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country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German-language_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-language_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>German-language area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-language_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>United Kingdom and Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.3</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In art and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Market town</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_(%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A)" title="مدينة السوق (تقسيم إداري) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدينة السوق (تقسيم إداري)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poble_mercat" title="Poble mercat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poble mercat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bstys" title="Městys – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Městys" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B8bstad" title="Købstad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Købstad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minderstadt" title="Minderstadt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minderstadt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_de_mercado" title="Ciudad de mercado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciudad de mercado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampurbo" title="Kampurbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kampurbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoka_hiri" title="Azoka hiri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azoka hiri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شهر بازاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهر بازاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keypsta%C3%B0ur" title="Keypstaður – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Keypstaður" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville_de_march%C3%A9" title="Ville de marché – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ville de marché" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%9E%A5%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C" title="시장도시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시장도시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovi%C5%A1te" title="Trgovište – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trgovište" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_pasar" title="Kota pasar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kota pasar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaupsta%C3%B0ur" title="Kaupstaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kaupstaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_di_mercato" title="Città di mercato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Città di mercato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A7" title="עיר שוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיר שוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mez%C5%91v%C3%A1ros" title="Mezőváros – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mezőváros" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82" title="مدينة سوق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينة سوق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekan_pasar" title="Pekan pasar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pekan pasar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marktstad" title="Marktstad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marktstad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3" title="マーケットタウン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーケットタウン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnerstadt" title="Minnerstadt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Minnerstadt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade_de_mercado" title="Cidade de mercado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cidade de mercado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2rg" title="Târg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Târg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Market town" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trg_(naselje)" title="Trg (naselje) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trg (naselje)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B5)" title="Трговиште (насеље) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трговиште (насеље)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovi%C5%A1te" title="Trgovište – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trgovište" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pstad" title="Köpstad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Köpstad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazar_kasabas%C4%B1" title="Pazar kasabası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pazar kasabası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Ринкове місто – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ринкове місто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%91_ch%E1%BB%A3" title="Phố chợ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phố chợ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%95%87" title="集镇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="集镇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18511725#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Settlement granted the right to host markets</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Square,_Shrewsbury.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Square%2C_Shrewsbury.JPG/220px-The_Square%2C_Shrewsbury.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Square%2C_Shrewsbury.JPG/330px-The_Square%2C_Shrewsbury.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Square%2C_Shrewsbury.JPG/440px-The_Square%2C_Shrewsbury.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Market_square" title="Market square">market square</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, an English market town</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wittenberg_Market_square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Wittenberg_Market_square.jpg/220px-Wittenberg_Market_square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Wittenberg_Market_square.jpg/330px-Wittenberg_Market_square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Wittenberg_Market_square.jpg/440px-Wittenberg_Market_square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The market square (<i>Marktplatz</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, a market town in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>market town</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlement</a> most common in Europe that obtained by custom or royal charter, in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, a <b>market right</b>, which allowed it to host a regular <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">market</a>; this distinguished it from a <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a> or <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a>. In Britain, small rural towns with a hinterland of villages are still commonly called market towns, as sometimes reflected in their names (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Downham_Market" title="Downham Market">Downham Market</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_Rasen" title="Market Rasen">Market Rasen</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Market_Drayton" title="Market Drayton">Market Drayton</a>). </p><p>Modern markets are often in <a href="/wiki/Market_house" title="Market house">special halls</a>, but this is a relatively recent development. Historically the markets were open-air, held in what is usually called (regardless of its actual shape) the <a href="/wiki/Market_square" title="Market square">market square</a> or <a href="/wiki/Market_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Market place">market place</a>, sometimes centred on a <a href="/wiki/Market_cross" title="Market cross">market cross</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercat_cross" title="Mercat cross">mercat cross</a> in Scotland). They were and are typically open one or two days a week. In the modern era, the rise of permanent retail establishments reduced the need for periodic markets. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sc%C3%A8ne_de_foire_-_ca_1400_-_BNF_Fr12559_f167.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sc%C3%A8ne_de_foire_-_ca_1400_-_BNF_Fr12559_f167.jpg/220px-Sc%C3%A8ne_de_foire_-_ca_1400_-_BNF_Fr12559_f167.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sc%C3%A8ne_de_foire_-_ca_1400_-_BNF_Fr12559_f167.jpg/330px-Sc%C3%A8ne_de_foire_-_ca_1400_-_BNF_Fr12559_f167.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sc%C3%A8ne_de_foire_-_ca_1400_-_BNF_Fr12559_f167.jpg/440px-Sc%C3%A8ne_de_foire_-_ca_1400_-_BNF_Fr12559_f167.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Market_cross" title="Market cross">Market cross</a> in a market, French, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1400</figcaption></figure> <p>The primary purpose of a market town is the provision of goods and services to the surrounding locality.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although market towns were known in antiquity, their number increased rapidly from the 12th century. Market towns across Europe flourished with an improved economy, a more urbanised society and the widespread introduction of a cash-based economy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086 lists 50 markets in England. Some 2,000 new markets were established between 1200 and 1349.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burgeoning of market towns occurred across Europe around the same time. </p><p>Initially, market towns most often grew up close to fortified places, such as <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a> or monasteries, not only to enjoy their protection, but also because large manorial households and monasteries generated demand for goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians term these early market towns "prescriptive market towns" in that they may not have enjoyed any official sanction such as a charter, but were accorded market town status through custom and practice if they had been in existence prior to 1199.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From an early stage, kings and administrators understood that a successful market town attracted people, generated revenue and would pay for the town's defences.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In around the 12th century, European kings began granting charters to villages allowing them to hold markets on specific days.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Framlingham" title="Framlingham">Framlingham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> is a notable example of a market situated near a fortified building. Additionally, markets were located where transport was easiest, such as at a crossroads or close to a river <a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">ford</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Cowbridge" title="Cowbridge">Cowbridge</a> in the Vale of Glamorgan. When local <a href="/wiki/Railway_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway lines">railway lines</a> were first built, market towns were given priority to ease the transport of goods. For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Calderdale" title="Calderdale">Calderdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a>, several market towns close together were designated to take advantage of the new trains. The designation of <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire" title="Halifax, West Yorkshire">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sowerby_Bridge" title="Sowerby Bridge">Sowerby Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebden_Bridge" title="Hebden Bridge">Hebden Bridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Todmorden" title="Todmorden">Todmorden</a> is an example of this. </p><p>A number of studies have pointed to the prevalence of the periodic market in medieval towns and rural areas due to the localised nature of the economy. The marketplace was the commonly accepted location for trade, social interaction, transfer of information and gossip. A broad range of retailers congregated in market towns – peddlers, retailers, hucksters, stallholders, merchants and other types of trader. Some were professional traders who occupied a local shopfront such as a bakery or alehouse, while others were casual traders who set up a stall or carried their wares around in baskets on market days. Market trade supplied for the needs of local consumers whether they were visitors or local residents.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt_H%C3%B6chst_Markthalle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Frankfurt_H%C3%B6chst_Markthalle.jpg/220px-Frankfurt_H%C3%B6chst_Markthalle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Frankfurt_H%C3%B6chst_Markthalle.jpg/330px-Frankfurt_H%C3%B6chst_Markthalle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Frankfurt_H%C3%B6chst_Markthalle.jpg/440px-Frankfurt_H%C3%B6chst_Markthalle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Modern market hall in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-H%C3%B6chst" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-Höchst">Frankfurt-Höchst</a>, where the market dates back to at least 1356</figcaption></figure> <p>Braudel and Reynold have made a systematic study of European market towns between the 13th and 15th century. Their investigation shows that in regional districts markets were held once or twice a week while daily markets were common in larger cities. Over time, permanent shops began opening daily and gradually supplanted the periodic markets, while peddlers or itinerant sellers continued to fill in any gaps in distribution. The physical market was characterised by transactional exchange and bartering systems were commonplace. Shops had higher overhead costs, but were able to offer regular trading hours and a relationship with customers and may have offered added value services, such as credit terms to reliable customers. The economy was characterised by local trading in which goods were traded across relatively short distances. Braudel reports that, in 1600, grain moved just 5–10 miles (8.0–16.1 km); cattle 40–70 miles (64–113 km); wool and woollen cloth 20–40 miles (32–64 km). However, following the European age of discovery, goods were imported from afar – calico cloth from India, porcelain, silk and tea from China, spices from India and South-East Asia and tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee from the New World.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The importance of local markets began to decline in the mid-16th century. Permanent shops which provided more stable trading hours began to supplant the periodic market.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the rise of a merchant class led to the import and exports of a broad range of goods, contributing to a reduced reliance on local produce. At the centre of this new global mercantile trade was <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, which by the mid-16th century, was the largest market town in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A good number of local histories of individual market towns can be found. However, more general histories of the rise of market-towns across Europe are much more difficult to locate. Clark points out that while a good deal is known about the economic value of markets in local economies, the cultural role of market-towns has received scant scholarly attention.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M%C4%9Bstys" title="Městys">Městys</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Denmark, the concept of the market town (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">købstad</i>) emerged during the Iron Age. It is not known which was the first Danish market town, but <a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a> (part of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ribe" title="Ribe">Ribe</a> were among the first. As of 1801, there were 74 market towns in Denmark (for a full list, see <a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B8bst%C3%A6der_i_Danmark#Enevælden_indtil_landboreformerne_(1660-1780)" class="extiw" title="da:Købstæder i Danmark">this table at Danish Wikipedia</a>). The last town to gain market rights (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">købstadsprivilegier</i>) was <a href="/wiki/Skjern,_Denmark" title="Skjern, Denmark">Skjern</a> in 1958. At the <a href="/wiki/1970_Danish_Municipal_Reform" title="1970 Danish Municipal Reform">municipal reform of 1970</a>, market towns were merged with neighboring parishes, and the market towns lost their special status and privileges, though many still advertise themselves using the moniker of <i>købstad</i> and hold <a href="/wiki/Public_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Public market">public markets</a> on their historic <a href="/wiki/Market_square" title="Market square">market squares</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Markedsdag_Torvet,_1897-98.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market day on the market square in Ribe in Jutland, 1897-98"><img alt="Market day on the market square in Ribe in Jutland, 1897-98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Markedsdag_Torvet%2C_1897-98.jpg/120px-Markedsdag_Torvet%2C_1897-98.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Markedsdag_Torvet%2C_1897-98.jpg/180px-Markedsdag_Torvet%2C_1897-98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Markedsdag_Torvet%2C_1897-98.jpg/240px-Markedsdag_Torvet%2C_1897-98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1389" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Public_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Public market">Market day</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Market_square" title="Market square">market square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ribe" title="Ribe">Ribe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>, 1897-98</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halmtorvet_c._1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market day on the Haymarket in Copenhagen, c. 1900"><img alt="Market day on the Haymarket in Copenhagen, c. 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Halmtorvet_c._1900.jpg/120px-Halmtorvet_c._1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Halmtorvet_c._1900.jpg/180px-Halmtorvet_c._1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Halmtorvet_c._1900.jpg/240px-Halmtorvet_c._1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3458" data-file-height="2732" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Public_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Public market">Market day</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Halmtorvet" title="Halmtorvet">Haymarket</a> in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marked_Sor%C3%B8-Torv_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market day on the market square in Sorø on Zealand, 1915"><img alt="Market day on the market square in Sorø on Zealand, 1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Marked_Sor%C3%B8-Torv_1915.jpg/120px-Marked_Sor%C3%B8-Torv_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Marked_Sor%C3%B8-Torv_1915.jpg/180px-Marked_Sor%C3%B8-Torv_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Marked_Sor%C3%B8-Torv_1915.jpg/240px-Marked_Sor%C3%B8-Torv_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="604" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Public_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Public market">Market day</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Market_square" title="Market square">market square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sor%C3%B8" title="Sorø">Sorø</a> on <a href="/wiki/Zealand" title="Zealand">Zealand</a>, 1915</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bornholm_-_Aakirkeby_-_markedsdag2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Public market on the historic market square in Aakirkeby on Bornholm, 2010"><img alt="Public market on the historic market square in Aakirkeby on Bornholm, 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bornholm_-_Aakirkeby_-_markedsdag2.jpg/120px-Bornholm_-_Aakirkeby_-_markedsdag2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bornholm_-_Aakirkeby_-_markedsdag2.jpg/180px-Bornholm_-_Aakirkeby_-_markedsdag2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bornholm_-_Aakirkeby_-_markedsdag2.jpg/240px-Bornholm_-_Aakirkeby_-_markedsdag2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Public_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Public market">Public market</a> on the historic <a href="/wiki/Market_square" title="Market square">market square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aakirkeby" title="Aakirkeby">Aakirkeby</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a>, 2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torvet_i_Koge_2015maj30_0208_(18130948529).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Public market on the historic market square in Køge on Zealand, 2015"><img alt="Public market on the historic market square in Køge on Zealand, 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Torvet_i_Koge_2015maj30_0208_%2818130948529%29.jpg/120px-Torvet_i_Koge_2015maj30_0208_%2818130948529%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Torvet_i_Koge_2015maj30_0208_%2818130948529%29.jpg/180px-Torvet_i_Koge_2015maj30_0208_%2818130948529%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Torvet_i_Koge_2015maj30_0208_%2818130948529%29.jpg/240px-Torvet_i_Koge_2015maj30_0208_%2818130948529%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4807" data-file-height="3205" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Public_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Public market">Public market</a> on the historic <a href="/wiki/Market_square" title="Market square">market square</a> in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B8ge" title="Køge">Køge</a> on <a href="/wiki/Zealand" title="Zealand">Zealand</a>, 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vor_Frue_Kirke_og_torvet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Public market on the historic market square in Svendborg on Funen, 2019"><img alt="Public market on the historic market square in Svendborg on Funen, 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Vor_Frue_Kirke_og_torvet.jpg/120px-Vor_Frue_Kirke_og_torvet.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Vor_Frue_Kirke_og_torvet.jpg/180px-Vor_Frue_Kirke_og_torvet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Vor_Frue_Kirke_og_torvet.jpg/240px-Vor_Frue_Kirke_og_torvet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Public_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Public market">Public market</a> on the historic <a href="/wiki/Market_square" title="Market square">market square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Svendborg" title="Svendborg">Svendborg</a> on <a href="/wiki/Funen" title="Funen">Funen</a>, 2019</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German-language_area">German-language area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: German-language area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Market_halls_in_Berlin" title="Market halls in Berlin">Market halls in Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_markets_in_Vienna" title="List of markets in Vienna">List of markets in Vienna</a></div> <p>The medieval right to hold markets (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Marktrecht</i>) is reflected in the prefix <i>Markt</i> of the names of many towns in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Markt_Berolzheim" title="Markt Berolzheim">Markt Berolzheim</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marktbergel" title="Marktbergel">Marktbergel</a>. Other terms used for market towns were <i>Flecken</i> in northern Germany, or <i>Freiheit</i> and <i>Wigbold</i> in <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>. </p><p>Market rights were designated as long ago as during the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 800, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> granted the title of a market town to <i><a href="/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Esslingen am Neckar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conrad created a number of market towns in Saxony throughout the 11th century and did much to develop peaceful markets by granting a special 'peace' to merchants and a special and permanent 'peace' to market-places.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of the territories, the ability to designate market towns was passed to the princes and dukes, as the basis of <a href="/wiki/German_town_law" title="German town law">German town law</a>. </p><p>The local ordinance status of a market town (<i>Marktgemeinde</i> or <i>Markt</i>) is perpetuated through the law of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> province of <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>. Nevertheless, the title has no further legal significance, as it does not grant any privileges. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Markthalle_VI_Seitenfassade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market hall, Invalidenstraße, Berlin, Germany"><img alt="Market hall, Invalidenstraße, Berlin, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Berlin_Markthalle_VI_Seitenfassade.jpg/120px-Berlin_Markthalle_VI_Seitenfassade.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Berlin_Markthalle_VI_Seitenfassade.jpg/180px-Berlin_Markthalle_VI_Seitenfassade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Berlin_Markthalle_VI_Seitenfassade.jpg/240px-Berlin_Markthalle_VI_Seitenfassade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="1928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market hall, <a href="/wiki/Invalidenstra%C3%9Fe" title="Invalidenstraße">Invalidenstraße</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weeze_Marktplatz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market place, Weeze, Germany"><img alt="Market place, Weeze, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Weeze_Marktplatz.jpg/90px-Weeze_Marktplatz.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Weeze_Marktplatz.jpg/135px-Weeze_Marktplatz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Weeze_Marktplatz.jpg/180px-Weeze_Marktplatz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market place, <a href="/wiki/Weeze" title="Weeze">Weeze</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Markt_Schm%C3%B6lln.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Market place, with fountain, Schmölln, Germany"><img alt="Market place, with fountain, Schmölln, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Markt_Schm%C3%B6lln.JPG/120px-Markt_Schm%C3%B6lln.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Markt_Schm%C3%B6lln.JPG/180px-Markt_Schm%C3%B6lln.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Markt_Schm%C3%B6lln.JPG/240px-Markt_Schm%C3%B6lln.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market place, with fountain, <a href="/wiki/Schm%C3%B6lln" title="Schmölln">Schmölln</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Floridsdorf_about_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market place, Floridsdorf, Austria, c. 1895"><img alt="Market place, Floridsdorf, Austria, c. 1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Floridsdorf_about_1895.jpg/120px-Floridsdorf_about_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Floridsdorf_about_1895.jpg/180px-Floridsdorf_about_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Floridsdorf_about_1895.jpg/240px-Floridsdorf_about_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="662" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market place, <a href="/wiki/Floridsdorf" title="Floridsdorf">Floridsdorf</a>, Austria, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1895</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hungarian, the word for market town "mezőváros" means literally "pasture town" and implies that it was unfortified town: they were architecturally distinguishable from other towns by the lack of town walls. Most market towns were chartered in the 14th and 15th centuries and typically developed around 13th-century villages that had preceded them. A boom in the raising of livestock may have been a trigger for the upsurge in the number of market towns during that period. </p><p>Archaeological studies suggest that the ground plans of such market towns had multiple streets and could also emerge from a group of villages or an earlier urban settlement in decline, or be created as a new urban centre.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frequently, they had limited privileges compared to <a href="/wiki/Free_royal_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Free royal cities">free royal cities</a>. Their long-lasting feudal subordination to landowners or the church is also a crucial difference.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The successors of these settlements usually have a distinguishable townscape. The absence of fortification walls, sparsely populated agglomerations, and their tight bonds with agricultural life allowed these towns to remain more vertical compared to civitates. The street-level urban structure varies depending on the era from which various parts of the city originate. Market towns were characterized as a transition between a village and a city, without a unified, definite city core. A high level of urban planning only marks an era starting from the 17th-18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dating is partially related to the modernization and resettlement waves after the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auf_einem_ungarischen_Fruchtmarkt._Originalzeichnung_von_Wilhelm_Hahn.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hungarian fruit market, original drawing by Wilhelm Hahn, 1868"><img alt="Hungarian fruit market, original drawing by Wilhelm Hahn, 1868" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Auf_einem_ungarischen_Fruchtmarkt._Originalzeichnung_von_Wilhelm_Hahn.png/120px-Auf_einem_ungarischen_Fruchtmarkt._Originalzeichnung_von_Wilhelm_Hahn.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Auf_einem_ungarischen_Fruchtmarkt._Originalzeichnung_von_Wilhelm_Hahn.png/180px-Auf_einem_ungarischen_Fruchtmarkt._Originalzeichnung_von_Wilhelm_Hahn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Auf_einem_ungarischen_Fruchtmarkt._Originalzeichnung_von_Wilhelm_Hahn.png/240px-Auf_einem_ungarischen_Fruchtmarkt._Originalzeichnung_von_Wilhelm_Hahn.png 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="903" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hungarian fruit market, original drawing by Wilhelm Hahn, 1868</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MarketMiskolc1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main market street in Miskolc, 1884"><img alt="Main market street in Miskolc, 1884" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MarketMiskolc1884.jpg/120px-MarketMiskolc1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MarketMiskolc1884.jpg/180px-MarketMiskolc1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MarketMiskolc1884.jpg/240px-MarketMiskolc1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="937" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main market street in <a href="/wiki/Miskolc" title="Miskolc">Miskolc</a>, 1884</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagykanizsa,_Heti_v%C3%A1s%C3%A1r_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heti vásár (weekly market) at Nagykanizsa, 1901"><img alt="Heti vásár (weekly market) at Nagykanizsa, 1901" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nagykanizsa%2C_Heti_v%C3%A1s%C3%A1r_1901.jpg/120px-Nagykanizsa%2C_Heti_v%C3%A1s%C3%A1r_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nagykanizsa%2C_Heti_v%C3%A1s%C3%A1r_1901.jpg/180px-Nagykanizsa%2C_Heti_v%C3%A1s%C3%A1r_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nagykanizsa%2C_Heti_v%C3%A1s%C3%A1r_1901.jpg/240px-Nagykanizsa%2C_Heti_v%C3%A1s%C3%A1r_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="2192" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heti vásár (weekly market) at <a href="/wiki/Nagykanizsa" title="Nagykanizsa">Nagykanizsa</a>, 1901</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> was under Danish rule, Danish merchants held a <a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Trade_Monopoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly">monopoly on trade with Iceland</a> until 1786. With the abolishment of the trading monopoly, six market town (<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <i>kaupstaður</i>) were founded around the country. All of them, except for <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, would lose their market rights in 1836. New market towns would be designated by acts from <span title="Icelandic-language text"><span lang="is" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%BEingi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alþingi">Alþingi</a></span></span> in the 19th and 20th century. In the latter half of the 20th century, the special rights granted to market towns mostly involved a greater autonomy in fiscal matters and control over town planning, schooling and social care. Unlike rural municipalities, the market towns were not considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iceland" title="Counties of Iceland">counties</a>. </p><p>The last town to be granted market rights was <a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafsv%C3%ADk" title="Ólafsvík">Ólafsvík</a> in 1983 and from that point there were 24 market towns until a municipal reform in 1986 essentially abolished the concept. Many of the existing market towns would continue to be named <i>kaupstaður</i> even after the term lost any administrative meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%B8pstad" title="Kjøpstad">Kjøpstad</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, the medieval market town (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i>kjøpstad</i> and <i>kaupstad</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>kaupstaðr</i>) was a town which had been granted commerce privileges by the king or other authorities. The citizens in the town had a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> over the purchase and sale of wares, and operation of other businesses, both in the town and in the surrounding district. </p><p>Norway developed market towns at a much later period than other parts of Europe. The reasons for this late development are complex but include the sparse population, lack of urbanisation, no real manufacturing industries and no cash economy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first market town was created in 11th century Norway, to encourage businesses to concentrate around specific towns. King Olaf established a market town at Bergen in the 11th century, and it soon became the residence of many wealthy families.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">Import</a> and <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> was to be conducted only through market towns, to allow oversight of commerce and to simplify the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Excise_taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Excise taxes">excise taxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Customs_(tax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs (tax)">customs duties</a>. This practice served to encourage growth in areas which had strategic significance, providing a local economic base for the construction of <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Fortresses" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Fortresses">fortifications</a> and sufficient population to defend the area. It also served to restrict <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> merchants from trading in areas other than those designated. </p><p>Norway included a subordinate category to the market town, the "small seaport" (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <i>lossested</i> or <i>ladested</i>), which was a port or harbor with a monopoly to import and export goods and materials in both the port and a surrounding outlying district. Typically, these were locations for exporting timber, and importing grain and goods. Local farm goods and timber sales were all required to pass through merchants at either a small seaport or a market town prior to export. This encouraged local merchants to ensure trading went through them, which was so effective in limiting unsupervised sales (<a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a>) that customs revenues increased from less than 30% of the total tax revenues in 1600 to more than 50% of the total taxes by 1700. </p><p>Norwegian "market towns" died out and were replaced by free markets during the 19th century. After 1952, both the "small seaport" and the "market town" were relegated to simple town status. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_market,_Bergen,_Norway_(LOC).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fish market, Bergen, Norway, c. 1890"><img alt="Fish market, Bergen, Norway, c. 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Fish_market%2C_Bergen%2C_Norway_%28LOC%29.jpg/120px-Fish_market%2C_Bergen%2C_Norway_%28LOC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Fish_market%2C_Bergen%2C_Norway_%28LOC%29.jpg/180px-Fish_market%2C_Bergen%2C_Norway_%28LOC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Fish_market%2C_Bergen%2C_Norway_%28LOC%29.jpg/240px-Fish_market%2C_Bergen%2C_Norway_%28LOC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2382" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fish market, <a href="/wiki/Bergen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen (city)">Bergen</a>, Norway, c. 1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tollboden_i_Porsgrunn.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market and customs house, Porsgrunn, c. 1891-1910"><img alt="Market and customs house, Porsgrunn, c. 1891-1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tollboden_i_Porsgrunn.jpeg/120px-Tollboden_i_Porsgrunn.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tollboden_i_Porsgrunn.jpeg/180px-Tollboden_i_Porsgrunn.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tollboden_i_Porsgrunn.jpeg/240px-Tollboden_i_Porsgrunn.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market and customs house, <a href="/wiki/Porsgrunn_(town)" title="Porsgrunn (town)">Porsgrunn</a>, c. 1891-1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Youngstorget_Nytorvet_med_M%C3%B8llergata_19_OB.F11527a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market square, Youngstorget Nytorvet, c. 1915-20"><img alt="Market square, Youngstorget Nytorvet, c. 1915-20" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Youngstorget_Nytorvet_med_M%C3%B8llergata_19_OB.F11527a.jpg/120px-Youngstorget_Nytorvet_med_M%C3%B8llergata_19_OB.F11527a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Youngstorget_Nytorvet_med_M%C3%B8llergata_19_OB.F11527a.jpg/180px-Youngstorget_Nytorvet_med_M%C3%B8llergata_19_OB.F11527a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Youngstorget_Nytorvet_med_M%C3%B8llergata_19_OB.F11527a.jpg/240px-Youngstorget_Nytorvet_med_M%C3%B8llergata_19_OB.F11527a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="782" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market square, Youngstorget Nytorvet, c. 1915-20</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Storfjord,_Skibotn,_Troms_-_Riksantikvaren-T441_01_0152.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norwegian market, Skibotn in Storfjord Municipality, Troms county, 1917"><img alt="Norwegian market, Skibotn in Storfjord Municipality, Troms county, 1917" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Storfjord%2C_Skibotn%2C_Troms_-_Riksantikvaren-T441_01_0152.jpg/120px-Storfjord%2C_Skibotn%2C_Troms_-_Riksantikvaren-T441_01_0152.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Storfjord%2C_Skibotn%2C_Troms_-_Riksantikvaren-T441_01_0152.jpg/180px-Storfjord%2C_Skibotn%2C_Troms_-_Riksantikvaren-T441_01_0152.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Storfjord%2C_Skibotn%2C_Troms_-_Riksantikvaren-T441_01_0152.jpg/240px-Storfjord%2C_Skibotn%2C_Troms_-_Riksantikvaren-T441_01_0152.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="1485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Norwegian market, <a href="/wiki/Skibotn" title="Skibotn">Skibotn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Storfjord_Municipality" title="Storfjord Municipality">Storfjord Municipality</a>, Troms county, 1917</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:91_Trondheim,_Torvet_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150623_00200_bldsa_PK16954.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norwegian Market, c. 1921-35"><img alt="Norwegian Market, c. 1921-35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/91_Trondheim%2C_Torvet_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150623_00200_bldsa_PK16954.jpg/120px-91_Trondheim%2C_Torvet_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150623_00200_bldsa_PK16954.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/91_Trondheim%2C_Torvet_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150623_00200_bldsa_PK16954.jpg/180px-91_Trondheim%2C_Torvet_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150623_00200_bldsa_PK16954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/91_Trondheim%2C_Torvet_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150623_00200_bldsa_PK16954.jpg/240px-91_Trondheim%2C_Torvet_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150623_00200_bldsa_PK16954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5888" data-file-height="3688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Norwegian Market, c. 1921-35</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No-nb_digibok_2012101006012_0047_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market (illustration), c. 1927"><img alt="Market (illustration), c. 1927" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/No-nb_digibok_2012101006012_0047_1.jpg/120px-No-nb_digibok_2012101006012_0047_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/No-nb_digibok_2012101006012_0047_1.jpg/180px-No-nb_digibok_2012101006012_0047_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/No-nb_digibok_2012101006012_0047_1.jpg/240px-No-nb_digibok_2012101006012_0047_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2173" data-file-height="1742" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market (illustration), c. 1927</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roeros_market.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional Winter market at Røros, 2001"><img alt="Traditional Winter market at Røros, 2001" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Roeros_market.jpeg/120px-Roeros_market.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Roeros_market.jpeg/180px-Roeros_market.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Roeros_market.jpeg/240px-Roeros_market.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional Winter market at <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ros_(town)" title="Røros (town)">Røros</a>, 2001</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%B8nsberg,_Norway_(5251993355).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market, Tønsberg, Norway, 2010"><img alt="Market, Tønsberg, Norway, 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/T%C3%B8nsberg%2C_Norway_%285251993355%29.jpg/120px-T%C3%B8nsberg%2C_Norway_%285251993355%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/T%C3%B8nsberg%2C_Norway_%285251993355%29.jpg/180px-T%C3%B8nsberg%2C_Norway_%285251993355%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/T%C3%B8nsberg%2C_Norway_%285251993355%29.jpg/240px-T%C3%B8nsberg%2C_Norway_%285251993355%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1959" data-file-height="1469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg" title="Tønsberg">Tønsberg</a>, Norway, 2010</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Przywilej_targowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Przywilej targowy (page does not exist)">Przywilej targowy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miasteczko" title="Miasteczko">Miasteczko</a></div> <p>Miasteczko (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">small town</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) was a historical type of <a href="/wiki/Urban_settlement" title="Urban settlement">urban settlement</a> similar to a market town in the former <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> at the end of the 18th-century, these settlements became widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> Empires. The vast majority of <i>miasteczkos</i> had significant or even predominant <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Jewish populations</a>; these are known in English under the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> term <i><a href="/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl">shtetl</a></i>. <i>Miasteczkos</i> had a special administrative status other than that of town or city.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_and_Ireland">United Kingdom and Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United Kingdom and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_market_towns_in_London" title="List of market towns in London">List of market towns in London</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_markets_in_London" title="List of markets in London">List of markets in London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_cross#Towns_and_villages_in_Great_Britain_with_a_market_cross" title="Market cross">Market cross § Towns and villages in Great Britain with a market cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_houses_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Market houses in Northern Ireland">Market houses in Northern Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_market_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of market houses in the Republic of Ireland">List of market houses in the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Fish_Market_at_Hastings_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Fish_Market_at_Hastings_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Fish_Market_at_Hastings_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Fish_Market_at_Hastings_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Fish_Market_at_Hastings_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Fish_Market_at_Hastings_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Fish_Market_at_Hastings_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3989" data-file-height="2963" /></a><figcaption>The Fish Market at Hastings Beach by Joseph Mallord William Turner, 1810</figcaption></figure> <p>From the time of the Norman conquest, the right to award a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter" title="Municipal charter">charter</a> was generally seen to be a royal prerogative. However, the granting of charters was not systematically recorded until 1199.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a <i>charter</i> was granted, it gave local lords the right to take tolls and also afforded the town some protection from rival markets. When a chartered market was granted for specific market days, a nearby rival market could not open on the same days.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across the boroughs of England, a network of chartered markets sprang up between the 12th and 16th centuries, giving consumers reasonable choice in the markets they preferred to patronise.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until about 1200, markets were often held on Sundays, the day when the community congregated in town to attend church. Some of the more ancient markets appear to have been held in churchyards. At the time of the Norman conquest, the majority of the population made their living through agriculture and livestock farming. Most lived on their farms, situated outside towns, and the town itself supported a relatively small population of permanent residents. <a href="/wiki/Farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers">Farmers</a> and their families brought their surplus produce to informal markets held on the grounds of their church after worship. By the 13th century, however, a movement against Sunday markets gathered momentum, and the market gradually moved to a site in town's centre and was held on a weekday.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 15th century, towns were legally prohibited from holding markets in church-yards.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joachim_Beuckelaer-March%C3%A9_aux_poissons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Joachim_Beuckelaer-March%C3%A9_aux_poissons.jpg/220px-Joachim_Beuckelaer-March%C3%A9_aux_poissons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Joachim_Beuckelaer-March%C3%A9_aux_poissons.jpg/330px-Joachim_Beuckelaer-March%C3%A9_aux_poissons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Joachim_Beuckelaer-March%C3%A9_aux_poissons.jpg/440px-Joachim_Beuckelaer-March%C3%A9_aux_poissons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2522" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>The Fish Market by Joachim Beuckelaer, c. 1568</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological evidence suggests that <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> is <a href="/wiki/Oldest_town_in_Britain" title="Oldest town in Britain">England's oldest</a> recorded market town, dating to at least the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> occupation of Britain's southern regions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another ancient market town is <a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a>, which held a market in late Roman Britain. The term derived from markets and fairs first established in 13th century after the passage of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, and the first laws towards a <i>parlement</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Provisions_of_Oxford" title="Provisions of Oxford">Provisions of Oxford</a> of 1258 were only possible because of the foundation of a town and university at a crossing-place on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> up-river from <a href="/wiki/Runnymede" title="Runnymede">Runnymede</a>, where it formed an <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">oxbow lake</a> in the stream. Early patronage included Thomas Furnyvale, lord of <a href="/wiki/Hallamshire" title="Hallamshire">Hallamshire</a>, who established a Fair and Market in 1232. Travelers were able to meet and trade wares in relative safety for a week of "fayres" at a location inside the town walls. The reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> witnessed a spike in established market fairs. The defeat of <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">de Montfort</a> increased the sample testing of markets by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I the "lawgiver"</a>, who summoned the <a href="/wiki/Model_Parliament" title="Model Parliament">Model Parliament</a> in 1295 to perambulate the boundaries of forest and town. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clare_market_by_Thomas_Shepherd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Clare_market_by_Thomas_Shepherd.jpg/220px-Clare_market_by_Thomas_Shepherd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Clare_market_by_Thomas_Shepherd.jpg/330px-Clare_market_by_Thomas_Shepherd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Clare_market_by_Thomas_Shepherd.jpg/440px-Clare_market_by_Thomas_Shepherd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>London's Clare market by Thomas Shepherd, 1815</figcaption></figure> <p>Market towns grew up at centres of local activity and were an important feature of rural life and also became important centres of social life, as some place names suggest: <a href="/wiki/Market_Drayton" title="Market Drayton">Market Drayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_Harborough" title="Market Harborough">Market Harborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_Rasen" title="Market Rasen">Market Rasen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_Deeping" title="Market Deeping">Market Deeping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_Weighton" title="Market Weighton">Market Weighton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chipping_Norton,_Oxfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire">Chipping Norton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chipping_Ongar" title="Chipping Ongar">Chipping Ongar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chipping_Sodbury" title="Chipping Sodbury">Chipping Sodbury</a> –  <i>chipping</i> was derived from a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon language">Saxon</a> verb meaning "to buy".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major study carried out by the University of London found evidence for least 2,400 markets in English towns by 1516.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English system of charters established that a new market town could not be created within a certain travelling distance of an existing one. This limit was usually a day's worth of travelling (approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi)) to and from the market.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the travel time exceeded this standard, a new market town could be established in that locale. As a result of the limit, official market towns often petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> to close down illegal markets in other towns. These distances are still law in England today. Other markets can be held, provided they are licensed by the holder of the Royal Charter, which tends currently to be the local <a href="/wiki/Town_council" title="Town council">town council</a>. Failing that, the Crown can grant a licence.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devizes.market.cross.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Devizes.market.cross.arp.jpg/220px-Devizes.market.cross.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Devizes.market.cross.arp.jpg/330px-Devizes.market.cross.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Devizes.market.cross.arp.jpg/440px-Devizes.market.cross.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="1725" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Market_Cross,_Devizes" title="Market Cross, Devizes">Market Cross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Devizes" title="Devizes">Devizes</a>, a market town in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the number of charters granted increased, competition between market towns also increased. In response to competitive pressures, towns invested in a reputation for quality produce, efficient market regulation and good amenities for visitors such as covered accommodation. By the thirteenth century, counties with important textile industries were investing in purpose built market halls for the sale of cloth. Specific market towns cultivated a reputation for high quality local goods. For example, London's <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Hall" title="Blackwell Hall">Blackwell Hall</a> became a centre for cloth, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> became associated with a particular type of cloth known as <i>Bristol red</i>, <a href="/wiki/Stroud" title="Stroud">Stroud</a> was known for producing fine woollen cloth, the town of <a href="/wiki/Worsted" title="Worsted">Worsted</a> became synonymous with a type of yarn; <a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> were strongly associated with cheeses.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study on the purchasing habits of the monks and other individuals in medieval England, suggests that consumers of the period were relatively discerning. Purchase decisions were based on purchase criteria such as consumers' perceptions of the range, quality, and price of goods. This informed decisions about where to make their purchases.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ely_the_market_place-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ely_the_market_place-1.jpg/220px-Ely_the_market_place-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ely_the_market_place-1.jpg/330px-Ely_the_market_place-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ely_the_market_place-1.jpg/440px-Ely_the_market_place-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i>The Market Place, Ely, Cambridgeshire</i> by W. W. Collins, 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>As traditional market towns developed, they featured a wide main street or central <a href="/wiki/Market_square" title="Market square">market square</a>. These provided room for people to set up stalls and booths on market days. Often the town erected a <a href="/wiki/Market_cross" title="Market cross">market cross</a> in the centre of the town, to obtain God's blessing on the trade. Notable examples of market crosses in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Cross" title="Chichester Cross">Chichester Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury_Market_Cross" title="Malmesbury Market Cross">Malmesbury Market Cross</a> and Devizes, Wiltshire. Market towns often featured a <a href="/wiki/Market_hall" title="Market hall">market hall</a>, as well, with administrative or civic quarters on the upper floor, above a covered trading area. Market towns with smaller status include <a href="/wiki/Minchinhampton" title="Minchinhampton">Minchinhampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nailsworth" title="Nailsworth">Nailsworth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Painswick" title="Painswick">Painswick</a> near <a href="/wiki/Stroud,_Gloucestershire" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroud, Gloucestershire">Stroud, Gloucestershire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "market town" may or may not have rights concerning self-government that are usually the legal basis for defining a "town". For instance, <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Shropshire" title="Newport, Shropshire">Newport, Shropshire</a>, is in the borough of <a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin" title="Telford and Wrekin">Telford and Wrekin</a> but is separate from <a href="/wiki/Telford" title="Telford">Telford</a>. In England, towns with such rights are usually distinguished with the additional status of <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough</a>. It is generally accepted that, in these cases, when a town was granted a market, it gained the additional autonomy conferred to separate towns.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the early market towns have continued operations into recent times. For instance, Northampton market received its first charter in 1189 and markets are still held in the square to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Market_Traders_Federation" title="National Market Traders Federation">National Market Traders Federation</a>, situated in <a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a>, has around 32,000 members<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and close links with market traders' federations throughout Europe. According to the <a href="/wiki/UK_National_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="UK National Archives">UK National Archives</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is no single register of modern entitlements to hold markets and fairs, although historical charters up to 1516 are listed in the <i>Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Stow's 1722 <i>Remarks on London</i> includes "A List of all the Market Towns in England and Wales; with the Days of the Week whereon kept".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holyhead market in Wales, woodcut, 1840"><img alt="Holyhead market in Wales, woodcut, 1840" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg/120px-Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg/180px-Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg/240px-Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holyhead market in Wales, woodcut, 1840</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_Market_Charters_1166_and_1189.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Birmingham Market Charters 1166 and 1189"><img alt="Birmingham Market Charters 1166 and 1189" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Birmingham_Market_Charters_1166_and_1189.jpg/120px-Birmingham_Market_Charters_1166_and_1189.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Birmingham_Market_Charters_1166_and_1189.jpg/180px-Birmingham_Market_Charters_1166_and_1189.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Birmingham_Market_Charters_1166_and_1189.jpg/240px-Birmingham_Market_Charters_1166_and_1189.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> Market Charters 1166 and 1189</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_cross,_Lambourn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1652182.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market cross, Lambourn erected in 1446"><img alt="Market cross, Lambourn erected in 1446" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Market_cross%2C_Lambourn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1652182.jpg/120px-Market_cross%2C_Lambourn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1652182.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Market_cross%2C_Lambourn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1652182.jpg/180px-Market_cross%2C_Lambourn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1652182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Market_cross%2C_Lambourn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1652182.jpg/240px-Market_cross%2C_Lambourn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1652182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Market_cross" title="Market cross">Market cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lambourn" title="Lambourn">Lambourn</a> erected in 1446</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salisbury_Market_20040724.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salisbury chartered market"><img alt="Salisbury chartered market" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Salisbury_Market_20040724.jpg/120px-Salisbury_Market_20040724.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Salisbury_Market_20040724.jpg/180px-Salisbury_Market_20040724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Salisbury_Market_20040724.jpg/240px-Salisbury_Market_20040724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="332" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a> chartered market</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sedbergh_charter_market.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sedbergh chartered market"><img alt="Sedbergh chartered market" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sedbergh_charter_market.jpg/120px-Sedbergh_charter_market.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sedbergh_charter_market.jpg/180px-Sedbergh_charter_market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sedbergh_charter_market.jpg/240px-Sedbergh_charter_market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sedbergh" title="Sedbergh">Sedbergh</a> chartered market</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_Square,_Huntingdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1429707.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market Square, Huntingdon."><img alt="Market Square, Huntingdon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Market_Square%2C_Huntingdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1429707.jpg/120px-Market_Square%2C_Huntingdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1429707.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Market_Square%2C_Huntingdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1429707.jpg/180px-Market_Square%2C_Huntingdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1429707.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Market_Square%2C_Huntingdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1429707.jpg/240px-Market_Square%2C_Huntingdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1429707.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market Square, <a href="/wiki/Huntingdon" title="Huntingdon">Huntingdon</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northampton_Market_Square_Lights_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northampton Market, established in around 1255"><img alt="Northampton Market, established in around 1255" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Northampton_Market_Square_Lights_9.jpg/120px-Northampton_Market_Square_Lights_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Northampton_Market_Square_Lights_9.jpg/180px-Northampton_Market_Square_Lights_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Northampton_Market_Square_Lights_9.jpg/240px-Northampton_Market_Square_Lights_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a> Market, established in around 1255</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altrincham,_Charter_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1313227.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altrincham, Chartered Market"><img alt="Altrincham, Chartered Market" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Altrincham%2C_Charter_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1313227.jpg/120px-Altrincham%2C_Charter_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1313227.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Altrincham%2C_Charter_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1313227.jpg/180px-Altrincham%2C_Charter_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1313227.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Altrincham%2C_Charter_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1313227.jpg/240px-Altrincham%2C_Charter_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1313227.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Altrincham" title="Altrincham">Altrincham</a>, Chartered Market</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corner_of_the_market_square_in_Horncastle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1526435.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Corner of the market square in Horncastle, given its charter in the 13th century"><img alt="Corner of the market square in Horncastle, given its charter in the 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Corner_of_the_market_square_in_Horncastle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1526435.jpg/120px-Corner_of_the_market_square_in_Horncastle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1526435.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Corner_of_the_market_square_in_Horncastle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1526435.jpg/180px-Corner_of_the_market_square_in_Horncastle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1526435.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Corner_of_the_market_square_in_Horncastle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1526435.jpg/240px-Corner_of_the_market_square_in_Horncastle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1526435.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Corner of the market square in <a href="/wiki/Horncastle" title="Horncastle">Horncastle</a>, given its charter in the 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farmers%27_market_on_Monnow_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_670778.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Farmers' market on Monnow Bridge, Wales, 2008"><img alt="Farmers' market on Monnow Bridge, Wales, 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Farmers%27_market_on_Monnow_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_670778.jpg/120px-Farmers%27_market_on_Monnow_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_670778.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Farmers%27_market_on_Monnow_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_670778.jpg/180px-Farmers%27_market_on_Monnow_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_670778.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Farmers%27_market_on_Monnow_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_670778.jpg/240px-Farmers%27_market_on_Monnow_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_670778.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Farmers' market on <a href="/wiki/Monnow_Bridge" title="Monnow Bridge">Monnow Bridge</a>, Wales, 2008</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Market_house" title="Market house">Market houses</a> were a common feature across the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Ireland">island of Ireland</a>. These often arcaded buildings performed marketplace functions, frequently with a community space on the upper floor. The oldest surviving structures date from the mid-17th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Scotland, borough markets were held weekly from an early stage. A King's market was held at <a href="/wiki/Roxburgh" title="Roxburgh">Roxburgh</a> on a specific day from about the year 1171; a Thursday market was held at <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, a Saturday market at <a href="/wiki/Arbroath" title="Arbroath">Arbroath</a>, and a Sunday market at <a href="/wiki/Brechin" title="Brechin">Brechin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Scotland, market towns were often distinguished by their <a href="/wiki/Mercat_cross" title="Mercat cross">mercat cross</a>: a place where the right to hold a regular market or fair was granted by a ruling authority (either royal, noble, or ecclesiastical). As in the rest of the UK, the area in which the cross was situated was almost always central: either in a square; or in a broad, main street. Towns which still have regular markets include: <a href="/wiki/Inverurie" title="Inverurie">Inverurie</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selkirk,_Scottish_Borders" title="Selkirk, Scottish Borders">Selkirk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wigtown" title="Wigtown">Wigtown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelso,_Scottish_Borders" title="Kelso, Scottish Borders">Kelso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cupar" title="Cupar">Cupar</a>. Not all still possess their mercat cross (market cross).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelso_Farmers_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1465782.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kelso Farmers Market, Scotland with cobbled square in the foreground"><img alt="Kelso Farmers Market, Scotland with cobbled square in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kelso_Farmers_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1465782.jpg/120px-Kelso_Farmers_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1465782.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kelso_Farmers_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1465782.jpg/180px-Kelso_Farmers_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1465782.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kelso_Farmers_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1465782.jpg/240px-Kelso_Farmers_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1465782.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kelso,_Scottish_Borders" title="Kelso, Scottish Borders">Kelso</a> Farmers Market, Scotland with cobbled square in the foreground</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plainstones_-_geograph.org.uk_-_366901.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Square in front of St Giles' Church, Elgin, is the site of a medieval market"><img alt="Square in front of St Giles' Church, Elgin, is the site of a medieval market" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Plainstones_-_geograph.org.uk_-_366901.jpg/99px-Plainstones_-_geograph.org.uk_-_366901.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Plainstones_-_geograph.org.uk_-_366901.jpg/148px-Plainstones_-_geograph.org.uk_-_366901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Plainstones_-_geograph.org.uk_-_366901.jpg/198px-Plainstones_-_geograph.org.uk_-_366901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Square in front of St Giles' Church, Elgin, is the site of a medieval market</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orkney_Auction_Mart,_Hatston_Industrial_Estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_235355.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orkney Auction Mart, Hatston Industrial Estate"><img alt="Orkney Auction Mart, Hatston Industrial Estate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Orkney_Auction_Mart%2C_Hatston_Industrial_Estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_235355.jpg/120px-Orkney_Auction_Mart%2C_Hatston_Industrial_Estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_235355.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Orkney_Auction_Mart%2C_Hatston_Industrial_Estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_235355.jpg/180px-Orkney_Auction_Mart%2C_Hatston_Industrial_Estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_235355.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Orkney_Auction_Mart%2C_Hatston_Industrial_Estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_235355.jpg/240px-Orkney_Auction_Mart%2C_Hatston_Industrial_Estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_235355.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Orkney Auction Mart, Hatston Industrial Estate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weekly_Farmers%27_Market_at_Castle_Terrace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_959626.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Weekly Farmers' Market at Castle Terrace, Edinburgh"><img alt="Weekly Farmers' Market at Castle Terrace, Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Weekly_Farmers%27_Market_at_Castle_Terrace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_959626.jpg/90px-Weekly_Farmers%27_Market_at_Castle_Terrace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_959626.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Weekly_Farmers%27_Market_at_Castle_Terrace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_959626.jpg/135px-Weekly_Farmers%27_Market_at_Castle_Terrace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_959626.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Weekly_Farmers%27_Market_at_Castle_Terrace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_959626.jpg/180px-Weekly_Farmers%27_Market_at_Castle_Terrace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_959626.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Weekly Farmers' Market at Castle Terrace, Edinburgh</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art_and_literature">In art and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In art and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dutch painters of Antwerp took great interest in market places and market towns as subject matter from the 16th century. <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Aertsen" title="Pieter Aertsen">Pieter Aertsen</a> was known as the "great painter of the market"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Painters' interest in markets was due, at least in part, to the changing nature of the market system at that time. With the rise of the merchant guilds, the public began to distinguish between two types of merchant, the <i>meerseniers</i> which referred to local merchants including bakers, grocers, sellers of dairy products and stall-holders, and the <i>koopman,</i> which described a new, emergent class of trader who dealt in goods or credit on a large scale. Paintings of every day market scenes may have been an affectionate attempt to record familiar scenes and document a world that was in danger of being lost.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Paintings and drawings of market towns and market scenes</b> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aertsen,_Pieter_-_Market_Scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market Scene by Pieter Aertsen, 1550"><img alt="Market Scene by Pieter Aertsen, 1550" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aertsen%2C_Pieter_-_Market_Scene.jpg/120px-Aertsen%2C_Pieter_-_Market_Scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aertsen%2C_Pieter_-_Market_Scene.jpg/180px-Aertsen%2C_Pieter_-_Market_Scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aertsen%2C_Pieter_-_Market_Scene.jpg/240px-Aertsen%2C_Pieter_-_Market_Scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market Scene by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Aertsen" title="Pieter Aertsen">Pieter Aertsen</a>, 1550</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rustic_Market_(Nundinae_Rusticorum)_from_The_Large_Landscapes_MET_DP818331.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rustic Market (Nundinae Rusticorum) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, 1555–56"><img alt="Rustic Market (Nundinae Rusticorum) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, 1555–56" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rustic_Market_%28Nundinae_Rusticorum%29_from_The_Large_Landscapes_MET_DP818331.jpg/120px-Rustic_Market_%28Nundinae_Rusticorum%29_from_The_Large_Landscapes_MET_DP818331.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rustic_Market_%28Nundinae_Rusticorum%29_from_The_Large_Landscapes_MET_DP818331.jpg/180px-Rustic_Market_%28Nundinae_Rusticorum%29_from_The_Large_Landscapes_MET_DP818331.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rustic_Market_%28Nundinae_Rusticorum%29_from_The_Large_Landscapes_MET_DP818331.jpg/240px-Rustic_Market_%28Nundinae_Rusticorum%29_from_The_Large_Landscapes_MET_DP818331.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3637" data-file-height="2788" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rustic Market (Nundinae Rusticorum) by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a>, 1555–56</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joachim_Beuckelaer-March%C3%A9_aux_poissons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fish Market by Joachim Beuckelaer, 1568"><img alt="Fish Market by Joachim Beuckelaer, 1568" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Joachim_Beuckelaer-March%C3%A9_aux_poissons.jpg/120px-Joachim_Beuckelaer-March%C3%A9_aux_poissons.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Joachim_Beuckelaer-March%C3%A9_aux_poissons.jpg/180px-Joachim_Beuckelaer-March%C3%A9_aux_poissons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Joachim_Beuckelaer-March%C3%A9_aux_poissons.jpg/240px-Joachim_Beuckelaer-March%C3%A9_aux_poissons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2522" data-file-height="1785" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fish Market by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Beuckelaer" title="Joachim Beuckelaer">Joachim Beuckelaer</a>, 1568</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonge_Lange_At_the_Market.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="At the Market by Jonge Lange, 1584"><img alt="At the Market by Jonge Lange, 1584" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jonge_Lange_At_the_Market.JPG/120px-Jonge_Lange_At_the_Market.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jonge_Lange_At_the_Market.JPG/180px-Jonge_Lange_At_the_Market.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jonge_Lange_At_the_Market.JPG/240px-Jonge_Lange_At_the_Market.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="1422" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">At the Market by Jonge Lange, 1584</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Summer_-_WGA20398.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peasants going to the market, Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1602"><img alt="Peasants going to the market, Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1602" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Summer_-_WGA20398.jpg/120px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Summer_-_WGA20398.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Summer_-_WGA20398.jpg/180px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Summer_-_WGA20398.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Summer_-_WGA20398.jpg/240px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Summer_-_WGA20398.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="961" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peasants going to the market, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, c. 1602</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Groentemarkt_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1732.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vegetable market in Holland, by Sybrand van Beest, 1648"><img alt="Vegetable market in Holland, by Sybrand van Beest, 1648" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Groentemarkt_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1732.jpeg/120px-Groentemarkt_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1732.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Groentemarkt_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1732.jpeg/180px-Groentemarkt_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1732.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Groentemarkt_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1732.jpeg/240px-Groentemarkt_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1732.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="7072" data-file-height="5152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vegetable market in Holland, by <a href="/wiki/Sybrand_van_Beest" title="Sybrand van Beest">Sybrand van Beest</a>, 1648</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sybrand_van_Beest_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fruit and vegetable market, Holland by Sybrand van Beest 1652"><img alt="Fruit and vegetable market, Holland by Sybrand van Beest 1652" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sybrand_van_Beest_001.jpg/120px-Sybrand_van_Beest_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sybrand_van_Beest_001.jpg/180px-Sybrand_van_Beest_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sybrand_van_Beest_001.jpg/240px-Sybrand_van_Beest_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fruit and vegetable market, Holland by Sybrand van Beest 1652</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelis_Pietersz._Bega_-_Village_Market_with_the_Quack_-_WGA01578.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Village Market with the Quack by Cornelis Pietersz Bega, 1654"><img alt="Village Market with the Quack by Cornelis Pietersz Bega, 1654" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cornelis_Pietersz._Bega_-_Village_Market_with_the_Quack_-_WGA01578.jpg/96px-Cornelis_Pietersz._Bega_-_Village_Market_with_the_Quack_-_WGA01578.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cornelis_Pietersz._Bega_-_Village_Market_with_the_Quack_-_WGA01578.jpg/144px-Cornelis_Pietersz._Bega_-_Village_Market_with_the_Quack_-_WGA01578.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cornelis_Pietersz._Bega_-_Village_Market_with_the_Quack_-_WGA01578.jpg/192px-Cornelis_Pietersz._Bega_-_Village_Market_with_the_Quack_-_WGA01578.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="939" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Village Market with the Quack by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Pietersz_Bega" title="Cornelis Pietersz Bega">Cornelis Pietersz Bega</a>, 1654</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_van_Horst_-_Market_Scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market Scene by Jan van Horst, 1569"><img alt="Market Scene by Jan van Horst, 1569" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jan_van_Horst_-_Market_Scene.jpg/120px-Jan_van_Horst_-_Market_Scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jan_van_Horst_-_Market_Scene.jpg/180px-Jan_van_Horst_-_Market_Scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jan_van_Horst_-_Market_Scene.jpg/240px-Jan_van_Horst_-_Market_Scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3163" data-file-height="2406" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market Scene by Jan van Horst, 1569</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joos_de_Momper_(II)_-_Flemish_Market_and_Washing_Place_-_WGA16128.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flemish Market and Washing Place by Joos de Momper, first half 17th century"><img alt="Flemish Market and Washing Place by Joos de Momper, first half 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Joos_de_Momper_%28II%29_-_Flemish_Market_and_Washing_Place_-_WGA16128.jpg/120px-Joos_de_Momper_%28II%29_-_Flemish_Market_and_Washing_Place_-_WGA16128.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Joos_de_Momper_%28II%29_-_Flemish_Market_and_Washing_Place_-_WGA16128.jpg/180px-Joos_de_Momper_%28II%29_-_Flemish_Market_and_Washing_Place_-_WGA16128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Joos_de_Momper_%28II%29_-_Flemish_Market_and_Washing_Place_-_WGA16128.jpg/240px-Joos_de_Momper_%28II%29_-_Flemish_Market_and_Washing_Place_-_WGA16128.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flemish Market and Washing Place by <a href="/wiki/Joos_de_Momper" title="Joos de Momper">Joos de Momper</a>, first half 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Baptist_van_Meunincxhove_-_The_Square_in_Bruges.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market Square in Bruges by Jan Baptist van Meunincxhove, 1696"><img alt="Market Square in Bruges by Jan Baptist van Meunincxhove, 1696" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jan_Baptist_van_Meunincxhove_-_The_Square_in_Bruges.jpg/120px-Jan_Baptist_van_Meunincxhove_-_The_Square_in_Bruges.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jan_Baptist_van_Meunincxhove_-_The_Square_in_Bruges.jpg/180px-Jan_Baptist_van_Meunincxhove_-_The_Square_in_Bruges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jan_Baptist_van_Meunincxhove_-_The_Square_in_Bruges.jpg/240px-Jan_Baptist_van_Meunincxhove_-_The_Square_in_Bruges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="1055" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market Square in Bruges by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Meunincxhove" title="Jan Baptist van Meunincxhove">Jan Baptist van Meunincxhove</a>, 1696</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Fish_Market_in_a_Village_Square_by_Barent_Gael.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Fish Market in a Village Square by Barent Gael, n.d. (late 17th century)"><img alt="A Fish Market in a Village Square by Barent Gael, n.d. (late 17th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/A_Fish_Market_in_a_Village_Square_by_Barent_Gael.jpg/120px-A_Fish_Market_in_a_Village_Square_by_Barent_Gael.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/A_Fish_Market_in_a_Village_Square_by_Barent_Gael.jpg/180px-A_Fish_Market_in_a_Village_Square_by_Barent_Gael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/A_Fish_Market_in_a_Village_Square_by_Barent_Gael.jpg/240px-A_Fish_Market_in_a_Village_Square_by_Barent_Gael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3252" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Fish Market in a Village Square by <a href="/wiki/Barent_Gael" title="Barent Gael">Barent Gael</a>, n.d. (late 17th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Poultry_Market_Before_a_Village_Inn_by_Barent_Gael.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Poultry Market Before a Village Inn by Barent Gael, n.d. (late 17th century)"><img alt="A Poultry Market Before a Village Inn by Barent Gael, n.d. (late 17th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/A_Poultry_Market_Before_a_Village_Inn_by_Barent_Gael.jpg/120px-A_Poultry_Market_Before_a_Village_Inn_by_Barent_Gael.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/A_Poultry_Market_Before_a_Village_Inn_by_Barent_Gael.jpg/180px-A_Poultry_Market_Before_a_Village_Inn_by_Barent_Gael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/A_Poultry_Market_Before_a_Village_Inn_by_Barent_Gael.jpg/240px-A_Poultry_Market_Before_a_Village_Inn_by_Barent_Gael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3279" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Poultry Market Before a Village Inn by Barent Gael, n.d. (late 17th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alessandro_Magnasco_-_Market_-_WGA13859.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market by Alessandro Magnasco, first half 18th century"><img alt="Market by Alessandro Magnasco, first half 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alessandro_Magnasco_-_Market_-_WGA13859.jpg/120px-Alessandro_Magnasco_-_Market_-_WGA13859.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alessandro_Magnasco_-_Market_-_WGA13859.jpg/180px-Alessandro_Magnasco_-_Market_-_WGA13859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alessandro_Magnasco_-_Market_-_WGA13859.jpg/240px-Alessandro_Magnasco_-_Market_-_WGA13859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Magnasco" title="Alessandro Magnasco">Alessandro Magnasco</a>, first half 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_at_Aberystwith.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market at Aberystwith, sepia print by Samuel Ireland, 1797"><img alt="Market at Aberystwith, sepia print by Samuel Ireland, 1797" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Market_at_Aberystwith.jpeg/120px-Market_at_Aberystwith.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Market_at_Aberystwith.jpeg/180px-Market_at_Aberystwith.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Market_at_Aberystwith.jpeg/240px-Market_at_Aberystwith.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market at Aberystwith, sepia print by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ireland" title="Samuel Ireland">Samuel Ireland</a>, 1797</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Returning_from_Market%27,_oil_painting_by_Augustus_Wall_Callcott,_c._1834,_Tate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'Returning from Market', oil painting by Augustus Wall Callcott, c. 1834"><img alt="'Returning from Market', oil painting by Augustus Wall Callcott, c. 1834" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%27Returning_from_Market%27%2C_oil_painting_by_Augustus_Wall_Callcott%2C_c._1834%2C_Tate.jpg/120px-%27Returning_from_Market%27%2C_oil_painting_by_Augustus_Wall_Callcott%2C_c._1834%2C_Tate.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%27Returning_from_Market%27%2C_oil_painting_by_Augustus_Wall_Callcott%2C_c._1834%2C_Tate.jpg/180px-%27Returning_from_Market%27%2C_oil_painting_by_Augustus_Wall_Callcott%2C_c._1834%2C_Tate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%27Returning_from_Market%27%2C_oil_painting_by_Augustus_Wall_Callcott%2C_c._1834%2C_Tate.jpg/240px-%27Returning_from_Market%27%2C_oil_painting_by_Augustus_Wall_Callcott%2C_c._1834%2C_Tate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">'Returning from Market', oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Wall_Callcott" title="Augustus Wall Callcott">Augustus Wall Callcott</a>, c. 1834</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLANL_-_23dingenvoormusea_-_Woudrichem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Fish market in Woudrichem by Jan Weissenbruch, 1850"><img alt="The Fish market in Woudrichem by Jan Weissenbruch, 1850" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/WLANL_-_23dingenvoormusea_-_Woudrichem.jpg/120px-WLANL_-_23dingenvoormusea_-_Woudrichem.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/WLANL_-_23dingenvoormusea_-_Woudrichem.jpg/180px-WLANL_-_23dingenvoormusea_-_Woudrichem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/WLANL_-_23dingenvoormusea_-_Woudrichem.jpg/240px-WLANL_-_23dingenvoormusea_-_Woudrichem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="887" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Fish market in <a href="/wiki/Woudrichem" title="Woudrichem">Woudrichem</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Weissenbruch" title="Jan Weissenbruch">Jan Weissenbruch</a>, 1850</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Bommel,_Zaltbommel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market Day at Zaltbommel by Elias Pieter Van Bommel, 1852"><img alt="Market Day at Zaltbommel by Elias Pieter Van Bommel, 1852" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Van_Bommel%2C_Zaltbommel.jpg/120px-Van_Bommel%2C_Zaltbommel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Van_Bommel%2C_Zaltbommel.jpg/180px-Van_Bommel%2C_Zaltbommel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Van_Bommel%2C_Zaltbommel.jpg/240px-Van_Bommel%2C_Zaltbommel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="751" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market Day at <a href="/wiki/Zaltbommel" title="Zaltbommel">Zaltbommel</a> by Elias Pieter Van Bommel, 1852</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_market_day_in_Bangor.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="A market day in Bangor by John J Walker, 1856"><img alt="A market day in Bangor by John J Walker, 1856" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A_market_day_in_Bangor.jpeg/120px-A_market_day_in_Bangor.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A_market_day_in_Bangor.jpeg/180px-A_market_day_in_Bangor.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A_market_day_in_Bangor.jpeg/240px-A_market_day_in_Bangor.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="423" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A market day in <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a> by John J Walker, 1856</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_-_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A market scene in Constantinople by Ivan Aivazovsky, 1860"><img alt="A market scene in Constantinople by Ivan Aivazovsky, 1860" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_-_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg/104px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_-_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg/156px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_-_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg/208px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A market scene in Constantinople by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Ivan Aivazovsky</a>, 1860</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwolle_sint_michaelskerk_cornelis_springer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grote Markt, Antwerp by Cornelis Springer, 1862"><img alt="Grote Markt, Antwerp by Cornelis Springer, 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Zwolle_sint_michaelskerk_cornelis_springer.jpg/87px-Zwolle_sint_michaelskerk_cornelis_springer.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Zwolle_sint_michaelskerk_cornelis_springer.jpg/131px-Zwolle_sint_michaelskerk_cornelis_springer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Zwolle_sint_michaelskerk_cornelis_springer.jpg/174px-Zwolle_sint_michaelskerk_cornelis_springer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1123" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grote_Markt_(Antwerp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grote Markt (Antwerp)">Grote Markt</a>, Antwerp by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Springer" title="Cornelis Springer">Cornelis Springer</a>, 1862</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelis_Springer_001_detail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Town hall and market by Cornelis Springer, 1864 (detail)"><img alt="Town hall and market by Cornelis Springer, 1864 (detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cornelis_Springer_001_detail_01.jpg/120px-Cornelis_Springer_001_detail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cornelis_Springer_001_detail_01.jpg/180px-Cornelis_Springer_001_detail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cornelis_Springer_001_detail_01.jpg/240px-Cornelis_Springer_001_detail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="1481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Town hall and market by Cornelis Springer, 1864 (detail)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DV307_no.145_Pwllheli_Market_Aug_8_1866.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pwllheli Market in Wales, watercolour by Frances Elizabeth Wynne, c. 1866"><img alt="Pwllheli Market in Wales, watercolour by Frances Elizabeth Wynne, c. 1866" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/DV307_no.145_Pwllheli_Market_Aug_8_1866.png/120px-DV307_no.145_Pwllheli_Market_Aug_8_1866.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/DV307_no.145_Pwllheli_Market_Aug_8_1866.png/180px-DV307_no.145_Pwllheli_Market_Aug_8_1866.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/DV307_no.145_Pwllheli_Market_Aug_8_1866.png/240px-DV307_no.145_Pwllheli_Market_Aug_8_1866.png 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="812" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pwllheli Market in Wales, watercolour by <a href="/wiki/Frances_Elizabeth_Wynne" title="Frances Elizabeth Wynne">Frances Elizabeth Wynne</a>, c. 1866</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrus_van_Schendel_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Moonlit Vegetable Market by Petrus van Schendel, 19th century"><img alt="A Moonlit Vegetable Market by Petrus van Schendel, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Petrus_van_Schendel_Market.jpg/90px-Petrus_van_Schendel_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Petrus_van_Schendel_Market.jpg/135px-Petrus_van_Schendel_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Petrus_van_Schendel_Market.jpg/180px-Petrus_van_Schendel_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Moonlit Vegetable Market by <a href="/wiki/Petrus_van_Schendel" title="Petrus van Schendel">Petrus van Schendel</a>, 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasini_Alberto_A_Market_Scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Market Scene by Alberto Pasini, late 19th century"><img alt="A Market Scene by Alberto Pasini, late 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pasini_Alberto_A_Market_Scene.jpg/120px-Pasini_Alberto_A_Market_Scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pasini_Alberto_A_Market_Scene.jpg/180px-Pasini_Alberto_A_Market_Scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pasini_Alberto_A_Market_Scene.jpg/240px-Pasini_Alberto_A_Market_Scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Market Scene by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Pasini" title="Alberto Pasini">Alberto Pasini</a>, late 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridgman_north-african-encampment.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North African market by Frederick Arthur Bridgman, 1923"><img alt="North African market by Frederick Arthur Bridgman, 1923" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bridgman_north-african-encampment.jpg/120px-Bridgman_north-african-encampment.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bridgman_north-african-encampment.jpg/180px-Bridgman_north-african-encampment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bridgman_north-african-encampment.jpg/240px-Bridgman_north-african-encampment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="1656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North African market by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Arthur_Bridgman" title="Frederick Arthur Bridgman">Frederick Arthur Bridgman</a>, 1923</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MakovskiyVE_YarmVPoltaveDP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market in Poltava by Vladimir Egorovich Makovsky, n.d."><img alt="Market in Poltava by Vladimir Egorovich Makovsky, n.d." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MakovskiyVE_YarmVPoltaveDP.jpg/120px-MakovskiyVE_YarmVPoltaveDP.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MakovskiyVE_YarmVPoltaveDP.jpg/180px-MakovskiyVE_YarmVPoltaveDP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MakovskiyVE_YarmVPoltaveDP.jpg/240px-MakovskiyVE_YarmVPoltaveDP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1852" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market in Poltava by Vladimir Egorovich Makovsky, n.d.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Egorovich_Makovsky_-_%27Fair_(Little_Russia)%27,_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fair in Ukraine by Vladimir Makovsky, 1882"><img alt="Fair in Ukraine by Vladimir Makovsky, 1882" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vladimir_Egorovich_Makovsky_-_%27Fair_%28Little_Russia%29%27%2C_1885.jpg/120px-Vladimir_Egorovich_Makovsky_-_%27Fair_%28Little_Russia%29%27%2C_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vladimir_Egorovich_Makovsky_-_%27Fair_%28Little_Russia%29%27%2C_1885.jpg/180px-Vladimir_Egorovich_Makovsky_-_%27Fair_%28Little_Russia%29%27%2C_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vladimir_Egorovich_Makovsky_-_%27Fair_%28Little_Russia%29%27%2C_1885.jpg/240px-Vladimir_Egorovich_Makovsky_-_%27Fair_%28Little_Russia%29%27%2C_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="2003" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fair in Ukraine by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Makovsky" title="Vladimir Makovsky">Vladimir Makovsky</a>, 1882</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_marketing" title="History of marketing">History of marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_hall" title="Market hall">Market hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peddler" title="Peddler">Peddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_privileges" title="Town privileges">Town privileges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rg" title="Târg">Târg</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archaeology Wordsmith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archaeologywordsmith.comlookup.php?terms=central+place+theory">https://archaeologywordsmith.comlookup.php?terms=central+place+theory</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britnell, R., "Markets and Fairs in Britain Before 1216," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-18381718/market-towns-and-the-countryside-in-late-medieval;">Braudel, F. and Reynold, S., <i>The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism, 15th to 18th Century,</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koot, G.M.,"Shops and Shopping in Britain: from market stalls to chain stores," University of Dartmouth, 2011, <Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www1.umassd.edu/ir/resources/consumption/shopping.pdf">https://www1.umassd.edu/ir/resources/consumption/shopping.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Markets+and+Fairs&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Frecords%2Fresearch-guides%2Fmarkets-and-fairs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/cmh/gaz/gazweb2.html"><i>Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> Institute of Historical Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Markets+and+Fairs+in+England+and+Wales+to+1516&rft.pub=University+of+London+Institute+of+Historical+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ac.uk%2Fcmh%2Fgaz%2Fgazweb2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStow1722" class="citation web cs1">Stow, William (1722). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629101345/http://www.londonancestor.com/stow/stow-market-all.htm">"A List of all the Market Towns in England and Wales"</a>. <i>London Ancestor</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londonancestor.com/stow/stow-market-all.htm">the original</a> on 29 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>SOURCE: 'Remarks on London'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Ancestor&rft.atitle=A+List+of+all+the+Market+Towns+in+England+and+Wales&rft.date=1722&rft.aulast=Stow&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.londonancestor.com%2Fstow%2Fstow-market-all.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStow1722" class="citation book cs1">Stow, William (1722). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dIHAAAAQAAJ"><i>Remarks on London: Being an Exact Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, Borough of Southwark, and the Suburbs and Liberties Contiguous to Them</i></a>. T. Norris, and H. Tracy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remarks+on+London%3A+Being+an+Exact+Survey+of+the+Cities+of+London+and+Westminster%2C+Borough+of+Southwark%2C+and+the+Suburbs+and+Liberties+Contiguous+to+Them&rft.pub=T.+Norris%2C+and+H.+Tracy&rft.date=1722&rft.aulast=Stow&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dIHAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britnell, R., "Markets and Fairs in Britain Before 1216," <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-18381718/market-towns-and-the-countryside-in-late-medieval">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195416/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-18381718/market-towns-and-the-countryside-in-late-medieval">Archived</a> 6 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621173353/http://www.welcometoscotland.com/articles/historic-towns-of-scotland">"Historic Towns of Scotland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcometoscotland.com/articles/historic-towns-of-scotland">the original</a> on 21 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Towns+of+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometoscotland.com%2Farticles%2Fhistoric-towns-of-scotland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honig, E.A., <i>Painting & the Market in Early Modern Antwerp,</i> Yale University Press, 1998, p.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honig, E.A., <i>Painting & the Market in Early Modern Antwerp,</i> Yale University Press, 1998, pp 6-10</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><i>A Revolution from Above; The Power State of 16th and 17th Century Scandinavia</i>; Editor: Leon Jesperson; <a href="/wiki/Odense_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Odense University Press">Odense University Press</a>; Denmark; 2000</li> <li><i>The Making of the Common Law</i>, Paul Brand, (Hambledon Press 1992)</li> <li><i>The English Market Town: A Social and Economic History 1750-1914</i>, Jonathan Brown, (The Crowood Press, 1986)</li> <li><i>The English Town</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Girouard" title="Mark Girouard">Mark Girouard</a>, (Yale University Press, 1990)</li> <li><i>The Oxford History of Medieval England</i>, (ed.) Nigel Saul, (OUP 1997)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hogg, Garry, <i>Market Towns of England</i>, Newton Abbot, Devon, David & Charles, 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-6798-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-6798-6">0-7153-6798-6</a></li> <li>Chamberlin, E. R., <i>English Market Towns</i>, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2977-8528-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-2977-8528-1">0-2977-8528-1</a></li> <li>Dyer, Christopher, "The Consumer and the Market," Chapter 13 in <i>Everyday Life in Medieval England,</i> London, Hambledon & London, 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-201-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-201-1">1-85285-201-1</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-112-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-112-0">1-85285-112-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_town&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/cmh/gaz/gazweb2.html">Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.picturesofengland.com/England/towns/Historic_Market_Towns">Pictures of England, Historic Market Towns</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311185801/http://www.cheshiremarkettowns.co.uk/">Cheshire Market Towns – council maintained guide to Cheshire's Market Towns</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em">Designations for types of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative division</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="List of terms for administrative divisions">English terms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Common_English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_area" title="Local government area">Local government area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Areas_Board" title="Special Areas Board">Special area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unorganized_area" title="Unorganized area">Unorganized area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">Borough</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">County borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">Canton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Half-canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-canton">Half-canton</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital" title="Federal capital">Federal capital</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capital_city#Origins" title="Capital city">Imperial capital</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter city">Charter city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated city">Incorporated city</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial city">Imperial city</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial city</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Royal_free_city" title="Royal free city">Royal free city</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_(administrative_division)" title="Community (administrative division)">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_community" title="Residential community">Residential community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County" title="County">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_county" title="Administrative county">Administrative county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_county" title="Autonomous county">Autonomous county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">County town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_county_municipality" title="Regional county municipality">Regional county municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscountcy">Viscounty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas country">Overseas country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_(administrative_division)" title="Department (administrative division)">Department</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/District" title="District">District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital district">Capital district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_district" title="City district">City district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">Congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_government_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government district">Indian government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_district" title="Land district">Land district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Manitoba#Local_government_districts" title="List of municipalities in Manitoba">Local government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan district">Metropolitan district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">Military district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_district" title="Municipal district">Municipal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_district" title="Police district">Police district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_district" title="Regional district">Regional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_district" title="Rural district">Rural district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_district" title="Sanitary district">Sanitary district</a></li> <li>Service district <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_service_district_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Educational service district (disambiguation)">Educational service district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_service_district" title="Local service district">Local service district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_school_district" title="Intermediate school district">Intermediate school district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_district" title="Urban district">Urban district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Division_(political_geography)" title="Division (political geography)">Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_division" title="Police division">Police division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue division">Subdivision of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian reserve/reservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="City municipality">City municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_municipality" title="County municipality">County municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">Direct-controlled municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_municipality" title="District municipality">District municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral municipality">Neutral municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">Regional municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_municipality" title="Resort municipality">Resort municipality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_resort_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain resort municipality">Mountain resort municipality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_municipality" title="Rural municipality">Rural municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized municipality">Specialized municipality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subprefecture" title="Subprefecture">Subprefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-prefecture">Super-prefecture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefecture</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">Autonomous province</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">Overseas province</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_region" title="Special administrative region">Special administrative region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">Autonomous region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_region" title="Capital region">Capital region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_region" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital region">National capital region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_region" title="Development region">Development region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoregion_(geography)" title="Mesoregion (geography)">Mesoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microregion" title="Microregion">Microregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas region">Overseas region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subregion_(administrative_division)" title="Subregion (administrative division)">Subregion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">Proto-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_state_(polity)" title="Free state (polity)">Free state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital territory">Capital territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal capital territory">Federal capital territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital territory">National capital territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_territory" title="Federal territory">Federal territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated territory">Incorporated territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territory">Organized incorporated territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas territory">Overseas territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_town" title="Census town">Census town</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Market town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_township" title="Charter township">Charter township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Civil township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_township" title="Paper township">Paper township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_township" title="Survey township">Survey township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_township" title="Urban township">Urban township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional unit">Regional unit</a></li> <li>Territorial unit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_territorial_unit" title="Autonomous territorial unit">Autonomous territorial unit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" title="Free economic zone">Free economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_zone" title="Exclusion zone">Exclusion zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_exclusion_zone" title="Military exclusion zone">Military exclusion zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech_zone" title="Free speech zone">Free speech zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(territorial_entity)" title="Neutral zone (territorial entity)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-administered_zone" title="Self-administered zone">Self-administered zone</a></li> <li>Trade zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria#Alpine_resorts" title="Local government in Victoria">Alpine resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banner_(administrative_division)" title="Banner (administrative division)">Banner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(district_subdivision)" title="Block (district subdivision)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_(administrative_division)" title="Circle (administrative division)">Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(administrative_division)" title="Circuit (administrative division)">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency (administrative division)">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_duchy" title="District duchy">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderships_of_Lithuania" title="Elderships of Lithuania">Eldership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">Enclave and exclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal manor">Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muftiate" title="Muftiate">Muftiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">Neighbourhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Precinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(urban_subdivision)" title="Quarter (urban subdivision)">Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_(administrative_division)" title="Sector (administrative division)">Sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous sector">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townland" title="Townland">Townland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">Village</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">Summer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(administrative_division)" title="Agency (administrative division)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_(county_division)" title="Barony (county division)">Barony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate" title="Exarchate">Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">Hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Circle">Imperial Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthon" title="Monthon">Monthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency (administrative division)">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Roman diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_(administrative_division)" title="Seat (administrative division)">Seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_(administrative_division)" title="Tenth (administrative division)">Tenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing" title="Tithing">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-English_terms_or_loanwords" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-English terms or loanwords</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt" title="Amt">Amt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apskritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apskritis">Apskritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhsh" title="Bakhsh">Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashki">Bashki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Bezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarca" title="Comarca">Comarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freguesia" title="Freguesia">Freguesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(administrative_division)" title="Fu (administrative division)">Fu</a></li> <li>Gemeinde <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Germany)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(South_Tyrol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (South Tyrol)">South Tyrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeente_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gemeente (disambiguation)">Gemeente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina" title="Gmina">Gmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hromada" title="Hromada">Hromada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude%C8%9B" title="Județ">Județ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampong" title="Kampong">Kampong</a></li> <li>Kommun/Kunta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4n" title="Län">Län (Sweden)</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localit%C3%A0" title="Località">Località</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Maakunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Megye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muban" title="Muban">Muban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukim" title="Mukim">Mukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%ABsi_administrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Njësi administrative">Njësi administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblast" title="Autonomous oblast">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug" title="Okrug">Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Ostān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Purok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qark" class="mw-redirect" title="Qark">Qark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">Raion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savivaldyb%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Savivaldybė">Savivaldybė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsoviet" title="Selsoviet">Selsoviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni%C5%ABnija" class="mw-redirect" title="Seniūnija">Seniūnija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Shahrestān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum_(administrative_division)" title="Sum (administrative division)">Sum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sums_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Sums of Inner Mongolia">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BDsla" title="Sýsla">Sýsla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Townlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine" title="Vingtaine">Vingtaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">Commote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heerlijkheid" title="Heerlijkheid">Heerlijkheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komun%C3%AB" title="Komunë">Komunë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ping" title="Köping">Köping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korale" title="Korale">Korale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Län/Lääni</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Landskommun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Maalaiskunta</a></li> <li>Nome <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">Pagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">Pargana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plas%C4%83" title="Plasă">Plasă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rreth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rreth">Rreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socken" title="Socken">Socken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syssel" title="Syssel">Syssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_(administrative_division)" title="Zhou (administrative division)">Zhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in <i>italics</i>. <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous administration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">List of administrative divisions by country</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic-language_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="Template:Slavic-language terms for administrative divisions">Slavic administrative divisions</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18511725#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10675330">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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