CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Wood type - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"93d35583-0535-42b6-8018-0c9716abc7a5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Wood_type","wgTitle":"Wood type","wgCurRevisionId":1254108539,"wgRevisionId":1254108539,"wgArticleId":69580890,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use British English from February 2024","Use dmy dates from August 2022","Commons category link from Wikidata","Letterpress printing","1828 introductions","Typography","Relief printing","History of printing","Wood typefaces"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Wood_type","wgRelevantArticleId":69580890, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1625629","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wood_Type_close-up_%28cropped%29.jpg/1200px-Wood_Type_close-up_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1034"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wood_Type_close-up_%28cropped%29.jpg/800px-Wood_Type_close-up_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="690"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wood_Type_close-up_%28cropped%29.jpg/640px-Wood_Type_close-up_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="552"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Wood type - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_type"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_type"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Wood_type rootpage-Wood_type skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wood+type" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wood+type" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wood+type" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wood+type" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-industrial_wood_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-industrial_wood_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Pre-industrial wood type </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-industrial_wood_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machine-cut_wood_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine-cut_wood_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Machine-cut wood type </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machine-cut_wood_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mature_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mature_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mature industry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mature_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mature industry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mature_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wood_type_sellers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_type_sellers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Wood type sellers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_type_sellers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_fonts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_fonts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Digital fonts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_fonts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wood type</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" > 2 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%CC%8Dk_ua%CC%8Dh-j%C4%AB" title="Bo̍k ua̍h-jī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bo̍k ua̍h-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holzlettern" title="Holzlettern – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Holzlettern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1625629#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wood_type" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Wood_type" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wood_type">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wood_type">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wood_type" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Wood_type" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&oldid=1254108539" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Wood_type&id=1254108539&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWood_type">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWood_type">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Wood_type&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wooden_movable_types" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1625629" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Movable type made out of wood</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For types of wood, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_Type_close-up_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wood_Type_close-up_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Wood_Type_close-up_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wood_Type_close-up_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Wood_Type_close-up_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wood_Type_close-up_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Wood_Type_close-up_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3273" data-file-height="2821" /></a><figcaption>Wood type in close-up</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">letterpress printing</a>, wood type is <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> made out of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>. First used in China for printing <a href="/wiki/Body_text" title="Body text">body text</a>, wood type became popular during the nineteenth century for making large <a href="/wiki/Display_typeface" title="Display typeface">display typefaces</a> for printing <a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">posters</a>, because it was lighter and cheaper than large sizes of <a href="/wiki/Metal_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal type">metal type</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shields_What_Is_Wood_Type-1">[1]</a> Wood has been used since the earliest days of European printing for <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> decorations and emblems, but it was not generally used for making <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> due to the difficulty of reproducing the same shape many times for printing. In the 1820s, Darius Wells introduced <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanised</a> wood type production using the powered <a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">router</a>, and William Leavenworth in 1834 added a second major innovation of using a <a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">pantograph</a> to cut a letter's shape from a pattern. This made it possible to mass-produce the same design in wood repeatedly.<a href="#cite_note-A_Short_History_of_the_Italian-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pané-Farré_Klim_Will_&_Schumacher-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heck_CG_review-6">[6]</a> Wood type was manufactured and used worldwide in the nineteenth century for display use.<a href="#cite_note-Pané-Farré_Klim_Will_&_Schumacher-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Kitching_on_Press_at_The_Guardian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alan_Kitching_on_Press_at_The_Guardian.jpg/220px-Alan_Kitching_on_Press_at_The_Guardian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alan_Kitching_on_Press_at_The_Guardian.jpg/330px-Alan_Kitching_on_Press_at_The_Guardian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alan_Kitching_on_Press_at_The_Guardian.jpg/440px-Alan_Kitching_on_Press_at_The_Guardian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5612" data-file-height="7850" /></a><figcaption>Exhibition poster by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Kitching_(typographic_artist)" title="Alan Kitching (typographic artist)">Alan Kitching</a>, who often uses wood type in his work<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></figcaption></figure> In the twentieth century <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">phototypesetting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_typesetting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital typesetting">digital typesetting</a> replaced it as a mass-market technology. It continues to be used by hobbyists and artistic printers. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-industrial_wood_type">Pre-industrial wood type</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-industrial wood type">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_printing_museum.wooden_movable_types.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Beijing_printing_museum.wooden_movable_types.jpg/220px-Beijing_printing_museum.wooden_movable_types.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Beijing_printing_museum.wooden_movable_types.jpg/330px-Beijing_printing_museum.wooden_movable_types.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Beijing_printing_museum.wooden_movable_types.jpg/440px-Beijing_printing_museum.wooden_movable_types.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4006" data-file-height="2326" /></a><figcaption>Wooden movable types in the <a href="/wiki/China_Printing_Museum" title="China Printing Museum">China Printing Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></figcaption></figure> Both in China and Europe, <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">printing from a woodblock</a> preceded printing with <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Taylor-12">[12]</a> Along with clay movable type, wooden movable type was invented in China by <a href="/wiki/Bi_Sheng" title="Bi Sheng">Bi Sheng</a> in 1040s CE/AD, although he found clay type more satisfactory, and it was first formally used to print by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(inventor)" title="Wang Zhen (inventor)">Wang Zhen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Taylor-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Wood type was hand-carved to make individual types for the <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">very large character set</a> of Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Taylor-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deng-14">[14]</a> Clay type and metal type were also used in printing in China.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-15">[15]</a> The problem with wood and clay types was that they could not be made to accurate dimensions, leading to metal type being adopted from the late fifteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-Deng-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Taylor-12">[12]</a> Manufacturing, selecting and redistributing sorts for a large character set was cumbersome, and much printing in China continued to be made from custom-cut woodblocks of entire pages of text, rather than from movable type.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Taylor-12">[12]</a> In Europe, <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printing</a> precedes European movable type printing, and the <a href="/wiki/Block_book" title="Block book">block book</a> appeared in Europe around the same time as letterpress printing.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> However, a major disadvantage of woodcut lettering is that once made by <a href="/wiki/Wood_engraving" title="Wood engraving">wood engraving</a>, it could not be easily duplicated by casting, whereas metal casting could be used to quickly create many metal copies of the same letter, and with the smaller character set of European languages it was practical to cast type for every letter needed. European printing from the beginning used cast metal type.<a href="#cite_note-Carter_view-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[a]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hendrik_van_den_Keere_La_Plus_grande_Romaine_from_Plantin_specimen_c._1585.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hendrik_van_den_Keere_La_Plus_grande_Romaine_from_Plantin_specimen_c._1585.jpg/220px-Hendrik_van_den_Keere_La_Plus_grande_Romaine_from_Plantin_specimen_c._1585.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hendrik_van_den_Keere_La_Plus_grande_Romaine_from_Plantin_specimen_c._1585.jpg/330px-Hendrik_van_den_Keere_La_Plus_grande_Romaine_from_Plantin_specimen_c._1585.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hendrik_van_den_Keere_La_Plus_grande_Romaine_from_Plantin_specimen_c._1585.jpg/440px-Hendrik_van_den_Keere_La_Plus_grande_Romaine_from_Plantin_specimen_c._1585.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3612" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption>Large display type, cut by <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_van_den_Keere" title="Hendrik van den Keere">Hendrik van den Keere</a> in wood and reproduced by sandcasting<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnschedé197834-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervlietCarter19726–11-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Plantin_1585_specimen-22">[21]</a></figcaption></figure> In European printed books, wood engraving was used for both decorations and for large lettering, like titles.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> With care, it was possible to duplicate woodblocks by <a href="/wiki/Sand_casting" title="Sand casting">casting in sand</a>, a technique known to have been used by <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_van_den_Keere" title="Hendrik van den Keere">Hendrik van den Keere</a> to create his large types.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnschedé197834-20">[19]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/John_A._Lane" title="John A. Lane">John A. Lane</a> "the duplication of woodblocks by sandcasting is documented in 1575, probably goes back further, and ... duplicated decorated initials became common in the Netherlands around 1615."<a href="#cite_note-Lane_Harmansz_2013-24">[23]</a> Large sandcast metal types for printed <a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">posters</a> became popular in London around the mid-eighteenth century. <a href="/wiki/James_Mosley" title="James Mosley">James Mosley</a> comments that "there is evidence that English typefounders only began to make big letters for posters and other commercial printing towards 1770, when <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cottrell_(typefounder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Cottrell (typefounder)">Thomas Cottrell</a> made his 'Proscription or Posting letter of great bulk and dimension' and <a href="/wiki/William_Caslon_II" class="mw-redirect" title="William Caslon II">William Caslon II</a> cast his 'Patagonian' or 'Proscription letters'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley19909-25">[24]</a> and that "there is probably a prehistory of wood types in big letters cut by hand, especially among provincial printers, but there is no evidence that wood letter was widely used until machine-cut types were introduced."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley2003113-26">[25]</a> In the early nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> became a centre of development in bold <a href="/wiki/Display_typeface" title="Display typeface">display typefaces</a>, the arrival of the printed poster spurring demand for bold new types of letter like the <a href="/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat face</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">slab serif</a>. However, these types were initially made in metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley199310-27">[26]</a> In 1810, <a href="/wiki/Caslon_Type_Foundry#The_second_Caslon_type_foundry" title="Caslon Type Foundry">William Caslon IV</a> introduced "sanspareil" <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(printing)" title="Matrix (printing)">matrices</a>, made like a stencil by cutting out the letter in sheet metal and riveting it to a backing plate. This produced much sharper type than sandcasting and was easier to use; it was quickly copied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley2003103-28">[27]</a> The large metal types produced were cast with hollows in them to reduce the weight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley2003112-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Nymph_and_the_Grot:_an_update-30">[29]</a> Mosley and <a href="/wiki/Justin_Howes" title="Justin Howes">Justin Howes</a> have documented some cases in the early nineteenth century where woodblock lettering was used shortly before metal type became available in the same styles; heavy roman types on lottery advertising before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat face</a> types,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley199310-27">[26]</a> and later a <a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">slab serif</a> woodblock a few years before the first known printing type.<a href="#cite_note-The_Nymph_and_the_Grot:_an_update-30">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austin_Foundry_1838_12_Lines_Ornamented,_No._4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Austin_Foundry_1838_12_Lines_Ornamented%2C_No._4.jpg/220px-Austin_Foundry_1838_12_Lines_Ornamented%2C_No._4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Austin_Foundry_1838_12_Lines_Ornamented%2C_No._4.jpg/330px-Austin_Foundry_1838_12_Lines_Ornamented%2C_No._4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Austin_Foundry_1838_12_Lines_Ornamented%2C_No._4.jpg/440px-Austin_Foundry_1838_12_Lines_Ornamented%2C_No._4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2361" data-file-height="1409" /></a><figcaption>Metal display type preceded mass-produced wood type, but these large, heavy metal types were only briefly popular. Austin Foundry specimen, 1838. A very similar design was issued in the 1841 specimen of George F. Nesbitt, as chromatic multi-layer wood type.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></figcaption></figure> At the start of the nineteenth century, complex decorated types and ornaments were cut in wood and metal and multiplied by methods including <a href="/wiki/Stereotype_(printing)" title="Stereotype (printing)">stereotyping</a> and "dabbing", in which a woodcut was struck into molten metal on the verge of solidifying to form a mould.<a href="#cite_note-Big_brass_matrices_1-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Big_brass_matrices_2-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mosley_Dabbing-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley19909–10-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley1993-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ornamented_types:_a_prospectus-37">[36]</a> One type foundry particularly known for decorated designs was the London foundry of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pouch%C3%A9e" title="Louis Pouchée">Louis John Pouchée</a>, active by 1818 to 1830;<a href="#cite_note-FIU_Ornamented_Types-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley1993-36">[35]</a> many of the foundry's wooden patterns are preserved.<a href="#cite_note-Ornamented_types:_a_prospectus-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pouchee’s_lost_alphabets-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[b]</a> Modern printing historians Giles Bergel and Paul Nash have experimented with the technique; Bergel reports that "perhaps the most counter-intuitive feature of the process is the fact that wooden blocks can survive direct contact with molten metal. Apart from some scorching around the edges and some cracking (perhaps made when prising them loose rather than from the heat) the blocks were undamaged and could be dabbed over and over again."<a href="#cite_note-Bergel_dabbing-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Machine-cut_wood_type">Machine-cut wood type</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Machine-cut wood type">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantograph_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pantograph_animation.gif/220px-Pantograph_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Pantograph_animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Pantograph used for scaling a picture. In wood type manufacture a cutting tool would be moved around the letter rather than a pen.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a></figcaption></figure> Modern wood type, mass-produced by machine cutting rather than hand-carved, was invented by Darius Wells (1800–1875), who published his first known catalogue in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1828.<a href="#cite_note-Shields_What_Is_Wood_Type-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196936–37-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trumbell_Paterson-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Great_Industries-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196933–34-47">[45]</a> He introduced the <a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">lateral router</a> to cut out wood type more quickly than handcarving.<a href="#cite_note-Shields_What_Is_Wood_Type-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Griffin-49">[47]</a> William Leavenworth in 1834 introduced the <a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">pantograph</a>, allowing the same form to be reproduced from a pattern, and manufactured wood type in <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_New_Jersey" title="Allentown, New Jersey">Allentown, New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leavenworth_NYPL-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> A pantograph has remained a standard way of making wood type, although several other methods have been used such as <a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">die-cutting</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider20153–5-53">[51]</a> and making the letter as a thin sheet glued to a backing material.<a href="#cite_note-Shields_What_Is_Wood_Type-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196936–37-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields202242–43-54">[52]</a> Some pages from Leavenworth's only surviving specimen, now in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>, are shown below.<a href="#cite_note-Leavenworth_NYPL-51">[49]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leavenworth_Sixteen_and_Twelve_Lines_Condensed_Gothic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Condensed Gothic (sans-serif)[c]"><img alt="Condensed Gothic (sans-serif)[c]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Leavenworth_Sixteen_and_Twelve_Lines_Condensed_Gothic.jpg/112px-Leavenworth_Sixteen_and_Twelve_Lines_Condensed_Gothic.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Leavenworth_Sixteen_and_Twelve_Lines_Condensed_Gothic.jpg/169px-Leavenworth_Sixteen_and_Twelve_Lines_Condensed_Gothic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Leavenworth_Sixteen_and_Twelve_Lines_Condensed_Gothic.jpg/225px-Leavenworth_Sixteen_and_Twelve_Lines_Condensed_Gothic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3739" data-file-height="5973" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Condensed Gothic (sans-serif)<a href="#cite_note-56">[c]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leavenworth_Twenty,_Sixteen_and_Twelve_Lines_Gothic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic (sans-serif) and chamfered Gothic types"><img alt="Gothic (sans-serif) and chamfered Gothic types" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Leavenworth_Twenty%2C_Sixteen_and_Twelve_Lines_Gothic.jpg/113px-Leavenworth_Twenty%2C_Sixteen_and_Twelve_Lines_Gothic.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Leavenworth_Twenty%2C_Sixteen_and_Twelve_Lines_Gothic.jpg/169px-Leavenworth_Twenty%2C_Sixteen_and_Twelve_Lines_Gothic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Leavenworth_Twenty%2C_Sixteen_and_Twelve_Lines_Gothic.jpg/225px-Leavenworth_Twenty%2C_Sixteen_and_Twelve_Lines_Gothic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1603" data-file-height="2560" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gothic (sans-serif) and chamfered Gothic types</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leavenworth_Italian_(reverse_contrast)_wood_type.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Italian" (reverse contrast, see below)"><img alt=""Italian" (reverse contrast, see below)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Leavenworth_Italian_%28reverse_contrast%29_wood_type.jpg/113px-Leavenworth_Italian_%28reverse_contrast%29_wood_type.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Leavenworth_Italian_%28reverse_contrast%29_wood_type.jpg/169px-Leavenworth_Italian_%28reverse_contrast%29_wood_type.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Leavenworth_Italian_%28reverse_contrast%29_wood_type.jpg/225px-Leavenworth_Italian_%28reverse_contrast%29_wood_type.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1603" data-file-height="2560" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Italian" (<a href="/wiki/Reverse-contrast_typefaces" title="Reverse-contrast typefaces">reverse contrast</a>, see below)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> Manufacturers of wood type were also established in France, Germany,<a href="#cite_note-Pané-Farré_Klim_Will_&_Schumacher-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Britain and other countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196934-58">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mature_industry">Mature industry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mature industry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Printing_from_wood_type_at_the_Hamilton_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Printing_from_wood_type_at_the_Hamilton_Museum.jpg/220px-Printing_from_wood_type_at_the_Hamilton_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Printing_from_wood_type_at_the_Hamilton_Museum.jpg/330px-Printing_from_wood_type_at_the_Hamilton_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Printing_from_wood_type_at_the_Hamilton_Museum.jpg/440px-Printing_from_wood_type_at_the_Hamilton_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Printing from wood type, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Wood_Type_and_Printing_Museum" title="Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum">Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum</a></figcaption></figure> In the mid-nineteenth century there were numerous wood type manufacturers in the United States. All the significant manufacturers were based in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>, many around New York City and in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields202238–39-59">[56]</a> The market for wood type was apparently limited and most businesses had side-lines as dealers in other printers' equipment, or making other wooden goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196961–62-60">[57]</a> One of the larger firms until the 1880s was the company of <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Page" title="William Hamilton Page">William H. Page</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Norwich,_Connecticut" title="Norwich, Connecticut">Norwich</a>, Connecticut. Wood type competed with <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">stencils</a> in the market for display typography.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mosley_Lettres_à_jour-63">[60]</a> Common type styles included the <a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">slab serif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat face</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">sans-serif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reverse-contrast_typefaces" title="Reverse-contrast typefaces">reverse-contrast</a> or "French Clarendon",<a href="#cite_note-Heller_The_Birth_of_a_Wood_Type-64">[61]</a> and other genres such as "Tuscan" (spikes on the letter), "Grecian" (<a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">chamfered</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Hoefler_Grecian-65">[62]</a> and ornamented forms.<a href="#cite_note-Thinking_with_Type_23-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> (The use of fictitious adjective names for newly invented type styles was common with wood type manufacturers but not invented by them, for example in London <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Figgins" title="Vincent Figgins">Vincent Figgins</a> had called his first slab-serif "Antique" around 1817 and the <a href="/wiki/Caslon_Type_Foundry" title="Caslon Type Foundry">Caslon foundry</a>'s first reverse contrast typeface around 1821 was given the probably fictitious name "Italian".<a href="#cite_note-A_Short_History_of_the_Italian-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scrambled_Eggs_&_Serifs-68">[65]</a>) Types were made in extreme proportions, such as ultra-bold and ultra-condensed.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coign_Medium-70">[67]</a> For Bethany Heck, "wood type in the US was pioneered by mad scientists who strained good taste and legibility in an attempt to cover the broadest range of ornament, width and weight".<a href="#cite_note-Heck_CG_review-6">[6]</a> "Chromatic" types were also made for printing <a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">colour separation</a>, showing the delicacy that could be achieved.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_page_from_Wm._H._Page_and_Co.,_Specimens_of_Wood_Type_Borders,_Rules,_%26c._(2920682750).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ornamented types, 1859 specimen, Wm. H. Page and Co."><img alt="Ornamented types, 1859 specimen, Wm. H. Page and Co." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sample_page_from_Wm._H._Page_and_Co.%2C_Specimens_of_Wood_Type_Borders%2C_Rules%2C_%26c._%282920682750%29.jpg/138px-Sample_page_from_Wm._H._Page_and_Co.%2C_Specimens_of_Wood_Type_Borders%2C_Rules%2C_%26c._%282920682750%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sample_page_from_Wm._H._Page_and_Co.%2C_Specimens_of_Wood_Type_Borders%2C_Rules%2C_%26c._%282920682750%29.jpg/208px-Sample_page_from_Wm._H._Page_and_Co.%2C_Specimens_of_Wood_Type_Borders%2C_Rules%2C_%26c._%282920682750%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sample_page_from_Wm._H._Page_and_Co.%2C_Specimens_of_Wood_Type_Borders%2C_Rules%2C_%26c._%282920682750%29.jpg/277px-Sample_page_from_Wm._H._Page_and_Co.%2C_Specimens_of_Wood_Type_Borders%2C_Rules%2C_%26c._%282920682750%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="504" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ornamented types, 1859 specimen, <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Page" title="William Hamilton Page">Wm. H. Page</a> and Co.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pointed_and_Tuscan_wood_type,_Wm._H._Page_%26_Co.,_1874_specimen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromatic colour separation Pointed and Tuscan wood type, Wm. H. Page & Co., 1874 specimen[69]"><img alt="Chromatic colour separation Pointed and Tuscan wood type, Wm. H. Page & Co., 1874 specimen[69]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pointed_and_Tuscan_wood_type%2C_Wm._H._Page_%26_Co.%2C_1874_specimen.jpg/134px-Pointed_and_Tuscan_wood_type%2C_Wm._H._Page_%26_Co.%2C_1874_specimen.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pointed_and_Tuscan_wood_type%2C_Wm._H._Page_%26_Co.%2C_1874_specimen.jpg/201px-Pointed_and_Tuscan_wood_type%2C_Wm._H._Page_%26_Co.%2C_1874_specimen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pointed_and_Tuscan_wood_type%2C_Wm._H._Page_%26_Co.%2C_1874_specimen.jpg/268px-Pointed_and_Tuscan_wood_type%2C_Wm._H._Page_%26_Co.%2C_1874_specimen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chromatic colour separation Pointed and Tuscan wood type, Wm. H. Page & Co., 1874 specimen<a href="#cite_note-Page_1874_Chromatic_specimen-72">[69]</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> Wood type had distinctive characteristics compared to metal type. The demand for novelty led to an arms race of new styles of novelty type designs, and because each type was individually cut by pantograph from a pattern, types could be offered in a wide range of sizes.<a href="#cite_note-Ulrich_From_Compressed_Light-73">[70]</a> Wood type styles were sold in a wide range of widths from condensed to ultra-wide, and Hamilton offered to supply at regular prices any width desired in between its standard widths.<a href="#cite_note-Unit_Gothic-74">[71]</a> Robert James DeLittle, the last owner of the DeLittle wood type cutters in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, explained in 2000 that sometimes very condensed letters were needed for theatre posters because "If you were more important than the other chap, your name had to be in larger letters. If you were unfortunate enough to have a long-winded name you had great difficulty in fitting it into those narrow theatrical bills."<a href="#cite_note-York_Press_old_type-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coign_Medium-70">[67]</a> As noted above, multiple types were often made for the multiple layers of a design to be printed using colour separation.<a href="#cite_note-Page_1874_Chromatic_specimen-72">[69]</a> As wood type was made for large sizes, it was often made with very narrow <a href="/wiki/Letter_spacing" title="Letter spacing">sidebearings</a> between letters, so spacing material had to be inserted to achieve the desired spacing between characters.<a href="#cite_note-Sherman_Birth_of_a_Wood_Type-76">[73]</a> Digital typeface designer Anatole Couteau comments: "in wood type...due to how the wooden blocks are cut, spacing is typically so tight that you constantly have to do kerning."<a href="#cite_note-Wälchli-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greatexpectations_vol1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Greatexpectations_vol1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Greatexpectations_vol1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Greatexpectations_vol1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Greatexpectations_vol1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Greatexpectations_vol1_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Greatexpectations_vol1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a> text types (metal type example shown) tended to use a modularised design with capitals of similar width, something copied by display types of the period.</figcaption></figure> Although apparently diverse in appearance, nineteenth century wood types tended to be ornamented variations on the same basic modularised design principles, similar to nineteenth century <a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a> text typefaces.<a href="#cite_note-Majoor_My_Type_Design_Philosophy-79">[76]</a> Nineteenth-century types were based on a system of keeping the capitals very similar in width, seen for example in the "tucked-under" leg of the R.<a href="#cite_note-Meet_Macklin-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[d]</a> This model was quite different from <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">Roman square capitals</a>, where the capitals are quite different in width.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> Wood type manufacture was particularly common in the United States, and its companies made type in other languages for export. By the 1870s, missionaries working in China had commissioned type for printing posters, and wood type was also made for Russian and Burmese for export.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196976-84">[80]</a> Besides this, American manufacturers made German blackletter, Greek and Hebrew types catering to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States#1850_to_1930" title="History of immigration to the United States">large immigrant communities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196976-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2022308-86">[82]</a> In 1880, <a href="/wiki/J._E._Hamilton" title="J. E. Hamilton">J. E. Hamilton</a> founded the Hamilton Manufacturing Company in <a href="/wiki/Two_Rivers,_Wisconsin" title="Two Rivers, Wisconsin">Two Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. His company grew rapidly to take over the American industry. Hamilton gained its initial advantage by introducing a new method of making wood type very cheaply: the wood letter was cut out and then attached to a backing of a block of cheaper wood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields202243-87">[83]</a> Around 1890, Hamilton switched to the standard router method of cutting wood type as a single block.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields202243-87">[83]</a> It also benefited from an effective distribution network and proximity to the growing western market.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields202237-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> From 1887 to 1909 it took over most of its competitors.<a href="#cite_note-Shields_What_Is_Wood_Type-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Page_Baker_letter-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cheng-91">[87]</a> It continued to make wood type until 1985.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields202237-88">[84]</a> The surviving materials from the company are now preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Wood_Type_and_Printing_Museum" title="Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum">Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum</a>, also in Two Rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Shields_What_Is_Wood_Type-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cheng-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simonson_Hamilton_tour-93">[89]</a> Some types from Hamilton are shown below: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_Katz_Blackletter_type_specimen_(27235383366).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blackletter type"><img alt="Blackletter type" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hamilton_Katz_Blackletter_type_specimen_%2827235383366%29.jpg/129px-Hamilton_Katz_Blackletter_type_specimen_%2827235383366%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hamilton_Katz_Blackletter_type_specimen_%2827235383366%29.jpg/194px-Hamilton_Katz_Blackletter_type_specimen_%2827235383366%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hamilton_Katz_Blackletter_type_specimen_%2827235383366%29.jpg/259px-Hamilton_Katz_Blackletter_type_specimen_%2827235383366%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3490" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blackletter type</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_Antique_Type_Specimen_(34534070873).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Slab serif"><img alt="Slab serif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hamilton_Antique_Type_Specimen_%2834534070873%29.jpg/130px-Hamilton_Antique_Type_Specimen_%2834534070873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hamilton_Antique_Type_Specimen_%2834534070873%29.jpg/195px-Hamilton_Antique_Type_Specimen_%2834534070873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hamilton_Antique_Type_Specimen_%2834534070873%29.jpg/261px-Hamilton_Antique_Type_Specimen_%2834534070873%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="3451" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Slab serif</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_Type_Specimen_(28876759782).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Condensed sans-serif"><img alt="Condensed sans-serif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wood_Type_Specimen_%2828876759782%29.jpg/130px-Wood_Type_Specimen_%2828876759782%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wood_Type_Specimen_%2828876759782%29.jpg/195px-Wood_Type_Specimen_%2828876759782%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wood_Type_Specimen_%2828876759782%29.jpg/261px-Wood_Type_Specimen_%2828876759782%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2541" data-file-height="3509" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Condensed sans-serif</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Slab_Serif_Wood_Type_Specimen_(26346574271).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Slab serif with curving terminals"><img alt="Slab serif with curving terminals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Slab_Serif_Wood_Type_Specimen_%2826346574271%29.jpg/130px-Slab_Serif_Wood_Type_Specimen_%2826346574271%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Slab_Serif_Wood_Type_Specimen_%2826346574271%29.jpg/195px-Slab_Serif_Wood_Type_Specimen_%2826346574271%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Slab_Serif_Wood_Type_Specimen_%2826346574271%29.jpg/261px-Slab_Serif_Wood_Type_Specimen_%2826346574271%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="3480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Slab serif with curving terminals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Narrow_Slab_Serif_wood_type_specimen_(25056803102).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""French Clarendon" (reverse-contrast)"><img alt=""French Clarendon" (reverse-contrast)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Narrow_Slab_Serif_wood_type_specimen_%2825056803102%29.jpg/130px-Narrow_Slab_Serif_wood_type_specimen_%2825056803102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Narrow_Slab_Serif_wood_type_specimen_%2825056803102%29.jpg/195px-Narrow_Slab_Serif_wood_type_specimen_%2825056803102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Narrow_Slab_Serif_wood_type_specimen_%2825056803102%29.jpg/261px-Narrow_Slab_Serif_wood_type_specimen_%2825056803102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2541" data-file-height="3509" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"French Clarendon" (reverse-contrast)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_Katz_Streamers_Type_Specimen_(24801934492).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Streamer" chromatic type, with type in front of a banner"><img alt=""Streamer" chromatic type, with type in front of a banner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hamilton_Katz_Streamers_Type_Specimen_%2824801934492%29.jpg/130px-Hamilton_Katz_Streamers_Type_Specimen_%2824801934492%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hamilton_Katz_Streamers_Type_Specimen_%2824801934492%29.jpg/195px-Hamilton_Katz_Streamers_Type_Specimen_%2824801934492%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hamilton_Katz_Streamers_Type_Specimen_%2824801934492%29.jpg/261px-Hamilton_Katz_Streamers_Type_Specimen_%2824801934492%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2541" data-file-height="3509" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Streamer" chromatic type, with type in front of a banner</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_Katz_Spurred_Tuscan_French_Clarendon_Type_Specimen_(31282437336).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuscan French Clarendon type"><img alt="Tuscan French Clarendon type" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hamilton_Katz_Spurred_Tuscan_French_Clarendon_Type_Specimen_%2831282437336%29.jpg/129px-Hamilton_Katz_Spurred_Tuscan_French_Clarendon_Type_Specimen_%2831282437336%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hamilton_Katz_Spurred_Tuscan_French_Clarendon_Type_Specimen_%2831282437336%29.jpg/194px-Hamilton_Katz_Spurred_Tuscan_French_Clarendon_Type_Specimen_%2831282437336%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hamilton_Katz_Spurred_Tuscan_French_Clarendon_Type_Specimen_%2831282437336%29.jpg/258px-Hamilton_Katz_Spurred_Tuscan_French_Clarendon_Type_Specimen_%2831282437336%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2519" data-file-height="3509" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tuscan French Clarendon type</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grecian_Type_Specimen_(25624908995).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grecian (chamfered) slab-serif type"><img alt="Grecian (chamfered) slab-serif type" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Grecian_Type_Specimen_%2825624908995%29.jpg/127px-Grecian_Type_Specimen_%2825624908995%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Grecian_Type_Specimen_%2825624908995%29.jpg/191px-Grecian_Type_Specimen_%2825624908995%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Grecian_Type_Specimen_%2825624908995%29.jpg/255px-Grecian_Type_Specimen_%2825624908995%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2467" data-file-height="3487" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grecian (<a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">chamfered</a>) slab-serif type</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evening_News_placard_Versailles_Treaty_signed_June_28_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Evening_News_placard_Versailles_Treaty_signed_June_28_1919.jpg/220px-Evening_News_placard_Versailles_Treaty_signed_June_28_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Evening_News_placard_Versailles_Treaty_signed_June_28_1919.jpg/330px-Evening_News_placard_Versailles_Treaty_signed_June_28_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Evening_News_placard_Versailles_Treaty_signed_June_28_1919.jpg/440px-Evening_News_placard_Versailles_Treaty_signed_June_28_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>News placard marking the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></figcaption></figure> According to S. L. Righyni, in the late <a href="/wiki/Inter-war_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-war period">inter-war period</a> in Britain, the standard letterform on newsbills posted by <a href="/wiki/Newsagent%27s_shop" title="Newsagent's shop">newsagents</a> was "the sans-serif wooden letter-form", especially bold condensed sans-serifs from <a href="/wiki/Stephenson_Blake" title="Stephenson Blake">Stephenson Blake</a>, although the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> used Winchester Bold and <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> had a custom design similar to <a href="/wiki/Kabel_(typeface)" title="Kabel (typeface)">Kabel Bold Condensed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Righyni-94">[90]</a> (Although wood type was used for news bills and posters, large newspaper headlines were rare in British newspaper printing until well into the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood_type_sellers">Wood type sellers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wood type sellers">edit</a>]</div> United States <ul><li>Darius Wells<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196936–37-44">[42]</a></li> <li>W. Leavenworth<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196937-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leavenworth_NYPL-51">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Page" title="William Hamilton Page">William H. Page</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196943–44-97">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._Hamilton" title="J. E. Hamilton">Hamilton</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196947–49-98">[94]</a></li></ul> United Kingdom <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnston_Letters_(34228414755).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Johnston_Letters_%2834228414755%29.jpg/220px-Johnston_Letters_%2834228414755%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Johnston_Letters_%2834228414755%29.jpg/330px-Johnston_Letters_%2834228414755%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Johnston_Letters_%2834228414755%29.jpg/440px-Johnston_Letters_%2834228414755%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3783" data-file-height="5675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johnston_(typeface)" title="Johnston (typeface)">Johnston</a> wood type, the corporate typeface of the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> system, with a <a href="/wiki/Humanist_sans-serif" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist sans-serif">humanist sans-serif</a> design different to nineteenth-century grotesque wood types. The wood type is locked in a <a href="/wiki/Chase_(printing)" title="Chase (printing)">chase</a> used for printing with spacing materials</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_Archive" title="Type Archive">DeLittle</a><a href="#cite_note-Bolton_DeLittle-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caslon_Type_Foundry" title="Caslon Type Foundry">H. W. Caslon</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a></li> <li>H. M. Sellers<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens,_Shanks_%26_Sons_Ltd." title="Stevens, Shanks & Sons Ltd.">Stevens Shanks</a></li> <li>Day & Collins<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_Blake" title="Stephenson Blake">Stephenson Blake</a><a href="#cite_note-Righyni-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a></li></ul> Germany <ul><li>Will & Schumacher, later Sachs & Co.<a href="#cite_note-Pané-Farré_Klim_Will_&_Schumacher-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mānuka_Sowersby-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-W&S_specimen-106">[102]</a></li></ul> France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deberny_%26_Peignot" title="Deberny & Peignot">Deberny & Peignot</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly19697-107">[103]</a></li></ul> Switzerland <ul><li>Roman Scherer<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a></li></ul> Brazil <ul><li>Funtimod<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a></li></ul> India <ul><li>Diamond Wooden Type Works<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_technology">Legacy technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy technology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HWT_American_Chromatic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HWT_American_Chromatic.png/220px-HWT_American_Chromatic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HWT_American_Chromatic.png/330px-HWT_American_Chromatic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HWT_American_Chromatic.png/440px-HWT_American_Chromatic.png 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>HWT American Chromatic, a digital font published by the Hamilton Wood Type museum with <a href="/wiki/P22_(type_foundry)" title="P22 (type foundry)">P22</a> based on its collection</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribune_Show_Print_posters,_Indiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tribune_Show_Print_posters%2C_Indiana.jpg/220px-Tribune_Show_Print_posters%2C_Indiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tribune_Show_Print_posters%2C_Indiana.jpg/330px-Tribune_Show_Print_posters%2C_Indiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tribune_Show_Print_posters%2C_Indiana.jpg/440px-Tribune_Show_Print_posters%2C_Indiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>Wood type posters printed by Tribune Showprint, Indiana, pictured in 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Clarendon_wood_type.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/French_Clarendon_wood_type.jpg/220px-French_Clarendon_wood_type.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/French_Clarendon_wood_type.jpg/330px-French_Clarendon_wood_type.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/French_Clarendon_wood_type.jpg/440px-French_Clarendon_wood_type.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>French Clarendon wood type at the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Wood_Type_and_Printing_Museum" title="Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum">Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war period</a>, wood type poster printing was displaced by new technologies like <a href="/wiki/Offset_lithography" class="mw-redirect" title="Offset lithography">offset lithography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">phototypesetting</a>. Reproductions of wood type with their resonance of times past were offered by phototypesetting companies such as <a href="/wiki/Photo-Lettering_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Photo-Lettering Inc.">Photo-Lettering Inc.</a> and Haber Typographers, and used in the 1960s by designers such as <a href="/wiki/Bob_Cato" title="Bob Cato">Bob Cato</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Berg_(art_director)" title="John Berg (art director)">John Berg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Paula_Scher" title="Paula Scher">Paula Scher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louise_Fili" title="Louise Fili">Louise Fili</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hoefler_Hamilton_talk-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> Wood type has remained in use longer in India, where as of 2024 it continued to be used for printing <a href="/wiki/Shopping_bag" title="Shopping bag">shopping bags</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> Artistic printers like <a href="/wiki/Jack_Stauffacher" title="Jack Stauffacher">Jack Stauffacher</a> and retro print shops such as <a href="/wiki/Hatch_Show_Print" title="Hatch Show Print">Hatch Show Print</a> carried on using wood type, finding that it was a cheap way to achieve creative effects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly19697–8-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Introducing_Konop-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> (For wood type historian <a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_Kelly" title="Rob Roy Kelly">Rob Roy Kelly</a>, the aesthetic quality of wood type manufacturers declined in the twentieth century; Nick Sherman and Frode Helland have commented on a staggeringly bad rendition of <a href="/wiki/Futura_(typeface)" title="Futura (typeface)">Futura</a> in Hamilton's 1951 specimen that features inconsistent stroke weights, the dot on the i and j at different heights, and the 8 in the specimen printed upside down.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-124">[e]</a> The use of wood type styles is commonly associated with the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American Frontier</a> or "Wild West". These typefaces are seen as classic western <a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a>. This is because of its cinematic and decorative appearance: wood type style-lettering was very popular in <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Westerns</a> giving it an association with the American west, and are used frequently to depict that aesthetic, from <a href="/wiki/Theme_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme park">theme parks</a> to bars.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_Kelly" title="Rob Roy Kelly">Rob Roy Kelly</a>, an American graphic design teacher, became interested in the history of wood type and built up a large collection from sources like old print shops and printers' families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly19697-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> He published a history of the industry, American Wood Type, 1828–1900 in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1969-128">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoefler_Treasury_of_Wood_Type_Online-129">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoefler_Curved,_Pointy_types-130">[125]</a> His collection, now at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RRK_collection-131">[126]</a> has been studied by other historians of wood type such as David Shields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2022-132">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Muster_Hundreds-134">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heller_Shields-136">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_fonts">Digital fonts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Digital fonts">edit</a>]</div> Many <a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">digital fonts</a> based on wood type display faces have been published, benefiting from the plentiful source material and accessibility of images, for example Kelly's book.<a href="#cite_note-Heck_CG_review-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoefler_Hamilton_talk-113">[109]</a> For example, when <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Inc">Adobe</a> were developing <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Originals" title="Adobe Originals">a line of original typefaces</a> in the early 1990s they created a large number of digital fonts based on wood types using proofs supplied by Kelly, which were named after types of tree.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> There is minimal surviving evidence of the first printing methods, but the opinion of historians such as <a href="/wiki/Talbot_Baines_Reed" title="Talbot Baines Reed">Talbot Baines Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_F._Johnson" title="Alfred F. Johnson">Alfred F. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Carter_(typographer)" title="Harry Carter (typographer)">Harry Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Mosley" title="James Mosley">James Mosley</a> is that the earliest printing methods were very similar to those used in metal type until mechanisation in the nineteenth century, using <a href="/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">punches</a>, matrices and moulds to make and cast metal type.<a href="#cite_note-Carter_view-17">[17]</a> It has been suggested sometimes by historians such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Needham_(librarian)" title="Paul Needham (librarian)">Paul Needham</a> that in early printing other methods were used such as casting stereotype plates in plaster, which has itself been disputed by <a href="/wiki/James_Mosley" title="James Mosley">James Mosley</a> who has suggested an alternative explanation of type being bound together with wire; in any case it is certain that no alternative method lasted long in use, and that in European printing from metal type was the norm.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Some websites have assumed that Pouchée engraved these faces himself. This is unlikely to be correct as he was not an engraver but a businessman, he was the owner of a restaurant and then a coal merchant before he became a typefounder. The blocks do not have any engravers' names on them; Mosley assumes that they are the work of multiple engravers based on the mixture of styles and notes that a few similar hand-carved wooden types have come to light in England from other sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley1993-36">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> This type has been digitised by Barbara Lind for <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a> as Poplar.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> In Tubbs' Uniform Set Gothic type, a full specimen of which is not known to survive, an advert seems to claim that all the capital letters had the same width apart from I and M and W (the latter two themselves the same width), although it did claim that its manufacturing methods were unique.<a href="#cite_note-Unit_Gothic-74">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Not a unique criticism: Eva Silvertant comments of the H. M. Sellers 1965 specimen that "some wood-type faces look like they're cut from memory...[it] isn't ‘quite' Gill Sans Bold."<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shields_What_Is_Wood_Type-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shields_What_Is_Wood_Type_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shields_What_Is_Wood_Type_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shields_What_Is_Wood_Type_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shields_What_Is_Wood_Type_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shields_What_Is_Wood_Type_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shields_What_Is_Wood_Type_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShields" class="citation web cs1">Shields, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woodtype.org/pages/what-is-wood-type">"What Is Wood Type?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Wood_Type_and_Printing_Museum" title="Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum">Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120040115/https://woodtype.org/pages/what-is-wood-type">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Wood+Type%3F&rft.pub=Hamilton+Wood+Type+and+Printing+Museum&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwoodtype.org%2Fpages%2Fwhat-is-wood-type&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Short_History_of_the_Italian-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Short_History_of_the_Italian_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Short_History_of_the_Italian_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2008" class="citation journal cs1">Shields, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodtyperesearch.com/short-history-of-the-italian/">"A Short History of the Italian"</a>. Ultrabold: The Journal of St Bride Library (4): 22–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119042111/http://www.woodtyperesearch.com/short-history-of-the-italian/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultrabold%3A+The+Journal+of+St+Bride+Library&rft.atitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Italian&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=22-27&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodtyperesearch.com%2Fshort-history-of-the-italian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIchiyama" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ichiyama" title="Dennis Ichiyama">Ichiyama, Dennis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stbride.org/friends/conference/badtype/wood-type.html">"2004 Friends of St Bride conference proceedings: How wood type tamed the west"</a>. Stbride.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111225059/http://stbride.org/friends/conference/badtype/wood-type.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2004+Friends+of+St+Bride+conference+proceedings%3A+How+wood+type+tamed+the+west&rft.pub=Stbride.org&rft.aulast=Ichiyama&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstbride.org%2Ffriends%2Fconference%2Fbadtype%2Fwood-type.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildwestweb.net/reward.html">"Old West Reward Posters"</a>. Wildwestweb.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111222403/http://www.wildwestweb.net/reward.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+West+Reward+Posters&rft.pub=Wildwestweb.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildwestweb.net%2Freward.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pané-Farré_Klim_Will_&_Schumacher-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pané-Farré_Klim_Will_&_Schumacher_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pané-Farré_Klim_Will_&_Schumacher_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pané-Farré_Klim_Will_&_Schumacher_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pané-Farré_Klim_Will_&_Schumacher_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPané-Farré2021" class="citation web cs1">Pané-Farré, Pierre (8 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klim.co.nz/blog/case-will-schumacher/">"The case of Will & Schumacher"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Klim_Type_Foundry" title="Klim Type Foundry">Klim Type Foundry</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224012333/https://klim.co.nz/blog/case-will-schumacher/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+case+of+Will+%26+Schumacher&rft.pub=Klim+Type+Foundry&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft.aulast=Pan%C3%A9-Farr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklim.co.nz%2Fblog%2Fcase-will-schumacher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heck_CG_review-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heck_CG_review_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heck_CG_review_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heck_CG_review_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeck2018" class="citation web cs1">Heck, Bethany (25 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fontreviewjournal.com/champion-gothic/">"Champion Gothic"</a>. Font Review Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816192541/http://fontreviewjournal.com/champion-gothic/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Font+Review+Journal&rft.atitle=Champion+Gothic&rft.date=2018-08-25&rft.aulast=Heck&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffontreviewjournal.com%2Fchampion-gothic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPires2016" class="citation web cs1">Pires, Candice (2 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/apr/02/a-z-living-typographer-alan-kitching-home-letterpress">"A-Z living: an inside look at typographer Alan Kitching's home"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616215802/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/apr/02/a-z-living-typographer-alan-kitching-home-letterpress">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A-Z+living%3A+an+inside+look+at+typographer+Alan+Kitching%27s+home&rft.date=2016-04-02&rft.aulast=Pires&rft.aufirst=Candice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2016%2Fapr%2F02%2Fa-z-living-typographer-alan-kitching-home-letterpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itsnicethat.com/features/alan-kitching-life-in-letterpress-typography-300316">""I always try to have some logic to the job, to the work": we interview letterpress legend Alan Kitching"</a>. It's Nice That. 31 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625024623/http://www.itsnicethat.com/features/alan-kitching-life-in-letterpress-typography-300316">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=It%27s+Nice+That&rft.atitle=%22I+always+try+to+have+some+logic+to+the+job%2C+to+the+work%22%3A+we+interview+letterpress+legend+Alan+Kitching&rft.date=2016-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itsnicethat.com%2Ffeatures%2Falan-kitching-life-in-letterpress-typography-300316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.newspaperclub.com/2015/03/04/alan-kitching-on-press-at-the-guardian/">"Alan Kitching on Press at The Guardian | Newspaper Club"</a>. blog.newspaperclub.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701065526/http://blog.newspaperclub.com/2015/03/04/alan-kitching-on-press-at-the-guardian/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog.newspaperclub.com&rft.atitle=Alan+Kitching+on+Press+at+The+Guardian+%7C+Newspaper+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.newspaperclub.com%2F2015%2F03%2F04%2Falan-kitching-on-press-at-the-guardian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatersKitching2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Walters" title="John L. Walters">Waters, John L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Kitching_(typographic_artist)" title="Alan Kitching (typographic artist)">Kitching, Alan</a> (2016). A life in letterpress. Lawrence King. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780674810" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780674810"><bdi>978-1780674810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+life+in+letterpress&rft.pub=Lawrence+King&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1780674810&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft.au=Kitching%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair2016" class="citation web cs1">Sinclair, Mark (22 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701041813/http://www.creativereview.co.uk/cr-blog/2016/april/alan-kitching-a-life-in-letterpress-exhibition/">"Alan Kitching a life in Letterpress"</a>. Creative Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creativereview.co.uk/cr-blog/2016/april/alan-kitching-a-life-in-letterpress-exhibition/">the original</a> on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Creative+Review&rft.atitle=Alan+Kitching+a+life+in+Letterpress&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativereview.co.uk%2Fcr-blog%2F2016%2Fapril%2Falan-kitching-a-life-in-letterpress-exhibition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_&_Taylor-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Taylor_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Taylor_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Taylor_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Taylor_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Taylor_12-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorTaylor1995" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Insup; Taylor, Martin M. (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WDw4gBaPjZgC&pg=PA157">Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and Japanese</a>. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1794-3"><bdi>978-90-272-1794-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815105326/https://books.google.com/books?id=WDw4gBaPjZgC&pg=PA157">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+and+Literacy+in+Chinese%2C+Korean+and+Japanese&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-272-1794-3&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Insup&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Martin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWDw4gBaPjZgC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLu2014" class="citation book cs1">Lu, Yongxiang (10 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d__HBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">A History of Chinese Science and Technology: Volume 2</a>. Springer. pp. 214–220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-44166-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-44166-4"><bdi>978-3-662-44166-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815105325/https://books.google.com/books?id=d__HBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Science+and+Technology%3A+Volume+2&rft.pages=214-220&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft.isbn=978-3-662-44166-4&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Yongxiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd__HBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deng-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deng_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deng_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng2011" class="citation book cs1">Deng, Yinke (3 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EeVPT6UAk3EC&pg=PA23">Ancient Chinese Inventions</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18692-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18692-6"><bdi>978-0-521-18692-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815105325/https://books.google.com/books?id=EeVPT6UAk3EC&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Chinese+Inventions&rft.pages=23-26&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.isbn=978-0-521-18692-6&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Yinke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEeVPT6UAk3EC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson" title="Endymion Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Endymion Porter</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&pg=PA449">Chinese History: A Manual</a>. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 449–453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4"><bdi>978-0-674-00249-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815105326/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&pg=PA449">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+Manual&rft.pages=449-453&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ+Asia+Center&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00249-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERnrQq0bsPYC%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowleyWilliamson2007" class="citation book cs1">Cowley, Des; Williamson, Claire (2007). The World of the Book. The Miegunyah Press. pp. 19–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780522853780" title="Special:BookSources/9780522853780"><bdi>9780522853780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Book&rft.pages=19-22&rft.pub=The+Miegunyah+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780522853780&rft.aulast=Cowley&rft.aufirst=Des&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter_view-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_view_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_view_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2008" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Harry (2008). A View of Early Typography Up to About 1600. Hyphen Press. pp. 6–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780907259213" title="Special:BookSources/9780907259213"><bdi>9780907259213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+View+of+Early+Typography+Up+to+About+1600&rft.pages=6-12&rft.pub=Hyphen+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780907259213&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley" class="citation web cs1">Mosley, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2007/06/fallen-and-threaded-types.html">"Fallen and threaded types"</a>. Type Foundry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703222939/https://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2007/06/fallen-and-threaded-types.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Type+Foundry&rft.atitle=Fallen+and+threaded+types&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftypefoundry.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F06%2Ffallen-and-threaded-types.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnschedé197834-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnschedé197834_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnschedé197834_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnschedé1978">Enschedé 1978</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervlietCarter19726–11-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervlietCarter19726–11_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVervlietCarter1972">Vervliet & Carter 1972</a>, pp. 6–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Plantin_1585_specimen-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Plantin_1585_specimen_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dams.antwerpen.be/asset/kWGcJUZTdWHXZCXRUEhf1zXy">[Specimen characterum]</a>. Christophe Plantin. c. 1585. Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5BSpecimen+characterum%5D&rft.pub=Christophe+Plantin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdams.antwerpen.be%2Fasset%2FkWGcJUZTdWHXZCXRUEhf1zXy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVervliet2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._D._L._Vervliet" title="H. D. L. Vervliet">Vervliet, Hendrik D. L.</a> (2008). The palaeotypography of the French Renaissance : selected papers on sixteenth-century typefaces. Leiden: Brill. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004169821" title="Special:BookSources/9789004169821"><bdi>9789004169821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+palaeotypography+of+the+French+Renaissance+%3A+selected+papers+on+sixteenth-century+typefaces&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004169821&rft.aulast=Vervliet&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+D.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lane_Harmansz_2013-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Lane_Harmansz_2013_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Lane" title="John A. Lane">Lane, John A.</a> (27 June 2013). "The Printing Office of Gerrit Harmansz van Riemsdijck, Israël Abrahamsz de Paull, Abraham Olofsz, Andries Pietersz, Jan Claesz Groenewoudt & Elizabeth Abrahams Wiaer c.1660–1709". <a href="/wiki/Quaerendo" title="Quaerendo">Quaerendo</a>. 43 (4): 311–439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700690-12341283">10.1163/15700690-12341283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaerendo&rft.atitle=The+Printing+Office+of+Gerrit+Harmansz+van+Riemsdijck%2C+Isra%C3%ABl+Abrahamsz+de+Paull%2C+Abraham+Olofsz%2C+Andries+Pietersz%2C+Jan+Claesz+Groenewoudt+%26+Elizabeth+Abrahams+Wiaer+c.1660%E2%80%931709&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=311-439&rft.date=2013-06-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700690-12341283&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley19909-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley19909_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMosley1990">Mosley 1990</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley2003113-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley2003113_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMosley2003">Mosley 2003</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley199310-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley199310_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley199310_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMosley1993">Mosley 1993</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley2003103-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley2003103_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMosley2003">Mosley 2003</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley2003112-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley2003112_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMosley2003">Mosley 2003</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nymph_and_the_Grot:_an_update-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nymph_and_the_Grot:_an_update_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nymph_and_the_Grot:_an_update_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mosley" title="James Mosley">Mosley, James</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://typefoundry.blogspot.co.uk/2007/01/nymph-and-grot-update.html">"The Nymph and the Grot: an Update"</a>. Typefoundry blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019045325/http://typefoundry.blogspot.co.uk/2007/01/nymph-and-grot-update.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Typefoundry+blog&rft.atitle=The+Nymph+and+the+Grot%3A+an+Update&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftypefoundry.blogspot.co.uk%2F2007%2F01%2Fnymph-and-grot-update.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields" class="citation web cs1">Shields, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CnZvgwzrcGr/">"George Fash Nesbitt was born 214 years ago on January 13, 1809...Nesbitt's 1841 wood type specimen catalog remains the first know example showing chromatics. The Butler Library at Columbia University holds the only known surviving copy of the 1841 catalog"</a>. Instagram. Retrieved 9 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instagram&rft.atitle=George+Fash+Nesbitt+was+born+214+years+ago+on+January+13%2C+1809...Nesbitt%27s+1841+wood+type+specimen+catalog+remains+the+first+know+example+showing+chromatics.+The+Butler+Library+at+Columbia+University+holds+the+only+known+surviving+copy+of+the+1841+catalog.&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fp%2FCnZvgwzrcGr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Big_brass_matrices_1-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Big_brass_matrices_1_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley" class="citation web cs1">Mosley, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typefoundry.blogspot.co.uk/2007/03/brass-matrices-mystery-resolved.html">"Big brass matrices: a mystery resolved?"</a>. Type Foundry (blog). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006012232/http://typefoundry.blogspot.co.uk/2007/03/brass-matrices-mystery-resolved.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Type+Foundry+%28blog%29&rft.atitle=Big+brass+matrices%3A+a+mystery+resolved%3F&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftypefoundry.blogspot.co.uk%2F2007%2F03%2Fbrass-matrices-mystery-resolved.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Big_brass_matrices_2-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Big_brass_matrices_2_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley" class="citation web cs1">Mosley, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typefoundry.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/big-brass-matrices-again-ensched.html">"Big brass matrices again: the Enschedé 'Chalcographia' type"</a>. Type Foundry (blog). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006012028/http://typefoundry.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/big-brass-matrices-again-ensched.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Type+Foundry+%28blog%29&rft.atitle=Big+brass+matrices+again%3A+the+Ensched%C3%A9+%27Chalcographia%27+type&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftypefoundry.blogspot.co.uk%2F2008%2F03%2Fbig-brass-matrices-again-ensched.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mosley_Dabbing-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Mosley_Dabbing_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley" class="citation web cs1">Mosley, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typefoundry.blogspot.co.uk/2006/01/dabbing-abklatschen-clichage.html">"Dabbing, abklatschen, clichage..."</a> Type Foundry (blog). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114190417/http://typefoundry.blogspot.co.uk/2006/01/dabbing-abklatschen-clichage.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Type+Foundry+%28blog%29&rft.atitle=Dabbing%2C+abklatschen%2C+clichage...&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftypefoundry.blogspot.co.uk%2F2006%2F01%2Fdabbing-abklatschen-clichage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley19909–10-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley19909–10_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMosley1990">Mosley 1990</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley1993-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley1993_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley1993_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley1993_36-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMosley1993">Mosley 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ornamented_types:_a_prospectus-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ornamented_types:_a_prospectus_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ornamented_types:_a_prospectus_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083754/http://imimprimit.com/wp-content/uploads/Prospectus-all-cropped-small.pdf">"Ornamented types: a prospectus"</a> (PDF). imimprimit. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imimprimit.com/wp-content/uploads/Prospectus-all-cropped-small.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ornamented+types%3A+a+prospectus&rft.pub=imimprimit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimimprimit.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FProspectus-all-cropped-small.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIU_Ornamented_Types-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FIU_Ornamented_Types_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColes2016" class="citation web cs1">Coles, Stephen (7 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fontsinuse.com/uses/12698/ornamented-types-introduction-and-prospectus">"Ornamented Types Introduction and Prospectus"</a>. Fonts in Use. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fonts+in+Use&rft.atitle=Ornamented+Types+Introduction+and+Prospectus&rft.date=2016-05-07&rft.aulast=Coles&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffontsinuse.com%2Fuses%2F12698%2Fornamented-types-introduction-and-prospectus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pouchee’s_lost_alphabets-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Pouchee’s_lost_alphabets_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaines" class="citation web cs1">Daines, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/pouchees-lost-alphabets">"Pouchee's lost alphabets"</a>. Eye Magazine. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eye+Magazine&rft.atitle=Pouchee%27s+lost+alphabets&rft.aulast=Daines&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyemagazine.com%2Ffeature%2Farticle%2Fpouchees-lost-alphabets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oa.letterformarchive.org/item?workID=lfa_antiquarianfacsimile_0008">"Ornamented Types"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Letterform_Archive" title="Letterform Archive">Letterform Archive</a>. Retrieved 17 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ornamented+Types&rft.pub=Letterform+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foa.letterformarchive.org%2Fitem%3FworkID%3Dlfa_antiquarianfacsimile_0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergel_dabbing-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Bergel_dabbing_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergel2016" class="citation web cs1">Bergel, Giles (4 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.printing-machine.org/notes/2016/6/4/printing-cliches">"Printing cliches"</a>. Printing Machine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806112715/http://www.printing-machine.org/notes/2016/6/4/printing-cliches">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Printing+Machine&rft.atitle=Printing+cliches&rft.date=2016-06-04&rft.aulast=Bergel&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.printing-machine.org%2Fnotes%2F2016%2F6%2F4%2Fprinting-cliches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2018" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Scott (17 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaIXpuhRqVg">"Cutting New Wood Type With a Historic Pantograph"</a>. YouTube. <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_District_Library" title="Ann Arbor District Library">Ann Arbor District Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627045354/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaIXpuhRqVg">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Cutting+New+Wood+Type+With+a+Historic+Pantograph&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DzaIXpuhRqVg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196936–37-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly196936–37_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly196936–37_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly196936–37_44-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1969">Kelly 1969</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Trumbell_Paterson-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Trumbell_Paterson_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrumbell1882" class="citation book cs1">Trumbell, Levi R. (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVllwsDxxV8C&pg=PA286">A History of Industrial Paterson: Being a Compendium of the Establishment, Growth and Present Status in Paterson, N.J., of the Silk, Cotton, Flax, Locomotive, Iron and Miscellaneous Industries : Together with Outlines of State, County and Local History, Corporate Records, Biographical Sketches, Incidents of Manufacture, Interesting Facts and Valuable Statistics</a>. Higginson Book Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8328-6070-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8328-6070-6"><bdi>978-0-8328-6070-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815105326/https://books.google.com/books?id=rVllwsDxxV8C&pg=PA286">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Industrial+Paterson%3A+Being+a+Compendium+of+the+Establishment%2C+Growth+and+Present+Status+in+Paterson%2C+N.J.%2C+of+the+Silk%2C+Cotton%2C+Flax%2C+Locomotive%2C+Iron+and+Miscellaneous+Industries+%3A+Together+with+Outlines+of+State%2C+County+and+Local+History%2C+Corporate+Records%2C+Biographical+Sketches%2C+Incidents+of+Manufacture%2C+Interesting+Facts+and+Valuable+Statistics&rft.pub=Higginson+Book+Company&rft.date=1882&rft.isbn=978-0-8328-6070-6&rft.aulast=Trumbell&rft.aufirst=Levi+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVllwsDxxV8C%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Great_Industries-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Great_Industries_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l5RZAJyw7VwC&pg=PA1265">The Great Industries of the United States: Being an Historical Summary of the Origin, Growth and Perfection of the Chief Industrial Arts of this Country: by Horace Greeley ... and Other Eminent Writers, Etc</a>. Hartford: J. B. Burr & Hyde. 1872. pp. 1265–1271. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815105326/https://books.google.com/books?id=l5RZAJyw7VwC&pg=PA1265">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Industries+of+the+United+States%3A+Being+an+Historical+Summary+of+the+Origin%2C+Growth+and+Perfection+of+the+Chief+Industrial+Arts+of+this+Country%3A+by+Horace+Greeley+...+and+Other+Eminent+Writers%2C+Etc&rft.place=Hartford&rft.pages=1265-1271&rft.pub=J.+B.+Burr+%26+Hyde&rft.date=1872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl5RZAJyw7VwC%26pg%3DPA1265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196933–34-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly196933–34_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1969">Kelly 1969</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaytonNelson1882" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, W. Woodford; Nelson, William, eds. (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDEUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA489">History of Bergen and Passaic Counties, New Jersey: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men</a>. Everts & Peck. p. 489. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815105326/https://books.google.com/books?id=zDEUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA489">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Bergen+and+Passaic+Counties%2C+New+Jersey%3A+With+Biographical+Sketches+of+Many+of+Its+Pioneers+and+Prominent+Men&rft.pages=489&rft.pub=Everts+%26+Peck&rft.date=1882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzDEUAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2021" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Dori (30 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZBTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">Type Specimens: A Visual History of Typesetting and Printing</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-11662-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-11662-7"><bdi>978-1-350-11662-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815105327/https://books.google.com/books?id=oZBTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Type+Specimens%3A+A+Visual+History+of+Typesetting+and+Printing&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft.isbn=978-1-350-11662-7&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Dori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZBTEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kgZJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA440">Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia: A Scientific and Popular Treasury of Useful Knowledge</a>. A. J. Johnson. 1886. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220802201904/https://books.google.com/books?id=kgZJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA440">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johnson%27s+Universal+Cyclopaedia%3A+A+Scientific+and+Popular+Treasury+of+Useful+Knowledge&rft.pub=A.+J.+Johnson&rft.date=1886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkgZJAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leavenworth_NYPL-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leavenworth_NYPL_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leavenworth_NYPL_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leavenworth_NYPL_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/specimen-of-leavenworths-patent-wood-type-manufactured-by-jm-debow-allentown-nj#/?tab=about">Specimen of Leavenworth's patent wood type, manufactured by J. M. Debow</a>. Allentown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713083449/https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/specimen-of-leavenworths-patent-wood-type-manufactured-by-jm-debow-allentown-nj#/?tab=about">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specimen+of+Leavenworth%27s+patent+wood+type%2C+manufactured+by+J.+M.+Debow&rft.place=Allentown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.nypl.org%2Fcollections%2Fspecimen-of-leavenworths-patent-wood-type-manufactured-by-jm-debow-allentown-nj%23%2F%3Ftab%3Dabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeavenworth1873" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elias_W._Leavenworth" title="Elias W. Leavenworth">Leavenworth, Elias W.</a> (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ShoxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA239">A Genealogy of the Leavenworth Family in the United States: With Historical Introduction, Etc</a>. S. G. Hitchcock & Company. pp. 239–240. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815105332/https://books.google.com/books?id=ShoxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA239">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Genealogy+of+the+Leavenworth+Family+in+the+United+States%3A+With+Historical+Introduction%2C+Etc&rft.pages=239-240&rft.pub=S.+G.+Hitchcock+%26+Company&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Leavenworth&rft.aufirst=Elias+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DShoxAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider20153–5-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider20153–5_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchneider2015">Schneider 2015</a>, pp. 3–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields202242–43-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields202242–43_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2022">Shields 2022</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fonts.adobe.com/fonts/poplar">"Poplar"</a>. Adobe Fonts. <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adobe+Fonts&rft.atitle=Poplar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffonts.adobe.com%2Ffonts%2Fpoplar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPané-Farré" class="citation web cs1">Pané-Farré, Pierre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mnemosyne.esad-amiens.fr/manifest.php?id=19">"Panorama : A reassesment [sic] of 19th century poster type"</a>. École supérieure d'art et de design d'Amiens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815105329/https://mnemosyne.esad-amiens.fr/manifest.php?id=19">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panorama+%3A+A+reassesment%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+of+19th+century+poster+type&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+sup%C3%A9rieure+d%27art+et+de+design+d%27Amiens&rft.aulast=Pan%C3%A9-Farr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmnemosyne.esad-amiens.fr%2Fmanifest.php%3Fid%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196934-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly196934_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1969">Kelly 1969</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields202238–39-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields202238–39_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2022">Shields 2022</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196961–62-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly196961–62_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1969">Kelly 1969</a>, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMillan" class="citation web cs1">MacMillan, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.circuitousroot.com/artifice/letters/press/typemaking/history/no-type-designers/index.html">"Why No "Type Designers" Here?"</a>. Circuitous Root. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924190844/http://www.circuitousroot.com/artifice/letters/press/typemaking/history/no-type-designers/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Circuitous+Root&rft.atitle=Why+No+%22Type+Designers%22+Here%3F&rft.aulast=MacMillan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.circuitousroot.com%2Fartifice%2Fletters%2Fpress%2Ftypemaking%2Fhistory%2Fno-type-designers%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPané-Farré2020" class="citation web cs1">Pané-Farré, Pierre (6 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFwtwmFX4fg">"Type Design Prize: Affichen-Schriften FSL Pierre Pané-Farré"</a>. YouTube. Tokyo TDC. Retrieved 8 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Type+Design+Prize%3A+Affichen-Schriften+FSL+Pierre+Pan%C3%A9-Farr%C3%A9&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft.aulast=Pan%C3%A9-Farr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQFwtwmFX4fg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mosley_Lettres_à_jour-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Mosley_Lettres_à_jour_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley" class="citation web cs1">Mosley, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2010/03/lettres-jour-public-stencil-lettering.html">"Lettres à jour: public stencil lettering in France"</a>. Typefoundry (blog). Retrieved 8 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Typefoundry+%28blog%29&rft.atitle=Lettres+%C3%A0+jour%3A+public+stencil+lettering+in+France&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftypefoundry.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F03%2Flettres-jour-public-stencil-lettering.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heller_The_Birth_of_a_Wood_Type-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Heller_The_Birth_of_a_Wood_Type_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2017" class="citation web cs1">Heller, Steven (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.printmag.com/daily-heller/birth-wood-type-brylski/">"The Birth of a Wood Type"</a>. Print. Retrieved 9 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Print&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+a+Wood+Type&rft.date=2017-06&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.printmag.com%2Fdaily-heller%2Fbirth-wood-type-brylski%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoefler_Grecian-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoefler_Grecian_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoefler" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hoefler" title="Jonathan Hoefler">Hoefler, Jonathan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typography.com/blog/grecian-fonts-a-miscellany">"Grecian Fonts: A Miscellany"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoefler_%26_Co." title="Hoefler & Co.">Hoefler & Co.</a> Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grecian+Fonts%3A+A+Miscellany&rft.pub=Hoefler+%26+Co.&rft.aulast=Hoefler&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.typography.com%2Fblog%2Fgrecian-fonts-a-miscellany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thinking_with_Type_23-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Thinking_with_Type_23_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupton2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Lupton" title="Ellen Lupton">Lupton, Ellen</a> (15 April 2014). Thinking with Type. Chronicle Books. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616890452" title="Special:BookSources/9781616890452"><bdi>9781616890452</bdi></a>. <q>although Bodoni and Didot fuelled their designs with the calligraphic practices of their time, they created new forms that collided with typographic tradition and unleashed a strange new world, where the structural attributes of the letter-serif and stem, thick and thin strokes, vertical and horizontal stress-would be subject to bizarre experiments...Fonts of astonishing height, width and depth appeared: expanded, contracted, shadowed, inlined, fattened, faceted and floriated. Serifs abandoned their role as finishing details to become independent architectural structures, and the vertical stress of traditional letters canted in new directions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+with+Type&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft.isbn=9781616890452&rft.aulast=Lupton&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields" class="citation web cs1">Shields, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etna.marksimonson.com/history/">"Etna – A History of 'Aetna' Typefaces"</a>. Mark Simonson Studio. Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mark+Simonson+Studio&rft.atitle=Etna+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+%27Aetna%27+Typefaces&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetna.marksimonson.com%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scrambled_Eggs_&_Serifs-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Scrambled_Eggs_&_Serifs_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrere-Jones" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Frere-Jones" title="Tobias Frere-Jones">Frere-Jones, Tobias</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frerejones.com/blog/scrambled-eggs-and-serifs">"Scrambled Eggs & Serifs"</a>. Frere-Jones Type. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928074738/http://www.frerejones.com/blog/scrambled-eggs-and-serifs/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scrambled+Eggs+%26+Serifs&rft.pub=Frere-Jones+Type&rft.aulast=Frere-Jones&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrerejones.com%2Fblog%2Fscrambled-eggs-and-serifs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colophon-foundry.org/typefaces/coign/">"Coign"</a>. Colophon Foundry. Retrieved 19 November 2022. <q>Coign is an extensive study of condensed forms based on the DeLittle type foundry's Elongated Sans. DeLittle's type — extending far beyond the realms of legibility — challenges conventional letterforms, pushing the notion of what is 'condensed' to the absolute limit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coign&rft.pub=Colophon+Foundry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colophon-foundry.org%2Ftypefaces%2Fcoign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coign_Medium-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coign_Medium_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coign_Medium_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@Colophon/coign-the-most-condensed-font-ever-probably-c3d56086a1bd">"Coign; the most condensed font ever (probably)"</a>. Medium. Colophon Foundry. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Coign%3B+the+most+condensed+font+ever+%28probably%29&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40Colophon%2Fcoign-the-most-condensed-font-ever-probably-c3d56086a1bd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields" class="citation web cs1">Shields, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woodtyperesearch.com/chromatic-gothic-paneled/">"Chromatic Gothic Paneled"</a>. Wood Type Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630224001/https://www.woodtyperesearch.com/chromatic-gothic-paneled/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wood+Type+Research&rft.atitle=Chromatic+Gothic+Paneled&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodtyperesearch.com%2Fchromatic-gothic-paneled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Page_1874_Chromatic_specimen-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Page_1874_Chromatic_specimen_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Page_1874_Chromatic_specimen_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ldpd_10147342_000/">Specimens of chromatic wood type, borders, etc. manufactured by Wm. H. Page & Co</a>. Greeneville, Connecticut: Wm. H. Page & Co. 1874. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specimens+of+chromatic+wood+type%2C+borders%2C+etc.+manufactured+by+Wm.+H.+Page+%26+Co.&rft.place=Greeneville%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Wm.+H.+Page+%26+Co.&rft.date=1874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fldpd_10147342_000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ulrich_From_Compressed_Light-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_From_Compressed_Light_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich" class="citation web cs1">Ulrich, Ferdinand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fontshop.com/content/from-compressed-light-to-extended-ultra">"From Compressed Light to Extended Ultra"</a>. FontShop. Retrieved 19 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Compressed+Light+to+Extended+Ultra&rft.pub=FontShop&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fontshop.com%2Fcontent%2Ffrom-compressed-light-to-extended-ultra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unit_Gothic-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unit_Gothic_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unit_Gothic_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields" class="citation web cs1">Shields, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woodtyperesearch.com/unit-gothic/">"Unit Gothic & Uniform Set Gothic: wood type as precursor"</a>. Wood Type Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630224038/https://www.woodtyperesearch.com/unit-gothic/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wood+Type+Research&rft.atitle=Unit+Gothic+%26+Uniform+Set+Gothic%3A+wood+type+as+precursor&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodtyperesearch.com%2Funit-gothic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-York_Press_old_type-75"><a href="#cite_ref-York_Press_old_type_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7953099.last-of-the-old-type/">"Last of the old type"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Press_(York)" title="The Press (York)">The Press</a>. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Press&rft.atitle=Last+of+the+old+type&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkpress.co.uk%2Fnews%2F7953099.last-of-the-old-type%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherman_Birth_of_a_Wood_Type-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Sherman_Birth_of_a_Wood_Type_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman" class="citation web cs1">Sherman, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woodtype.org/blogs/news/80-the-birth-of-a-wood-type">"The Birth of a Wood Type"</a>. Hamilton Wood Type Museum. Retrieved 28 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hamilton+Wood+Type+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+a+Wood+Type&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwoodtype.org%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2F80-the-birth-of-a-wood-type&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wälchli-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Wälchli_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWälchli" class="citation web cs1">Wälchli, Tan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lineto.com/#ruder-long-desk">"Emil Ruder: A Tool for Teaching"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lineto" title="Lineto">Lineto</a>. Retrieved 28 October 2022. <q>Couteau: 'My teacher at <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Estienne" title="École Estienne">École Estienne</a> in Paris, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck_Jalleau" class="extiw" title="fr:Franck Jalleau">Franck Jalleau</a>, liked to provoke people by saying that kerning is only necessary for poorly spaced fonts. But in wood type, this is entirely different. Due to how the wooden blocks are cut, spacing is typically so tight that you constantly have to do kerning.' Strips of type metal in various widths were inserted between each pair of letters on press. This was feasible in the days of wood type, when often only a couple of dozen letters were used.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emil+Ruder%3A+A+Tool+for+Teaching&rft.pub=Lineto&rft.aulast=W%C3%A4lchli&rft.aufirst=Tan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flineto.com%2F%23ruder-long-desk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiekermann" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Spiekermann" title="Erik Spiekermann">Spiekermann, Erik</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.p98a.com/collection/making-display-type-at-p98a-in-berlin">"Making Display Type at p98a in Berlin"</a>. p98a. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=p98a&rft.atitle=Making+Display+Type+at+p98a+in+Berlin&rft.aulast=Spiekermann&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.p98a.com%2Fcollection%2Fmaking-display-type-at-p98a-in-berlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majoor_My_Type_Design_Philosophy-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Majoor_My_Type_Design_Philosophy_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajoor2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Majoor" title="Martin Majoor">Majoor, Martin</a> (29 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typotheque.com/articles/my_type_design_philosophy">"My Type Design Philosophy"</a>. Typotheque. Retrieved 12 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Typotheque&rft.atitle=My+Type+Design+Philosophy&rft.date=2004-11-29&rft.aulast=Majoor&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typotheque.com%2Farticles%2Fmy_type_design_philosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meet_Macklin-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Meet_Macklin_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerlomme2020" class="citation web cs1">Verlomme, Malou (27 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/412305596">"Meet Macklin"</a>. Vimeo. <a href="/wiki/Monotype_Imaging" title="Monotype Imaging">Monotype</a>. Retrieved 10 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vimeo&rft.atitle=Meet+Macklin&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft.aulast=Verlomme&rft.aufirst=Malou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F412305596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGehlhaar" class="citation web cs1">Gehlhaar, Jens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jensgehlhaar.com/Neuwelt-An-optimistic-transatlantic-sans-serif-type-family">"Neuwelt: An optimistic transatlantic sans serif type family — Jens Gehlhaar"</a>. Jens Gehlhaar. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jens+Gehlhaar&rft.atitle=Neuwelt%3A+An+optimistic+transatlantic+sans+serif+type+family+%E2%80%94+Jens+Gehlhaar&rft.aulast=Gehlhaar&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjensgehlhaar.com%2FNeuwelt-An-optimistic-transatlantic-sans-serif-type-family&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Edward. Writing, Illuminating and Lettering. p. 233. <q>[In the] nineteenth-century style...it was customary to make every letter occupy the same space and look as much like its neighbour as possible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing%2C+Illuminating+and+Lettering&rft.pages=233&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196976-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly196976_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly196976_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1969">Kelly 1969</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdm17210.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/werner/id/0/rec/5">Specimens of Wood Type [blackletter types]</a>. Greeneville: Wm. H. Page (digitisation: St Louis Public Library). 1859. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specimens+of+Wood+Type+%5Bblackletter+types%5D&rft.place=Greeneville&rft.pub=Wm.+H.+Page+%28digitisation%3A+St+Louis+Public+Library%29&rft.date=1859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdm17210.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fwerner%2Fid%2F0%2Frec%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2022308-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2022308_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2022">Shields 2022</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields202243-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields202243_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields202243_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2022">Shields 2022</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields202237-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields202237_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields202237_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2022">Shields 2022</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://woodtype.org/about/history">"History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Wood_Type_and_Printing_Museum" title="Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum">Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum</a>. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Hamilton+Wood+Type+and+Printing+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwoodtype.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Page_Baker_letter-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Page_Baker_letter_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields" class="citation web cs1">Shields, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woodtyperesearch.com/%e2%80%9cthe-wood-type-business-should-go-west%e2%80%a6%e2%80%9d-a-letter-from-william-h-page-to-hamilton-baker/">""The Wood Type business should go West…" An 1887 letter from William H. Page to W.B. Baker"</a>. Wood Type Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630223013/http://www.woodtyperesearch.com/%e2%80%9cthe-wood-type-business-should-go-west%e2%80%a6%e2%80%9d-a-letter-from-william-h-page-to-hamilton-baker/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wood+Type+Research&rft.atitle=%22The+Wood+Type+business+should+go+West%E2%80%A6%22+An+1887+letter+from+William+H.+Page+to+W.B.+Baker&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodtyperesearch.com%2F%25e2%2580%259cthe-wood-type-business-should-go-west%25e2%2580%25a6%25e2%2580%259d-a-letter-from-william-h-page-to-hamilton-baker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheng-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cheng_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheng_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng" class="citation web cs1">Cheng, Jacqui. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the-magazine.com/20/wood-stock/index.html">"Wood Stock"</a>. The Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815105329/https://the-magazine.com/20/wood-stock/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Magazine&rft.atitle=Wood+Stock&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Jacqui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthe-magazine.com%2F20%2Fwood-stock%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastcodesign.com/1662674/creative-destinations-two-rivers-where-wood-type-still-makes-a-big-impression">"Creative Destinations: Two Rivers, Where Wood Type Still Makes a Big Impression"</a>. Fastcodesign.com. 12 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304155431/http://www.fastcodesign.com/1662674/creative-destinations-two-rivers-where-wood-type-still-makes-a-big-impression">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creative+Destinations%3A+Two+Rivers%2C+Where+Wood+Type+Still+Makes+a+Big+Impression&rft.pub=Fastcodesign.com&rft.date=2010-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcodesign.com%2F1662674%2Fcreative-destinations-two-rivers-where-wood-type-still-makes-a-big-impression&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simonson_Hamilton_tour-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Simonson_Hamilton_tour_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonson2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Simonson" title="Mark Simonson">Simonson, Mark</a> (18 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marksimonson.com/notebook/view/HamiltonWoodTypeMuseum">"Hamilton Wood Type Museum"</a>. Mark Simonson. Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mark+Simonson&rft.atitle=Hamilton+Wood+Type+Museum&rft.date=2022-08-18&rft.aulast=Simonson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marksimonson.com%2Fnotebook%2Fview%2FHamiltonWoodTypeMuseum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Righyni-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Righyni_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Righyni_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRighyni1946" class="citation journal cs1">Righyni, S. L. (1946). "News Bills: A Retrospectus". Alphabet & Image (2): 34–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alphabet+%26+Image&rft.atitle=News+Bills%3A+A+Retrospectus&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=34-49&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Righyni&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly2018" class="citation web cs1">Reilly, Lucas (4 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/emails/quartz-obsession/1165691/victorian-newspapers/">"Quartz Weekly Obsession: Victorian Newspapers"</a>. Quartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703224248/https://qz.com/emails/quartz-obsession/1165691/victorian-newspapers/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Quartz+Weekly+Obsession%3A+Victorian+Newspapers&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Femails%2Fquartz-obsession%2F1165691%2Fvictorian-newspapers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196937-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly196937_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1969">Kelly 1969</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196943–44-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly196943–44_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1969">Kelly 1969</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly196947–49-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly196947–49_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1969">Kelly 1969</a>, pp. 47–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolton_DeLittle-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Bolton_DeLittle_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton1988" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Claire (1988). DeLittle, 1888–1988 : the first years in a century of wood letter manufacture, 1888–1895. Alembic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780907482291" title="Special:BookSources/9780907482291"><bdi>9780907482291</bdi></a>. <q>Wood type was first made in the United States in 1828 and by the mid-1840s was being used in Britain...the first British firms began cutting wood type during the 1860s. DeLittle entered the field comparatively late but his idea was to specialise [in] 'white-letter' wood type.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DeLittle%2C+1888%E2%80%931988+%3A+the+first+years+in+a+century+of+wood+letter+manufacture%2C+1888%E2%80%931895&rft.pub=Alembic+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780907482291&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://type.org.uk/books/">DeLittle's Wood Type</a>. York: DeLittle. 1966. Retrieved 3 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DeLittle%27s+Wood+Type&rft.place=York&rft.pub=DeLittle&rft.date=1966&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftype.org.uk%2Fbooks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://type.org.uk/books/">Specimens of Wood Letter, Ornaments, Borders, etc</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Caslon_Type_Foundry" title="Caslon Type Foundry">H. W. Caslon and Co. Ltd.</a> Retrieved 3 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specimens+of+Wood+Letter%2C+Ornaments%2C+Borders%2C+etc&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.+W.+Caslon+and+Co.+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftype.org.uk%2Fbooks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://type.org.uk/books/">Wood Letter Specimens</a>. H. M. Sellers & Co. Retrieved 3 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wood+Letter+Specimens&rft.pub=H.+M.+Sellers+%26+Co.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftype.org.uk%2Fbooks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://type.org.uk/books/">Wood Type, Printing and Bookbinding Materials</a>. London: Day & Collins. 1897. Retrieved 3 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wood+Type%2C+Printing+and+Bookbinding+Materials&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Day+%26+Collins&rft.date=1897&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftype.org.uk%2Fbooks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://type.org.uk/books/">Wood Letter, Printers' Joinery, Machinery</a>. Sheffield and London: Stephenson Blake. 1915. Retrieved 3 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wood+Letter%2C+Printers%27+Joinery%2C+Machinery&rft.place=Sheffield+and+London&rft.pub=Stephenson+Blake&rft.date=1915&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftype.org.uk%2Fbooks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mānuka_Sowersby-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Mānuka_Sowersby_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowersby" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kris_Sowersby" class="mw-redirect" title="Kris Sowersby">Sowersby, Kris</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klim.co.nz/blog/manuka-design-information/">"Mānuka design information"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Klim_Type_Foundry" title="Klim Type Foundry">Klim Type Foundry</a>. Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C4%81nuka+design+information&rft.pub=Klim+Type+Foundry&rft.aulast=Sowersby&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklim.co.nz%2Fblog%2Fmanuka-design-information%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-W&S_specimen-106"><a href="#cite_ref-W&S_specimen_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GENT900000199574">Plakat-schriften. Schriftschneide-Anstalt von Will & Schumacher in Mannheim...</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>: Will & Schumacher. 1865. Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plakat-schriften.+Schriftschneide-Anstalt+von+Will+%26+Schumacher+in+Mannheim...&rft.place=Mannheim&rft.pub=Will+%26+Schumacher&rft.date=1865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGENT900000199574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly19697-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly19697_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly19697_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1969">Kelly 1969</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoefler" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hoefler" title="Jonathan Hoefler">Hoefler, Jonathan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typography.com/blog/st.-patricks-type">"St. Patrick's Type"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoefler_%26_Co." title="Hoefler & Co.">Hoefler & Co.</a> Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Patrick%27s+Type&rft.pub=Hoefler+%26+Co.&rft.aulast=Hoefler&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.typography.com%2Fblog%2Fst.-patricks-type&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurianScaglione" class="citation web cs1">Burian, Veronika; Scaglione, José. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.type-together.com/catalpa-wood-type">"Interview: Catalpa Wood Type"</a>. TypeTogether. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview%3A+Catalpa+Wood+Type&rft.pub=TypeTogether&rft.aulast=Burian&rft.aufirst=Veronika&rft.au=Scaglione%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.type-together.com%2Fcatalpa-wood-type&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasrai2023" class="citation web cs1">Basrai, Sabiha (12 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://letterformarchive.org/news/de-centering-the-latin-letter-in-typography-education/">"Type History Toolkit, Part 2: De-Centering the Latin Letter in Design Education"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Letterform_Archive" title="Letterform Archive">Letterform Archive</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Type+History+Toolkit%2C+Part+2%3A+De-Centering+the+Latin+Letter+in+Design+Education&rft.pub=Letterform+Archive&rft.date=2023-09-12&rft.aulast=Basrai&rft.aufirst=Sabiha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fletterformarchive.org%2Fnews%2Fde-centering-the-latin-letter-in-typography-education%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/letterformarchive/albums/72157716934333631">"Diamond Wooden Type Works specimen, ca. 1975"</a>. Flickr. Diamond Wooden Type Works (digitisation: Letterform Archive). 18 November 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flickr&rft.atitle=Diamond+Wooden+Type+Works+specimen%2C+ca.+1975&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fletterformarchive%2Falbums%2F72157716934333631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColes2015" class="citation web cs1">Coles, Stephen (21 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fontsinuse.com/uses/11388/bob-dylan-the-times-they-are-a-changin-album-">"Bob Dylan – The Times They Are A-changin' album art"</a>. Fonts In Use. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921031634/https://fontsinuse.com/uses/11388/bob-dylan-the-times-they-are-a-changin-album-">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2022. <q>Haber...provided phototype versions of Morgan wood type, including Nesbitt's Gothic, for much of the New York design scene</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fonts+In+Use&rft.atitle=Bob+Dylan+%E2%80%93+The+Times+They+Are+A-changin%27+album+art&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft.aulast=Coles&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffontsinuse.com%2Fuses%2F11388%2Fbob-dylan-the-times-they-are-a-changin-album-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoefler_Hamilton_talk-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoefler_Hamilton_talk_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoefler_Hamilton_talk_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoefler2018" class="citation web cs1">Hoefler, Jonathan (4 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rvp3V_YwSuE">"Jonathan Hoefler 2017 Wayzgoose Presentation at Hamilton Wood Type & Printing Museum"</a>. YouTube. <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Wood_Type_and_Printing_Museum" title="Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum">Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627184826/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rvp3V_YwSuE&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Jonathan+Hoefler+2017+Wayzgoose+Presentation+at+Hamilton+Wood+Type+%26+Printing+Museum&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft.aulast=Hoefler&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRvp3V_YwSuE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScher2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Scher" title="Paula Scher">Scher, Paula</a> (2020). Twenty-Five Years at the Public. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 39–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616899349" title="Special:BookSources/9781616899349"><bdi>9781616899349</bdi></a>. <q>When I left CBS Records, I had asked Haber Typographers for large-scale prints of the complete alphabets, numbers and punctuation for all of the wood fonts from the foundry. All through the '80s, I repeatedly xeroxed the fonts and used them on book covers and in magazines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twenty-Five+Years+at+the+Public&rft.pages=39-42&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781616899349&rft.aulast=Scher&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge" class="citation web cs1">George, Tanya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://letterformarchive.org/news/diamond-wooden-type-works/">"Diamond Wood Type Works"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Letterform_Archive" title="Letterform Archive">Letterform Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diamond+Wood+Type+Works&rft.pub=Letterform+Archive&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fletterformarchive.org%2Fnews%2Fdiamond-wooden-type-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly19697–8-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly19697–8_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1969">Kelly 1969</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Introducing_Konop-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Introducing_Konop_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonson2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Simonson" title="Mark Simonson">Simonson, Mark</a> (18 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marksimonson.com/notebook/view/introducing-hwt-konop">"Introducing HWT Konop"</a>. Mark Simonson Studio. <q>a modern letterpress printer...tends to be more interested in self-expression and artistic effects</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mark+Simonson+Studio&rft.atitle=Introducing+HWT+Konop&rft.date=2022-08-18&rft.aulast=Simonson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marksimonson.com%2Fnotebook%2Fview%2Fintroducing-hwt-konop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotycka2022" class="citation web cs1">Motycka, Eli (18 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nashvillescene.com/arts_culture/coverstory/fine-print-the-letterpress-artists-visually-defining-nashville/article_4842e4ae-1ce5-11ed-b75e-83816f4dfa1a.html">"Fine Print: The Letterpress Artists Visually Defining Nashville"</a>. Nashville Scene. Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nashville+Scene&rft.atitle=Fine+Print%3A+The+Letterpress+Artists+Visually+Defining+Nashville&rft.date=2022-08-18&rft.aulast=Motycka&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nashvillescene.com%2Farts_culture%2Fcoverstory%2Ffine-print-the-letterpress-artists-visually-defining-nashville%2Farticle_4842e4ae-1ce5-11ed-b75e-83816f4dfa1a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelland" class="citation web cs1">Helland, Frode. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/monokromfonts/status/1316495101791817736">"The best Futura"</a>. Twitter. Monokrom Schriftvorlag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815105409/https://twitter.com/monokromfonts/status/1316495101791817736">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=The+best+Futura&rft.aulast=Helland&rft.aufirst=Frode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fmonokromfonts%2Fstatus%2F1316495101791817736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, Nick (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.theshelf.fr/en/library/hamiltons-wood-type">"The Design of Type Specimens"</a>. The Shelf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808001409/https://journal.theshelf.fr/en/library/hamiltons-wood-type">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022. <q>A seemingly random mishmash of characters were used to present an already-wonky cut of Futura in Hamilton Manufacturing Company's wood type catalog #25, 1951.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Shelf&rft.atitle=The+Design+of+Type+Specimens&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.theshelf.fr%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fhamiltons-wood-type&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevroye" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luc_Devroye" title="Luc Devroye">Devroye, Luc</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luc.devroye.org/fonts-39705.html">"Hamilton Holly Wood Type Co. (or: Hamilton Manufacturing Company) [James Hamilton]"</a>. Type Design Information Page. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415103947/http://luc.devroye.org/fonts-39705.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Type+Design+Information+Page&rft.atitle=Hamilton+Holly+Wood+Type+Co.+%28or%3A+Hamilton+Manufacturing+Company%29+%5BJames+Hamilton%5D&rft.aulast=Devroye&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fluc.devroye.org%2Ffonts-39705.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2022" class="citation web cs1">Sherman, Nick (28 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94uCx6y90EQ">"Franklin Gothic Goes on Forever with Nick Sherman"</a>. YouTube. Cooper Union. Retrieved 30 November 2022. <q>[At 34:26] It's so bad...if you look at a lot of their mid-twentieth century adaptations of popular typefaces for wood...the curves just look like they were cut with a hacksaw.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Franklin+Gothic+Goes+on+Forever+with+Nick+Sherman&rft.date=2022-11-28&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D94uCx6y90EQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvertant2022" class="citation web cs1">Silvertant, Eva [@evasilvertant] (7 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/evasilvertant/status/1589474500978307073">"Gill Sans Bold (1928) No. 30, by Eric Gill. This type specimen amuses me; some wood-type faces look like they're cut from memory, or cut by a tipsy typecutter! This isn't 'quite' Gill Sans Bold. From 'Wood Letter Specimens' (H. M. Sellers & Co., 1965)"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gill+Sans+Bold+%281928%29+No.+30%2C+by+Eric+Gill.+This+type+specimen+amuses+me%3B+some+wood-type+faces+look+like+they%27re+cut+from+memory%2C+or+cut+by+a+tipsy+typecutter%21+This+isn%27t+%27quite%27+Gill+Sans+Bold.+From+%27Wood+Letter+Specimens%27+%28H.+M.+Sellers+%26+Co.%2C+1965%29.&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft.aulast=Silvertant&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fevasilvertant%2Fstatus%2F1589474500978307073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottwald2018" class="citation web cs1">Gottwald, Dave (6 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themerica.org/blog/2018/01/06/typography-as-theming-in-the-ol-west">"Typography As Theming in the Ol' West"</a>. Themerica. Retrieved 3 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Themerica&rft.atitle=Typography+As+Theming+in+the+Ol%27+West.&rft.date=2018-01-06&rft.aulast=Gottwald&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themerica.org%2Fblog%2F2018%2F01%2F06%2Ftypography-as-theming-in-the-ol-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottwald" class="citation web cs1">Gottwald, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dgottwald.org/mfa/#/19th-century-wood-type/">"The Colossal, Stupendous 19th Century Wood Type Explosion!"</a>. David Gottwald. Retrieved 3 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=David+Gottwald&rft.atitle=The+Colossal%2C+Stupendous+19th+Century+Wood+Type+Explosion%21&rft.aulast=Gottwald&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgottwald.org%2Fmfa%2F%23%2F19th-century-wood-type%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rit.edu/~w-rkelly/html/05_obs/obs_wood1.html">"Rob Roy Kelly Obsessions: Wood Type Research"</a>. www.rit.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304213329/https://www.rit.edu/~w-rkelly/html/05_obs/obs_wood1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rit.edu&rft.atitle=Rob+Roy+Kelly+Obsessions%3A+Wood+Type+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rit.edu%2F~w-rkelly%2Fhtml%2F05_obs%2Fobs_wood1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1969-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1969_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1969">Kelly 1969</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoefler_Treasury_of_Wood_Type_Online-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoefler_Treasury_of_Wood_Type_Online_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoefler" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hoefler" title="Jonathan Hoefler">Hoefler, Jonathan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typography.com/blog/a-treasury-of-wood-type-online">"A Treasury of Wood Type Online"</a>. Hoefler & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191004213505/https://www.typography.com/blog/a-treasury-of-wood-type-online">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoefler+%26+Co.&rft.atitle=A+Treasury+of+Wood+Type+Online&rft.aulast=Hoefler&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.typography.com%2Fblog%2Fa-treasury-of-wood-type-online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoefler_Curved,_Pointy_types-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoefler_Curved,_Pointy_types_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoefler" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hoefler" title="Jonathan Hoefler">Hoefler, Jonathan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typography.com/blog/curved-pointy-and-nervous-looking-types">""Curved, Pointy, and Nervous-Looking Types""</a>. Hoefler & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119224741/https://www.typography.com/blog/curved-pointy-and-nervous-looking-types">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoefler+%26+Co.&rft.atitle=%22Curved%2C+Pointy%2C+and+Nervous-Looking+Types%22&rft.aulast=Hoefler&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.typography.com%2Fblog%2Fcurved-pointy-and-nervous-looking-types&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RRK_collection-131"><a href="#cite_ref-RRK_collection_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rrk.finearts.utexas.edu/">"The Rob Roy Kelly American Wood Type Collection"</a>. School of Design and Creative Technologies, Department of Art and Art History, University of Texas at Austin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418032344/https://rrk.finearts.utexas.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rob+Roy+Kelly+American+Wood+Type+Collection&rft.pub=School+of+Design+and+Creative+Technologies%2C+Department+of+Art+and+Art+History%2C+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frrk.finearts.utexas.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2022-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2022_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2022">Shields 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2018" class="citation web cs1">Shields, David (4 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/304460150">"Rob Roy Kelly: A bottle of Scotch for two cases of wood type with David Shields"</a>. Vimeo. Cooper Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630223959/https://vimeo.com/304460150">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vimeo&rft.atitle=Rob+Roy+Kelly%3A+A+bottle+of+Scotch+for+two+cases+of+wood+type+with+David+Shields&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F304460150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muster_Hundreds-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Muster_Hundreds_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2016" class="citation web cs1">Shields, David (26 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpqaziF9iOI">"Muster Hundreds! Towards a people's history of American wood type"</a>. YouTube. ATypI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630223959/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpqaziF9iOI">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Muster+Hundreds%21+Towards+a+people%27s+history+of+American+wood+type&rft.date=2016-10-26&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDpqaziF9iOI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2017" class="citation web cs1">Shields, David (18 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/238857226">"The proliferation of 19th (and 20th) century wood type and its impact on typographic norms, with David Shields"</a>. Vimeo. Cooper Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630224002/https://vimeo.com/238857226">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vimeo&rft.atitle=The+proliferation+of+19th+%28and+20th%29+century+wood+type+and+its+impact+on+typographic+norms%2C+with+David+Shields&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F238857226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heller_Shields-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Heller_Shields_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Heller_(design_writer)" title="Steven Heller (design writer)">Heller, Steven</a> (17 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.printmag.com/daily-heller/the-daily-heller-the-gospel-of-wood-types-patron-saint/">"The Daily Heller: The Gospel According to Wood Type's Patron Saint"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Print_(magazine)" title="Print (magazine)">Print</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Print&rft.atitle=The+Daily+Heller%3A+The+Gospel+According+to+Wood+Type%27s+Patron+Saint&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.printmag.com%2Fdaily-heller%2Fthe-daily-heller-the-gospel-of-wood-types-patron-saint%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://typenetwork.com/articles/adobe-originals-more-than-just-one-collection">"Adobe Originals: More than just one collection"</a>. Type Network. Retrieved 8 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adobe+Originals%3A+More+than+just+one+collection&rft.pub=Type+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftypenetwork.com%2Farticles%2Fadobe-originals-more-than-just-one-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggs" class="citation web cs1">Riggs, Tamye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.typekit.com/2014/06/30/the-adobe-originals-silver-anniversary-story-expanding-the-originals/">"The Adobe Originals Silver Anniversary Story: Expanding the Originals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe Inc.</a> Retrieved 8 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Adobe+Originals+Silver+Anniversary+Story%3A+Expanding+the+Originals&rft.pub=Adobe+Inc.&rft.aulast=Riggs&rft.aufirst=Tamye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.typekit.com%2F2014%2F06%2F30%2Fthe-adobe-originals-silver-anniversary-story-expanding-the-originals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnschedé1978" class="citation book cs1">Enschedé, Charles (1978). <a href="/wiki/Harry_Carter_(typographer)" title="Harry Carter (typographer)">Carter, Harry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Hellinga" title="Lotte Hellinga">Hellinga, Lotte</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noord-hollandsarchief.nl/maisi_ajax_proxy.php?miview=viewer2&miahd=1595775116&miadt=236&mizig=210&mivast=236&mialg=&mistart=32">Typefoundries in the Netherlands, from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century: a history based mainly on material in the collection of Joh. Enschedé en Zonen at Haarlem</a> (2nd ed.). Haarlem: Stichting Museum Enschedé. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789070024130" title="Special:BookSources/9789070024130"><bdi>9789070024130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Typefoundries+in+the+Netherlands%2C+from+the+fifteenth+to+the+nineteenth+century%3A+a+history+based+mainly+on+material+in+the+collection+of+Joh.+Ensched%C3%A9+en+Zonen+at+Haarlem&rft.place=Haarlem&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Stichting+Museum+Ensched%C3%A9&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9789070024130&rft.aulast=Ensched%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoord-hollandsarchief.nl%2Fmaisi_ajax_proxy.php%3Fmiview%3Dviewer2%26miahd%3D1595775116%26miadt%3D236%26mizig%3D210%26mivast%3D236%26mialg%3D%26mistart%3D32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolete_Gray" title="Nicolete Gray">Gray, Nicolete</a> (1977). Nineteenth Century Ornamented Typefaces.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth+Century+Ornamented+Typefaces&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Nicolete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1963" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_Kelly" title="Rob Roy Kelly">Kelly, Rob Roy</a> (1963). "American Wood Type". Design Quarterly (56): 1–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4047285">10.2307/4047285</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4047285">4047285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Design+Quarterly&rft.atitle=American+Wood+Type&rft.issue=56&rft.pages=1-40&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4047285&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4047285%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Rob+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_Kelly" title="Rob Roy Kelly">Kelly, Rob Roy</a> (1969). American Wood Type, 1828–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Wood+Type%2C+1828%E2%80%931900&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Rob+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(typographer)" title="John Lewis (typographer)">Lewis, John</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116404139556">Printed Ephemera: the changing uses of type and letterforms in English and American printing</a>. Ipswich: W. S. Cowell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Printed+Ephemera%3A+the+changing+uses+of+type+and+letterforms+in+English+and+American+printing&rft.place=Ipswich&rft.pub=W.+S.+Cowell&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116404139556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mosley" title="James Mosley">Mosley, James</a>, ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xpzgAAAAMAAJ/page/n9/mode/2up">A Specimen of Printing Types & Various Ornaments 1796: Reproduced Together with the Sale Catalogue of the British Letter-Foundry 1797</a>. <a href="/wiki/Printing_Historical_Society" title="Printing Historical Society">Printing Historical Society</a>. pp. 5–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900003103" title="Special:BookSources/9780900003103"><bdi>9780900003103</bdi></a>. <q>Big types had been cast in sand, using wooden patterns, for some centuries [by 1750] but there is evidence that English typefounders only began to make big letters for posters and other commercial printing towards 1770, when Thomas Cottrell made his 'Proscription or Posting letter of great bulk and dimension' and William Caslon II cast his 'Patagonian' or 'Proscription letters'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Specimen+of+Printing+Types+%26+Various+Ornaments+1796%3A+Reproduced+Together+with+the+Sale+Catalogue+of+the+British+Letter-Foundry+1797&rft.pages=5-12&rft.pub=Printing+Historical+Society&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780900003103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_xpzgAAAAMAAJ%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley1993" class="citation book cs1">Mosley, James (1993). Ornamented types: twenty-three alphabets from the foundry of Louis John Poucheé. I.M. Imprimit in association with the St. Bride Printing Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ornamented+types%3A+twenty-three+alphabets+from+the+foundry+of+Louis+John+Pouche%C3%A9&rft.pub=I.M.+Imprimit+in+association+with+the+St.+Bride+Printing+Library&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mosley, James (2001). "Memories of an Apprentice Typefounder". <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrix (journal)">Matrix</a>. 21: 1–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Matrix&rft.atitle=Memories+of+an+Apprentice+Typefounder&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mosley, James (2003). "Sanspareil Matrices". <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrix (journal)">Matrix</a>. 23: 104–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Matrix&rft.atitle=Sanspareil+Matrices&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=104-114&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Schneider, Daniel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/1007/">Wood Type Archaeology: an inquiry into worker skill in wood printing type manufacture</a> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University" title="Michigan Technological University">Michigan Technological University</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Wood+Type+Archaeology%3A+an+inquiry+into+worker+skill+in+wood+printing+type+manufacture&rft.inst=Michigan+Technological+University&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.mtu.edu%2Fetds%2F1007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Shaw_(design_historian)" title="Paul Shaw (design historian)">Shaw, Paul</a> (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n7e0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121">Revival Type: Digital Typefaces Inspired by the Past</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 132–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21929-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21929-6"><bdi>978-0-300-21929-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223230103/https://books.google.com/books?id=n7e0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revival+Type%3A+Digital+Typefaces+Inspired+by+the+Past&rft.pages=132-155&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017-04&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21929-6&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn7e0DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2022" class="citation book cs1">Shields, David (2022). The Rob Roy Kelly American Wood Type Collection: A History and Catalog. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2368-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2368-7"><bdi>978-1-4773-2368-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rob+Roy+Kelly+American+Wood+Type+Collection%3A+A+History+and+Catalog&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-2368-7&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVervlietCarter1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Vervliet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Vervliet">Vervliet, Hendrik D. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harry_Carter_(typographer)" title="Harry Carter (typographer)">Carter, Harry</a>, eds. (1972). Type Specimen Facsimiles II. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. 7–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Type+Specimen+Facsimiles+II&rft.pages=7-11&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+type" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wooden_movable_types" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wooden movable types">Wooden movable types</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fontsinuse.com/tags/476/wood-type">Examples on Fonts In Use</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woodtyperesearch.com/chronological-list-of-facsimiles-and-digital-copies/">David Shields' list of wood type specimen catalog facsimiles and digital copies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/@ampersanden">Ampersand Press collection of French wood type specimens</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woodtyper.com/">Woodtyper</a>, a wood type discussion site edited by Nick Sherman</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Letterpress_printing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Letterpress" title="Template:Letterpress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Letterpress" title="Template talk:Letterpress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Letterpress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Letterpress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Letterpress_printing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">Letterpress printing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(publishing)" title="Printer (publishing)">Printer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ways to make impressions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_casting_(typography)" title="Type casting (typography)">Type casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_metal" title="Type metal">Type metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punchcutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Punchcutter">Punchcutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(printing)" title="Matrix (printing)">Matrix</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wood type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blocks and plates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_(printing)" title="Stereotype (printing)">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flong" title="Flong">Flong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logographic_printing" title="Logographic printing">Logographic printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_engraving" title="Wood engraving">Wood engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrotyping" title="Electrotyping">Electrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_etching" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc etching">Zinc etching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Buchdrucker-1568.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Buchdrucker-1568.png/120px-Buchdrucker-1568.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Buchdrucker-1568.png/180px-Buchdrucker-1568.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Buchdrucker-1568.png/240px-Buchdrucker-1568.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="879" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual typesetting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_case" title="Type case">Type case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composing_stick" title="Composing stick">Composing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">Sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_(typesetting)" title="Slug (typesetting)">Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut_(typesetting)" title="Strut (typesetting)">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reglet_(typesetting)" title="Reglet (typesetting)">Reglet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furniture_(typesetting)" title="Furniture (typesetting)">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">Leading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoin_(printing)" title="Quoin (printing)">Quoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_(printing)" title="Chase (printing)">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forme_(printing)" title="Forme (printing)">Forme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellbox" title="Hellbox">Hellbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hot_metal_typesetting" title="Hot metal typesetting">Hot metal typesetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linotype_machine" title="Linotype machine">Linotype machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotype_system" title="Monotype system">Monotype system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Typograph" title="Ludlow Typograph">Ludlow Typograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertype_Corporation" title="Intertype Corporation">Intertype Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paige_Compositor" title="Paige Compositor">Paige Compositor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">Printing press</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts of a press</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platen" title="Platen">Platen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisket" title="Frisket">Frisket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympan" title="Tympan">Tympan</a></li> <li>Bed</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offset_ink" title="Offset ink">Offset ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_ball" title="Ink ball">Ink ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_roller" title="Composition roller">Composition roller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of presses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hand press <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanhope_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanhope press">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_press" title="Columbian press">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_press" title="Albion press">Albion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobbing_press" title="Jobbing press">Jobbing press</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golding_%26_Company" title="Golding & Company">Golding & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_%26_Price" title="Chandler & Price">Chandler & Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt%27s_Armory_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Colt's Armory Press">Colt's Armory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder press">Cylinder press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_printing_press" title="Rotary printing press">Rotary press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folding_machine" title="Folding machine">Folding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cutter" title="Paper cutter">Paper cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addressograph" title="Addressograph">Addressograph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>Related arts</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&oldid=1254108539">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&oldid=1254108539</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Letterpress_printing" title="Category:Letterpress printing">Letterpress printing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1828_introductions" title="Category:1828 introductions">1828 introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Typography" title="Category:Typography">Typography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Relief_printing" title="Category:Relief printing">Relief printing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_printing" title="Category:History of printing">History of printing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wood_typefaces" title="Category:Wood typefaces">Wood typefaces</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_February_2024" title="Category:Use British English from February 2024">Use British English from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2022">Use dmy dates from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 13:10 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood_type&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f58cd8b6-wtsvx","wgBackendResponseTime":174,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.306","walltime":"1.467","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8704,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":239247,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5990,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":458935,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1302.908 1 -total"," 53.20% 693.132 2 Template:Reflist"," 31.69% 412.867 72 Template:Cite_web"," 13.37% 174.197 37 Template:Cite_book"," 11.98% 156.119 37 Template:Sfn"," 6.73% 87.737 1 Template:Letterpress"," 6.72% 87.594 4 Template:Navbox"," 5.45% 70.974 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.25% 55.367 1 Template:Commons_category"," 4.08% 53.198 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.875","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8016364,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBasrai2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolton1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurianScaglione\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaytonNelson1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowleyWilliamson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaines\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeng2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevroye\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnschedé1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrere-Jones\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGehlhaar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGottwald\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGottwald2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeck2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelland\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoefler\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFHoefler2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIchiyama\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeavenworth1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLu2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLupton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacMillan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajoor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosley\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFMosley1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosley1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotycka2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPané-Farré\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPané-Farré2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPané-Farré2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPires2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReilly2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiggs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRighyni1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScher2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShields\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFShields2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShields2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShields2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShields2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShields2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilvertant2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonson2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSinclair2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSowersby\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpiekermann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorTaylor1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrumbell1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUlrich\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerlomme2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVervliet2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVervlietCarter1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatersKitching2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWälchli\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 73,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 3,\n [\"Letterpress\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 37,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c4dcdbb87-cwphz","timestamp":"20241203090349","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Wood type","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wood_type","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1625629","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1625629","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2021-12-23T17:47:06Z","dateModified":"2024-10-29T13:10:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/46\/Wood_Type_close-up_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"movable type made out of wood"}</script> </body> </html>