Moldavian national musical style <i><a href="/wiki/Doina" title="Doina">Doina</a></i> circulated widely. </p><p>Among the founders of Moldavian lyric poetry are the father <a href="/wiki/Ien%C4%83chi%C8%9B%C4%83_V%C4%83c%C4%83rescu" title="Ienăchiță Văcărescu">Ienăchiță Văcărescu</a> and son <a href="/wiki/Alecu_V%C4%83c%C4%83rescu" title="Alecu Văcărescu">Alecu Văcărescu</a>. They both wrote love songs in the tradition of the ancient Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Anacreon" title="Anacreon">Anacreon</a>, an extant example being <i>Amărâta turturea</i> ("The Moping Dove").<sup id="cite_ref-France2000_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France2000-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 19th century, the writers <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Asachi" title="Gheorghe Asachi">Gheorghe Asachi</a> (founder of the first Moldovan newspaper <i>Romanian Bee</i> in 1829), <a href="/wiki/Alecu_Donici" title="Alecu Donici">Alecu Donici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alecu_Russo" title="Alecu Russo">Alecu Russo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stamati" title="Constantin Stamati">Constantin Stamati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeu" title="Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu">Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu">Mihail Kogălniceanu</a> become famous. </p><p>Kogălniceanu published the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Literar%C4%83" title="Dacia Literară">Dacia Literară</a></i> (Literary Dacia), as well as the historical journal <i>Arhiva Românească</i> in 1840. Along with <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Alecsandri" title="Vasile Alecsandri">Vasile Alecsandri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Negruzzi" title="Constantin Negruzzi">Constantin Negruzzi</a> he published the literary journal <i>Revival</i>, which was soon thereafter closed down by the censors. </p><p>Negruzzi can be considered the founder of modern Moldovan prose. He was active in the peasant uprising of 1821, fled to Bessarabia where he met, and was subsequently deeply influenced by, <a href="/wiki/Pushkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>. </p><p>In the second half of the 19th century, Moldovan literature fell under the influence of the middle-class, especially of the French. Latinate influences rising in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> had a considerable following in Moldova and Wallachia. Another source of influence on Moldovan literature was that of the Germans. </p><p>The noted poet and dramaturge Vasile Alecsandri was active in the national movement for the unification of Moldova and Wallachia, participating in the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Moldavian Revolution of 1848">revolution of 1848</a>, headed the magazines <i>Progress</i>, <i>Literary Dacia</i>, and founded the journal <i>Literary Romania</i>. In 1888, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elena_Sevastos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elena Sevastos (page does not exist)">Elena Sevastos</a> published the collection <i>Cantece Moldovenesti</i> (<i>Moldovan songs</i>). Nationalism, aestheticism, and the idealisation of folk art characterised the folklore collections of the time. The critic and politician <a href="/wiki/Titu_Maiorescu" title="Titu Maiorescu">Titu Maiorescu</a>, on the other hand, was representative of a countervailing conservative strand in the arts. <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeu" title="Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu">Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu</a>, the editor of the gazette <i>Trojan</i> and the satirical journal <i>Cerienok</i> was very popular. Critics noted that in the trans-Prut Moldova and other provinces of Romania, there was beginning a Francophone Romanian culture. At the same time, the 19th century is notable for the establishment of a nationalist literature as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic">Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Moldova&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1926, the newspaper <i>Plugarul Roșu</i> (<i>Red Ploughman</i>) published in <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>, followed by <i>Pagini literară</i> (<i>Literary pages</i>), and then organised by May 1, 1927, into the journal <i>Moldova literară</i>, occupied an important corner of Moldovan literature. In April 1927 was organised the Union of Moldovan Soviet Writers (<i>Reseritul</i>, or <i>Sunrise</i>). At the end of 1931, the writers' union in Tiraspol divided two sections: <i>Tinerimea</i> and <i>Ularf</i>. In November, the journal <i>Moldova literară</i> reorganised itself into a politico-literary monthly <i>October</i> - an organ for the Union of Writers and the Socio-literary division of the Moldovan scientific committee. From 1930, the pioneering magazine (<i>Leninist Spark</i>) began publication. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dmitrii_Milev" title="Dmitrii Milev">Dmitrii Milev</a> can be considered the first Soviet writer from the Moldovan Autonomous SSR. In his short stories, Milev described in bright detail the bestiality and terror of Romanian fascism in a Bessarabian village, and the protest and resistance of the peasantry.<sup id="cite_ref-neg03_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neg03-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Milev also depicted the Bessarabian farmers as an undifferentiated mass that propels individual heroes. The revolutionary movement was shown as spontaneous and without perspective. Some of his works were to some extent or the other pessimistic, albeit veiled. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihai_Andriescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihai Andriescu (page does not exist)">Mihai Andriescu</a>, born in a peasant family in Bessarabia, was a Communist poet, among whose works were <i>Navalire</i>, and <i>Grigore Malini</i>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Malai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodor Malai (page does not exist)">Teodor Malai</a>, also born in Bessarabia, was a farm-hand, fought in the Civil War, organiser of collective farms, a senior member of the Communist party. He published a collection of poems, <i>Oţelu jiu</i> in 1929. His oeuvre covered the October Revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat, class struggle, the problems of the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a>, the defence of the USSR, and life in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party">Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-neg03_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neg03-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most energetic drivers of the Moldovan Soviet literature was <a href="/wiki/Samuil_Leht%C5%A3ir" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuil Lehtţir">Samuil Lehtţir</a>, an organiser of the Union of Moldovan Soviet Writers and a founder of the literary journal <i>Moldova literară</i>. In his early poems (for instance, <i>Poems</i> (1929)) he often imitated the folk style (<i><a href="/wiki/Doina" title="Doina">Doina</a></i>), in which he attempted to show the revolutionary movements in Bessarabia. Between 1928 and 1929, he wrote essays of criticism. His collection of poems <i>În flăcări</i> (<i>In the flame</i>) came out in 1931, revealing considerable artistic and ideological development. His poetry collection <i>Nikita</i> depicted class struggle in the collective farm. <i>Caderea Epigonilor</i> (<i>The Fall of the Epigones</i>) demonstrates his introduction into <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a>. To Lehtţir is also attributed the beginning of Moldovan dramaturgy. His play <i>Codreanu</i> (1930) depicts moments in the revolution and rebellion of serfs under the leadership of a <i><a href="/wiki/Hajduk" title="Hajduk">hajduk</a></i>. </p><p>The works of the poet Caftanaki should be noted: the short story <i>Cabanita</i>, the poems <i>Donbasul Alb</i> (<i>White Donbass</i>), <i>Greiler Elevator</i>, <i>Fuljeraria</i> (<i>Snowstorm</i>). </p><p>Eminent among the Moldavian writers of the period is Markov, whose major works are <i>Ce a cost, nu a mai fi</i> (<i>So it was, but so it shall not be</i>), <i>Lupta</i> (<i>Struggle</i>), the short story collection <i>For Soviet Rule</i> (1930), the poetry collection <i>Cuvintul viu</i> (1930), <i>The Black Valley</i> and others. </p><p>The poet <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Corneanu" title="Leonid Corneanu">Leonid Corneanu</a> (1909-1957) is well known for his <i>Tiraspolul</i> (1932), which gives a vivid picture of the Moldovan capital, its perspectives and grand buildings, as well as his extensive collections of Moldovan folk songs (<i>Cântece norodnice moldoveneşti</i> (1939)). His works were intimately tied to the realities of those times and could be seen as chronicle of the era. Corneanu also played a major role in the creation of a Moldovan children's literature (<i>Pionierii în ţeh</i>, 1934).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The novelist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Canna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Canna (page does not exist)">Ion Canna</a> (1902-1979) published in <i>Moldova literară</i>: the satirical story <i>Râşniţa</i> (1926) as well as stories set during the Civil War, the building of Socialism in the countryside, the collectivisation of agriculture. In 1937 came his <i>Două întâlniri</i> (<i>Two meetings</i>), which was distinguished by the diversity of themes, descriptions of the new people and a sharp and expressive language.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canna was later to face disgrace and lose his honour as the founder of Soviet Moldovan literature - for plagiarism.<sup id="cite_ref-Negura2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Negura2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among other prominent writers was D. Batrânsea (<i>Mai sus făclia ardă</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-biblioscientia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblioscientia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Moldova&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bessarabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_1992_Alexei_Mateevici.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stamp_1992_Alexei_Mateevici.jpg/170px-Stamp_1992_Alexei_Mateevici.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stamp_1992_Alexei_Mateevici.jpg/255px-Stamp_1992_Alexei_Mateevici.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Stamp_1992_Alexei_Mateevici.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Mateevici" title="Alexei Mateevici">Alexei Mateevici</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Mateevici" title="Alexei Mateevici">Alexei Mateevici</a> (1888-1917) was one of the foremost Bessarabian poets: his poems <i>Limba noastră</i> (Our language), <i>Ţăranii</i> (Peasants), <i>Eu cânt</i> (I sing), <i>Ţara</i> (The Country) being particularly notable. </p><p>The participants of the underground revolutionary movement and the anti-fascist struggle in Bessarabia were the writers <a href="/wiki/Emilian_Bukov" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian Bukov">Emilian Bukov</a> (1909-1984) and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Lupan" title="Andrei Lupan">Andrei Lupan</a> (1912–92). Among Bukov's interesting collections of poetry are "This Sun" (1937) and "China" (1938). This period is the beginning of the literary work of other writers: <a href="/wiki/George_Meniuc" title="George Meniuc">George Meniuc</a> (1918–87), <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Istru" title="Bogdan Istru">Bogdan Istru</a> (1914-1993), T. Nencheva (1913–41), <a href="/wiki/Liviu_Deleanu" title="Liviu Deleanu">Liviu Deleanu</a> (1911–67), <a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Costenco" title="Nicolai Costenco">Nicolai Costenco</a> (1913–93 ), A. Robota (1916–41), G. Adam (1914–46), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vera_Panfil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vera Panfil (page does not exist)">Vera Panfil</a> (1905–61), D. Vetrova (1913–52), and others. </p><p>There was a brief spark of <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a> literature in the 1920s and 1930s in Bessarabia, the single-handed work of a priest <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Ciachir" title="Mihail Ciachir">Mihail Ciachir</a> (1861-1938), who created the first Gagauz dictionary, grammar, and translated religious works into the language.<sup id="cite_ref-King2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic">Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Moldova&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Ion_Chibzii_-_Andrei_Lupan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flickr_-_Ion_Chibzii_-_Andrei_Lupan.jpg/170px-Flickr_-_Ion_Chibzii_-_Andrei_Lupan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flickr_-_Ion_Chibzii_-_Andrei_Lupan.jpg/255px-Flickr_-_Ion_Chibzii_-_Andrei_Lupan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flickr_-_Ion_Chibzii_-_Andrei_Lupan.jpg/340px-Flickr_-_Ion_Chibzii_-_Andrei_Lupan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Lupan" title="Andrei Lupan">Andrei Lupan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, several Moldavian authors served in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samson_%C5%9Eleahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samson Şleahu (page does not exist)">Samson Şleahu</a> (1915-1993), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Lipcan_(novelist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Lipcan (novelist) (page does not exist)">Alexandru Lipcan</a> (1908-1977), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Barskii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lev Barskii (page does not exist)">Lev Barskii</a> (1909-1974). Poetry and journalism flourished. Poems and articles of <a href="/wiki/Emilian_Bukov" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian Bukov">Emilian Bukov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Istru" title="Bogdan Istru">Bogdan Istru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Lupan" title="Andrei Lupan">Andrei Lupan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liviu_Deleanu" title="Liviu Deleanu">Liviu Deleanu</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Meniuc" title="George Meniuc">George Meniuc</a> were published in the magazine <i>Moldova Socialistă</i> (Moscow, 1942-44), in central gazettes and journals, as well as being broadcast over the radio. Russian translations of Bukov's <i>I see you, Moldavia</i> (1942) and <i>Spring on the Dniester</i> (1944) were published in Moscow. </p><p>The post-war period was fruitful for the development of all genres of literature. Bukov gained fame for several children's books: <i>Andrieş</i> (1946), <i>De vorbă cu cei mici</i> (<i>Speaking to children</i>, 1953), <i>Basm cu cele patru zâne</i> (<i>Story of four banshees</i>, 1972).<sup id="cite_ref-cimpoi96_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cimpoi96-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other epic works include Lupan's <i>The Forgotten Village</i> (1940) and <i>Face to Face</i> (1945), Istru's <i>Pogorna</i> (1947) and <i>Spring in the Carpathians</i> (1955), Meniuc's <i>Song of the Dawn</i> (1948), Deleanu's <i>Immortal Youth</i> (1950), Kruchenyuk's <i>Mother's Word</i> (1952), which reflected the fight against the Nazi invaders, the collectivization of agriculture in the country, and the struggle for peace. These years also saw the flowering of the poets <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iosif_Bal%C5%A3an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iosif Balţan (page does not exist)">Iosif Balţan</a> (1923-1975), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Condrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Condrea (page does not exist)">Constantin Condrea</a> (1920-2009), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petru_Zadnipru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petru Zadnipru (page does not exist)">Petru Zadnipru</a> (1927-1976), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatol_Gujel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatol Gujel (page does not exist)">Anatol Gujel</a> (1922- ). </p><p>Critically and popularly acclaimed works included: <a href="/wiki/Ion_Dru%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Ion Druță">Ion Druță's</a> <i>Leaves of Sorrow</i> (1957), <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Be%C5%9Fleag%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Beşleagă">Vladimir Beşleagă's</a> <i>Zbor frânt</i> (<i>Broken flight</i>, 1966), Ariadna Shalar's <i>People and Destinies</i> (1958). </p><p>The genres of essays and short stories were successfully developed by the above writers as well as <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Vasilache" title="Vasile Vasilache">Vasile Vasilache</a>, A. Marinat, R. Lunghu. </p><p>Dramaturgy was an important development in Soviet Moldavia. Works such as Lupan's <i>Light</i> (1948), Bukov's <i>The Raging Danube</i> (1957), Anna Lupan's <i>The Wheel of Time</i> (1959), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rahmil_Portnoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rahmil Portnoi (page does not exist)">Rahmil Portnoi's</a> <i>Flightless Birds</i> (1957), Corneanu's <i>The Bitterness of Love</i> (1958), Condrea's <i>Children and Apples</i> (1961) and Druță's <i>Birds of Our Youth</i> (1972) are prominent. </p><p>In the 1960s and 1970s appeared fine novels and poetry: Druță's novel <i>Ballads of the Steppes</i> (1963), Bukov's collection of poems <i>Present day, future day</i> (1965), Lupan's <i>Laws of Hospitality</i> (1966), L. Damian's <i>Roots</i> (1966), <a href="/wiki/Victor_Teleuc%C4%83" title="Victor Teleucă">Victor Teleucă's</a> <i>Deer Island</i> (1966), and <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Vieru" title="Grigore Vieru">Grigore Vieru's</a> <i>Poems</i> (1965). </p><p>There was also an important tradition of translation into the Moldovan language of works in Russian and masterpieces of other world languages. Eminent translators included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Cosmescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Cosmescu (page does not exist)">Alexandru Cosmescu</a> (1922-1989), Yuri Barzhansky (1922-1986), P. Starostin, I. Crețu and others. </p><p>Russian language writers in Moldavia included the novelists L. Mischenko, G. Uspensky, and the poets N. Savostin, V. Izmailov, S. Burlak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadim_Chirkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadim Chirkov (page does not exist)">Vadim Chirkov</a>. There were also works in the <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz language</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Kara-%C3%87oban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitri Kara-Çoban (page does not exist)">Dmitri Kara-Çoban</a> (1933-1986) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionis_Tanasoglu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dionis Tanasoglu (page does not exist)">Dionis Tanasoglu</a> (1922-2006). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Moldova">Modern Moldova</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Moldova&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern Moldova"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since independence, Moldova has continued its literary tradition across genres. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_G%C3%A2rne%C5%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Gârneţ (page does not exist)">Vasile Gârneţ</a> is in the vanguard of the experimental novel (<i>Martorul</i>, 1988), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigore_Chiper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grigore Chiper (page does not exist)">Grigore Chiper</a> writes <i>consciously fragmentary</i> quotidian prose.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicolae Popa's <i>Avionul mirosea a pește</i> (The Plane Smells Of Fish, 2008) is a postmodern novel that symbolises the peacefulness of his people despite the hardships thrown by history. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumitru_Crudu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumitru Crudu (page does not exist)">Dumitru Crudu</a>'s <i>Măcel în Georgia</i> (Massacre in Georgia, 2008) is an ironic reflection on the essential unchanging nature of his country, whether Soviet or independent.<sup id="cite_ref-ap2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emilian_Galaicu-P%C4%83un" title="Emilian Galaicu-Păun">Emilian Galaicu-Păun</a> (<i>Air with Diamonds</i>) is a contemporary poet called <i>eloquent, assured, politically engaged</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gagauz language enjoyed a resurgence in the independent republic of Moldova. A weekly newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Ana_S%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="Ana Sözü">Ana Sözü</a></i> (<i>Mother tongue</i>) began publication in 1988, and a Gagauz university opened in <a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-King2000_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_Controversy">Politics and Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Moldova&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Politics and Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_linguistic_and_ethnic_identity_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova">Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova</a></div> <p>Throughout the existence of the Moldovan ASSR and the Moldovan SSR, there was a fierce battle between the so-called <i>Moldovenists</i> and the <i>Romanianists</i>, a schism caused by their attitude towards the linguistic identity of Moldovan - was it a separate language with its own tradition, or was it a derivative of the Romanian literary norm? The battle was fought in the Union of Moldovan Soviet Writers, resulting in several splits and reformations. In the late 1940s, further political manoeuvring was caused by the absorption of Bessarabian writers into the Union, where they were in conflict with the <i>Transnistrians</i>. As a result of the post-Stalin thaw, the Bessarabians were able to impose a Romanian version of the Moldovan language, with the sole exception being the script of the latter, which continued to be Cyrillic.<sup id="cite_ref-negura12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-negura12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After independence, the modern Moldovan republic switched its script back to Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, there was considerable Russophobia which was reflected in the works of such poets as <a href="/wiki/Petru_C%C4%83rare" title="Petru Cărare">Petru Cărare</a> (<i>Unwelcome Visitor</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Vieru" title="Grigore Vieru">Grigore Vieru</a>, which promoted nationalism among ethnic Moldovans at the cost of the Russian-speaking minority.<sup id="cite_ref-cash11_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cash11-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newrussdiasp_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newrussdiasp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Moldova&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-standardlang-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-standardlang_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCiscel,_Matthew_H.2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ciscel, Matthew H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HZqBCTDxqcgC">"Multilingualism and the disputed standardizations of Macedonian and Moldovan"</a>. In Hüning, Matthias; et al. (eds.). <i>Standard Languages and Multilinguialism in European History</i>. John Benjamins. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-027-20055-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-027-20055-6"><bdi>978-9-027-20055-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Multilingualism+and+the+disputed+standardizations+of+Macedonian+and+Moldovan&rft.btitle=Standard+Languages+and+Multilinguialism+in+European+History&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9-027-20055-6&rft.au=Ciscel%2C+Matthew+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHZqBCTDxqcgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature+of+Moldova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-And06-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-And06_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndea,_Susana2006" class="citation book cs1">Andea, Susana (2006). <i>History of Romania: Compendium</i>. Romanian Cultural Institute. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-737-78412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-737-78412-4"><bdi>978-9-737-78412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Romania%3A+Compendium&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Romanian+Cultural+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9-737-78412-4&rft.au=Andea%2C+Susana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature+of+Moldova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first (preserved in the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Russia" title="National Library of Russia">Saltykov Shchedrin Library</a>, St. Petersburg, covers events to 1518, while the other (in the Library of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR) continues to 1526. The documents chronicle the reign of Stefan. See Mokhov, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spinei1986-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spinei1986_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Spinei1986" class="citation book cs1">Victor Spinei (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbJBAAAAYAAJ"><i>Moldavia in the 11th-14th centuries</i></a>. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moldavia+in+the+11th-14th+centuries&rft.pub=Editura+Academiei+Republicii+Socialiste+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Victor+Spinei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbJBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature+of+Moldova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translated at the end of the sixteenth century from Moldavian court annals that depended on the early 15th century version. See Foot et al. page 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foot et al, page 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cantemir1734-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cantemir1734_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrie_Cantemir_(Voivode_of_Moldavia)Nicolas_Tindal1734" class="citation book cs1">Dimitrie Cantemir (Voivode of Moldavia); Nicolas Tindal (1734). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3NUAAAAYAAJ"><i>The history of the growth and decay of the Othman empire ...</i></a> J. J., and P. Knapton<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+growth+and+decay+of+the+Othman+empire+...&rft.pub=J.+J.%2C+and+P.+Knapton&rft.date=1734&rft.au=Dimitrie+Cantemir+%28Voivode+of+Moldavia%29&rft.au=Nicolas+Tindal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3NUAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature+of+Moldova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldlit-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-worldlit_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКожевников,_Ю.1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Кожевников, Ю. (1988). "Литература Молдавии и Валахии [XVIII в.]". <i>История всемирной литературы</i>. Vol. 5. Москва: Наука.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8+%5BXVIII+%D0%B2.%5D&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B&rft.place=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=1988&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%AE.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature+of+Moldova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-France2000-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-France2000_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeletant2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Deletant, Dennis (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlcg29QYnqMC">"Romanian"</a>. In Peter France (ed.). <i>The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818359-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818359-4"><bdi>978-0-19-818359-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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LIT Verlag Münster. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90218-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90218-4"><bdi>978-3-643-90218-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Villages+on+Stage%3A+Folklore+and+Nationalism+in+the+Republic+of+Moldova&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90218-4&rft.au=Cash%2C+Jennifer+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D68Oca_n0MEgC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature+of+Moldova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newrussdiasp-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newrussdiasp_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolonar,_VladimirBruter,_Vladimir1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Solonar, Vladimir; Bruter, Vladimir (1994). "Russians in Moldova". In Shlapentokh, Vladimir; et al. (eds.). <i>The New Russian Diaspora: Russian Minorities in the Former Soviet Republics</i>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-563-24335-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-563-24335-6"><bdi>978-1-563-24335-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russians+in+Moldova&rft.btitle=The+New+Russian+Diaspora%3A+Russian+Minorities+in+the+Former+Soviet+Republics&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-563-24335-6&rft.au=Solonar%2C+Vladimir&rft.au=Bruter%2C+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature+of+Moldova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Moldova&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunacharsky,_A.V.1934" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lunacharsky, A.V., ed. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feb-web.ru/feben/litenc/encyclop/">"Moldovan Literature"</a>. <i>Literary Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 7. Moscow: Sovietskaya Entsiklopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moldovan+Literature&rft.btitle=Literary+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Sovietskaya+Entsiklopedia&rft.date=1934&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeb-web.ru%2Ffeben%2Flitenc%2Fencyclop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature+of+Moldova" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMokhov,_N.A.1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mokhov, N.A. (1964). <i>Moldaviia epokhi feodalizma</i> (in Russian). Chişinău.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moldaviia+epokhi+feodalizma&rft.place=Chi%C5%9Fin%C4%83u&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Mokhov%2C+N.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature+of+Moldova" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFootRobinson2012" class="citation book cs1">Foot, Sarah; Robinson, Chase F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bzmBxU39PGMC&pg=PA343"><i>The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 2: 400-1400</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923642-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923642-8"><bdi>978-0-19-923642-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Historical+Writing%3A+Volume+2%3A+400-1400&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923642-8&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Chase+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbzmBxU39PGMC%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature+of+Moldova" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moldova_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moldova_topics" title="Template:Moldova topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moldova_topics" title="Template talk:Moldova topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moldova_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moldova topics"><abbr title="Edit this 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Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia_conflict" title="Gagauzia conflict">Gagauzia conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_Republic" title="Gagauz Republic">Gagauz Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Moldovan Declaration of Independence">Declaration of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_independent_Moldova" title="History of independent Moldova">Post-independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_protests_in_Moldova" title="2015–2016 protests in Moldova">2015–2016 protests</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arms_of_Moldova.svg/80px-Arms_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arms_of_Moldova.svg/120px-Arms_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arms_of_Moldova.svg/160px-Arms_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Moldova" title="Geography of Moldova">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Moldova#Climate" title="Geography of Moldova">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Moldova" title="List of earthquakes in Moldova">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Moldova" title="List of mammals of Moldova">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Moldova" title="List of birds of Moldova">Birds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Moldova" title="Protected areas of Moldova">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Moldova" title="List of rivers of Moldova">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Geodetic_Point" title="Rudi Geodetic Point">Rudi Geodetic Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Moldova" title="Administrative divisions of Moldova">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Moldova" title="List of cities and towns in Moldova">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Moldova" title="Communes of Moldova">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_localities_in_Moldova" title="List of localities in Moldova">Localities</a></li> <li>Autonomous territories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative-Territorial_Units_of_the_Left_Bank_of_the_Dniester" title="Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester">Left Bank of the Dniester</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Moldova" title="Politics of Moldova">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Moldova" title="Cabinet of Moldova">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova" title="Constitution of Moldova">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Moldova" title="Corruption in Moldova">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Moldova" title="Elections in Moldova">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Moldova" title="Foreign relations of Moldova">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Moldova" title="Government of Moldova">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Moldova" title="Human rights in Moldova">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Moldova">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Moldova">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Moldova">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Republic of Moldova">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Moldova" title="List of political parties in Moldova">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova" title="Prime Minister of Moldova">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Unification with Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Moldova" title="Agriculture in Moldova">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Moldova" title="National Bank of Moldova">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_leu" title="Moldovan leu">Leu <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Moldova" title="Telecommunications in Moldova">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Moldova" title="Energy in Moldova">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Moldova" title="Poverty in Moldova">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Moldova" title="Tourism in Moldova">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Moldova" title="Transport in Moldova">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Moldova" title="Category:Society of Moldova">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Moldova" title="Crime in Moldova">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Moldova" title="Demographics of Moldova">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Moldova" title="Healthcare in Moldova">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova" title="Languages of Moldova">Languages of Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Moldova" title="Culture of Moldova">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="National costume of Moldova">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Moldova" title="Public holidays in Moldova">Holidays</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_ethnic_and_linguistic_identity_in_Moldova" title="Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova">Controversy over identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Moldova" title="National symbols of Moldova">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Moldova" title="Sport in Moldova">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Moldova" title="Outline of Moldova">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Moldova" title="Outline of Moldova">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moldova" title="Category:Moldova">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Moldova" title="Portal:Moldova">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_literature" title="Template:European literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_literature" title="Template talk:European literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_literature" title="Abkhaz literature">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_literature" title="Anglo-Norman literature">Anglo-Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_literature" title="Aragonese literature">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_literature" title="Aromanian literature">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_literature" title="Asturian literature">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_literature" title="Basque literature">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_literature" title="Belgian literature">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian literature">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_literature" title="Bulgarian literature">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_literature" title="Chuvash literature">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_literature" title="Crimean Tatar literature">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_literature" title="Cypriot literature">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature" title="Czech literature">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_literature" title="Danish literature">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-language_literature" title="Dutch-language literature">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English <span style="font-size:85%;">(Anglo-Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_literature" title="Middle English literature">Middle English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_literature" title="Estonian literature">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_literature" title="Faroese literature">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_literature" title="Flemish literature">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_literature" title="Frisian literature">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_literature" title="Friulian literature">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagauz_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gagauz literature (page does not exist)">Gagauz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Гагаузская литература">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-language_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-language literature">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_literature" title="Georgian literature">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Literature of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_literature" title="Jèrriais literature">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_literature" title="Kazakh literature">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_literature" title="Kashubian literature">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo" title="Literature of Kosovo">Kosovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_literature" title="Latvian literature">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_literature" title="Lithuanian literature">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg literature">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_literature" title="Macedonian literature">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_literature" title="Maltese literature">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Montenegro">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature" title="Norwegian literature">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_literature" title="Occitan literature">Occitan <span style="font-size:85%;">(Provençal)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_literature" title="Ossetian literature">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_literature" title="Polish literature">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature" title="Romanian literature">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_literature" title="Sardinian literature">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scots-language_literature" title="Scots-language literature">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian literature (page does not exist)">Silesian</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slezsk%C3%A1_literatura" class="extiw" title="cs:Slezská literatura">cs</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_literature" title="Slovak literature">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_literature" title="Slovene literature">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature" title="Swedish literature">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus#Literature" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Turkish Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_literature" title="Venetian literature">Venetian</a></li> <li>Welsh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">in Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard literature">Western Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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