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<li id="toc-The_platoon_system_in_college_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_platoon_system_in_college_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The platoon system in college football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_platoon_system_in_college_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unlimited_substitution_in_pro_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unlimited_substitution_in_pro_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Unlimited substitution in pro football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unlimited_substitution_in_pro_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NCAA_return_to_the_one-platoon_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NCAA_return_to_the_one-platoon_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>NCAA return to the one-platoon system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NCAA_return_to_the_one-platoon_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elimination_of_the_one-platoon_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elimination_of_the_one-platoon_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Elimination of the one-platoon system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elimination_of_the_one-platoon_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arena_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arena_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Arena football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arena_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/1935_New_Hampshire_Wildcats_football_team.png/310px-1935_New_Hampshire_Wildcats_football_team.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/1935_New_Hampshire_Wildcats_football_team.png/465px-1935_New_Hampshire_Wildcats_football_team.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/1935_New_Hampshire_Wildcats_football_team.png/620px-1935_New_Hampshire_Wildcats_football_team.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/1935_New_Hampshire_Wildcats_football_team" title="1935 New Hampshire Wildcats football team">1935 New Hampshire Wildcats football team</a>, whose positions were listed in their college yearbook simply as <a href="/wiki/Back_(American_football)" title="Back (American football)">backs</a> (four, standing) and <a href="/wiki/Lineman_(gridiron_football)" title="Lineman (gridiron football)">linemen</a> (seven, kneeling).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>one-platoon system</b>, also known as "<b>iron man football</b>", is a <a href="/wiki/Platoon_system" title="Platoon system">rule-driven substitution pattern</a> in <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> whereby the same players were expected to stay on the field for the entire game, playing both offense and defense as required. Players removed for a substitute were lost to their teams for the duration of the half (until 1932) or quarter (until 1941). </p><p>Existing alternatively is the <a href="/wiki/Two-platoon_system" title="Two-platoon system">two-platoon system</a> (or simply the "platoon system"), which makes use of separate offensive and defensive units. (In the contemporary game third platoons of <a href="/wiki/Special_teams" class="mw-redirect" title="Special teams">special teams</a> players for kicking situations are also used). </p><p>Each system has been used at different times in American <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>. In the college game, the major rules switch allowing two platoons came ahead of the 1941 season — a change first emulated by the NFL in 1943. </p><p>Due to budgetary pressures associated with expanded scholarship and travel costs, member schools of the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a> (NCAA) returned to the one-platoon system for 1953, gradually liberalizing substitution rules until a full return to two-platoon football was made in 1964. </p><p>One-platoon football is seen currently mostly on lower-end and smaller teams at the high school and semi-pro levels, where player shortages and talent disparities necessitate it. Current teams with sufficient numbers of talented players no longer use the one-platoon system. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One-platoon_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_platoon_system_in_college_football">The platoon system in college football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One-platoon_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The platoon system in college football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1941, virtually all football players saw action on "both sides of the ball," alternating in both offensive and defensive roles. Prior to 1932, a player removed during the first half could not return to the field until the second half, while a player removed in the second half was lost for the game.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1932 until 1940 another substitution rule was used, which stated, <i>"A player may be substituted for another at any time, but a player withdrawn from the game may not return in the same period or intermission in which he was withdrawn."</i><sup id="cite_ref-Rules34_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rules34-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is to say that, once removed for a substitute, a player was lost to his team for the duration of the quarter. Illegal return of a player to the field was regarded as a severe infraction of the rules, with the returning player ejected from the game and his team assessed a massive 25-yard penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-Rules34_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rules34-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Substitutions under this "one-platoon system" were thus made individually and strategically based upon time on the clock, field position, and player exhaustion. </p><p>A major change in the governing rules of the sport was made ahead of the 1941 college football season. Instead of removed players being lost for the quarter, a new unlimited substitution rule was implemented, providing simply, <i>"A player may be substituted for another at any time, but such player may not be withdrawn from, nor the outgoing player returned to, the game until one play has intervened."</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although this rule change had the practical effect of allowing alternating mass substitutions of entire squads for offense and defense, such a substitution strategy was not immediately put to use. The first known use of the "two-platoon" system was by <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football" title="Michigan Wolverines football">Michigan</a> head coach <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Crisler" title="Fritz Crisler">Fritz Crisler</a> in 1945 against an <a href="/wiki/Army_Black_Knights_football" title="Army Black Knights football">Army</a> team under head coach "Colonel" <a href="/wiki/Red_Blaik" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Blaik">Earl "Red" Blaik</a>. Although Michigan lost the game 28–7, Crisler's use of eight players who played only on offense, eight who played only on defense, and three that played both ways, impressed Blaik enough for him to adopt it for his own team.<sup id="cite_ref-one_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blaik, a former soldier himself, was the one who began using the word "<a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a>" for this football substitution strategy, in reference to the type of military unit.<sup id="cite_ref-one_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1946 and 1950, Blaik's two-platoon teams twice finished the season ranked second in the <a href="/wiki/AP_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="AP Poll">Associated Press polls</a> and never finished lower than 11th.<sup id="cite_ref-one_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Success inspired emulation across the country. Team size increased to provide for the increased demand for starting manpower, and the costs of scholarships and travel increased accordingly — putting financial strain on smaller institutions as they attempted to keep up with their larger competitors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unlimited_substitution_in_pro_football">Unlimited substitution in pro football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One-platoon_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Unlimited substitution in pro football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With respect to the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>, changes in substitution rules were initially driven by the realities of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Wartime needs for military manpower depleted football rosters as players joined military units. Free substitution — apparently intended to help lesser players by allowing longer rest breaks — was implemented in a rule change made April 7, 1943, "for the duration" of the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-Treat21_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treat21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was paired with a one-year rule change made in August reducing the size of wartime NFL rosters from 33 players to 28, in an effort to reduce the impact of travel to and from games.<sup id="cite_ref-Treat21_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treat21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The free substitution rule was renewed for another year at the April owners' meeting in 1944, and again in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Treat21_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treat21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946, with the war over, roster size was expanded to the pre-war 33-man limit.<sup id="cite_ref-Treat21_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treat21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, there was a desire to balance the one-platoon tradition with the trend towards mass substitutions, so a rule was adopted limiting player substitutions to no more than three men at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-Treat21_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treat21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roster limit was expanded to 35 players in 1948, but the 3-at-a-time rule remained in place.<sup id="cite_ref-Treat22_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treat22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A move back to unlimited free substitution was made for another one year trial in the <a href="/wiki/1949_NFL_season" title="1949 NFL season">1949 NFL season</a>, but once again this was paired with a reduction rather than an increase in roster size, this time from 35 down to 32.<sup id="cite_ref-Treat22_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treat22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlimited free substitution was adopted on a permanent basis on January 23, 1950, with rosters gradually growing from 32 to 36 players ahead of the <a href="/wiki/1959_NFL_season" title="1959 NFL season">1959 NFL season</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69Guide_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69Guide-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the NCAA's return to the one-platoon system in 1953, the NFL has maintained unlimited free substitution since 1949. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NCAA_return_to_the_one-platoon_system">NCAA return to the one-platoon system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One-platoon_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: NCAA return to the one-platoon system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting with the 1953 season, the NCAA emplaced a set of new rules requiring the use of a one-platoon system, primarily for financial reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-thumbs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thumbs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a few sources may indicate that only one player was allowed to be substituted between plays,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the NCAA, the actual rule allowed a player to enter the game only once in each quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-Rules_history_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rules_history-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More precisely, a player leaving the game in the first or third quarter could not return until the beginning of the next quarter, and a player leaving the game in the second or fourth quarter could not return until the final four minutes of that quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_football" title="Tennessee Volunteers football">Tennessee</a> head coach "General" <a href="/wiki/Robert_Neyland" title="Robert Neyland">Robert Neyland</a> praised the change as the end of "chickenshit football".<sup id="cite_ref-Looney_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Looney-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NCAA substitution rules were gradually liberalized over the next 11 seasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elimination_of_the_one-platoon_system">Elimination of the one-platoon system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One-platoon_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elimination of the one-platoon system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the 1964 season,<sup id="cite_ref-Rules_history_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rules_history-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the NCAA repealed the rules enforcing its use and allowed an unlimited number of player substitutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Rules_history_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rules_history-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed, starting with the 1964 season,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> teams to form separate offensive and defensive units as well as "<a href="/wiki/Special_teams" class="mw-redirect" title="Special teams">special teams</a>" which would be employed in kicking situations. By the early 1970s, however, some university administrators, coaches and others were calling for a return to the days of one-platoon football.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arena_football">Arena football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One-platoon_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arena football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sport of <a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">arena football</a> used a limited one-platoon system (from which quarterbacks, kickers and one "<a href="/wiki/Specialist_(arena_football)" title="Specialist (arena football)">specialist</a>" were exempt) from its inception until 2007. The <a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League_(2024)" title="Arena Football League (2024)">2024 revival of the Arena Football League</a> reintroduced the system in its <a href="/wiki/2024_Arena_Football_League_season" title="2024 Arena Football League season">inaugural season</a> but abandoned it after three weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One-platoon_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substitution_(sport)" title="Substitution (sport)">Substitution (sport)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One-platoon_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nilan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nilan_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George C. Nilan, "It Can Never Happen Again: The New Rules Make Drastic Changes in the Game," <i>Illustrated Football Annual, 1932.</i> New York: Fiction House, 1932; pg. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rules34-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rules34_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rules34_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Football Rules Committee, <i>Official Foot Ball Rules of the National Collegiate Athletic Association.</i> New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1934; p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter R. Okeson (ed.). <i>The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide: Including the Official Rules, 1941.</i> New York: A.S. Barnes and Co., 1941; p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-one-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-one_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-one_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-one_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas S. Looney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102061500/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1136503/index.htm">One Is More Like It</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a></i>, 3 September 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treat21-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Treat21_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treat21_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treat21_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treat21_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treat21_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Treat (ed.), <i>The Official National Football League Football Encyclopedia</i>. New York: A.S. Barnes & Co., 1952; p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treat22-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Treat22_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treat22_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Treat (ed.), <i>The Official National Football League Football Encyclopedia</i>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69Guide-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69Guide_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Heffernan (ed.), "Waivers, Cutdown Dates, Move List, and Player Limits", <i>National Football League 1969 Record Manual</i>, New York: National Football League, 1969; p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thumbs-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thumbs_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarence Munn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102053142/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1128569/index.htm">Thumbs Down On The One Platoon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a></i>, 29 November 1954, retrieved 20 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example: K. Adam Powell, Woody Durham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NkWTt9D_UMcC&dq=%22one-platoon%22+football&pg=PA59">"An Era of Change (1963-1968)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> cache), <i>Border Wars: The First Fifty Years of Atlantic Coast Conference Football</i>, Scarecrow Press, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rules_history-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rules_history_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rules_history_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rules_history_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2016/FBS.pdf">"College Football Rules Changes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2016 NCAA Football Records: Football Bowl Subdivision Records</i>. p. 188<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2016+NCAA+Football+Records%3A+Football+Bowl+Subdivision+Records&rft.atitle=College+Football+Rules+Changes&rft.pages=188&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffs.ncaa.org%2FDocs%2Fstats%2Ffootball_records%2F2016%2FFBS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne-platoon+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrothe1953" class="citation news cs1">Grothe, Peter (January 20, 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.stanforddaily.com/1953/01/20?page=3&section=MODSMD_ARTICLE37">"Punts and Pitches"</a>. <i>The Stanford Daily</i>. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Daily&rft.atitle=Punts+and+Pitches&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1953-01-20&rft.aulast=Grothe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.stanforddaily.com%2F1953%2F01%2F20%3Fpage%3D3%26section%3DMODSMD_ARTICLE37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne-platoon+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Looney-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Looney_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas S. Looney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102061500/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1136503/index.htm">One Is More Like It</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a></i>, 3 September 1990, retrieved 20 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athlonsports.com/college-football/4331/17-reasons-why-knute-rockne-wouldnt-recognize-this-game">17 Reasons Why Knute Rockne Wouldn't Recognize This Game</a>, Athlon Sports, retrieved 20 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert C. Gallagher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITJWCpaunpoC"><i>The Express: The Ernie Davis Story</i></a>, p. 63, Random House, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-51086-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-51086-0">0-345-51086-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19741122&id=_QwQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gYsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2958,1233171">One-platoon football seen as a money saver</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Free-Lance_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="The Free-Lance Star">The Free-Lance Star</a></i>, November 22, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetasky2024" class="citation web cs1">Letasky, John (2024-05-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://406mtsports.com/extra/billings-outlaws-arena-football-league-salina-liberty/article_691df6ca-1593-11ef-8b9b-4b97892aa5d5.html">"Billings Outlaws spoil Heron O'Neal's homecoming in big victory over Salina Liberty"</a>. <i>406 MT SPORTS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=406+MT+SPORTS&rft.atitle=Billings+Outlaws+spoil+Heron+O%27Neal%27s+homecoming+in+big+victory+over+Salina+Liberty&rft.date=2024-05-18&rft.aulast=Letasky&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F406mtsports.com%2Fextra%2Fbillings-outlaws-arena-football-league-salina-liberty%2Farticle_691df6ca-1593-11ef-8b9b-4b97892aa5d5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne-platoon+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One-platoon_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ptAmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vAIGAAAAIBAJ&pg=1042,6728637&dq=minnesota-shift&hl=en">Wilmington Sunday Star article on its 1953 reintroduction</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_football_strategy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_football_strategy" title="Template:American football strategy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_football_strategy" title="Template talk:American football strategy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_football_strategy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American football strategy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_football_strategy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_football_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="American football strategy">American football strategy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">One-platoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-platoon_system" title="Two-platoon system">Two-platoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_calling_system" title="Play calling system">Play calling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offensive <a href="/wiki/American_football_plays" title="American football plays">strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-11_offense" title="A-11 offense">A-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Coryell" title="Air Coryell">Air Coryell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_offense" title="Air raid offense">Air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck-lateral_series" title="Buck-lateral series">Buck-lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurry-up_offense" title="Hurry-up offense">Hurry-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_offense" title="Multiple offense">Multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_offense" title="Option offense">Option</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run-pass_option" title="Run-pass option">Run-pass option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_option" title="Triple option">Triple option</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-style_offense" title="Pro-style offense">Pro-style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_and_shoot_offense" title="Run and shoot offense">Run and shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashmouth_offense" title="Smashmouth offense">Smashmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_offense" title="Spread offense">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_offense" title="West Coast offense">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Route_(gridiron_football)" title="Route (gridiron football)">Routes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chair_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair route">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Corner route">Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossing route">Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curl_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Curl route">Curl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag route">Drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat route">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly route">Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot route">Hot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerk_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerk route">Jerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Out route">Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Post route">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_pass" title="Screen pass">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seam_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Seam route">Seam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slant_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Slant route">Slant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sluggo_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Sluggo route">Sluggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop-and-go_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop-and-go route">Stop-and-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing route">Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheel route">Wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trick_play" title="Trick play">Trick plays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Play-action_pass" title="Play-action pass">Play-action pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_play" title="Draw play">Draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_pass" title="Double pass">Double pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-around" title="End-around">End-around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_(American_football)" title="Reverse (American football)">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner_play" title="Spinner play">Spinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_field_goal" title="Fake field goal">Fake field goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_punt" title="Fake punt">Fake punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_spike" title="Fake spike">Fake spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_procedure" title="Fake procedure">Fake procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_flicker" title="Flea flicker">Flea flicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumblerooski" title="Fumblerooski">Fumblerooski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_ball_trick" title="Hidden ball trick">Hidden ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_and_ladder_(football)" title="Hook and ladder (football)">Hook and lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_play" title="Statue of Liberty play">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfback_option_play" title="Halfback option play">Halfback option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_count_(gridiron_football)" title="Hard count (gridiron football)">Hard count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Play" title="Pyramid Play">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_gate_(American_football)" title="Swinging gate (American football)">Swinging gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tackle-eligible_play" title="Tackle-eligible play">Tackle-eligible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock_management" title="Clock management">Clock management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass" title="Hail Mary pass">Hail Mary pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defensive strategy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man-to-man_defense" title="Man-to-man defense">Man-to-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_defense_in_American_football" title="Zone defense in American football">Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa_2" title="Tampa 2">Tampa 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bump_and_run_coverage" title="Bump and run coverage">Bump and run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_coverage" title="Double coverage">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_defense_in_American_football" title="Zone defense in American football">Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icing_the_kicker" title="Icing the kicker">Icing the kicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunt_(gridiron_football)" title="Stunt (gridiron football)">Stunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_(gridiron_football)" title="Spy (gridiron football)">Spy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formation_(American_football)#Offense" title="Formation (American football)">Offensive formations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T_formation" title="T formation">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-T" title="Split-T">Split-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_formation" title="I formation">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_formation" title="A formation">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-wing_formation" title="Single-wing formation">Single-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_punt_formation" title="Short punt formation">Short punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_formation" title="Shotgun formation">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_set" title="Pro set">Pro set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_set_back" title="Single set back">Single set back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishbone_formation" title="Wishbone formation">Wishbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexbone_formation" title="Flexbone formation">Flexbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_offense" title="Pistol offense">Pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol-Flex_formation" title="Pistol-Flex formation">Pistol-Flex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trips_formation" title="Trips formation">Trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_formation" title="Wildcat formation">Wildcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_shift" title="Jump shift">Jump shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_shift" title="Minnesota shift">Minnesota shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Box" title="Notre Dame Box">Notre Dame Box</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formation_(American_football)#Defense" title="Formation (American football)">Defensive formations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-level_defense" title="Two-level defense">2-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%933_defense" title="4–3 defense">4–3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miami_4%E2%80%933_defense" title="Miami 4–3 defense">Miami 4–3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Cover_3_defense" title="Seattle Cover 3 defense">Seattle Cover 3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%E2%80%934_defense" title="3–4 defense">3–4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%E2%80%933%E2%80%935_defense" title="3–3–5 defense">3–3–5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%934_defense" title="4–4 defense">4–4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46_defense" title="46 defense">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%E2%80%932_defense" title="5–2 defense">5–2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%E2%80%933_defense" title="5–3 defense">5–3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%E2%80%932_defense" title="6–2 defense">6–2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%E2%80%932%E2%80%932_defense" title="7–2–2 defense">7–2–2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%E2%80%931%E2%80%932%E2%80%931_defense" title="7–1–2–1 defense">7–1–2–1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_defense" title="Dime defense">Dime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_defense" title="Nickel defense">Nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevent_defense" title="Prevent defense">Prevent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-in-the-box_defense" title="Eight-in-the-box defense">8-in-the-box</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resting_the_starters" title="Resting the starters">Resting the starters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_football_strategy" title="Category:American football strategy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gridiron_football_concepts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gridiron_football_concepts" title="Template:Gridiron football concepts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gridiron_football_concepts" title="Template talk:Gridiron football concepts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gridiron_football_concepts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gridiron football concepts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gridiron_football_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron football</a> concepts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football_terms" title="Glossary of American football terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_American_football" title="Early history of American football">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_American_football" title="Modern history of American football">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_rules" title="American football rules">Rules</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football" title="Comparison of American and Canadian football">American–Canadian comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnside_rules" title="Burnside rules">Burnside rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Canadian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of Canadian football">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">9-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">8-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL">7-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">6-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(American)" title="Street football (American)">Street/Backyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powderpuff_(sports)" title="Powderpuff (sports)">Powderpuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">Wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gridiron_football_rules" title="List of gridiron football rules">Rules of gridiron football codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels of play</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Youth/midget <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Warner_Little_Scholars" title="Pop Warner Little Scholars">Pop Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Youth_Football" title="American Youth Football">AYF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">High school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varsity_team" title="Varsity team">Varsity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_varsity_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior varsity team">Junior varsity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">College</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Club football">Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">Sprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-professional">Semi-pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_gridiron_football" title="Professional gridiron football">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's American football">Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_football_field" title="American football field">Field</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yard_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Yard lines">Yard lines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hash_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hash marks">Hash marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_line" title="End line">End line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goal_line_(gridiron_football)" title="Goal line (gridiron football)">Goal line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidelines">Sidelines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage" title="Line of scrimmage">Line of scrimmage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_goal_range" title="Field goal range">Field goal range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/End_zone" title="End zone">End zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Red zone (gridiron football)">Red zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Dead zone (gridiron football)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Neutral zone (gridiron football)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_corner_(American_football)" title="Coffin corner (American football)">Coffin corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(gridiron_football)" title="Flat (gridiron football)">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_(American_football)" title="Gap (American football)">Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_(American_football)" title="Hole (American football)">Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_pocket" title="Passing pocket">Pocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scoring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown" title="Touchdown">Touchdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_(gridiron_football)" title="Conversion (gridiron football)">One-point conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-point_conversion" title="Two-point conversion">Two-point conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_goal" title="Field goal">Field goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_score)" title="Safety (gridiron football score)">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_(football)" title="Single (football)">Single (rouge)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ball handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snap_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap (football)">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">Forward pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_pass" title="Lateral pass">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incomplete_pass" title="Incomplete pass">Incomplete pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop-back_pass" title="Drop-back pass">Drop-back pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass" title="Hail Mary pass">Hail Mary pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-off" title="Hand-off">Hand-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_(gridiron_football)" title="Rush (gridiron football)">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_(gridiron_football)" title="Punt (gridiron football)">Punt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Touchback" title="Touchback">Touchback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_kick" title="Drop kick">Drop kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickoff_(gridiron_football)" title="Kickoff (gridiron football)">Kickoff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onside_kick" title="Onside kick">Onside kick</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turnover_(gridiron_football)" title="Turnover (gridiron football)">Turnovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fumble" title="Fumble">Fumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interception" title="Interception">Interception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffed_punt" title="Muffed punt">Muffed punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tillman" title="Charles Tillman">"Peanut Punch"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_on_downs" title="Turnover on downs">Turnover on downs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">Downs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">First down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)#Three-and-out" title="Down (gridiron football)">Three-and-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_down_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth down conversion">Fourth down conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_ball#Gridiron_football" title="Dead ball">Dead ball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Play_clock" title="Play clock">Play clock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time-out_(sport)#American_and_Canadian_football" title="Time-out (sport)">Timeout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarterback_kneel" title="Quarterback kneel">Kneel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(gridiron_football)" title="Spike (gridiron football)">Spike</a></li> <li>Time warnings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-minute_warning" title="Three-minute warning">3 min.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-minute_warning" title="Two-minute warning">2 min.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-minute_warning" title="One-minute warning">1 min.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_management" title="Clock management">Clock management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_out_the_clock" title="Running out the clock">Running out the clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untimed_play" title="Untimed play">Untimed play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_time" title="Garbage time">Garbage time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-purpose_yardage" title="All-purpose yardage">All-purpose yardage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carry_(gridiron_football)" title="Carry (gridiron football)">Carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(American_football)" title="Completion (American football)">Completion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Gen_Stats" title="Next Gen Stats">Next Gen Stats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pass_deflected" title="Pass deflected">Pass deflected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passer_rating" title="Passer rating">Passer rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_yards" class="mw-redirect" title="Passing yards">Passing yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_(gridiron_football)" title="Reception (gridiron football)">Receiving yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_(gridiron_football)" title="Reception (gridiron football)">Reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_yards" title="Return yards">Return yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carry_(gridiron_football)" title="Carry (gridiron football)">Rushing yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarterback_sack" title="Quarterback sack">Sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_offense" title="Total offense">Total offense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_quarterback_rating" title="Total quarterback rating">Total quarterback rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown_pass" title="Touchdown pass">Touchdown pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yards_after_catch" title="Yards after catch">Yards after catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yards_from_scrimmage" title="Yards from scrimmage">Yards from scrimmage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Practice_squad" title="Practice squad">Practice squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-a-days_(football)" title="Two-a-days (football)">Two-a-days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_drill" title="Oklahoma drill">Oklahoma drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-cone_drill" title="Three-cone drill">Three-cone drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_session" title="Film session">Film session</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officiating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_(gridiron_football)" title="Official (gridiron football)">Official</a> (<a href="/wiki/Official_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Official (American football)">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Official_(Canadian_football)" title="Official (Canadian football)">Canadian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_crew" title="Chain crew">Chain crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_(gridiron_football)" title="Penalty (gridiron football)">Penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_flag" title="Penalty flag">Penalty flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replay_review_in_gridiron_football" title="Replay review in gridiron football">Instant replay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Gridiron ball">Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(American_football)" title="Blocking (American football)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_tree" title="Coaching tree">Coaching tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_American_football" title="Concussions in American football">Concussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_equipment_in_gridiron_football" title="Protective equipment in gridiron football">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_IQ" title="Football IQ">Football IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_(American_football)" title="Formation (American football)">Formations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formations_in_American_football" title="List of formations in American football">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterman_(sports)" title="Letterman (sports)">Letterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatorade_shower" title="Gatorade shower">Gatorade shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#American_and_Canadian_football" title="Overtime (sports)">Overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_plays" title="American football plays">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_positions" title="American football positions">Positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_up_the_score" title="Running up the score">Running up the score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="American football strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown_celebration" title="Touchdown celebration">Touchdown celebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuck_rule_(American_football)" title="Tuck rule (American football)">Tuck rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_card" title="American football card">Trading card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_man_(football)" title="12th man (football)">Twelfth man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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